-ism
The suffix ism is a means for word formation by derivation ( derivation ). The resulting word can designate an abstraction , often a belief system , a doctrine, an ideology or world view or a spiritual current in history , science or art . It can be added to nouns (alcohol-, coup-) as well as to adjectives (social-, extreme-), whereby new adjectives with the ending -istic arise at the same time .
Since -ists often refer to a collective of supporters of a theoretical movement or ideology (e.g. socialists , liberalists , putschists ), this form of adjectives is often used in a derogatory or appreciative way as a sign of group membership in order to mentally distance oneself from something (such as imperialist instead of imperial ) or to identify with something.
In contrast to many other suffixes, the suffixes “-ismus” and “-ist” are still productive in contemporary German . New words emerge as needed.
-ismus and -istik as a suffix
The two from the Greek -derived endings ism (from the ending of verbs in -izein formed "act in a certain way to proceed," Latinized , originally -ισμός -ismós , substantive ) and -istik (-ιστική -istikḗ , adjectival ) are often used equally. But the words that end in "-ism" indicate more a tendency, direction, an exaggeration or (often extreme) mental attitude, while the words "-istik" indicate more the appearance, the form of expression or something that can be learned Relate subject.
Meanings
Many terms with the suffix -ism are terms for social conditions, opinions, teachings, schools and ideas (examples: capitalism , liberalism , socialism , militarism , anarchism , dualism ).
A large number of these terms are initially derived from scientific theories and hypotheses , which do not have to be generally recognized by the relevant specialist scientists, but which use scientific methodology , expose themselves to scientific discussion , and are therefore adaptable and expandable according to growth of knowledge and the technical possibilities. However, these opinions can also be the result of an uncritical development of an idea that is imprecisely or not at all checked or justified irrationally .
Isms as neutral terms
Terms such as organism , superorganism or mechanism , which are used for classification and assignment, have a neutral meaning . The Atavismus is a term of art, a biological phenomenon defined. Therefore there is no term for a “representative” of atavism (ie an “atavist”), but only the adjective “atavistic”.
Isms as a mindset and attitude to life
Pessimism , idealism , radicalism , cynicism (here also: cynic and cynical instead of “cynist” and “cynistic”) are also without a dogmatic impact, albeit linked to the importance of the fundamental, generalizing attitude . This usually does not result in discriminatory practices in the form of statements, behavior, deeds, regulations, etc.
Other attitudes , which are sometimes unconscious but are kept general, lead to discrimination against socially weak groups of the population: racism , everyday racism , ethnocentrism , ableism , sexism , heterosexism , lookism , adultism , classism , anti-Semitism , anti-gypsyism , audism . Such discrimination forms an integral semantic part of these isms. Some of them have their corresponding anti-isms, which summarize certain measures to reduce discriminatory practices and attitudes: anti-racism , anti- sexism , anti-homophobism .
Anti-emancipatory anti-isms are, for example, anti- feminism and anti- speciesism .
A mostly negative, extreme, intolerant attitude is hidden behind terms such as fundamentalism , fanaticism and extremism . These are clearly negative, without a specific subject area being defined. Only through additions do they get a meaningful content, e.g. B. Christian, Hindu or Islamic fundamentalism.
Isms with a disparaging meaning
From the fundamental rejection of ideology, dogma, immobility and stubbornness, which have been associated with many “isms” , disparaging terms also emerge, at least in today's word meaning: Dilettantism (“dilettieren” used to have a positive meaning in the sense of “art or pursue science without having been trained for it at a university, " amateurish originally means" taught, experienced, skilled, capable through self-study "). Fundamentally, for every scientist who prefers an open and free discussion of his ideas, it is a disparagement of being considered a supporter of -ism , of being an X-ist , or being X-istic .
Isms as dogmata
In contrast to a scientific theory , the isms derived from this are rigid and incapable of change; they remain at the level of knowledge once assumed. The opinions or statements are also extended to areas of life that no longer have anything to do with the original science.
Isms often assert partial truths for the whole of reality and thus ultimately contradict themselves. Example: If (epistemological) relativism claims that all knowledge is relative, it is making an absolute statement. If a subjectivist says that everything is subjective, that would be an objective statement.
In certain cases of isms there is a missionary zeal on the part of the representatives of these opinions, who explain their own mentality to all people and sometimes also want to impose them and in some cases do not shy away from political persecution and violence to achieve this goal ( fascism , Islamism ) . In this respect, these isms represent a misuse of the underlying scientific theories and hypotheses.
Isms as opposites
Many isms represent pairs of opposing doctrines that are constantly debating with one another. The examples are opposing pairs of theism - atheism , creationism - evolutionism , idealism - realism , individualism - collectivism .
Isms to identify upheavals in culture and society
Another group of terms with the final syllable -ism designates (at least in the time they were created) provocative ideas that were supposed to break up structures that were perceived as encrusted and immobile and enable something new. In the field of art, the isms ( the artisms ) replaced the great, comprehensive stylistic epochs since the early 19th century: Cubism , Dadaism , Expressionism , Surrealism , Symbolism . In the social sphere, Protestantism , Marxism , Leninism , socialism and communism denote significant upheavals.
List of isms
A.
| -ism | meaning |
| abolitionism | Movement to Abolish Slavery |
| Abolitionism (criminology) | Abolitionism is a theoretical approach in the criminal-sociological sense that calls for the abandonment of the total institution of the prison or, in an even broader sense, the abolition of criminal law. |
| Abolitionism (prostitution) | A social movement that worked towards the abolition of state-controlled prostitution. |
| Abolitionism (animal rights) | Movement to abolish all use of animals by humans |
| absolutism | Form of rule: the ruler has unrestricted power |
| Adultism / adultism | = Age discrimination , see also generational order |
| Afrocentrism | |
| Agapism | Love ( agape ) as a principle of life - part of the metaphysics of Charles S. Peirce |
| agnosticism | Philosophical view that statements about a higher authority cannot be made. |
| Agrarianism | |
| Acmeism | Literature: Russian literary movement of the modern age between 1910 and 1920 |
| Acosmism | Doctrine that denies the world an independent reality |
| Actionism | acting without reflection, often without a goal or concept |
| activism | An activist is someone who campaigns for a charitable cause without financial incentives |
| Actualism (philosophy) | Philosophy: The view that there is an eternal coming and going, a constant change |
| Accelerationism | |
| Alarmism | unnecessary or exaggerated warning of problems |
| Albinism | Lack or complete lack of pigment |
| alcoholism | Alcohol addiction |
| Allococentrism | the opposite, the opposite of egocentrism |
| Everyday racism | |
| Alpinism | Mountaineering as a sport |
| altruism | Motivate one's actions out of the effect for others, selfless action |
| Amoralism | denies moral and ethical values |
| Anabolism | Structure of substances in living beings |
| anachronism | something does not fit into this time, no longer appropriate |
| anarchism | Greek “without rule”, rejection of any rule or power |
| Anarcho-syndicalism | revolutionary grassroots union movement |
| Androcentrism | |
| Anglicism | Adoption of words from the English language |
| Animalism | |
| Animatism | Belief of certain cultures in forces and powers |
| Animism (BKL) | Animism (religion) : belief in animate nature; Animism (psychology) : way of thinking in which it is assumed that inanimate things are alive, animism (psychosomatics) : disease theory by Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734) |
| antagonism | Opposition |
| Anthropocentrism | Philosophical teaching that sees the human being as the absolute center. |
| Anti-fascism | Politics: hostile attitude towards fascism, rejection of fascism |
| Anti-feminism | Politics: hostile attitude towards, critical engagement with and rejection of feminism |
| Anti-globalism | critical examination of the economic, social, cultural and ecological effects of globalization |
| Anti-imperialism | Rejection of imperialism |
| Anti-Judaism | Religion: religiously based hostility towards Jews |
| Anti-capitalism | Politics and Economy: Rejection of Capitalism |
| Anti-clericalism | Politics and religion: hostile attitudes towards the church and its influence |
| Anti-colonialism | Striving for freedom from colonial tutelage |
| Anti-communism | Politics: hostile attitude towards communism and rejection of their forms of rule |
| Anti-machiavellism | ( attitude rejecting Machiavellianism ) |
| Anti-militarism | Politics: rejection of militarism; (Non-violence, pacifism) |
| Anti-modernism | Politics and Religion: Rejection of Modernity |
| Antinomism | internal contradiction (philosophy) or denial of a generally binding law (theology) |
| Anti-racism | Rejection of racism |
| Anti-rationalism | Philosophy: rejection of rationalism |
| Anti-realism | Politics and Art: Rejection of Realism |
| anti-Semitism | |
| Antisexism | |
| Anti-slavism | racially justified slavophobia |
| Antispeciesism | |
| Antitheism | theological rejection of God |
| Antigypsyism | racially justified hostility against Sinti and Roma |
| Anti-zionism | Rejection of Zionism as racist |
| Anthropologism | |
| anthropomorphism | the attribution of human characteristics to animals, gods, forces of nature and the like (humanization) |
| aphorism | Motto |
| Apollinarism | theological teaching named after Apollinaris of Laodicea, the younger, which was condemned as heresy by the early Church |
| Apriorism | epistemological positions, according to which the truth of individual particular statements is to be proven by logical deduction from ultimate true assumptions |
| Equilibrism | |
| archaism | Philosophy: return to archaic thinking and acting |
| Arianism | Religion: Deviating teaching within Christianity |
| Aristotelianism | Philosophy: Doctrine that invokes Aristotle as an authority |
| Artegoism | |
| Aspermatism | |
| aestheticism | Philosophy: the doctrine of beauty and its laws |
| astigmatism | in optics an aberration, in medicine the clarity |
| atavism | Philosophy and biology: the return of traditional behaviors, the return of earlier characteristics |
| atheism | Philosophy: ideological view that there is no god / gods |
| atomism | also logical atomism called |
| Audism | Discrimination against deaf and hard of hearing people |
| Augustinism | Religion: Teaching of Augustine |
| Austrianism | |
| Austrofascism | Politics: Austrian form of fascism |
| autism | Developmental disorder with strong self-centeredness and contact disorders |
| Automatism | Art: artistic working technique in which reason is switched off and only the brush "guides" |
| Autonomism | |
| Authoritarianism | Politics: certain form of dictatorship in which all interest groups are grouped under a monopoly |
| Autocentrism | |
| Averroism | Philosophy: teaching of the Arab philosopher Averroes critical of religion |
B.
| -ism | meaning |
| Bayesianism | |
| behaviorism | |
| Bellicism | |
| Berolinism | |
| Biblicism | |
| Bilateralism | |
| Biologism | |
| Biopsychism | |
| Biocentrism | |
| Bolivarianism | |
| Bolshevism | |
| botulism | |
| Brahmanism | |
| Bruitism | |
| brutalism | Architecture: architectural style in the 20th century |
| Buddhism | World religion |
| Bundism | |
| Byzantinism |
C.
| -ism | meaning |
| Carlism | absolutist movement in Spain in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| Caesarism | |
| Caesaropapism | |
| Calvinism | |
| Cartesianism | Philosophy following René Descartes |
| Hasidism | |
| chauvinism | Belief in the superiority of one's own group. |
| Christianism | Ideologized or fundamentalist form of Christianity, which in the name of religion enforces religious and / or political goals with violence. |
| Christocentrism | |
| Chronocentrism |
D.
| -ism | meaning |
| Dadaism | |
| Daltonism | Color blindness according to John Dalton |
| Demonism | Belief in the existence of demons |
| Daoism | |
| Darwinism | Teaching of Charles Darwin of evolution and natural selection |
| Deductivism | |
| defeatism | |
| deism | Belief in a God who withdrew after creation and has not intervened since. |
| Deconstructivism | |
| democratic centralism | |
| Democratism | |
| despotism | |
| determinism | |
| German Catholicism | |
| Amateurism | Occupation with art or science as a layperson / (pejorative) being bungled, inadequacy |
| Dimorphism | |
| Discordianism | |
| Dispensationalism | |
| Dogmatism | Believe to have recognized the irrefutable, objective truth. |
| Donaldism | Occupation with the fictional Duck family from the fictional town of Duckburg . |
| Donatism | |
| dualism | Believe that the world is constituted by two different basic principles / entities. See also internal dualism . |
| Dystopism |
E.
| -ism | meaning |
| Egalitarianism | Type of society in which all members have equal access to resources. |
| egoism | Motivate one's own actions (only) from the effects for oneself, selfish thinking and acting |
| Egotism | |
| Egocentrism | |
| Eclecticism | make use of various developed and closed systems (e.g. styles, philosophies) and reassemble their elements. In the case of religions, however, one speaks more of syncretism , in the case of cultures also of hybridity . |
| Empiricism , see also logical empiricism | Assumption that knowledge is only possible through sensory perception, observation and experiment. |
| Empirical symbolism | |
| Epicureanism | |
| Escapism | |
| Essentialism | is the philosophical view that entities have necessary properties. |
| Ethnophaulism | |
| Ethnopluralism | a central political concept of the New Right of spatial separation of different peoples and cultures |
| Ethnocentrism | Inclination to view one's own people / country / language as the focus and then behave in a discriminatory manner |
| Eudaemonism | Philosophy: the teaching for which personal happiness is the highest goal |
| Eurocentrism | Inclination to make Europe or the West the normative yardstick for all of humanity |
| Evangelicalism | Religion: theological direction within Protestantism |
| Evolutionism | |
| exhibitionism | Tendency to expose one's genitals in front of others / in public |
| existentialism | Philosophical doctrine according to which the existence of the essence (the being) precedes it |
| exorcism | Religion: casting out devils |
| Exoticism | |
| Experimentalism | |
| expressionism | Art: style of painting |
| Externalism and internalism | |
| extremism | Politics: a fanatical, intolerant and violent attitude |
| Exceptionalism |
F.
| -ism | meaning |
| Fabianism (forwarding to Fabian Society ) | Politics: British Socialist Movement |
| Fallibilism | |
| Falsificationism | Philosophy of science which only considers the refutation, but not the proof of correctness of scientific theories possible |
| Familism | a sociological term that describes the family as the leading form of a social structure |
| bigotry | Politics: a fanatical, intolerant and violent attitude |
| fascism | Politics: corporative, glorifying one's own nation as the primary community of fate, often totalitarian reactionary-revolutionary mixed ideology |
| fatalism | Philosophy: submission to fate |
| feminism | Politics and Philosophy: Struggle for Equal Rights for Women in Society |
| Fetishism (psychology) | |
| Fetishism (religion) | Believe in religious powers of certain objects |
| feudalism | Politics and history: feudal affairs |
| Fictionalism | |
| Finalism | |
| Fixism | |
| federalism | Politics: State system in which the state is divided into several equal republics |
| formalism | |
| Franquism , also Francism or Francoism | Politics: Francisco Franco's system and rule in Spain |
| Freeganism | |
| fundamentalism | Politics and religion: a conviction, view or attitude that is characterized by uncompromising adherence to ideological or religious principles and that determines political action |
| functionalism | |
| futurism | Art: style that emphasizes the moving and dynamic |
G
| -ism | meaning |
| Gallicanism | French-national Roman Catholicism |
| Gallicism | French loan word |
| Gaullism | Politics by or as defined by Charles de Gaulle |
| Genre syncretism | |
| Geodeterminism | (also nature determinism, environmental determinism or ecodeterminism) is a research approach in economic space analysis, which states that the different economic development in different parts of the world is primarily determined by the natural equipment. |
| Geocentrism | The geocentric view of the world (ancient Greek "earth-centered") is based on the assumption that the earth and thus also humans occupy a central position in the universe, so that all celestial bodies (moon, sun, the other planets and the fixed stars) circle the earth. |
| Germanism | a word or saying that has been taken over from German unchanged into another language |
| Gigantism | Inclination towards the disproportionately large |
| Gnosticism | Religion and philosophy: the teaching that (religious) knowledge is intuitively accessible |
| Gradualism | Geology and biology: accepting changes in small steps |
| Graecism | Words borrowed from the Greek . |
| Group narcissism | |
| Gynocentrism |
H
| -ism | meaning |
| Hebraism | Expression that goes back to Hebrew (New Testament) / Words borrowed from Hebrew / A Hebraist's occupation with Hebrew |
| hedonism | Philosophy: a philosophical or ethical current whose basic thesis is that only pleasure or joy and the avoidance of pain or suffering develop their effect intrinsically |
| Hegelianism | Philosophy: the teachings of Hegel |
| Heliocentrism | Astronomy: the teaching that the sun (and not the earth) is the focus |
| Hellenism | History: an epoch in which Greek culture was decisive |
| Helvetism | |
| Heteromorphism | |
| Heterosexism | |
| Hinduism | Religion: polytheistic religion in India |
| Hirsutism | |
| historicism | Art: a style that imitates ancient art or represents ancient fabrics |
| Historicism | Philosophy: a doctrine based on historical laws |
| holism | |
| Homophobism | Chain of discrimination is based on gender orientation |
| Homocentrism | |
| Hooliganism | |
| Hospitalism | negative physical and mental side effects of a long hospital or home stay |
| humanism | Renaissance period, which placed the focus on people and their possibilities; philanthropic attitude |
| Hungarianism | Word borrowed from the Hungarian language ; Ideology (see Arrow Cross ) |
| Hylemorphism | also hylomorphism |
| Hylozoism | |
| Hypothyroidism |
I.
| -ism | meaning |
| idealism | Philosophy: the view that the mind is the determining factor; see also British Idealism , German Idealism , Magical Idealism , Objective Idealism , Physiological Idealism , Subjective Idealism |
| Ideologism | |
| Idiocentrism | |
| Illusionism | Psychology: holding on to illusions |
| Imagism | |
| Immaterialism | a view of life that does not focus on material goods |
| Immobilism | |
| Immoralism | Philosophy: a teaching that fundamentally rejects morality |
| imperialism | an era in which powerful states conquered and oppressed other countries |
| impressionism | Art: Style in painting in which the personal impressions of the painter are decisive |
| Indeterminism | Philosophy: the view that the course of events is not fixed |
| Indifferentism | |
| individualism | the emphasis on the individual |
| Inductivism | |
| industrialism | |
| infantilism | Psychology: clinging to childish behaviors |
| Integralism | |
| intellectualism | an attitude in which intellectual thinking is the measure of all things |
| Intentionalism | History: the belief that the Nazi crimes were planned and carried out with full intent |
| Interactionism, symbolic | |
| Internationalism | Politics: the attempt to combine social struggles in different countries |
| Intuitionism | |
| Irenism | |
| Irrationalism | Rejection of the scientific, rational knowledge that human reason is a sufficient perception of the world |
| Islamism | Religion: the attempt to make the teachings of Islam the sole political and social standard |
| Islam fascism | |
| Islamocentrism | |
| isolationism | the isolation of one state from others |
| Italianism | |
| Italian neorealism | a style of Italian film in the post-war years |
J
| -ism | meaning |
| Jainism | polytheistic religion in India |
| Jansenism | |
| Japonism | direction influenced by Japanese art within impressionism |
| Jediism | of the Jedi from Star Wars derived syncretic religion. |
| Jesuitism | |
| Joachimism | |
| Judaism | Judaism, the Jewish religion |
| journalism |
K
| -ism | meaning |
| cannibalism | Consumption by conspecifics, "cannibalism" |
| Kantianism | philosophical point of view oriented towards the thinking of Immanuel Kant |
| capitalism | economic order based on private property |
| Karma centrism | |
| Carnicism | An ideology according to which the consumption of certain animal species is seen as ethical and appropriate. |
| Careerism | eager pursuit of career advancement |
| Catabolism | Medicine: breakdown of metabolic products |
| Cataclysm | geological disaster |
| catastrophism | Astronomy and Geology: Theory of the Evolutionary Significance of Disasters |
| catechism | |
| Cathedral socialism | |
| Catholicism | the representation of Roman Catholic Christianity in society, based on the worldview and values that are shaped by the Catholic faith |
| Causalism | |
| Kemalism | the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey, proclaimed in 1923 |
| Keynesianism | economic theory founded by John Maynard Keynes |
| Classicism | Suppression based on a class |
| classicism | Style in art |
| Clerical fascism | |
| clericalism | the preponderance and predominance of the bishops and pastors |
| collectivism | Philosophy that emphasizes the value of community |
| colonialism | the pursuit of colonial possession by a state |
| Colonial racism | |
| Communitarianism | |
| communism | the teaching of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the classless social order |
| Conditionalism (conditionism) | Philosophy that understands reality as a conditional context |
| conformism | the conformity of a person with the norms of a social, content or ethical context. |
| Confucianism | the teachings and religion of the Chinese wisdom teacher Confucius |
| Connectionism | |
| Conservatism / Conservatism | Holding on to traditions and what has been tried and tested |
| Constitutionalism | The power of the state is limited by the constitution, the rule of law and the separation of powers |
| Constructionism | |
| constructivism | |
| Consumerism | |
| Contingentism | |
| Conventionalism | |
| conceptualism | |
| Concilianism | |
| Copimism | "Doctrine" of Copy Me = Believe that copying information is a sacred virtue |
| Corporatism (corporatism) | |
| Cosmopolitanism | Cosmopolitanism |
| Cosmotheism | |
| Creationism | the teaching that a creator god created the universe |
| cretinism | |
| Criticism | |
| cubism | abstract style in modern art |
| Culturalism | |
| Cultural pluralism | |
| Cultural relativism | |
| Cynicism | (corresponds to cynicism ) |
L.
| -ism | meaning |
| Secularism | |
| Lamarckism | |
| Lamaism | |
| Latinism | |
| Latin centrism | |
| legalism | |
| Leninism | |
| Lesbianism | |
| Leucism | Lack of dye-producing cells in animals and humans |
| liberalism | Individual freedom as a basic norm of society |
| Libertarianism | |
| Linguicism | |
| Left fascism | |
| Litanism | Lithuanian loan word |
| Lobbying | |
| Logical empiricism | |
| Logicism | |
| Logocentrism | In post-structuralist theories, denotes reason-centered metaphysics and occidental rationality |
M.
| -ism | meaning |
| Machiavellianism | |
| Machism | |
| magnetism | |
| Manichaeism | Gnostic religion founded by Mani in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the starting point of which is a radical dualism (of light and darkness, good and evil, spirit and matter) |
| mannerism | |
| Maoism | |
| Market fundamentalism | |
| Marxism | |
| Masculinism ( Maskulismus ) | Counter-movement to feminism |
| masochism | |
| materialism | |
| Materialism and Empirio-Criticism | |
| Mathematicism | Tendency to represent all processes of reality in mathematical formulas |
| mechanism | |
| Mechanism | |
| Medicineism | a) Ideological unique position of scientific medicine compared to alternative medicine; b) excessive use of medical terms |
| mercantilism | |
| Meudalism | Modern Feudalism (Neofeudalism) |
| metabolism | |
| Methodism | Evangelical movement, which comes from Anglicanism and was brought into being by John Wesley and his brother Charles in the 18th century (influenced by Lutheranism, Presbyterianism , Pietism, etc.) |
| militarism | |
| Minimalism | |
| Misandrism | |
| modernism | |
| Mohism | |
| Molinism | |
| Monarchism | |
| monetarism | |
| monism | |
| Monolingualism | |
| monotheism | Religion with belief in a single God (e.g. Judaism, Christianity, Islam) |
| Moralism | |
| Morphism | |
| Motorism | rare term for driving a car v. a. as a leisure activity |
| Multiculturalism | |
| Multilateralism | |
| Multilingualism | Multilingualism |
| Mutism | Communication disorder (medicine) |
| Mysticism |
N
| -ism | meaning |
| Nagualism | Religion: Guardian spirit in animal and plant form |
| Narcissism (special form!) | |
| nationalism | |
| National anarchism | |
| National communism | |
| National conservatism | |
| National Socialism | |
| Naturalism (BKL) | Attitudes in philosophy, literature, music, visual arts. |
| Nazism | |
| Negativism | |
| Neo-Darwinism | |
| Neo-fascism | |
| Neocolonialism | |
| Neoliberalism | |
| Neo-Marxism | |
| Neoconservatism | |
| Neoism | |
| Neopositivism | |
| nepotism | |
| neologism | |
| Neufichteanism | |
| Neo-Kantianism | |
| Neoplatonism | |
| Neuropsychism | |
| Neurocentrism | |
| Neuthomism | |
| neutralism | |
| nihilism | |
| Nikonism | |
| Nominalism | |
| Non-conformism | |
| Norwegianism | Adoption of words from the Norwegian language |
| nudism |
O
| -ism | meaning |
| objectivism | In philosophy a position that, in contrast to subjectivism, links the formation of concepts and truth and validity conditions of sentences to the properties of objects, not to the properties of the judging subject. |
| obscurantism | |
| Occamism (also "Occamism") | |
| Eco-fascism | |
| Ecologism | |
| Economism | |
| Occasionalism (also "Occasionalismus") | |
| occultism | |
| Operationalism | |
| opportunism | Mindset: the appropriate adaptation to the respective situation or situation |
| optimism | Mindset: a view of life in which the world or something is viewed from its best side |
| Oralism | Philosophy in education with deaf children whereupon the exclusive learning of spoken language is emphasized and sign language is suppressed |
| Orbanism | Adoption of Viktor Orbán's political ideas |
| organism | |
| Organism | |
| Orientalism | |
| Ostracism (ostracism) |
P
| -ism | meaning | |
| Paganism | paganism | |
| Paleoconservatism | ||
| Pan-Africanism | Politics: the pursuit of the unification of all African peoples | |
| Pan-Arabism | Politics: striving for the unification of all Arab states | |
| Pandeism | religion | |
| Panentheism | religion | |
| Pan-Germanism | Politics: striving for the unification of all German-speaking peoples | |
| Panlogism | ||
| Pan-Slavism | Politics: the pursuit of the unification of all Slavic peoples | |
| Panpsychism | ||
| pantheism | religion | |
| Papism | Religion: Emphasis and Emphasis on the Papacy | |
| parallelism | Similarity of spatially close text structures above the word level | |
| Parliamentarism | Politics: principle of order | |
| Parsism | Religion: the teachings of Zarathustra, the religion of the Parsees, s. Zoroastrianism | |
| Particularism | ||
| Paternalism | ||
| Pathocentrism | ||
| patriotism | Politics: love for one's own fatherland | |
| pacifism | Philosophy and Politics: Nonviolence, Rejection of War | |
| Pelagianism | Religion: the teaching of Pelagianus | |
| Pentecostalism & Neo-Pentecostalism | ||
| perfectionism | the pursuit of perfection | |
| Peronism | Politics by or as defined by Juan Perón | |
| Personalism | ||
| Perspectivism | Philosophical emptiness, which says that reality depends on the point of view and characteristics of the observing individual | |
| pessimism | the tendency to see everything going for the worse | |
| Phenomenalism | ||
| Phallogocentrism | ||
| Phallocentrism | ||
| Phonocentrism | ||
| Phraseologism | ||
| Philosemitism | Friendliness to Jews | |
| Physicalism | ||
| Physiocentrism | ||
| Pietism | A variety of Protestantism that emphasizes pious inwardness and rejects the secular | |
| Platformism | ||
| Platonism | Philosophy: the teaching of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato | |
| pluralism | Politics: the emphasis on freedom of expression and the diversity of political parties | |
| Pointillism | Painting style | |
| Polonism | Adoption of words from the Polish language | |
| polytheism | Religion: a religion with multiple gods | |
| Polycentrism | ||
| populism | Politics: the pursuit of ingratiation among the people | |
| positivism | see also logical empiricism | |
| Post-anarchism | ||
| Post autism | ||
| Posthumanism | ||
| Post impressionism | ||
| Post-Keynesianism | ||
| Post-minimalism | ||
| Postmodernism | ||
| Postoperaism | ||
| Post-Positivism | ||
| Post-Positivism (International Relations) | ||
| Post-pubertal compulsive vulgarism | ||
| Post-Soviet Marxism | ||
| Post Socialism | ||
| Post-stalinism | ||
| Post-structuralism | ||
| Post-translational mechanism | ||
| pragmatism | ||
| Presenteeism | ||
| Protestantism | Religion: the Protestant (evangelical) teaching | |
| Psychophysical parallelism | ||
| Puritanism | Religion: a strict moral direction within Protestantism |
Q
| -ism | meaning |
| Quietism | Religion and philosophy: a doctrine that emphasizes aversion to the world and inner calm; Vita contemplativa |
R.
| -ism | meaning | |
| radicalism | ||
| racism | ||
| rationalism | See also critical rationalism | |
| realism | See also moderate realism | |
| Legal positivism | ||
| Reductionism | ||
| reformism | ||
| Regiocentrism | ||
| relativism | the teaching that ethical standards differ from culture to culture or from person to person | |
| Republicanism | ||
| revanchism | ||
| Revisionism | ||
| Rhotazism | Sound change of a consonant to r | |
| Romanism | ||
| Romanticism | ||
| royalism | ||
| Russianism | Adoption of words from the Russian language and adopted words |
S.
| -ism | meaning |
| sadism | |
| secularism | |
| Saint Simonism | |
| Satanism | |
| Suction latism | Disparaging and moralizing term in Swiss High German for a matter without content that is reduced to an alleged fun factor. Disparaging for fun society and for superficial, arbitrary appearance. |
| Shamanism | |
| Sedis vacantism | |
| Semi-Pelagianism | |
| Semitism | originally a linguistic term, later ideologically generalized for a Jewish background |
| sensualism | |
| Sentientism | |
| separatism | |
| sexism | Discrimination against people based on their gender |
| Sexual fetishism | |
| Shintoism | The most common religion in Japan. |
| Sigmatism | |
| Singularism | philosophical doctrine according to which there are no independent individual phenomena because the world forms a unit |
| Sinocentrism | |
| skepticism | |
| Slavocentrism | |
| Slavism | |
| Instantism | |
| Solipsism | |
| somnambulism | |
| sophism | |
| Social darwinism | |
| socialism | |
| Sociobiologism | |
| Sociocentrism | |
| Speciesism | |
| Species centrism | |
| Spinozism | |
| spiritism | |
| spiritualism | |
| Language chauvinism | |
| Language imperialism | |
| Stalinism | |
| stoicism | |
| structuralism | |
| Structural conservatism | |
| subjectivism | |
| Substantialism | |
| Sufism | |
| surrealism | |
| syllogism | |
| symbolism | |
| Syncretism | |
| Scientism |
T
| -ism | meaning |
| Tachism | |
| Tantrism | |
| taoism | |
| Partial hardism | |
| Tengrism | earlier beliefs of the Turkish and Mongolian peoples of Central Asia |
| Terminism | |
| Territorialism | |
| terrorism | |
| theism | |
| Theoconservatism | a political philosophy associated primarily with the United States and its Christian rights |
| Theosophism | see theosophy |
| Theocentrism | |
| Thomism | |
| Titoism | Politics by or in the sense of Josip Broz Tito |
| Tolstoianism | |
| Topocentrism | |
| totalitarianism | |
| totemism | Ethnology or religion: beliefs in connection with totems |
| tourism | |
| traditionalism | |
| Traducianism | |
| Transhumanism | |
| Transvestism | |
| Transcendental pragmatism | |
| Tribalism | |
| Trichotomism | |
| Tritheism | Teaching the three gods |
| Triumphalism | |
| Trotskyism | Politics by or in the sense of Leon Trotsky |
| Tumultism | Turkish loan words in one language |
| Tutiorism | |
| Tychism | The random theory of Charles S. Peirce |
U
| -ism | meaning |
| Unilateralism | |
| Unionism | |
| Universalism | |
| Urbanism | |
| utilitarianism | |
| utopianism |
V
| -ism | meaning |
| vandalism | willful drive to destroy someone else's property |
| vampirism | |
| vegetarianism | Avoiding meat as food |
| Veganism | Refusal or rejection of animal products |
| Verism | |
| Vigilantism | |
| Vitalism | |
| Voluntarism | Philosophy which sets free will at the methodical beginning |
| Vorticism | |
| Voyeurism | |
| Volcanism |
W.
| -ism | meaning |
| Wahhabism | |
| Commodity fetishism | |
| Value conservatism | |
| Economic liberalism |
X
| -ism | meaning |
| Xenism | |
| Xenophobism | |
| Xenocentrism |
Z
| -ism | meaning |
| centralism | |
| Centrism | |
| Centrism (marxism) | |
| Zionism | |
| Zoroastrianism | Religion: the teaching of Zarathustra, the religion of the Parsees and ancient Persians |
| cynicism |
Trivia
The verb formation “ver-ismen” can be found in Joachim Fuchsberger 's growing old is not for cowards .
See also
Web links
Wiktionary: -ismus - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: Ism - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Individual evidence
- ↑ -ism , Duden online. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ↑ Duden | Amateurism | Spelling, meaning, definition, synonyms. Retrieved March 13, 2017 .
- ↑ Joachim Fuchsberger: Getting old is not for cowards. Goldmann Verlag, Munich 2014