Lechenich
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Lechenich
City of Erftstadt
Coordinates: 50 ° 48 ′ 0 ″ N , 6 ° 46 ′ 0 ″ E
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| Height : | 99 m |
| Area : | 29.83 km² |
| Residents : | 11,730 (March 31, 2018) |
| Population density : | 393 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | 1st July 1969 |
| Postal code : | 50374 |
| Area code : | 02235 |
 Location of Lechenich in Erftstadt
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Lechenich is the second largest district of Erftstadt in the Rhein-Erft district , 20 kilometers west of Cologne . Konradsheim and Heddinghoven belong to Lechenich .
location
Lechenich lies at the intersection of the B 265 with the state roads L 162 and L 263 . The next motorway junction is "Erftstadt" on the A 1 / A 61 .
history
Early history
On today's northern edge of Lechenich there was a settlement assigned to the Middle Neolithic , the burial ground of which was cut when a sports field was set up in July 2010. The uncovered body graves were two women's graves, as could be deduced from the grave goods (millstones). Another grave was uncovered in 2016. The findings of the grave goods uncovered there revealed their classification in the period around 4950 to 4800 BC . The type of elaborately decorated ceramics in the grave goods allowed these artefacts to be assigned to the Großgartach culture .
The remains of a homestead from the earlier Iron Age (800–500 BC) were also uncovered on the site. It was a six- or nine- post house and two pits from whose waste ceramic shards and pieces of charcoal were salvaged. On today's southern outskirts of Lechenich existed around 700 to 500 BC. An early Iron Age settlement (Hallstatt culture) with about 18 buildings belonging to four farms. They were discovered and examined in 2006 when the “Am Römerhof Süd” industrial park was being developed.
Further archaeological finds from the Lechenich area prove an early settlement that went back to Roman times. A number of these finds are now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn .
Roman times
West of today's old town , there was a small settlement ( vicus ) on the road to Aachen in Roman times , which branched off from the Römerstraße Trier – Cologne , now Agrippa-Straße Cologne – Trier , on the Erft . Parts of the system were discovered in 1972 during excavation work. On a "rubble spot" in the "Am Böttchen" corridor, six building pits were uncovered on an area of 180 × 200 meters, three of which formed a row of houses. Three other houses delimited the rectangle. Ceramics dating from the 2nd to 4th centuries came to light in the Roman foundations, a fire layer and garbage pits. Furthermore, the two Ubii "Ialehenius" and "Challinius" the Matronae Lanehiae their command ( ex imperio ipsarum ) a consecration stone built, whose name continues in today's place names Lechenich. The votive stone with a revelation inscription, dated around the 2nd century, is now also in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn . However, a smaller stone from this era has been preserved in the city; it is visible in the outer masonry of the Heddinghoven chapel . At the edge of the settlement was a temple area about 50 m × 90 m in size. Found remains of sandstone capitals and columns, fragments of several altars, numerous ceramic remains and a completely preserved sandstone apple refer to a matron shrine .
middle Ages
In Franconian times there was a settlement southwest of today's old town . Grave finds made it possible to classify them at the end of the 5th century. A document reports that around 650 the Fronhof belonging to the settlement was owned by Cologne Bishop Kunibert , who allocated income from this farm to the alms brothers of the St. Lupus Hospital in the Cologne suburb of Niederich .
The old castle
The Archbishops of Cologne had the Fronhof in Lechenich expanded into a moth in the following centuries , which after its destruction was replaced by a mighty castle surrounded by moats, the contours of which are still visible in the area today. In 1138, the first dated mention of Lechenich, the archbishop's castle was referred to as "curia".
A settlement with a church belonged to this castle, which had an important function as a parish church with branches as early as the middle of the 12th century . In a manuscript of the Deutz Abbey , the codex thioderici, from around 1155 , in which parishes are recorded that pilgrimages to the Deutz Monastery, the Lechenich parish with its branches and the associated places is named. In 1181 Lechenich is called archbishop's territory with court and ban. After Archbishop Philipp von Heinsberg replaced the bailiffs in 1185, the castle became the administrative and court seat of the Lechenich Office. An archbishop official ( mayor / bailiff) took over the administration and, together with the lay judges, the jurisdiction .
In the territorial battles of the 13th century between the Archbishops of Cologne and the Counts of Jülich and the Dukes of Brabant , the castle in Lechenich was of great importance. The castle, the "castrum" Lechenich, was besieged several times, but could not be captured.
Urban planning and city rights
The Archbishop of Cologne, Konrad von Hochstaden , laid the foundations for a city of Lechenich, fortified with walls and moats, when he received around 30 houses from it on Lechenich Market in 1256 in an exchange with the St. Aposteln Abbey in Cologne . The settlement on the market was on the Bonn-Aachener Heerstraße, which ran through the city, and was naturally protected by the surrounding streams, Rotbach and Mühlenbach, on which the mill belonging to the archbishop's manor was located. The settlement on the market became the center of a town that was additionally fortified by high walls and protected by moats fed by the streams. After construction began on the city, which was planned on a rectangular floor plan , the old parish church, named 1155 near the old castle, was abandoned. The new parish church near the market was built on the site of today's St. Kilian's Church and was incorporated into the monastery of St. Apostles. The resettlement of the residents living in the houses by the castle in the area of today's old town, as well as the construction of the parish church were completed in 1271.
Remains of the old city wall on Zehntwall
Rotbach in the east of Lechenich
The mill stream at the back of the former archiepiscopal mill
Archbishop Siegfried von Westerburg granted Lechenich city rights on September 15, 1279 . The most important of these granted rights were the right to elect seven lay judges, a fair on St. Remigius (October 1st) and a weekly market every Tuesday. Furthermore, the rights as a tax authority to obtain income from the goods tax called "excise", which should be used for the construction and maintenance of the city walls , and the right to collect a citizen's admission fee, which every new citizen who settled in Lechenich and had to pay the civil rights wanted to acquire. The citizens , including the residents of the Burgbanndörfer Ahrem, Blessem, Konradsheim, Herrig and Meller, were obliged to provide armed aid to the city as soon as the ban bell rang. The city privileges granted entitle them to use a city seal, which was first documented in 1282.
During a dispute between King Albrecht I and Cologne Archbishop Wigbold von Holte over the Rhine tolls , the old castle and the city fortifications, which were still under construction, were destroyed on the orders of the King by Count Gerhard VII von Jülich and his allies.
The new castle
In 1306, the Archbishop of Cologne, Heinrich II of Virneburg, began to rebuild the city fortifications and to build a new castle ( residential tower ) in the northeast corner of today's old town. The complementary high palace was built under Archbishops Walram von Jülich and Wilhelm von Gennep . The mighty castle complex and the moats that surround it formed a separate fortress within the fortified city.
The Landesburg Lechenich often served as the residence of the Archbishops of Cologne in the 14th and first half of the 15th century . It also served as the administrative and judicial center of the Lechenich Office .
From the beginning of modern times to the end of Kurköln
City administration and witch trials
The office of mayor was not specified in the statutes of the city charter of 1279 . Such, along with a city council , held office in the 15th century, but a town hall (town hall) was only named in 1590. The mayor, first mentioned in 1450, represented the city in the state parliament . Together with aldermen and the council, he regulated urban affairs. However, the directives of the sovereign, as whose deputy the bailiff acted, remained authoritative for the city. This gave instructions, selected the lay judges and swore them in, and he also checked the city accounts, as stipulated in the city charter.
One of the measures taken by the city council was the construction of an infirmary for lepers near the old Roman road between Cologne and Trier. At the beginning of the 18th century, the city sold the decrepit building and the garden that was no longer in use.
The office building of the outer bailey remained as the administrative and judicial center of the Electoral Cologne office of Lechenich until French rule. At this court large and small offenses were heard and judged according to the law. The death penalty was imposed for serious crimes. From 1626 to 1630 numerous witch trials took place here, chaired by the so-called witch commissioners sent by Elector Ferdinand , including the trial of the Cologne clarissess Sophia Agnes von Langenberg , whose torture extorted accusation from postmaster Katharina Henot led to her arrest in Cologne. Most of the work of lay judges, however, consisted of notarising matters for which a notary is responsible today, such as sales, contracts, wills and foundations. Since 1325 they had a jury seal .
Wars, fire disasters and new buildings
The heavily fortified city of Lechenich in the Electorate of Cologne had only two city gates in its wall ring, connected by a street in an east-west direction. The road through the western Dürener or Herriger Tor led via Herrig to Düren, from the eastern Bonner Tor the road ran to Bonn. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Lechenich was included in the plans of the warring European powers (royal houses) because of its strategic importance . During the Cologne War or Truchsessian War, the deposed Elector Gebhard Truchseß von Waldburg occupied the town and castle of Lechenich in 1583. On behalf of the cathedral chapter and the newly elected Elector Ernst of Bavaria , Lechenich was taken by their troops. In 1642 in the so-called " Hessenkrieg ", part of the Thirty Years' War , the besiegers under Marshal Guébriant succeeded in taking the city, but not the castle. During the wars of Louis XIV of France , with whom the Cologne Elector Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern was allied, French troops were in Lechenich Castle. In 1673 the city and Lechenich Castle were successfully besieged and forced to give up by imperial troops under Field Marshal Montecuccoli and Field Marshal Bournonville. Until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1756, the population was heavily burdened by billeting, deliveries of money and goods ( forage deliveries ) and taxes that were raised more and more frequently.
The city and its population were victims of large city fires several times . For example, in 1642 when the besiegers withdrew, and again in 1689, when the retreating French, allied with the Cologne elector and his coadjutor Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg , also set fire to the castle. The city fires in 1702, 1722, and 1744 had severe effects, with almost all houses being burned in 1702 and 1722.
After the fire of 1744, both a new church and a town hall became necessary. The church was built from 1746 to 1749 as a baroque hall church, a new town hall was built on the market square from 1752 to 1756.
Education and security facilities
Since the 15th century at the latest, Lechenich had a parish school, at which a sexton teacher , called Offermann, who was designated as a schoolmaster in 1478 , taught. In 1783 the elementary school for boys and girls, which had previously been housed in the teacher's house, the schoolhouse or the Offerhaus, was relocated to the Franciscan monastery built in 1655 on Klosterstrasse. A Franciscan taught the pupils at the elementary school, and a teacher was employed for the girls. From 1783, a Latin school was also set up in the monastery, run by a priest .
The mounted rural gendarmerie, called "Hussar Company", set up by Elector Clemens August to fight organized gangs in 1751, was relocated to Lechenich in 1754. From 1765 to 1794 these first police in the Electorate of Cologne had their headquarters in the house known as the hussar quarter .
19th century
French rule
Three years after the occupation of the left bank of the Rhine by French revolutionary troops (1794) , the peace of Campo Formio was concluded in 1797 between Emperor Franz II in his capacity as Archduke of Austria and France , represented by Napoleon Bonaparte , in which the Emperor gave his consent in secret articles on the cession of the left bank of the Rhine to France, which should be confirmed in a peace treaty between France and the Reich of the Reichstag at the Rastatt Congress .
During the administrative reform carried out by the French government by Commissioner François Joseph Rudler in 1798, in which he divided the area on the left bank of the Rhine into four departments and these into cantons, Lechenich became the capital of the canton of Lechenich . After the Napoleonic constitutional reform, which came into force in 1800, Lechenich, which lost its town charter, became a Mairie ( German mayor's offices ) in the canton of Lechenich, located in the Arrondissement de Cologne im Rur , together with the towns of Ahrem , Blessem , Konradsheim , Herrig and Meller -Department .
The Mairien Erp , Friesheim , Gymnich , Lechenich, Liblar , Lommersum and Weilerswist belonged to the canton of Lechenich .
When the judicial system was reorganized, Lechenich was given a court of justice and a judge of the peace for small legal cases as the cantonal seat . The court of the Cologne arrondissement was responsible for larger civil and criminal cases.
The affiliation of the departments on the left bank of the Rhine to the French state was confirmed in 1801 in the Peace of Lunéville between Napoléon and the Emperor and the German Empire . From 1801 to 1814 the area was part of the French state and the inhabitants were French citizens.
In 1801 the number of residential buildings in Lechenich consisted of 220 houses in which around 1070 residents lived, including 260 children under 12 years of age. The dignitaries included the justice of the peace, the notary and court secretary who also had their residence in Lechenich, as well as the doctor and pharmacist , as well as a surgeon and medical officer . In the gendarmerie house , the former Husarenquartier , lived three French gendarmes and a Brigadier with their families, in the Franciscan monastery lived 16 monks . The Jewish community at that time consisted of eight families. The city gates were inhabited, the porter, the field guard and four families of day laborers, 37 people in total, lived in the Bonner Tor, and four people lived in the Herriger or Dürener Tor. Lechenich had not yet grown beyond the old medieval city with its development. In front of the gates there was only a farm, the town mill, an oil mill and the house of a white tanner .
After the concordat concluded in 1801 between Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII , which legalized the expropriation of church property in France, secularization was carried out in the departments on the left bank of the Rhine in 1802 . The Franciscan monastery in Lechenich was affected and it was abolished on August 3, 1802. The ecclesiastical and electoral possessions were sold between 1804 and 1809, including the monastery building and the monastery church, the electoral castle with the castle ruins, other buildings and the associated area in 1805.
The Prussian period
Infrastructure improvement
After the Rhineland fell to Prussia at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , the Rhine Province was divided into administrative districts and districts in 1816 . Lechenich became the district town of the Lechenich district , to which the former cantons of Lechenich and Zülpich belonged. The former gendarmerie station, the hussars' quarters, was the district office until the district administration was relocated to Euskirchen in 1827. The financial situation of the community of Lechenich, which partly had to pay off old war burdens, was so weak in the first decades of the 19th century that repairs were necessary and new buildings were not built. Only after 1850 did the economic situation improve, when the predominantly agricultural population was able to increase yields through the use of artificial fertilizers . The “Provincial Aid Fund for the Rhine Province” and the agricultural cooperative banks such as the Lechenich-based savings and loan fund brokered cheap loans. They contributed to the brisk building activity that changed the cityscape in the following decades and shaped the core area of Lechenich.
- Lechenich around the turn of the century
Herriger Strasse. Laying of rails in preparation for the canal works (1901)
Town hall and market square 1897
Bonner Tor and Rotbachbrücke 1897
Oebelsmühle before 1895
In contrast to Euskirchen, which had become a traffic junction through the expansion of the transport network through the Eifel border region for military reasons and developed into an industrial location, the economic and industrial development of Lechenich at that time was severely impaired by the lack of national road connections, as well a lack of connection to the route network of the former Reichsbahn .
From 1854 to 1856, the Luxemburger Strasse leading from Cologne via Hürth , Liblar, Lechenich, Erp to Zülpich was expanded by royal orders from government funds. In 1854 the Lechenich municipal council succeeded in gaining a further connection to the regional traffic and leading the Neuss - Kerpen road to Lechenich (through Frenzenstrasse). In 1857 the line (via Klosterstrasse) Lechenich Derkum - Euskirchen was expanded . This required two breakthroughs in the city walls in the north and south . Until then, the two city gates in the west and east, which were still connected to the city wall, were the only entrances and exits to the city. In 1901, the gates were exposed on one side by demolishing the porter's house at Bonner Tor and the syringe house at Herriger Tor to improve traffic management on Luxemburger Strasse, and the rails of the small train were moved from the middle of the lane to the edge of the road. At the same time, Bonner Strasse was given a sewer system that flowed into the Rotbach; the other streets retained a sewer. The municipal council's motion to Rheinische Eisenbahn AG to move the station on the planned Cologne - Euskirchen - Eifel railway to Lechenich near Bliesheimer Weg (today An der Patria) was unsuccessful. That is why the construction of the first line of the Euskirchener Kreisbahnen from Euskirchen via Lechenich to Liblar station, a current station on the Eifel line, was welcomed . From 1895 to 1955/1959 this narrow-gauge railway , called "Flutsch" by the locals, was available for the transport of goods and passengers.
Further progress was made in 1875 by a telegraph station and in 1901 by a water pipe that replaced the public fountain . In 1911 it was connected to electricity .
Cityscape and residents at the turn of the century
From the middle of the 19th century, a number of neo-Gothic buildings shaped the cityscape of Lechenich. The superstructure of the Bonner Tor, which had been destroyed in 1642, was given a crenellated wreath during the restoration of the building in 1853 , whereby the design of the pinnacles corresponded to that of the castle towers. With the Herriger Tor, the superstructure of which was also badly damaged in 1642, its renovation deviated from a restoration in the old style. The city gate was built in 1862 in neo-Gothic style based on plans by master builder Zwirner .
The old town hall on the market, built in 1752, was replaced by a new building in 1862. The larger new building, which was also built according to Zwirner's plans in the neo-Gothic style, was also the seat of the magistrate's court.
Another building in the neo-Gothic style, in keeping with the spirit of the times, was Haus Kretz (Gutshof Kretz) on the market square. The reconstruction of the parish church took place in 1864 according to plans by the late architect Zwirner and was completed from 1887 to 1888 by the architects Rüdell and Odenthal.
At the end of the century, in the years 1896/97, the community financed the construction of a new district court with an adjoining prison wing . The community property also made available was located on the south side of the market, at the height of the town hall. After the peace courts were dissolved in 1879, local courts took over the competences of these institutions. The seat of the district court was Euskirchen. A request by the Lechenich municipal council to set up a district court in Lechenich, the center of five surrounding mayor's offices, was granted in 1896. The style of the building matched the other distinctive structures in the city center. Another neo-Gothic building was the Marienapotheke, built in 1899 on the corner of Markt and Frenzestrasse, with a statue of Mary on a console. In 1902 a new post office was built on Herriger Strasse (today's town hall). The municipal high school , which had existed since 1869, was given a new school building near the church in 1905
Bonner Tor, restored in 1853
Herriger or Dürener Tor, rebuilt in a neo-Gothic style in 1862
Town Hall, 1862
House Kretz on the market (1862)
Of the large courts of Lechenich, the Steinshof, the former court of the abbot of Siegburg , and in the southeast corner of the city the Zehnthof, formerly the courtyard of the St. Aposteln Abbey in Cologne, were still present . The Frenzenhof, which had come to the Teutonic Order from the Lords of Frenz , no longer existed. Its area became the location of a new elementary school , which was moved into in 1869.
The synagogue built in 1886 in Judenstrasse, south of the market, was also part of the cityscape . The school of the small Jewish community of Lechenich was located next to the building, which was equipped with four onion domes . Until the middle of the 19th century, the Wallstrasse enclosed the city center. The small apartment buildings on the Zehnt- and Schlosswall from the 17th century, the back wall of which formed the city wall, had been sold by the community. Due to their new owners they have undergone numerous renovations over time. A number of these small half-timbered houses can still be recognized today in these narrow ramparts, at least in their original external shape and construction.
To beautify the cityscape, the promenade was laid out in the second half of the 19th century between Bonner Strasse and Klosterstrasse along the city moat . The avenue, planted with nut trees, but mostly with chestnut trees, was used by the citizens for a stroll on Sunday .
Around 1900 the residents of Lechenich mainly found their income in agriculture , but many also worked in the neighboring lignite mines in Liblar and Kierdorf. Lechenich had two printing works in which the "Lechenicher Zeitung von 1879" and the "Lechenicher Volksblatt" appeared. According to Brockhaus' Konversationslexikon (1902), Lechenich had 3465 inhabitants, who were predominantly Catholic. Only 59 people were Protestants and 95 residents of the city professed to be Jewish. The city was the seat of a district court and land registry office, and after Brockhaus there were also: post office, telegraph, high school for boys, loan office, light production (candles), tannery, mills and a brewery .
Weimar Republic
In Lechenich, after the military defeat in World War I and the resulting abdication of the German Emperor Wilhelm , even after the proclamation of the republic in November 1918, the feared nationwide unrest did not materialize.
The vigilante group, decided and set up by the local council, had no reason to take action. In accordance with the provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty , which stipulated the occupation of the area on the left bank of the Rhine and bridgeheads on the right bank of the Rhine , Lechenich was under British occupation in 1919 and under French occupation from 1920 to 1926 .
The end of the empire caused a general social change that brought about a break with old traditions in many areas. In November 1919, Lechenich received a new municipal council whose members first had to familiarize themselves with a structure that had also changed politically. This included the mayor's office of Gymnich leaving the joint administration that had existed since 1875. Only the mayor's office in Erp stuck to the joint administration. One of the innovations was the abandonment of an old tradition, the dismantling of the night watchman at the end of 1926.
Motor transport took off in the mid-1920s. The Reichspost began with a regular service from Cologne via Liblar, Lechenich to Zülpich . Other bus routes went to Gymnich via Konradsheim and Dirmerzheim. The Cologne motor vehicle operating company opened the Cologne-Lechenich-Friesheim-Euskirchen- Gemünd line in 1926 . The market became a transfer station for bus travel and the local small train station.
Due to the global economic crisis that began in 1929, numerous Lechenich families were affected by unemployment until the 1930s . Some of those affected were of German nationality and hoped that the NSDAP party would improve the economic situation. Even if most of Lechenich, with their Catholic center tradition, as well as the supporters of the SPD, were distant from the NSDAP, the NSDAP was nevertheless able to increase its share of the vote from 10% in the 1930 election to almost 28.5% in the March 1, 1933 election.
time of the nationalsocialism
After the seizure of power of Hitler a party sparked contemporary from the previous mayor. In the same year, some street names were renamed Lechenich. The market became Adolf-Hitler-Platz, Bonner Strasse became Hindenburgstrasse and Judenstrasse became Horst-Wessel-Strasse . In the following period, many residents became members of the NSDAP and its organizations. In the spring of 1933 Hitler and Hindenburg were made honorary citizens.
At the beginning of the National Socialist regime, 74 Jews lived in Lechenich. On April 1, 1933, a call was made to boycott Jewish shops in Lechenich . On November 10, 1938, the synagogue built in 1886 was set on fire and the Jewish shops and apartments were demolished. Jewish families who had not emigrated were deported in 1942 and killed in the extermination camps .
During the Second World War , Lechenich was spared major damage from air raids , but the announcement of a possible air raid or low-flying attacks were almost part of everyday life in Lechenich. Public air raid shelters were set up in several places in the village . On 2/3 March 1945 American troops took Lechenich without a fight.
After the Second World War
Metal in every form was a rare raw material after the end of the war, so that the city felt compelled, as was the practice in many other cities, to print emergency money in 1947 , which was in circulation until the currency reform in 1948.
The food shortage due to the forced farming in the post-war period hit most of Lechenich's residents less hard than the city dwellers. Almost all Lechenich families had a garden, more than half worked in agriculture and received part of their wages in the form of natural produce . The lack of heating material was also less noticeable than in the big cities. The workers in the lignite works received deputate coal , and many barter deals came about. Hamsterers , who mostly came from Cologne, gave away their last valuables for food. Displaced families without exchangeable goods, mostly referred to as refugees, also suffered from poverty in rural areas such as Lechenich and suffered from malnutrition and insufficient clothing.
Lechenich's economic focus remained agriculture until the early 1960s . With the dairy opened in 1901 (until 1970) and the herb factory "Patria" ( processing sugar beet into beet ) (until 1962), which was opened in 1914 , the place became a central processing point for corresponding farm products from what was then the "northern district" of the Euskirchen district .
Lechenich's position as the center of the northern district was emphasized above all by the district court, which existed from 1897 to 1984, and by the municipal secondary school (1869 to 1920, then private school until 1945; municipal secondary school since 1946).
In 1943 Lechenich was recognized as a "historic town" and was given the right to use the title "Stadt Lechenich" and was used until 1969.
Lechenich had 3900 inhabitants before the Second World War; in 1960 there were around 5.500. Many of these expellees, who had been given building land on the outskirts of the city during the urban development after the currency reform , settled in Lechenich.
After the currency reform, the city administration tried to create a new coat of arms based on the seal of the aldermen from the 14th century . The country's interior minister approved the city in June 1950 to use the proposed modified coat of arms. This form is the one used today by clubs and on Lechenich's flags. The old historical coat of arms from the 17th century shows Kilian's Church with the Kurköln sign underneath; it can still be seen today on the north gable of the town hall.
With the new traffic routing with the redesign of the market square in 1967, the Herriger Tor was completely exposed by demolishing the adjacent house. Use is not possible due to the lack of ground level access. Opposite the Bonner Tor, the sidewalk was widened by demolishing a residential building projecting into it (originally the house of Hieronymus Simon, one of the oldest Jewish families). The small streets in the city center, including Zehntwall and Schloßwall, were connected to the sewer system and were paved.
Lechenich continued to exist as a municipality and office even after the state of North Rhine-Westphalia was founded in 1946 and existed in this form until the municipal reform in 1969. According to the decision of the state government, the city and the office of Lechenich should be the office of Liblar , the Friesheim Office and the Gymnich Office will be merged into one larger administrative unit. However, Lechenich's expansion into such a central place of administration was not realized. The thesis of a bipolarity, cited by some politicians, said that Lechenich had grown up in Liblar as an opposite pole. The locations of the new administrative unit to be formed should be combined with a new name. The advocates of this thesis were able to prevail in the state parliament and the new large commune was given the art name Erftstadt. The law to reorganize the Euskirchen district came into force on July 1, 1969. Lechenich became a district of the newly formed city of Erftstadt and lost its independence. Since the redistribution of the districts in 1975, the city of Erftstadt has belonged to the Erft district , today the Rhein-Erft district .
Lechenich as a district of Erftstadt since 1969
Lechenich lost its independence due to the municipal administrative reform of 1969, since then it has been the most important district of the then Erftstadt amalgamation due to its location, the size of its population and its area, ultimately also because of its history.
Political administration of the district
The diverse concerns of the individual districts, including those of the Lechenich district, are taken care of in the city council by representatives of the entire citizenry elected from all parties. The city council of Erftstadt currently consists of 50 members. Local mayor for Lechenich and Konradsheim has been Hans-Joachim Schmidt since 2014 (as of April 2018).
Town center
The old historic town center within the town brooks and ditches is still the market square, and at the same time the geographical center of the town. In the middle of it was the old town hall , which was raised to the status of a monument , and on its north side it was converted into a traffic-calmed area by relocating the traffic to the south side . The square, which is surrounded by a large number of old, historical buildings that are also listed buildings, adapts to this ambience stylistically thanks to its paved pedestrian zone without sidewalks . On the square, which is lined with a row of trees, benches and a stele with depictions of the history of Lechenich as well as a replica of a historical pump have been set up; in summer, street cafes with tables and chairs also invite you to linger. Around the square and on the streets branching off from it, but mainly on Bonner Straße, there are numerous small and large business premises from various industries , renowned restaurants in historical buildings (half-timbered, baroque, neo-Gothic) with local or international cuisine as well as various financial institutions a selection of other restaurants.
The Erftstadt police station is located on Bonner Strasse, which remained in Lechenich after a central police station was set up in Kerpen.
New buildings were built in the city center, old buildings were restored or rebuilt and furnished according to today's needs, so that the quality of living has developed very positively. The Zehnthof, formerly a grain store with a silo that can be seen from afar, was restored in the 1990s and converted into a residential complex. Rather negatively assess the Lechenicher citizens that determine how many cities, including the Old Town Lechenicher large traditional shops of the dealers are gone. The post office on the market was closed, a post agency took over the postal tasks. The old district court no longer exists in its function. At the end of 1983, it was assigned to the Brühl District Court by decision of the Landtag . It served as a branch for a few years, but in 1992 it was permanently closed. What remained of the former location of the court are the listed building, a notary's office and a few law firms .
The Mühlenbach, western outskirts
Old "syringe house"
Regional traffic stops on the market
Old half-timbered house (Bosen house)
The marketplace, which has been redesigned several times, continues to perform its old function of a weekly market that takes place regularly . The citizens' festival of the civil society or the organization of a Christmas market organized by the AHAG (action group for trade and commerce), which has existed since 1979, and other events take place on the market square. The regular market days take place in a reduced form on Wednesday, then on Saturday with a larger offer. In addition, the market square on its southeast side is a stop for regional public transport , lines 212 Lechenich- Nörvenich, 807 Lechenich- Euskirchen, 920 Erftstadt Bahnhof- Lechenich- Kerpen, 974 school bus, 979 Hürth- Lechenich- Zülpich, 984 school bus Lechenich-Weilerswist, 990 Lechenich- Erftstadt Bahnhof- Brühl- Wesseling. The train station for Lechenich is the DB AG train station in Erftstadt Liblar on the Eifel route .
The opening of the bypass road in December 2002 significantly relieved the old town, which had been severely affected by through traffic . The section of Bonner Strasse adjoining the market on its east side in the direction of Bonner Tor was redesigned in 2008/2009. The commercial street, which is also provided with shopping malls, received new paving, new street lighting, benches, bicycle racks and parking spaces on both sides of the street. Young trees have been planted on the widened sidewalks. Here from the center you can easily reach the green areas by the moats, the extensive park of the castle and other of the many sights of Lechenich in just a few minutes.
The horticultural association (from 1881) takes on the horticultural decoration in several areas of the city by providing its own funds with its active group.
Attractions
Due to its early history, the Erftstadt-Lechenich district, despite its losses through fires and wars, has a high degree of historical substance of various kinds. These include architectural and ground monuments from different epochs. The very early monuments of its history include some matron stones from the 2nd century, the moth of the first castle complex of the High Middle Ages and the following ditch system , which was further expanded in the early modern period and largely preserved, with parts of its fortification walls on the plan of the former, which is still recognizable today Electoral Cologne city. The layout of the old castle park illustrates the English influence of garden art of that time. The remains of old Jewish culture through tombstones from the old Jewish cemetery at Schleifmühle and the subsequent New Jewish cemetery at Römerhofweg are also to be mentioned as ground monuments .
Lechenich's architectural monuments show buildings in a variety of styles, the architecture of which has been preserved from the respective time ( Romanesque , Baroque , Neo-Gothic , Art Nouveau ) in many listed objects. The sacred buildings such as the Heddinghoven chapel from the 12th century, the parish church of St. Kilian , but also very old crossroads and foot drop stations are to be mentioned . The Herriger and Bonner Tor city gates, the cloister of the former Franciscan monastery on Klosterstrasse, the former electoral state castle , a former "upper grain mill", the Oebelsmühle "Auf dem Graben", the old hussar quarters in Schloßstrasse, the former town house on Herriger Strasse , as well as the former district court on the market square and the historic town hall that dominates it, along with many other buildings designed by Zwirner in the 19th century.
Population growth and new residential areas
Caused by a strong increase in population, the townscape has changed a lot in the last few decades, with the largest increase occurring in the years after the municipal administrative reform. The population of around 4,000 before the Second World War tripled to almost 12,000 in 2009, more than half of whom moved to Lechenich in the last 40 years. Most of the “immigrants” came and still come from all parts of Germany, but they also include people from EU and non-European countries who have since settled in Lechenich.
This growth caused new residential areas to emerge at the same time , which were provided with the appropriate infrastructure . Today they extend in a planned mixed construction of multi-storey buildings and single-family houses around the entire old town center.
In the northwest, on the outermost edge of Lechenich, one of the youngest settlements, the so-called solar settlement , arose at the beginning of the new millennium on the streets “Zur alten Burg” and “im Lehmtal” . The focus of the settlement was a project funded by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, whose high-tech conception made it possible to feed excess electricity capacities generated by photovoltaics into the general network . In the case of the other new buildings in the settlement, mostly single or two-family houses from private clients, in many cases individually selected technologies for generating solar energy were installed on a voluntary basis.
From all of these new districts, commuters have convenient transport connections to their workplaces , which are mostly in the nearby metropolitan areas.
Change in economic structure
The agricultural character of Lechenich, which has been dominated by agriculture for centuries in its appearance, but also in its working life, has almost completely disappeared. It is now mainly service companies that have settled in the center and the new industrial areas of Lechenich. A commercial area has been created on the outskirts of Lechenich, which is now connected to the A 1 , the A 61 and the B 265 . This area was apparently able to arouse the interest of new medium-sized companies through further favorable conditions, so that the area could be expanded with an adjoining business park. Attracted by large-scale construction opportunities outside the city center, retail chains of discounters , larger craft businesses and other businesses have settled in the suburbs. The Lechenich fire fighting group (volunteer fire brigade from 1891) also relocated to the industrial park in 2001.
A wood-fired thermal power station has been heating the public buildings in northeast Lechenich since December 2009 . A district heating network fed by this system makes the Lechenich school center , the associated sports halls, the integrated library , the tennis hall , the primary school (north school), the municipal kindergarten , the local outdoor swimming pool and the "Haus Rotbach / Lebenshilfe" run by a non-profit association environmentally friendly and two thirds cheaper than heating with natural gas and oil.
Educational institutions
To relieve working parents with children, new municipal kindergartens and day-care centers were built, which were supplemented by church and private institutions. A selection criterion for many of the families with children settling in Lechenich was the diverse range of schools offered in Lechenich. The district has a primary school in the southern part of the city, the southern school, and a primary school on Kölner Ring, the northern school and another complex facility, the school center.
The commercial private school in Lechenich, which has existed since 1946, was closed in 2002.
Further training
Access to the municipal high school and secondary school
Subjects as art
secondary schools
The school center with a Catholic elementary school , the Adolph Kolping School , and a Protestant elementary school on Amselweg / Dr.-Fieger-Straße, which was built outside the old town center at the beginning of the 1960s , became a secondary school in 1968 after the school reform , which became the Theodor-Heuss-Schule was called. Today's grammar school was built in several construction phases and was transformed in 1968 into a grammar school with an Abitur . In 1974 the school center was completed by a secondary school . Various facilities of this center, such as the auditorium or the swimming pool, are also used for non-school events. In the building complex of the high school there is the city library with media library and art library , which is often used by students and citizens .
In consideration of the changed professional situation of the parents, the elementary schools are run as open all-day schools , Hauptschule and Realschule as linked all-day schools . The high school is planning to convert it into an all-day school.
Denominations and social affairs
Catholic parish church of St. Kilian
Parish center at St. Kilian
Evangelical Church of Reconciliation
New Apostolic Church
Due to the changed population structure, the denominational affiliation has changed. In 1966 a Protestant church with a community center was built. For the Catholic Christians, the parish center St. Kilian was built in 1978/1979, a building complex with apartments for the pastor and his employees. The parish hall for church events is also rented out for lectures, courses, seminars and socializing by non-church organizers. Church advice centers, Caritas in the parish center St. Kilian, Diakonie in the Protestant community center, are active in Lechenich. Many ecumenical activities emanate from the Catholic church community and the Protestant church community, which signed a partnership agreement in 2002.
There is also a Kingdom Hall for Jehovah's Witnesses in Lechenich . The building of the New Apostolic Church , whose congregation is now merged with the Brühl congregation, was sold.
Medical care
Medical care in the district is comprehensive. In addition to general medicine practices, there are resident specialists from numerous medical disciplines on site. In the neighboring district of Frauenthal , the "Marienhospital", which has developed from the Münch Foundation , is a primary care hospital. For more specialized examinations and treatments, patients usually go to the hospitals in Cologne, Frechen or Düren . Several opticians and hearing aid acousticians have their shops on site, there are several pharmacies , a medical supply store and physiotherapy practices. The possibility of outpatient nursing complements the medical care of the citizens. There are also practices of dentists and veterinarians for small and large animals on site.
Cultural Lechenich, sport and leisure activities
The town house, built in 1902 and located at the beginning of Herriger Straße, offers space for events from Lechenicher / Erftstadt, but also for artists from outside Germany. Furthermore, cultural events (readings, lectures, exhibitions etc.) also take place in suitable rooms in the parish or school center.
Art and theater
Erftstadt artists staged an "art parcours " on the city moat and the Lechenich "art mile" from gate to gate with exhibitions in the shop windows. The bronze stele erected on the market by the Chilean artist Maria Fernandez depicts selected events from the history of Lechenich . In the garden courtyard of the old hussar quarter, the sculpture of a horse on a column reminds of the former breeding of draft horses in the village. In addition to old sacred art (crosses, holy houses ), modern metal sculptures can be found in the cityscape , which decorate the newly created roundabout facilities.
Sacred art at the Herriger Tor from 1822
Steele with miniatures of the city's history
Copy of an old market pump
Reminder of the local horse breeding
The art association, a cultural group and the adult education center are preparing an offer for culturally interested citizens, whereby their suggestions do not only relate to local events. Multi-day trips or trips to performances in the concert , opera and theaters of the larger cities surrounding Lechenich are used by the citizens.
The civil society strives to promote awareness of Lech ego. In recent years it has financed billboards on the most important historical buildings in Lechenich, which were provided with brief information about their history.
City tours are offered regularly for those interested in history and culture.
Associations and societies
Many of today's clubs and societies, even those of a more recent origin, tie in with old, traditional customs . The Schützenfest of the St. Sebastianus Schützenbruderschaft (from 1508) combined with the St. Kilians Kirmes is an annual big event, at the end of which a fireworks display is organized with the participation of many visitors .
Other contributors to social and cultural life are:
- The dialect of St. Kilian. He offers entertaining performances to all those who understand Kölsch .
- By choral societies given concerts of the male choir of 1850, the women's choir and other choral communities are complemented by concerts of foreign artists. The Lechenich Music Night of the parishes in autumn 2008 with eight concerts was generally rated as a great success. Bands that perform in Lechenich mainly attract young people.
- The events of the Lechenich Narrenzunft (LNZ) and its departments, their meetings , the traditional "storming" of the town hall on the day of the Weiberfastnacht and the carnival parade organized by this society are very popular .
sport and freetime
Many of Lechenich's residents are members of local sports clubs, almost all of which came into being after the Second World War or after the municipal administrative reform such as SC Germania Erftstadt-Lechenich . Lechenich has a few sports fields or facilities for sporting events. Tennis courts, an indoor swimming pool, an outdoor swimming pool and gyms, including a multi-gym, are provided.
- A sports club with an old tradition is the Association for Movement Games from 1919 (VfB), in which Hennes Weisweiler played in his youth, and so began his later career as a football player and coach.
- Professionals and beginners will find an 18-hole golf course around Konradsheim Castle .
Lechenich is surrounded by numerous cycling and hiking trails that lead along streams and canals through the fields to many preserved palaces and castles. The bathing lakes in the area ( Liblarer See ), created by the mining of lignite, are also not far away.
Personalities
- Sophia Agnes von Langenberg (1597 or 1598–1627), nun in Cologne
- Joseph von Weichs (1770–1826), district administrator of the Lechenich district
- Adolf Münch (1804–1877) and his wife Helene Münch née Offermann (1802–1877), founder of the Marienhospital in Frauenthal (1867), today hospital of the city of Erftstadt, see Foundation Marien-Hospital Erftstadt-Frauenthal
- Matthias Konstantin Bendermacher (1814–1880), notary, author of the first history of Lechenich (around 1865), painter in his hometown Lechenich and the castle there .
- Georg von Bleichröder (1857–1902), son of the Berlin banker Gerson von Bleichröder , owner of the Lechenich Palace (since 1894) and founder of the Römerhof stud
- Jean Bungartz (1854–1934), “Ritter pp. Animal painter and writer ”(letterhead). Author of illustrated books on animal husbandry, dog breeding and the training of medical dogs. Founder and chairman of the German Association for Medical Dogs
- Paul Kerp (1867–1964), organist and wax light manufacturer, co-founder and later owner of the beet plant “Patria”, first honorary citizen of Lechenich
- Peter Kerp (1872–1931), politician (center), born in Lechenich
- Peter Hamecher (1879–1938), German author and gay activist
- Josef Fieger (1887–1961), doctor and patron
- Hennes Weisweiler (1919–1983), German soccer player and coach
- Karl Stommel (1922–1989), teacher and historian
- Werner Tiemann (1933–2002), German handball player, teacher and local politician
- Ulla Norden (1940-2018), German pop singer and presenter lived in Lechenich
literature
- Karl Stommel : History of the Electoral Cologne city of Lechenich. (= Publications of the Association of History and Home Friends of the District of Euskirchen eV, series A 5). Euskirchen 1960.
- Karl Stommel: The French population lists from Erftstadt. Erftstadt 1989.
- Karl and Hanna Stommel: Sources on the history of the city of Erftstadt. 1-5 Tape. Erftstadt 1990–1998.
- Heidi and Cornelius Bormann: home on the Erft. The rural Jews in the synagogue communities Gymnich, Friesheim and Lechenich. Kerpen 1991, ISBN 3-9802650-3-X .
- Bernhard Schreiber: Archaeological finds and monuments of the Erftstadt area. Erftstadt 1999, ISBN 3-9805019-4-9 .
- Frank Bartsch, Dieter Hoffsümmer, Hanna Stommel: Monuments in Erftstadt. AHAG, Lechenich 1998, OCLC 248300895 .
- Frank Bartsch, Hanna Stommel: Lechenich. From Roman times until today. An illustrated city history. Erftstadt 2004, ISBN 3-924576-07-6 .
- Frank Bartsch: Continuity and change in the country. The Rhine Prussian mayor of Lechenich in the 19th and early 20th centuries (1815–1914). (= History in the Euskirchen district. Volume 26). Landpresse, Ralf Liebe, Weilerswist 2012, ISBN 978-3-941037-91-5 . (At the same time dissertation Uni Bonn 2010)
- Petra Tutlies, Claus Weber: Archeology in Erftstadt . Reports on excavations, observations and finds from the years 2005 to 2016. Yearbook of the city of Erftstadt 2018. Erftstadt 2017. ISSN 2567-708X .
Individual evidence
- ↑ erftstadt.de
- ^ In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . August 19, 2010.
- ↑ Cordula Brand et al. a .: The early Iron Age settlement in Erftstadt Lechenich. In: Archeology in the Rhineland . 2005.
- ↑ Petra Tutlies, Claus Weber: Archeology in Erftstadt. Reports on excavations, observations and finds from the years 2005 to 2016. In: Yearbook of the City of Erftstadt 2018. Erftstadt 2017, pp. 88–94.
- ^ Bernhard Schreiber: Archaeological finds and monuments of the urban area. Erftstadt 1999, pp. 24-27. (Indication of the sources)
- ↑ CIL 13, 7976
- ^ Bernhard Schreiber: Archaeological finds and monuments of the urban area. Erftstadt 1999, p. 64 and annual report 1972. In: Bonner Jahrbuch 1974. Cologne 1974, p. 622–624.
- ^ Bernhard Peter Schreiber: Archaeological finds and monuments of the urban area. Erftstadt 1999, ISBN 3-9805019-4-9 , pp. 60-64.
- ^ Bernhard Schreiber: Archaeological finds and monuments of the urban area. Erftstadt 1999, p. 86.
- ↑ HAStK inventory Domstift U No. 1/2/1
- ↑ HSTAD inventory Altenberg U No. 1
- ↑ HAStK Abtei Deutz Rep. And HS 2. Copy by Woldemar Harless (1865) of the now lost book of the sexton Theodorich von Deutz
- ↑ HAStK inventory of Domstift deed No. 2/20, published in Stommel, Sources Volume I No. 26
- ↑ HAStK inventory Domstift U No. 3/46
- ^ R. Hoeninger: Cologne shrine documents of the 12th century. Bonn 1884. Volume I, p. 343, p. 349 and p. 354.
- ^ R. Knipping: Regest of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume III.1, Bonn 1909. No. 948, No. 982 and No. 984.
- ↑ HAStK inventory of St. Aposteln U No. 3/51
- ^ Wilhelm Brüning: The Aachen coronation trip of Friedrich III. in the year 1442. In: Communications of the association for customers of the Aachen prehistory. No. 6/8, Aachen 1898, pp. 81-104.
- ↑ HAStK inventory of Deutz Abbey RH 2
- ↑ HAStK inventory clerical department 16 sheet 15 no. 41
- ↑ HAStK inventory Domstift U No. 2/392
- ↑ Hastk inventory Domstift deed No. 1/425, published in Stommel Quellen Volume I No. 149
- ^ Wilhelm Janssen: The Archdiocese of Cologne in the late Middle Ages. (= History of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Volume 2.1). Cologne 1995, ISBN 3-7616-1149-8 , pp. 203-207.
- ↑ HAStK inventory of Domstift U No. 1/752
- ↑ HSTAD Kurköln U No. 2254.
- ↑ HAStK inventory foreign matters 170b
- ↑ HSTAD Kurköln II 5657
- ↑ Archive Schloss Gracht File 51, File 52 and File 53 (mayor's accounts)
- ^ K. and H. Stommel: Sources on the history of the city of Erftstadt. Volume V No. 2823.
- ^ K. and H. Stommel: Sources on the history of the city of Erftstadt. Volume IV. Erftstadt 1996. No. 2332-2334.
- ^ Hermann von Weinsberg : Liber Senectutis. P. 171 and p. 320.
- ↑ L. Walram (ed.); M. Sarburg: Defense and triumph of the castle and the city of Lechenich against Hessian, French and Weimar troops in 1642. Cologne 1643.
- ↑ Vienna War Archives, old field files, evaluated by Stefan Sienell
- ↑ Archive Schloss Gracht, File 52
- ↑ a b Archive Schloss Gracht File 53
- ^ K. Stommel: The Franciscans in Lechenich. P. 271.
- ^ Stommel: Sources on the history of the city of Erftstadt. Volume V. No. 2893.
- ^ Archive Schloss Gracht, file 53 B. 441-498
- ^ Parish archive St. Kilian, copy from 1673 and HAEK dean's office Bergheim Lechenich No. 1
- ^ K. Stommel: The Franciscans in Lechenich in monasteries and pens in the Erftkreis. Pulheim 1988, p. 262.
- ↑ HSTAD Kurköln VIII 505 Lechenich Bl. 1-2; Bl. 5-11
- ↑ HSTAD Kurköln II 3290
- ↑ HSTAD Kurköln XIII 664 and Archive Schloss Gracht File 10
- ^ Wilhelm Janssen : Small Rhenish History. Düsseldorf 1997, p. 261.
- ↑ J. Hansen: Sources for the history of the Rhineland in the age of the French Revolution 1780-1801. Bonn 1938. Volume IV No. 76 and No. 100
- ^ K. Stommel: The French population lists. Erftstadt 1989.
- ↑ HSTAD Roerdepartenment 3169/3176 and 3169/3183, here after Wolfgang Schieder: (Ed.): Secularization and Mediatization in the four Rhenish departments 1803-1813. Part V / 1 and V / 2 Roerdepartement. Boppard 1991.
- ^ Sabine Graumann (arrangement), Johann Wilhelm, Carl Ludwig: Der Kreis Lechenich around 1826. Cologne 2008.
- ↑ HSTAD inventory government Cologne No. 579
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Le No. 2013.
- ↑ a b Peter Simons : The development of traffic in the Euskirchen area. Supplement to the Euskirchener Volksblatt. 6th and 7th year, 1929 and 1930.
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Le 2010, Le 2011, Le 2031 (log books of the municipal council)
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Lechenich 2013 (log book of the municipal council)
- ^ District archive Euskirchen I / 336 and I / 337
- ↑ a b City Archives Erftstadt Lechenich 2013 and 2031.
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Lechenich 2010.
- ↑ a b City Archives Erftstadt Lechenich 2013.
- ^ Archive Schloss Gracht file 53 (town hall: measurement of the "masonry") and HSTAD government Cologne 579 (1833 town hall: a solid building)
- ^ City archive Erftstadt Lechenich 1311.
- ^ Parish archives St. Kilian Part I, Department 4, Volume 1 (Church)
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Lechenich 1309 and 1312.
- ↑ Helmut Weingarten: On the history of the post in Lechenich. In: Yearbook of the city of Erftstadt 1992.
- ↑ HSTAD inventory Altenbiesen / Jungenbiesen A 48/3 and DOZA Wien AB 248/8
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Le 2032 (log book of the municipal council)
- ↑ Gabriele Rünger: Who voted for the NSDAP. Bonn 1984.
- ↑ H. and C. Bormann: Heimat an der Erft. The rural Jews in the synagogue communities Gymnich Friesheim and Lechenich. Erftstadt 1993, p. 209.
- ↑ Kölner Stadtanzeiger, November 29, 2013, Rhein-Erft regional section, p. 36.
- ^ Klaus HS Schulte: Documentation of the Jews on the left Lower Rhine since the 17th century. Düsseldorf 1972, p. 142.
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Le 1431.
- ^ Heinrich Becker: Lechenich after 1954 in Karl Stommel: History of the Electoral Cologne city of Lechenich. Euskirchen 1960, p. 107.
- ↑ City Archives Erftstadt Le without signature. Description and illustration In: F. Bartsch, H. Stommel: Lechenich from Roman times to today. P. 102.
- ↑ Martin Bünermann: The communities of the first reorganization program in North Rhine-Westphalia . Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, Cologne 1970, p. 86 .
- ↑ https://www.erftstadt.de/web/rathaus-in-erftstadt/rat-und-ausschuesse/ortsbuergermeister
- ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . Rhein- Erft December 1, 2009.
Web links
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