List of heads of state 1521

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Africa

( Abdalwadiden ) (in what is now western Algeria, capital Tlemcen )
- Sultan : Abu Hammu Musa III. (1517–1528)

Adal
- Sultan: Garad Abun ibn Adash (1518–1525)

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : David II. (1508–1540)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Mohammed V (1515–1538)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Muhammad V (1493-1526)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Bukaar Biye-Sungule (1492-1527)

Kano
- Emir: Muhammad Kisoki (1509–1565)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Afonso I. (1509–1545)

Morocco
- Wattasids (in the north)
  - Sultan : Abdallah Muhammad (1505-1524)
- Saadier (in the south)
  - Sultan : Ahmad al-Arudsch (1517–1540)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Kakuyo Komunyaka (1494 – around 1530)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Amara Dunqas (1503–1533 / 34)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Mohommed Ture the Great (1493–1528)

America

Aztec Empire
- Tlatoani : Cuauhtémoc (1520–1521)
  - The last Aztec ruler surrendered to the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés .

Inca Empire
- King : Huayna Cápac (1493–1527)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Zhengde (1505–1521)
- Emperor: Jiajing (1521–1567)

India
- Ahom (Assam)
  - King : Suhungmung (1497–1539)
- Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
  - Ahmadnagar
    - Sultan: Burhan Shah I (1510–1553)
  - Berar
    - Sultan: Aladdin Imad Shah (1504–1529)
  - Bidar
    - Sultan: Amir Barid I (1504–1542)
  - Bijapur
    - Sultan : Ismail Adil Shah (1510–1534)
  - Golkonda
    - Sultan: Quli Qutb Mulk (1518–1543)
- Delhi
  - Sultan : Ibrahim II. (1517-1526)
- Vijayanagar (in South India)
  - King : Krishnadeva Raya (1509–1529)

Japan
- Emperor : Go-Kashiwabara (1500–1526)
- Shogun ( Ashikaga ): Ashikaga Yoshitane (1490-1493) (1508-1521)
- Shogun (Ashikaga): Ashikaga Yoshiharu (1521–1546)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Jungjong (1506–1544)

Ottoman Empire: see Europe

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Shah : Ismail I (1501-1524)

Thailand
- King : Rama Thibodi II (1491–1529)

Vietnam ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
- King: Lê Chiêu Tông (1516–1522)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of Navarre : Henry II (1516–1555)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Despés (1515–1530)

Denmark (1397–1523 personal union with Norway and Sweden Kalmar Union
)
- King : Christian II (1513–1523)

England
- King : Henry VIII (1509–1547) (from 1541 also in Ireland )

France
- King : Franz I (1515–1547)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor: Charles V (1519–1556) (Emperor from 1520, King of Spain 1516–1556, Archduke of Austria 1519–1521)
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Hermann V. von Wied (1515–1547) (1532–1547 administrator of Paderborn)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Albrecht von Brandenburg (1514–1545) (1513–1545 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1513–1543 Administrator of Halberstadt)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads (1511–1531)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Ludwig (1516–1526)
  - Brandenburg
    - Elector : Joachim I. Nestor (1499–1535)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Elector : Ludwig V (1508–1544)
  - Saxony ( Ernestiner )
    - Elector : Friedrich III. the wise (1486-1525)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Christoph von Stadion (1517–1543)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : George III. Schenk of Limpurg (1505–1522)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Christoph von Utenheim (1503–1527)
  - Brandenburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Hieronymus Schulz (1507–1521) (1521–1522 Bishop of Havelberg)
    - Bishop: Dietrich IV. Von Hardenberg (1521–1526)
  - Archbishopric Bremen
    - Archbishop : Christoph von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1511–1558) (1502–1558 Bishop of Verden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Christoph von Schroffenstein (1509–1521)
    - Bishop: Sebastian Sprenz (1521–1525)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Bishop : Robert III. de Croÿ (1519–1556)
  - Hochstift Cammin
    - Bishop : Martin Karith (1498–1521)
    - Bishop: Erasmus von Manteuffel-Arnhausen (1521–1544)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Berthold Pürstinger (1508–1526)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Paul Ziegler (1505–1541) (until 1509 administrator)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Gabriel von Eyb (1496–1535)
- secular principalities
  - to bathe
    - Margrave : Philip I (1515–1533) (lower margraviate)
    - Margrave: Bernhard III. (1515–1536) (areas on the left bank of the Rhine)
    - Margrave: Ernst (1515–1553) (upper margraviate)
  - Bavaria (joint rule 1514–1545)
    - Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1508–1550) (in Munich)
    - Duke: Ludwig X. (1514–1545) (in Landshut)
  - Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
    - Principality of Calenberg (-Göttingen)
      - Duke: Erich I (1495–1540)
    - Principality of Grubenhagen
      - Duke: Philip I (1485–1551)
    - Principality of Lüneburg (1520–1527 joint rule)
      - Duke : Ernst I the Confessor (1520–1546)
      - Duke: Otto I (1520–1527)
    - Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : Heinrich II. (1514–1568)
  - Hanau
    - Hanau-Lichtenberg
      - Count : Philip III. (1504–1538)
    - Hanau-Munzenberg
      - Count : Philip II (1512–1529)
  - Hesse
    - Landgrave : Philip I the Magnanimous (1509–1567)
  - Jülich-Berg (-Ravensberg)
    - Duke : Johann (Jülich-Kleve-Berg) (1511–1539) (from 1521 also Duke of Kleve-Mark)
  - Kleve-Mark (1521 to Jülich)
    - Duke : Johann II. (1481–1521)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Anton II (1508–1544)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke: Albrecht VII (1503 / 20–1547)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Henry V (1503 / 20–1552)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Beilstein
        Count : Johann III. (1513–1561)
      - Nassau-Breda
        Count : Heinrich III. (1504–1538)
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Count : William the Rich (1516–1559)
    - walramic line
      - Nassau-Saarbrücken
        Count : Johann Ludwig I (1472–1545)
      - Nassau-Weilburg
        Count : Ludwig I (1492–1523)
      - Nassau-Wiesbaden
        Count : Philipp, the Elder (1511–1558)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Ulrich II. (1519–1524)
  - Palatinate (Kurlinie see under Electorates)
    - Pfalz-Neuburg
      - Count Palatine : Ottheinrich (1505–1557) (until 1522 under guardianship)
      - Count Palatine: Philip the Arguable (1505–1548) (until 1522 under guardianship)
      - Regent: Friedrich of the Palatinate (1505–1522)
    - Palatinate-Simmern
      - Count Palatine : Johann II the Younger (1509–1557)
    - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
      - Count Palatine : Ludwig II. (1514–1532)
  - Pomerania
    - Duke : Bogislaw X. the Great (1474 / 1478–1523)
  - Saxony ( Albertiner )
    - Duke : George the Bearded (1500–1539)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg ( Askanier )
    - Duke : Magnus I (1507–1543)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Ulrich (1498–1550)

Italian states
- Ferrara , Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Alfonso I d'Este (1505–1534)
- Genoa (1499–1528) under French rule
- Papal States
  - Pope : Leo X (1513–1521)
- Milan
  - Duke : Francis I of France (1515–1521) (1524–1525)
  - Duke: Francesco II. Sforza (1521–1524) (1525) (1529–1535)
- Mantua ( Gonzaga )
  - Margrave : Federico II. Gonzaga (1519–1540) (from 1530 duke)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Margravine : Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina (1519–1546) (1547–1553)
- Montferrat
  - Margrave : Boniface IV (1518–1530)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King: Charles I of Spain (1516–1556)
    - Viceroy : Ramón de Cardona (1509–1522)
- Saluzzo
  - Margrave : Michael Anton (1504–1528)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Charles III. (1504–1553)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King: Charles I of Spain (1516–1556)
    - Viceroy : Ettore I. Pignatelli Count of Monteleone (1517–1534)
- Urbino (1519–1521 under papal administration)
  - Duke : Francesco Maria I della Rovere (1508–1516) (1521–1538)
- Venice
  - Doge : Leonardo Loredan (1501-1521)
  - Doge: Antonio Grimani (1521–1523)

Moldova
- Prince : Ştefăniţă (1517–1527)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Lucien (1505–1523)

Moscow
- Grand Duke : Wassili III. (1505–1533)

Navarre
- King : Henry II (1517–1555)

Norway (1397–1523 personal union with Denmark and Sweden Kalmar Union
)
- King : Christian II (1513–1523)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566)

Poland
- King : Sigismund I (1506–1548)

Portugal
- King : Manuel I (1495–1521)
- King: Johann III. (1521–1557)

Scotland
- King : Jacob V (1513–1542)

Sweden (1397–1523 personal union with Denmark and Norway, Kalmar Union
)
- King : Christian II (1520–1523)

Spain
- King : Charles I (1516–1556)

Hungary
- King : Ludwig II. (1516–1526)

Wallachia
- Prince : Neagoe Basarab (1512–1521)
- Prince: Teodosie (1521) (1521–1522)
- Prince: Vlad Călugărul (1521)
- Prince: Teodosie (1521) (1521–1522)