List of heads of state 1531

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Africa

• ( Abdalwadiden ) (in what is now western Algeria, capital Tlemcen )
  • Sultan : Abu Muhammad Abdallah II (1528-1540)

• Adal
  • Sultan: Umar Din (1526–1553)

• Ethiopia
  • Emperor (Negus Negest) : David II. (1508–1540)

• Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
  • King / May: Mohammed V (1515–1538)

• Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
  • Caliph : Al Hassan (1526-1534) (1539-1543)

• Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
  • Buur-ba Jolof : Birayma Dyeme-Kumba (1527–1543)

• Kano
  • Emir: Muhammad Kisoki (1509–1565)

• Congo
  • Mani-Congo : Afonso I. (1509–1545)

• Morocco
  • Wattasids (in the north)
    • Sultan : Abu l-Abbas Ahmad (1524–1549)
  • Saadier (in the south)
    • Sultan : Ahmad al-Arudsch (1517–1540)

• Munhumutapa Empire
  • Ruler: Neshangwe Munembire (around 1530 – around 1550)

• Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
  • Sultan : Amara Dunqas (1503–1533 / 34)

• Songhaeich (in West Africa)
  • Ruler : Musa (1528–1531)
  • Ruler: Askia Mohammad Benkan (1531–1537)

America

• Inca Empire
  • King : Huáscar (1527–1532)

Asia

• China ( Ming Dynasty )
  • Emperor : Jiajing (1521–1567)

• India
  • Ahom (Assam)
    • King : Suhungmung (1497–1539)
  • Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
    • Ahmadnagar
      • Sultan: Burhan Shah I (1510–1553)
    • Berar
      • Sultan: Darya Imad Shah (1529–1562)
    • Bidar
      • Sultan: Amir Barid I (1504–1542)
    • Bijapur
      • Sultan : Ismail Adil Shah (1510–1534)
    • Golkonda
      • Sultan: Quli Qutb Mulk (1518–1543)
  • Mughal Empire
    • Mughal Mughal : Humayun (1530–1540) (1555–1556)
  • Vijayanagar (in South India)
    • King : Achyuta Raya (1529–1542)

• Japan
  • Emperor : Go-Nara (1526–1557)
  • Shogun ( Ashikaga ): Ashikaga Yoshiharu (1521–1546)

• Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
  • King : Jungjong (1506–1544)

• Ottoman Empire: see Europe

• Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
  • Shah : Tahmasp I (1524–1576)

• Thailand
  • King : Boromaracha IV. (1529–1533)

• Vietnam ( Mạc dynasty )
  • King: Mạc Thái Tông (1530–1540)

Europe

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • King of Navarre : Henry II (1516–1555)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Sedisvakanz (1530–1532)

• Denmark (1523–1814 personal union with Norway)
  • King : Friedrich I (1523–1533)

• England
  • King : Henry VIII (1509–1547) (from 1541 also in Ireland )

• France
  • King : Franz I (1515–1547)

• Holy Roman Empire
  • King and Emperor : Charles V (1519–1556) (Emperor from 1520, King of Spain 1516–1556, Archduke of Austria 1519–1521)
  • King: Ferdinand I (1531–1564) emperor from 1556
  • Electorates
    • Archbishopric of Cologne
      • Archbishop : Hermann V. von Wied (1515–1547) (1532–1547 administrator of Paderborn)
    • Archbishopric Mainz
      • Archbishop : Albrecht von Brandenburg (1514–1545) (1513–1545 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1513–1543 Administrator of Halberstadt)
    • Archbishopric Trier
      • Archbishop : Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads (1511–1531)
      • Archbishop: Johann III. von Metzenhausen (1531–1540)
    • Bohemia
      • King : Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
    • Brandenburg
      • Elector : Joachim I. Nestor (1499–1535)
    • Electoral Palatinate
      • Elector : Ludwig V (1508–1544)
    • Saxony ( Ernestiner )
      • Elector : John the Steadfast (1525–1532)
  • spiritual principalities
    • Hochstift Augsburg
      • Bishop : Christoph von Stadion (1517–1543)
    • Bamberg Monastery
      • Bishop : Weigand von Redwitz (1522–1556)
    • Hochstift Basel
      • Bishop : Philipp von Gundelsheim (1527–1553)
    • Brandenburg Monastery
      • Bishop : Matthias von Jagow (1526–1544)
    • Archbishopric Bremen
      • Archbishop : Christoph von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1511–1558) (1502–1558 Bishop of Verden)
    • Brixen monastery
      • Administrator : George of Austria (1526–1539) (from 1537 bishop, 1544–1557 bishop of Liège)
    • Archbishopric of Cambrai
      • Bishop : Robert III. de Croÿ (1519–1556)
    • Hochstift Cammin
      • Bishop : Erasmus von Manteuffel-Arnhausen (1521–1544)
    • Chiemsee Abbey
      • Bishop : Aegidius Rehm (1526–1535)
    • Chur Monastery
      • Bishop : Paul Ziegler (1505–1541) (until 1509 administrator)
    • Eichstätt Monastery
      • Bishop : Gabriel von Eyb (1496–1535)
  • secular principalities
    • to bathe
      • Margrave : Philip I (1515–1533) (lower margraviate)
      • Margrave: Bernhard III. (1515–1536) (areas on the left bank of the Rhine)
      • Margrave: Ernst (1515–1553) (upper margraviate)
    • Bavaria (joint rule 1514–1545)
      • Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1508–1550) (in Munich)
      • Duke: Ludwig X. (1514–1545) (in Landshut)
    • Brandenburg-Ansbach
      • Margrave : George the Pious (1515–1543)
    • Brandenburg-Kulmbach
      • Margrave : Albrecht II. Alcibiades (1527–1554) (until 1541 under the reign of his uncle)
        • Regent: George the Pious (1527–1541)
    • Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
      • Principality of Calenberg (-Göttingen)
        • Duke: Erich I (1495–1540)
      • Principality of Grubenhagen
        • Duke: Philip I (1485–1551)
      • Principality of Lüneburg
        • Duke : Ernst I the Confessor (1520–1546)
      • Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
        • Duke : Heinrich II. (1514–1568)
    • Hanau
      • Hanau-Lichtenberg
        • Count : Philip III. (1504–1538)
      • Hanau-Munzenberg
        • Count : Philip III. (1529–1561)
    • Hesse
      • Landgrave : Philip I the Magnanimous (1509–1567)
    • Hohenzollern
      • Count : Charles I (1525–1576)
    • Jülich-Kleve-Berg
      • Duke : John the Peaceful (1521–1539)
    • lip
      • Count : Simon V (1511–1536) (lord until 1528)
    • Lorraine
      • Duke : Anton II (1508–1544)
    • Mecklenburg
      • Mecklenburg-Guestrow
        • Duke : Albrecht VII (1503 / 20–1547)
      • Mecklenburg-Schwerin
        • Duke : Henry V (1503 / 20–1552)
    • Nassau
      • Ottonian line
        • Nassau-Beilstein
          • Count : Johann III. (1513–1561)
        • Nassau-Breda
          • Count : Heinrich III. (1504–1538)
        • Nassau-Dillenburg
          • Count : William the Rich (1516–1559)
      • walramic line
        • Nassau-Saarbrücken
          • Count : Johann Ludwig I (1472–1545)
        • Nassau-Weilburg
          • Count : Philip III. (1523–1559)
        • Nassau-Wiesbaden
          • Count : Philipp, the Elder (1511–1558)
    • Ortenburg
      • Count : Christoph I (1524–1551)
    • Ostfriesland
      • Count : Enno II. (1528–1540)
    • Palatinate (Kurlinie see under Electorates)
      • Pfalz-Neuburg
        • Count Palatine : Ottheinrich (1505–1557) (until 1522 under guardianship)
        • Count Palatine: Philip the Arguable (1505–1548) (until 1522 under guardianship)
      • Palatinate-Simmern
        • Count Palatine : Johann II the Younger (1509–1557)
      • Pfalz-Zweibrücken
        • Count Palatine : Ludwig II. (1514–1532)
    • Pomerania (1523–1531 / 32 joint rule by George I or Philip I and Barnim IX)
      • Duke : George I (1523–1531)
        • Duke: Philip I (1531–1560) (from 1532 in Pommern-Wolgast)
      • Duke: Barnim IX. (1523–1569) (from 1532 in Pomerania-Stettin)
    • Saxony ( Albertiner )
      • Duke : George the Bearded (1500–1539)
    • Saxony-Lauenburg ( Askanier )
      • Duke : Magnus I (1507–1543)
    • Württemberg
      • Duke : Ulrich (1498–1550)

• Italian states
  • Ferrara , Modena and Reggio
    • Duke : Alfonso I d'Este (1505–1534)
  • Genoa
    • Doge : Battista Spinola (1531-1533)
  • Papal States
    • Pope : Clement VII (1523–1534)
  • Milan
    • Duke : Francesco II. Sforza (1521–1524) (1525) (1529–1535)
  • Mantua ( Gonzaga )
    • Duke : Federico II Gonzaga (1519–1540) (until 1530 margrave)
  • Massa and Carrara
    • Margravine : Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina (1519–1546) (1547–1553)
  • Montferrat
    • Margrave : Johann Georg (1530–1533)
  • Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
    • King: Charles I of Spain (1516–1556)
      • Viceroy : Cardinal Pompeo Colonna (1530–1532)
  • Saluzzo
    • Margrave : Franz (1529–1537)
  • Savoy
    • Duke : Charles III. (1504–1553)
  • Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
    • King: Charles I of Spain (1516–1556)
      • Viceroy : Ettore I. Pignatelli Duke of Monteleone (1517–1534)
  • Urbino
    • Duke : Francesco Maria I della Rovere (1508–1516) (1521–1538)
  • Venice
    • Doge : Andrea Gritti (1523–1538)

• Order of St. John in Malta
  • Grand Master : Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1521–1534)

• Livonia
  • Landmeister : Wolter von Plettenberg (1494–1535)

• Moldova
  • Prince : Petru Rareș (1527–1538) (1541–1546)

• Monaco
  • Seigneur : Augustin (1523–1532)

• Moscow
  • Grand Duke : Wassili III. (1505–1533)

• Navarre
  • King : Henry II (1517–1555)

• Norway (1523-1814 personal union with Denmark)
  • King : Friedrich I (1523–1533)

• Ottoman Empire
  • Sultan : Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566)

• Poland
  • King : Sigismund I (1506–1548)

• Portugal
  • King : Johann III. (1521–1557)

• Prussia
  • Duke: Albrecht (1525–1568)

• Scotland
  • King : Jacob V (1513–1542)

• Sweden
  • King : Gustav I. Wasa (1523–1560)

• Spain
  • King : Charles I (1516–1556)

• Hungary (rule disputed)
  • King : Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
  • King: Johann Zápolya (1526–1540)

• Wallachia
  • Prince : Vlad Înecatul (1530–1532)