List of heads of state 1568

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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Sarsa Dengel (1563–1597)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Idris III. Alooma (1564-1596)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Ahmad III. (1543–1570)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Lat-Samba (1566–1597)

Kano
- King: Abu-Bakr Kado (1565–1573)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro I (1567–1587)

Morocco ( Saadier )
- Sultan : Abdallah al-Galib (1557–1574)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Chisamharu Negomo Mupuzangutu (1560–1589)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Abu Sakikin (1557 / 58–1568)
- Sultan: Dakin (1568–1585 / 86)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Daoud (1549–1582)

America

Governorate of Brazil
- Governor: Mem de Sá (1558–1572)

Inca Empire
- Inca : Titu Cusi Yupanqui (1561–1570)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- royal auditors : Alonso de Muñoz , Luis Carrillo (1567–1568)
- Dean of the Audiencia: Francisco Ceinos ( 1564–1566 , 1568) (acting)
- Viceroy: Martín Enríquez de Almansa (1568–1580) (1581–1583 Viceroy of Peru)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- President of the Audiencia : Lope García de Castro (1564–1659) (acting)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Longqing (1567–1572)

Japan
- Emperor : Ōgimachi (1557–1586)
- Shogun ( Ashikaga ): Ashikaga Yoshihide (1568–1568)
- Shogun (Ashikaga): Ashikaga Yoshiaki (1568–1573)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Seonjo (1567–1608)

Mughal Empire
- Great Mughal : Akbar I. (1556–1605)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Sultan: Tahmasp I (1524–1576)

Thailand
- King : Maha Chakrapat (1548–1568)
- King: Mahintharathirat (1568–1569)

Vietnam
- North ( Mạc dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Mậu Hợp (1562–1592)
- South ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
  - King: Lê Anh Tông (1556–1573)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of Navarre : Henry III. (1562-1610)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Pere de Castellet (1561–1571)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Friedrich II. (1559–1588)

England and Ireland
- Queen : Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

France
- King : Charles IX. (1560–1574)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Maximilian II. (1564–1576) (1564–1576 King of Bohemia, 1564–1576 King of Hungary, 1564–1576 Archduke of Austria)
- Electorates
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Salentin von Isenburg (1567–1577) (1574–1577 administrator of Paderborn)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Daniel Brendel von Homburg (1555–1582)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Jacob III. von Eltz (1567–1581) (1576–1581 Abbot of Prüm)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Maximilian II (1564–1576)
  - Brandenburg
    - Elector : Joachim II. Hector (1535–1571)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Elector : Friedrich III. (1559–1576)
  - Saxony ( Albertiner )
    - Elector : August (1553–1586)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Otto von Waldburg (1543–1573) (1553–1573 Provost von Ellwangen)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Veit II. Von Würtzburg (1561–1577)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Melchior von Lichtenfels (1554–1575)
  - Brandenburg Monastery (Protestant from 1544)
    - Bishop : Johann Georg von Brandenburg (1560–1571) (1571–1598 Elector of Brandenburg)
  - Archbishopric Bremen (from 1567 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1567–1585) (1574–1588 Administrator of Osnabrück, 1577–1585 Administrator of Paderborn)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Cristoforo Madruzzo (1542–1578) (1539–1567 Bishop of Trento)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Maximilian de Berghes (1556–1570) (until 1559 bishop)
  - Cammin Monastery (Protestant bishops since 1545)
    - Bishop : Johann Friedrich von Pommern (1556–1574) (1567–1569 Duke of Pommern-Wolgast, 1569–1600 Duke of Pomerania-Stettin)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Christoph Schlattl (1558–1589)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Beatus a Porta (1565–1581)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Martin von Schaumberg (1560–1590)
- secular principalities
  - to bathe
    - Baden-Baden
      - Margrave : Philibert (1536–1569) (until 1554 under guardianship)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave: Charles II (1553–1577)
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Albrecht V (1550–1579)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1543–1603)
  - Brandenburg-Kulmbach
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1557–1603)
  - Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
    - Principality of Calenberg (-Göttingen)
      - Duke: Erich II. (1540–1584) (until 1546 under the tutelage of his mother)
    - Principality of Grubenhagen
      - Duke: Wolfgang (1567–1595)
    - Principality of Lüneburg (1559–1569 joint rule)
      - Duke : Heinrich (1559–1569)
      - Duke: Wilhelm the Younger (1559–1592)
    - Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : Heinrich II. (1514–1568)
      - Duke: Julius (1568–1589)
  - Hanau
    - Hanau-Lichtenberg
      - Count : Philip IV (1538–1590)
    - Hanau-Munzenberg
      - Count : Philipp Ludwig I (1561–1580) (1561–1575 under guardianship)
        
        Regent: Johann VI. of Nassau-Dillenburg (1561–1575)
        
        Regent: Philip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1561–1575)
  - Hesse
    - Hessen-Darmstadt
      - Landgrave : Georg I (1567–1596)
    - Hessen-Kassel
      - Landgrave : Wilhelm IV. (1567–1592)
    - Hessen-Marburg
      - Landgrave: Ludwig IV. (1567–1604)
    - Hessen-Rheinfels
      - Landgrave: Philip II (1567–1583)
  - Hohenzollern
    - Count : Charles I (1525–1576)
  - Jülich-Kleve-Berg
    - Duke : Wilhelm V the Rich (1539–1592)
  - lip
    - Count : Simon VI. (1563-1613) (until 1579 under guardianship)
      - Regent: Hermann Simon Graf von Sternberg and Pyrmont (1563–1579)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Charles III. (1545–1608) (until 1559 under guardianship)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Ulrich (1555–1603) (co-regent until 1556)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Johann Albrecht I (1552–1576)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Joachim I (1551–1600)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Count : Johann II. (1561–1591)
    - Count: Edzard II. (1561–1599)
  - Palatinate (Kurlinie see under Electorates)
    - Pfalz-Neuburg
      - Count Palatine : Wolfgang (1557–1569)
    - Palatinate-Veldenz
      - Count Palatine : Georg Johann I (1544–1592)
    - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
      - Count Palatine : Wolfgang (1532–1569)
  - Pomerania
    - Pomerania-Szczecin
      - Duke : Barnim IX. (1532–1569)
    - Pomerania-Wolgast
      - Duke : Johann Friedrich (1560–1569)
      - Duke: Bogislaw XIII. (1560–1569)
      - Duke: Ernst Ludwig (1560–1592)
      - Duke: Barnim X. (1560–1569)
  - Saxony ( Ernestiner )
    - Duke : Johann Wilhelm (1554–1565 / 73)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg ( Askanier )
    - Duke : Franz I (1543–1581)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Christoph (1550–1568)
    - Duke: Ludwig (1568–1593)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Simone Spinola (1567–1569)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Pius V (1566–1572)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ottavio Farnese (1547–1586)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Emanuel Philibert of Savoy (1553–1580) (1556–1559 governor of the Habsburg Netherlands)
- Venice
  - Doge : Pietro Loredan (1567-1570)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Honoré I (1532–1581)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Selim II (1566–1574)

Poland
- King : Sigismund II August (1548–1572)

Portugal
- King : Sebastian (1557–1578) (until 1568 under guardianship)
  - Regent: Cardinal Heinrich (1557–1568) (1578–1580 King of Portugal)
  - Regent: Catherine of Castile (1557–1568)

Prussia
- Duke : Albrecht (1525–1568) (1511–1525 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)
- Duke: Albrecht Friedrich (1568–1577)

Russia
- Tsar : Ivan IV (1533–1584) (Grand Duke until 1547)

Scotland
- King : Jacob VI. (1567–1625) (1603–1625 King of England and Ireland)

Sweden
- King : Erik XIV (1506–1568)
- King: Johann III. (1568–1592)

Spain
- King : Philip II (1556–1598) (1580–1598 King of Portugal)

Hungary (rule disputed)
- King : Maximilian (1564–1576) (1564–1575 Emperor, 1564–1576 King of Bohemia, 1564–1576 Archduke of Austria)
- King: Johann Sigismund Zápolya (1540–1570) (1570–1571 Prince of Transylvania)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Petre cel Tanar (1559–1568)
- Voivode: Alexandru II. Mircea (1568–1574, 1574–1577 )