List of heads of state 1566

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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Sarsa Dengel (1563–1597)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Idris III. Alooma (1564-1596)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Ahmad III. (1543–1570)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : al-Buri Penda (1549–1566)
- Buur-ba Jolof: Lat-Samba (1566–1597)

Kano
- King: Abu-Bakr Kado (1565–1573)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Bernardo I (1561–1566)
- Mani-Congo: Henrique I (1566–1567)

Morocco ( Saadier )
- Sultan : Abdallah al-Galib (1557–1574)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Chisamharu Negomo Mupuzangutu (1560–1589)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Abu Sakikin (1557 / 58–1568)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Daoud (1549–1582)

America

Governorate of Brazil
- Governor: Mem de Sá (1558–1572)

Inca Empire
- Inca : Titu Cusi Yupanqui (1561–1570)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Dean of the Audiencia : Francisco Ceinos (1564–1566, 1568 ) (acting)
- Viceroy: Gastón de Peralta (1566–1567)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- President of the Audiencia : Lope García de Castro (1564–1659) (acting)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Jiajing (1521–1567)

Japan
- Emperor : Ōgimachi (1557–1586)
- Shogun Ashikaga : vacant (1566–1568)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Myeongjong (1545–1567)

Mughal Empire
- Great Mughal : Akbar I. (1556–1605)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Sultan: Tahmasp I (1524–1576)

Thailand
- King : Maha Chakrapat (1548–1568)

Vietnam
- North ( Mạc dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Mậu Hợp (1562–1592)
- South ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
  - King: Lê Anh Tông (1556–1573)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Queen of Navarre : Joan III. (1555–1572)
  - King of Navarre: Henry III. (1562-1610)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Pere de Castellet (1561–1571)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Friedrich II. (1559–1588)

England and Ireland
- Queen : Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

France
- King : Charles IX. (1560–1574)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Maximilian II. (1564–1576) (1564–1576 King of Bohemia, 1564–1576 King of Hungary, 1564–1576 Archduke of Austria)
- Electorates
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Friedrich IV. Von Wied (1562–1567)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Daniel Brendel von Homburg (1555–1582)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : John VI. von der Leyen (1556–1567)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Maximilian II (1564–1576)
  - Brandenburg
    - Elector : Joachim II. Hector (1535–1571)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Elector : Friedrich III. (1559–1576)
  - Saxony ( Albertiner )
    - Elector : August (1553–1586)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Otto von Waldburg (1543–1573) (1553–1573 Provost von Ellwangen)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Veit II. Von Würtzburg (1561–1577)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Melchior von Lichtenfels (1554–1575)
  - Brandenburg Monastery (Protestant from 1544)
    - Bishop : Johann Georg von Brandenburg (1560–1571) (1571–1598 Elector of Brandenburg)
  - Archbishopric Bremen
    - Archbishop : Georg von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1558–1566) (1544–1566 Administrator of Minden, 1558–1566 Bishop of Minden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Cristoforo Madruzzo (1542–1578) (1539–1567 Bishop of Trento)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Maximilian de Berghes (1556–1570) (until 1559 bishop)
  - Cammin Monastery (Protestant bishops since 1545)
    - Bishop : Johann Friedrich von Pommern (1556–1574) (1567–1569 Duke of Pommern-Wolgast, 1569–1600 Duke of Pomerania-Stettin)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Christoph Schlattl (1558–1589)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Beatus a Porta (1565–1581)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Martin von Schaumberg (1560–1590)
- secular principalities
  - to bathe
    - Baden-Baden
      - Margrave : Philibert (1536–1569) (until 1554 under guardianship)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave: Charles II (1553–1577)
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Albrecht V (1550–1579)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1543–1603)
  - Brandenburg-Kulmbach
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1557–1603)
  - Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
    - Principality of Calenberg (-Göttingen)
      - Duke: Erich II. (1540–1584) (until 1546 under the tutelage of his mother)
    - Principality of Grubenhagen
      - Duke: Ernst III. (IV.) (1551-1567)
    - Principality of Lüneburg (1559–1569 joint rule)
      - Duke : Heinrich (1559–1569)
      - Duke: Wilhelm the Younger (1559–1592)
    - Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : Heinrich II. (1514–1568)
  - Hanau
    - Hanau-Lichtenberg
      - Count : Philip IV (1538–1590)
    - Hanau-Munzenberg
      - Count : Philipp Ludwig I (1561–1580) (1561–1575 under guardianship)
        
        Regent: Johann VI. of Nassau-Dillenburg (1561–1575)
        
        Regent: Philip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1561–1575)
  - Hesse
    - Landgrave : Philip I the Magnanimous (1509–1567)
  - Hohenzollern
    - Count : Charles I (1525–1576)
  - Jülich-Kleve-Berg
    - Duke : Wilhelm V the Rich (1539–1592)
  - lip
    - Count : Simon VI. (1563-1613) (until 1579 under guardianship)
      - Regent: Hermann Simon Graf von Sternberg and Pyrmont (1563–1579)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Charles III. (1545–1608) (until 1559 under guardianship)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Ulrich (1555–1603) (co-regent until 1556)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Johann Albrecht I (1552–1576)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Joachim I (1551–1600)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Count : Johann II. (1561–1591)
    - Count: Edzard II. (1561–1599)
  - Palatinate (Kurlinie see under Electorates)
    - Pfalz-Neuburg
      - Count Palatine : Wolfgang (1557–1569)
    - Palatinate-Veldenz
      - Count Palatine : Georg Johann I (1544–1592)
    - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
      - Count Palatine : Wolfgang (1532–1569)
  - Pomerania
    - Pomerania-Szczecin
      - Duke : Barnim IX. (1532–1569)
    - Pomerania-Wolgast
      - Duke : Johann Friedrich (1560–1569)
      - Duke: Bogislaw XIII. (1560–1569)
      - Duke: Ernst Ludwig (1560–1592)
      - Duke: Barnim X. (1560–1569)
  - Saxony ( Ernestiner )
    - Duke : Johann Friedrich II. The Middle (1554–1565 / 66)
    - Duke: Johann Wilhelm (1554–1565 / 73)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg ( Askanier )
    - Duke : Franz I (1543–1581)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Christoph (1550–1568)

Italian states
- Ferrara , Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Alfonso II. D'Este (1559–1597)
- Genoa
  - Doge : Odorico Ottavio Gentile (1565–1567)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Pius V (1566–1572)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain )
  - Duke: Philip II of Spain (1554–1598)
    - Governor : Gabriel de la Cueva (1564–1571)
- Mantua and Montferrat
  - Duke : Guglielmo Gonzaga (1550–1587)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King: Philip II of Spain (1556–1598)
    - Viceroy : Perafan de Ribera (1559–1571)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ottavio Farnese (1547–1586)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Emanuel Philibert (1553–1580)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King: Philip II of Spain (1556–1598)
    - Viceroy : García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio (1564–1566)
    - Viceroy: Carlos de Aragón (1566–1568, 1571–1577 )
- Tuscany
  - Duke : Cosimo I de 'Medici (1537–1574) (from 1569 Grand Duke)
- Urbino
  - Duke : Guidobaldo II. Della Rovere (1538–1574)
- Venice
  - Doge : Gerolamo Priuli (1559–1567)

Order of St. John in Malta
- Grand Master : Jean de la Valette (1557–1568)

Courland and Semigallia
- Duke : Gotthard Kettler (1561–1587)

Moldova
- Prince : Alexandru Lăpușneanu (1552–1561) (1564–1568)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Honoré I (1532–1581)

Navarre
- Queen : Johanna III. (1555–1572)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566)
- Sultan: Selim II (1566–1574)

Poland
- King : Sigismund II August (1548–1572)

Portugal
- King : Sebastian (1557–1578) (until 1568 under guardianship)
  - Regent: Cardinal Heinrich (1557–1568) (1578–1580 King of Portugal)
  - Regent: Catherine of Castile (1557–1568)

Prussia
- Duke : Albrecht (1525–1568) (1511–1525 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)

Russia
- Tsar : Ivan IV (1533–1584) (Grand Duke until 1547)

Scotland
- Queen : Maria Stuart (1542–1567)

Sweden
- King : Erik XIV (1506–1568)

Spain
- King : Philip II (1556–1598) (1580–1598 King of Portugal)

Hungary (rule disputed)
- King : Maximilian (1564–1576) (1564–1575 Emperor, 1564–1576 King of Bohemia, 1564–1576 Archduke of Austria)
- King: Johann Sigismund Zápolya (1540–1570) (1570–1571 Prince of Transylvania)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Petre cel Tanar (1559–1568)