Rumburk
| Rumburk | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Ústecký kraj | ||||
| District : | Děčín | ||||
| Area : | 2,471.6214 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 57 ' N , 14 ° 33' E | ||||
| Height: | 387 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 11,082 (Jan 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 408 01 | ||||
| License plate : | U | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Railway connection: |
Bakov nad Jizerou – Ebersbach Rumburk – Sebnitz Rumburk – Mikulášovice |
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| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 3 | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Jaroslav Sykáček (as of 2007) | ||||
| Address: | Třída 9. května 1366/48 408 01 Rumburk |
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| Municipality number: | 562777 | ||||
| Website : | www.rumburk.cz | ||||
| Location of Rumburk in the Děčín district | |||||
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Rumburk (German Rumburg ) is a town with over 11,000 inhabitants (as of Jan. 1, 2014) in Okres Děčín in the Ústecký kraj region in the Czech Republic .
geography
Geographical location
The city is located in northern Bohemia on the Mandau in a shallow valley, close to the border with Saxony , and has road connections to Neugersdorf and in the Horní Jindřichov district to Seifhennersdorf .
City structure
The town of Rumburk consists of the districts Rumburk 1 (Rumburg) , Rumburk 2-Horní Jindřichov (Oberhennersdorf) and Rumburk 3-Dolní Křečany (Niederehrenberg) . Basic development units are Aloisov (Aloisburg) , Antonínovo Údolí (Antoni Thal) , Cihelna, Dolni Křečany, Dymník (smoke Berg) , Horní Jindřichov, Hraniční les, Na Pražské, nádražím Nad, Obora, Písečná (sand height) , zámečkem Pod, Podhájí (Frankenstein) , Poustka-Popluží (Wüstegut-Vorwerk) , Průmyslová zóna Rumburk, Rumburk-střed, Strážný vrch, Školní, U hřbitova, U Racka, Výletní, Výsluní-u Mandavy, Za klášterem and Záungší .
The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Dolní Křečany, Horní Jindřichov and Rumburk.
Neighboring places
| Šluknov (Schluckenau) | Jiříkov (Georgswald) | Ebersbach-Neugersdorf |
| Staré Křečany (Alt Ehrenberg) |
.svg)
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Seifhennersdorf |
| Krásná Lípa (Schönlinde) | Varnsdorf (Warnsdorf) |
_-_Lu%C5%BEick%C3%A9_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD.jpg)
history
City foundation and the Middle Ages
Rumburg was probably founded before 1298. According to legend , there was a small castle on the salt road between Saxony and Lusatia in the Mandau valley, known as the Bohemian Netherlands . The first written mention of a parish in the Meißner matriculation dates back to 1346. In the course of the Middle Ages, further districts arose: Aloisburg / Aloisov (1764), Altheide (Althaida) / Staré vřesovište (1597), Huttung / Strážišté (1771), Frankenstein / Podhájí (1764), Johannestal / Janské údolí (1791), part of Klause (1587), Neusorge (Neu-Sorge) / Nová Starost (1626). Until 1879 Altheide, Neusorge, Frankenstein and Aloisburg were independent communities. Oberhennersdorf / Horní Jindřichov, Niederehrenberg / Dolní Křečany, Antonital / Antonínovo údolí, Vorwerk / Popluži and Wüstegut / Poustka are also named as further districts.
According to the linguist Antonín Profous , the coat of arms of the old ruling family Berka von Dubá on Ronov (Ronberg), with its two crossed tree branches, refers to the Middle High German word Rone (= tree stump), in Polish Ostrew (= tree branch barrier), with which the name is probably the city of Rumburg is also connected. Older records refer to today's town as Roneberch (1298), Ronberg (1347), Ronneperg, Ronsberg, Romberg, Ronsburg. In 1347 Rumburg received city rights .
Early modern age
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After the Lords of Berka, from the extensive family of Ronow and Biberstein, ruled the city, the city was granted the salt market privilege under the subsequent rule of the Wartenberg family in the 14th century. During the years of attacks by the Hussites , Rumburg seemed to have to share the fate of many other communities in the area. So the Rumburgers asked the Lusatians for help from the Hussite fighters. As they got closer, however, they could move into the city without any problems - the residents had opened the city gates to prevent worse. However, the success was only moderate, in 1423 the city burned, and until the end of the 15th century hardship and misery determined the life of the Rumburgers.
1485 acquired the family of Schleinitzstraße the manorial with the castle Tollenstein , built in 1555 in Rumburk a Renaissance castle and Rumburk was the capital of the "Schleinitzer little country" with a number of parishes. Due to her reign, Rumburg was granted the privilege of brewing beer in 1543 and again the salt trade, and in 1579 jurisdiction. Leash weavers, tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, locksmiths, bakers and other guilds were given privileges at the same time. The previous court fiefdom came from the Schleinitz family in 1586 through sale to the imperial vice chancellor Dr. Georg Mehl (Michael) von Strehlitz. At his instigation, the emperor transferred the rule from the court fiefdom to the land table in the same year, whereby she left the feudal association. This probably explains why Emperor Rudolf II granted Rumburg city rights again on December 17, 1587 . Through the mediation of the landlord Georg Mehl von Strehlitz, who died in Prague in 1589, feudal lord of Grabštejn Castle , Emperor Rudolph II granted the town of Rumburg the coat of arms , which is still in use today. It is the Mehl von Strehlitz family coat of arms and keeps the memory of him and his time alive. It shows: A red shield with a silver gate castle and an open gate. The gate wings are blue, each covered with three golden lilies, in the open gate on the green ground a silver knight, above, between two towers, which are covered with red and blue hunting horns on the right, behind a green reed bush a silver swan with a golden arrow in the beak and a golden cross on the chest. From the bottom to the middle of the shield, a white city wall made of ashlar marks the coat of arms as the city's coat of arms.
During the Thirty Years' War , Reiter Wallensteins burned down a considerable part of the city, including the church and rectory, in 1627. The property confiscated after the Bohemian uprising of 1620 came to Wilhelm Kinsky von Wchinitz and Tettau , who was murdered together with Wallenstein in 1634; again the property was confiscated. Johann Christoph Liebel von Grünberg became the new owner of the estate. As the marriage estate of Liebel's only daughter, Rumburg including the Niederleutersdorf estate was passed on to Franz Eusebius von Pötting and Persing .
In 1681 a plague column of the Holy Trinity was built on the market square to commemorate the extinction of the plague . In the same year, Franz Eusebius' heir Johann Sebastian von Pötting and Persing sold the rule to Anton Florian von Liechtenstein . His family owned the area from then until it passed into state ownership in 1923 in a land reform in Czechoslovakia.
Already in the first quarter of the 19th century there were numerous manufactories of various kinds in Rumburg and there was a brisk trade. In 1813 French and Prussian armies marched through the city; other sources report that in addition to the French, Poles and Russians also turned up in this place. During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 there were several Prussian regiments in Rumburg. From the middle of the 19th century after the end of inheritance until 1918, Rumburg formed a municipality in the judicial district of Rumburg in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , the city being the seat of the district court. The district administration was also in Rumburg. One of the main sources of income in the 19th century was weaving; In 1832 240 weavers had an operating permit in the city, which together employed 1090 people. The town had a high school and a technical school for weaving.
From 1918 to 1945
One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914-1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that had been German Austria (later Austria ) since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded these disputed territories to Czechoslovakia against the will of the German population there. With that, Rumburg also fell to the new state.
On May 21, 1918 there was a military uprising, through which Rumburg became well known in the Danube Monarchy as well as among enemy states: “The replacement battalion of the kuk Rifle Regiment No. 7 from Pilsen - consisting of three Czechs - was relocated to Rumburg. It remained loyal for three years, but mutinied in May 1918. The occasion was the demand for leave for those returning from Russia, that is, for those who had both been released from Russian captivity and returned from Russian captivity. These mutineers ruled the whole city, the officers had fled. Finally, alpine troops were brought in to restore calm. A military court sentenced the ringleaders to death. Three of them - František Noha, Vojtěch Kovář and Stanko Vodička - were shot against Huttung southeast of the cemetery on the Försterwiese behind Kammstrasse and buried in the Rumburg cemetery. 560 mutineers came to Theresienstadt , where they were interned in the Small Fortress. "
Memorial stone for those shot dead in the military uprising in Rumburk (1918)
Execution Squad on May 29, 1918 after the execution
After the end of the war, those shot were exhumed in 1919 and solemnly buried in Pilsen , where they were also given a memorial. In 1948 a memorial stone was erected at the site of the shooting. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the uprising, the former monastery garden was renamed “Park Rumburské vzpoury” in 1958 and the statue of Nepokořený (The Unconquered ) by Vendelín Zdrůbecký was erected there and ceremoniously unveiled on June 1st. In 1968 there was a big memorial ceremony in the presence of President Ludvík Svoboda . The stories of V. Kaplicky and the play Hvězda zvaná Pelyněk, filmed by the director Martin Frič, recall the events of 1918 .
As a result of the Munich Agreement of 1938, the city of Rumburg belonged from 1938 to 1945 to the district of Rumburg , district of Aussig , in the Reichsgau Sudetenland of the German Reich .
After 1945
After the end of the Second World War , which claimed 700 victims from Rumburg, Oberhennersdorf and Niederehrenberg, the city was taken over by Czechoslovakia . Even before the Potsdam Conference in 1945, a wild expulsion of the German-Bohemian population began. Their property was confiscated with reference to the Beneš decree 108 , the assets of the Protestant church were liquidated by the Beneš decree 131 and the Catholic churches of Rumburg in Czechoslovakia were expropriated . The Czech Republic made no compensation for the confiscated assets.
The two localities Oberhennersdorf and Niederehrenberg were united with Rumburg in 1960 and officially called Rumburk 2 and 3, but the place names Horní Jindřichov and Dolní Křečany are still used on maps and among the locals.
Since the end of the communist regime, the city's decline has been halted and streets, squares and buildings have been renovated. An industrial park and petrol stations were built near the parking lot at the former truck border crossing. A number of supermarkets were created for both Czechs and Germans who use the three border crossings from Rumburk to Neugersdorf and Seifhennersdorf. Today, a large group of Roma lives in Rumburk , the proportion of which is growing compared to the rest of the population. There were repeated conflicts.
On August 2, 2003, the Protestant town church Rumburk was destroyed by arson and rebuilt by 2007; it is now used regularly for church services again.
Demographics
Until 1945 Rumburg was mostly populated by German Bohemia , which were expelled.
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1810 | 3200 | in 402 houses, with a castle courtyard |
| 1818 | 2848 | in 406 houses |
| 1830 | 3405 | in 451 houses |
| 1857 | 8175 | on October 31st |
| 1900 | 10388 | German residents |
| 1921 | 9093 | thereof 8,458 (93%) German residents |
| 1930 | 10466 | including 799 (8%) Czechs |
| 1939 | 9447 |
| year | 1947 | 1970 | 1980 | 1991 | 2001 | 2003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residents | 6759 | 9095 | 10255 | 10789 | 11024 | 11101 |
Town twinning
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Kirschatsch ( Russia )
railroad
In 1869 Rumburk received the first station on the Bakov – Georgswalde – Ebersbach railway line of the Bohemian Northern Railway. In 1873, the line was extended across the state border to Saxony to Ebersbach . In 1884 the branch line via Schluckenau to Nixdorf was built, which was extended from 1905 to Sebnitz (see: Rumburk – Sebnitz railway ). In 1902, the North Bohemian Industrial Railway to Nixdorf was established as a private local railway .
The importance of the Rumburg train station declined in the years after 2000. The tourist traffic to Ebersbach was discontinued, that to Mikulášovice was replaced by a bus line in 2010. Passenger trains only run there on weekend excursions. The location was also given up by ČD Cargo in 2015 . There are direct connections to Nymburk via Česká Lípa and to Děčín via Bad Schandau or Česká Kamenice .
Culture and sights
Churches
- Capuchin monastery with the Church of St. Lawrence of Rome ( Kostel sv. Vavřince ), completed and consecrated in 1690. The high altar picture comes from Spain. 26 Capuchins and several lay people are buried in the crypt . From 1994 city library with music hall, atrium and monastery wine cellar.
- Loreto chapel from 1707 by master builder Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt next to the monastery complex. Probably the most important church-historical treasure in North Bohemia is the copy of the statue of the Black Mother of God from Loreto. As a gift from Pope Innocent XII. it was given to Prince Anton Florian von Liechtenstein in 1694 and has been a pilgrimage destination since 1704. The cloister around the chapel with the Lourdes grotto and altars of the Most Holy Trinity, St. Joseph and the Infant Jesus of Prague are also the "holy stairs", in the steps of which relics are embedded. Pilgrims get on their knees in their own chapel, called "Kalvatia", to see the painting The Last Judgment and the Triumph of the Cross of Christ in the vaulted ceiling.
- City Church of St. Bartholomäus (Kostel sv. Bartoloměje) , built in 1546 under Georg von Schleinitz in place of the original church from 1363. After several fires in the 17th and 18th centuries, the church was consecrated again in 1746. The current appearance is probably from the year 1874. The neo-Romanesque interior with ceiling painting is dominated by a rococo altar from the 18th century.
- Evangelical Church, formerly the Chapel of St. Johannes Nepomuk , on the road to Schönlinde ( Krásná Lípa ). Built between 1755 and 1777 based on designs by the builder J. Hoffmann. A short time later, the chapel served as a granary and soon afterwards as a restaurant. 1862-1945 it was the church building of the German-speaking Lutherans. Today it is the meeting building of the Czech Brethren Congregation . The chapel burned down on August 2, 2003, but was completely rebuilt, with Barbora Veselá giving the interior a special character.
- In 1725 at the behest of Christina Theresa von Liechtenstein, the baroque chapel of St. John the Baptist (Kaple sv. Jana Křtitele) on the Hutberg. The chapel was later used as a windmill, restaurant and border guard. Since 1845 it has been a chapel again, now with a Way of the Cross and a scourge column , since 1956 under the administration of the Orthodox Church. From here you can see the Jizera Mountains (Jizerské hory) and the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše).
- Cemetery chapel
Former Capuchin monastery
City Church of St. Bartholomew
Loreto chapel of the former Capuchin monastery
Evangelical Church, formerly the Chapel of St. Johannes Nepomuk
Museums
- Rumburk City Museum , founded in 1902 by the Humboldt Association. Reopened in 1998 with permanent exhibits such as pictures, furniture and clothing. Exhibitions about the history of the city and its surroundings.
Other structures
- Lookout tower on Dymník ( Rauchberg , 516 m). 1995 reconstructed stone tower 15 m high.
- Baroque bridge over the Mandau with figures of saints, southeast of the cultural center.
- Market square with baroque houses, which form an arcade with southern flair, which is unique in Northern Bohemia.
- Plague column from 1681. There are statues of several saints around the column.
- Castle of the Schleinitz rule from the 16th century, rebuilt in 1724 after the town fire. Later the seat of the court, today the Polygraphy School. Former brewery on the site (until the 1960s).
- Šmilovského Street, called “Alley by the curious weavers' houses” or “Inquisitive alley” in the center of the city, Listed half-timbered houses from the 18th century
- High school from 1908 in secession style, is a listed building
- post Office
- Villas from manufacturers, architects ...
- Culture house / Dům kultury. Built in 1865 by the Rumburger Schützenverein, now newly restored. Place of concerts, theater and film screenings, exhibitions and social events.
high school
Street corner in Rumburk on Třída 9. května
Street in Rumburk
Kulturhaus (formerly Schützenhaus)
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Parks
- Rumburg Rising Park / Park Rumburské vzpourny. The statue “The Unconquered / Unbending / Nepokořený” from 1958 in the monastery garden commemorates the uprising of the Czech soldiers at the end of the First World War.
- City park between U Parku and Okružní streets, a former cemetery, cleared memorial to the fallen soldiers of the First World War
- Former park with open-air cinema on Hutberg (Stražák), overgrown, old avenue from U Stadionu up to the Russian Orthodox Church
Personalities
- Johann Christoph Kriedel (1672–1733) - organ player, composer
- Robert Allasson (1690–1724) - founder of textile production
- Josef Anton Laske (1738–1805) - violin maker, musical instrument maker
- Johann Nepomuk Fischer (1777–1847) - ophthalmologist, professor and later dean of the Medical Faculty of Charles University
- Josef Emanuel Fischer von Röslerstamm (1787–1866) - Austrian industrialist and entomologist
- Franz Xaver Chwatal (1808–1879) - composer
- Jakub Groh (1815–1881) - graphic artist
- Anton Emanuel Schönbach (1848–1911) - literary scholar
- Wilhelm Ressel (1852–1929) - writer
- Eduard Pfeifer (1855–1929) - journalist
- Heinrich Bandler (1870–1937) - musician, solo singer in the Philharmonic
- Rudolf Heine (1877–1949), railway engineer, ministerial official and politician
- Albin Hugo Liebisch (1888–1965) - designer of the "Čechie-Böhmerland" motorcycles
- Bohumila Horácková (1905–1987) - academic painter
- Franz Palme (1907–1960) - aviation medicine specialist and university professor
- Rita Schober (1918–2012) - German Romance scholar and literary scholar
- Helmut Baierl (1926-2005) - writer
- Franz Fukarek (1926–1996) - German vegetation expert and university professor
- Gottfried Funeck (1933–2011) - German garden architect and city garden director in Berlin
- Gerhard Fischer (* 1938) - clarinetist and music teacher
- Ralf Petersen (1938–2018, actually Horst Fliegel ) - composer and music producer
- Miroslav Klimes (1947–2006) - draftsman, painter and sculptor
literature
- Authors' group SOŠ, SOU, OU a PrŠ Varnsdorf, Bratislavská 2166: Hikes through the Schluckenauer tip ; Translation Ing. Romana Cermanová; Delta Print Děčín 2005.
- Andreas Bültemeier: Hikes - Lusatian Mountains and Bohemian Netherlands , Oberlausitzer Verlag, Spitzkunnersdorf 2002, ISBN 3-933827-29-9 .
- Evangelical Church of the Bohemian Brothers (Ed.): On the trail of Reformation sites in the Czech Republic; Trilabit sro publishing house, Praha, 2011, ISBN 978-80-87098-19-6
- Rumberg, in: Bohemian City Seals from the Erik Turnwald Collection, edited by Alesch Zelenka, published by the board of the Collegium Carolinum (Institute) , Research Center for the Bohemian Countries, Oldenbourg Verlag Munich 1988.
- Lutz Mohr : The "Schleinitzer Ländchen" between Lausitzer Bergland and Schluckenauer Zipfel. An episode in German-Czech history. In: Our Netherlands: Sheets for those expelled from the Hainspach, Rumburg, Schluckenau, Warnsdorf districts; official organ of displaced persons from the North Bohemian Netherlands. Volume 71, episode (number) 836, July 2019, pp. 204–205, Fig. ISSN 1433-5859 .
- Wilhelm Pfeifer : The places of the North Bohemian Netherlands. In: Netherlands booklets. Series of publications of the Federation of the Dutch. Issue 9, Netherlands-Verlag, Böblingen 1977, ISBN 3-923947-00-3 .
- Gitta Rummler: Pilgrimage sites in the North Bohemian Netherlands . In: Netherlands booklets , issue 20, series of publications by the Federation of the Dutch, Netherlands-Verlag Helmut Michel, Backnang 1996, ISBN 3-923947-23-2
- On the history of the Protestant Church in Rumburg, formerly the Chapel of Sct. John of Nepomuk . Rumburg 1861 ( e-copy ).
- Old Rumburg Chronicle (anonymous manuscript from 1806). In: Weekly newspaper for Rumburg and the surrounding area . Rumburg 1864. No. 6, pages 42-43 ; No. 7, pages 50-51 ; No. 8, pp. 58-59 ; No. 10, page 80 and No. 11, pages 88-89 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Obec Rumburk: Podrobné informace. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved September 2, 2014 (Czech).
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ Části obcí. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved September 2, 2014 (Czech).
- ↑ Části obcí. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved September 2, 2014 (Czech).
- ↑ Části obcí. In: Územně identifikační registr ČR. Retrieved September 2, 2014 (Czech).
- ^ Mathias Scholz: Castles in Northern Bohemia . Berlin 2012, p. 55.
- ↑ a b Franz Aloys Mussik: The Schönlinde market and its eingepfarrte villages. In addition to a brief outline of the dominions of Böhmisch-Kamnitz, Hainspach, Schluckenau and Rumburg. A historical-topographical attempt . Prague 1828, pp. 162-177.
- ↑ a b c Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 1: Leitmeritzer Kreis , Prague 1833, pp. 279–280, item 1).
- ^ The coats of arms of the Bohemian aristocracy, J. Siemaker's large coat of arms book, volume 30, Neustadt an der Aisch 1979, Mehl von Strelitz, page 240 f., Coat of arms 107, ISBN 3-87947-030-8 .
- ↑ a b Franz Aloys Mussik: View the latest state of trade, and the manufacturers and Rumburgs area on the Saxon border in Bohemia . In: Hesperus , Prague 1812, No. 30, pp. 233-237, and No. 31, pp. 241-242, in particular p. 236, left column
- ↑ a b Meyer's Großes Konversations-Lexikon 6th edition, Volume 17, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 260 .
- ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
- ^ Karl-Peter Schwarz: Roma in the Czech Republic: Dispute in the Zipfel , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 1, 2011.
- ↑ Franz Aloys Mussik: The Schönlinde market and its eingepfarrte villages. In addition to a brief outline of the dominions of Böhmisch-Kamnitz, Hainspach, Schluckenau and Rumburg. A historical-topographical attempt . Prague 1828, p. 167.
- ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 197, point 6) below.
- ↑ Statistical overviews of the population and livestock in Austria . Vienna 1859, p. 41, left column .
- ^ Ernst Pfohl: Ortlexikon Sudetenland. Page 491. Helmut Preussler Verlag-Nürnberg. 1987. ISBN 3-925362-47-9
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Rumburg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Czeski Urząd Statystyczny
- ↑ Ruský generální konzul jednal s hejtmanem o spolupráci s partnerskou Vladimirskou oblastí ( cs ) Ústecký kraj. August 13, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
- ↑ a b On the history of the Protestant church in Rumburg, formerly Chapel Sct. John of Nepomuk . Rumburg 1861 ( e-copy ).