Cable car
A cable car (out of date and technically imprecise also known as a cable car ) is a cable car whose operating equipment (cabins, gondolas, armchairs, material baskets, buckets, lorries, hunters, zip lines ) is carried by one or more ropes - usually wire ropes - without fixed guides be moved while hanging in the air. It can be used to transport people, animals or goods.
Type designations
For example, the Austrian Cable Car Act includes the following types of cable cars:
- Aerial tramways , with their operating equipment being moved between the stations without changing the side of the lane;
- Circulating ropeways, the equipment of which is moved around on both sides of the track. This includes
- Cabin cable cars, also known as gondola lifts , the operating means of which are closed on all sides and are operationally detachable or non-detachably connected to the cable;
- Combined lifts, with these closed cabins or gondolas and open lift chairs are arranged in alternating sequence as driving equipment;
- Chairlifts , that is, cable cars, the operating equipment of which is not closed on all sides and is operationally releasably connected to the cable;
- Chairlifts , the operating equipment of which is not closed on all sides and is not operationally releasably connected to the hoisting rope.
They form a separate category
- Combi lifts, systems that are operated as a drag lift in winter and as a chairlift in summer.
Although covered by the SeilbG, aerial ropeways are naturally not those that run on the ground
- T-bar lifts , detachable and firmly clamped systems for transport for winter sports enthusiasts with winter sports equipment strapped in, for two or one person, rarely for more;
- T-bar lifts with a low cable guide for stopping on the rope or on bars.
Treated separately
Not to be mentioned by the Austrian Cable Car Act
- Basket lifts , the fixed-grip on the haul rope standing baskets for the carriage of passengers have - widely used in Italy earlier
The Austrian law defines the cableway installations designated in common parlance as a 'orbit' 'circulating rope web' and as aerial tramway 'pendulum systems designated rope track'.
The following type designations are also in use:
- 2S-Bahn , the modern form of a two-cable gondola lift (one carrying cable, one pulling cable)
- 3S-Bahn , a three-cable gondola (two suspension ropes, one pull rope)
- Group lifts (group circulating lifts and group shuttle lifts), two to five cabins are clamped close to each other on the pulling rope or haulage rope.
- Funitel , a gondola lift with a hoisting rope laid as a double loop, with two strands running in the same direction in each direction, so that the cabins with very short hangers can be clamped to two hoisting ropes that are far apart.
- Funifor , a single-lane aerial tramway with two widely spaced suspension ropes and an endlessly spliced traction rope laid in a double loop
Different counting systems are used for the number of ropes that lead to the designation of a cable car. While it has become widely accepted that the number of conveyor, pulling and carrying ropes per "lane" (i.e. per direction of travel) is added (a three-ropeway, for example, has two carrying ropes and one pulling rope, the Funitel with a parallel rope loop is accordingly a two-way cable car), sometimes only the “system-determining functions of the ropes” are counted, for example “carry and pull”. A Funitel is then called a “double cable car”, a two-cable car is defined as “a cable car where [sic!] The vehicles are carried by at least one support cable and moved by at least one pull cable”.
Types
comparison
| design type | Transport capacity (in people per hour) |
|---|---|
| Tricable gondola | 3,000 to 5,500 |
| Bicable ropeway | 3,000 to 5,000 |
| Monocable gondola | 3,000 to 4,500 |
| Aerial tramways a | 2,800 |
| Group shuttle a | 600 |
| Group orbit a | 400 |
Aerial tramway
The aerial cableway is the "classic" aerial cableway. With this type of construction, one or two vehicles, pulled by a pulling rope, travel on a carrying rope on a lane between two stations in shuttle traffic (from which the name is derived) and back. Smaller systems and group shuttles can often only get by with a single hoisting rope, which carries and moves the vehicles at the same time (single cable shuttles). Since there is no station passage, the cabins change direction and stay in the same lane.
The advantages of aerial tramways are that the stations can be designed in a technically simpler way than those of circulating ropeways because there are no station passes or coupling and uncoupling processes. Cable cars can transport large vehicles (a maximum of 200 people in a double-decker cabin) or heavy loads over wide spans with large ground clearance. A disadvantage is the inversely proportional decrease in the transport capacity of the route length and the increasing duration of the journey. In the case of aerial tramways, this is therefore not only dependent on the vehicle size and speed, but also on the distance between stations.
Depending on the required transport capacity, single-lane or two-lane aerial tramways are built. In the majority of the two-lane aerial tramways, the drives of the two cabins are connected to one another by a pull rope, which in one of the stations is guided over a sheave that is normally driven by an electric motor . Towards the other station, the opposite rope, which runs over a deflection pulley loaded with a tension weight, forms a closed loop with the pull rope. The advantage of two lane aerial tramways with connected vehicles is the lower energy requirement, see cable car # Energy requirement .
In some two-lane aerial cableways, which only overcome slight differences in height, separate towing cable loops and drives are used for each direction (the towing cable runs back empty). Such systems can be operated independently of one another; In times of low passenger volume, driving can be reduced to one lane, and a cabin can also be used as a recovery vehicle for a possibly stuck cabin in the other lane. Examples of such systems are the Roosevelt Island Tramway since the renovation in 2010 or the Vanoise Express . Funifor systems are usually also based on this principle.
For transport tasks with low passenger numbers, short distances or material ropeways, single-lane aerial ropeways with only one lane and one vehicle are built. They can be designed with a closed pull rope loop or as a so-called winch track . If there is no opposing slope to overcome when descending and gravity is sufficient to drive the descent, the vehicle can be pulled by a cable winch located in the mountain station (example: the Lauterbrunnen – Grütschalp aerial cableway, which opened in 2005 ).
Such single-track railways, in which the returning traction cable also serves as a support cable, can also be made with just one cable loop. They were mainly built as private railways to mountain farms. This cost-effective variant has the advantage that less rope material has to be bought, but the disadvantage that the rubber linings of the pulleys with which the vehicle cabin moves over the suspension rope wear out twice as quickly as with a fixed suspension rope.
Cable car
The circulating cable car has an endlessly spliced , constantly revolving pulling rope or hoisting rope between the stations , to which a number of gondolas, armchairs or material buckets are clamped, which drive from one station to the other on one side and back again on the opposite side. The direction of movement of the vehicles is therefore always forward. As a result, circulating ropeways operate as continuous conveyors .
Circulating ropeways , in which the vehicles are firmly ( firmly clamped ) attached to the hoisting rope, are usually called lifts (for example "tow lift ", "chair lift "). Fixed-grip cable cars have to travel slower than detachable systems to enable safe entry and exit, and gondolas are usually limited to a capacity of two people. These gondola lifts are called cage lifts (in which the passengers stand) or gondola lifts, depending on whether the cabins are open or closed.
With the detachable lifts (for example a "chair lift "), the transport equipment is decoupled from the pulling rope or hoisting rope by means of a detachable clamp in the station, decelerated and driven onto a hanging rail, on which it is slowly moved through the station curve in the opposite direction, where it accelerates and hitched up again. Since acceleration and deceleration take place within the stations, the stations are longer than with aerial tramways because of the distances involved.
In some systems, the vehicles can also be brought to a standstill or brought over switches on other rails for easy boarding on the ground floor (for example on the new Galzigbahn ).
During idle times, the uncoupled vehicles are parked ( "garaged" ) on sidings ( "gondola garage ", "gondola shed" ) in the stations in order to relieve the ropes and to protect the vehicles from the weather (wind, fresh snow).
With some detachable circulating ropeways, the number of vehicles sent on the route can be reduced depending on the transport demand.
Monocable gondola
In the monocable gondola lift , the rope serves as both a suspension and a pull rope and is called a hoisting rope. Chair lifts are always gondolas in the majority monocable circulating tracks.
Bicable ropeway
In the two-cable gondola lift , the gondolas or material buckets roll with drives on a stationary suspension cable and are clamped with a coupling to a circulating pull cable, which pulls them over the route. Modern two- cable gondolas for passenger transport are known as 2S gondolas .
Tricable gondola
The three- cable gondola has two suspension ropes, which means that significantly larger gondolas can be used for up to 30 people and more, which are pulled by a pull rope. It is also known as the 3S lift .
Funitel
The Funitel is a double single-rope circulating ropeway without a pull rope, in which a hoisting rope is stretched endlessly to form a double loop, resulting in two hoisting ropes running parallel at the same speed in each direction, to which the vehicles are coupled. In the early days, two separate hoisting rope loops were used for this purpose, and there were problems with both running synchronously at the same speed. The cabin is coupled to short hangers between the two cables running across the width of the cabin. This gives the type of ropeway a high carrying capacity and good wind stability, but in terms of the distance between the supports it is more comparable to a monocable gondola without a suspension rope. These railways are mainly used as the main feeder to ski areas with stable winds, where the return of the ski guests must be guaranteed even if the weather deteriorates and wind conditions are unfavorable.
Self-propelled cable cars
Cable cars have also been developed in which the drive motor is located in the vehicle (also known as “cable climbing tracks”). Examples of this are the Josefsberg cable car near Merano (which was dismantled in the 1990s) and the Lasso Cable material cable car, which is mainly used for harvesting work .
Self-propelled cable cars achieve the highest conveying capacities, and the supports can also be built more easily. The disadvantage here is that the self-propelled cabins cannot easily cope with steep gradients.
In the case of aerial ropeways , self-propelled recovery vehicles are used as a recovery train to rescue passengers in the event of an unintentional prolonged standstill of the system in places where abseiling is not possible. The recovery vehicle drives with its own drive on the support rope or haulage rope to the stuck vehicles, and the passengers can transfer to the recovery vehicle (more on this under #Rescue ).
Manually moved or gravity driven cable cars
In areas without a power supply, cable cars for transporting materials and people are operated using only the local energy or by pulling and pushing loads - for example when harvesting heavy bunches of bananas and in tunnels in mines - or as a zip line. Occasionally, temporarily installed cable cars are also used to bring wood .
Skycycle be in facilities amusement parks known in which support cables by means of bicycles standing (for example, the Skycycle in Eden Nature Park in Davao ) or recumbent similar hangers hanging (for example, the Skycycle Hidden Worlds Family Cenote Park in Tulum , Mexico be driven powered) by muscle power .
On the Beiseförth Fulda cable car, a crank drive is used to move a cable car cage across the river using muscle power as a ferry replacement (similar to a transporter ferry ).
Brake tracks are aerial ropeways or funiculars that act as water ballast tracks with the help of water as ballast to pull the vehicle moving uphill. They were mostly built as material ropeways, only a few have survived to this day, including the Obermatt – Unter Zingel material ropeway in Switzerland .
Cable cars as play equipment
Cable cars can also be found in some of the larger playgrounds , also known as the Tarzanbahn. They are not legally subject to the cable car laws. It is driven without engine power using only gravity. On a steel cable with a diameter of mostly ten millimeters, which is stretched between two abutments, there is a hanger with castors that can be used to stand or sit, the latter usually in the form of a seat plate like a plate lift . You drive down from a slightly elevated position and are stopped there by an overrun brake. The kinetic energy is absorbed by a spring or a car tire . Since 1998, cable cars in playgrounds have had to comply with the European standard DIN EN 1176 Part 1 and in particular Part 4, as well as the shock-absorbing floor underneath of DIN EN 1177. Before that, the German standard DIN 7926 applied.
According to the curved driving line, the acceleration - without pushing and pushing - is greatest at the beginning of the route and the driving line, the sag of which depends somewhat on the passenger's weight, runs a little uphill at the end, which helps to slow down the passenger. After the descent, the driver's plate must be pulled back up manually, possibly using an attached piece of rope (without a loop, but possibly with a knot), which must be made possible by a suitable terrain profile.
In experiential education , cable cars are built as zip lines (“Flying Fox”) by the participants themselves and used to cross bodies of water or gorges.
functionality
business
The majority of cable cars have so far been built for straight routes from point to point with only one start and one destination station. Intermediate stations are provided for changes of direction (mostly in the case of circulating cable cars, for example the angle station of the Ngong Ping 360 cable car) or for additional "stops" for getting on and off.
In the case of supports, changes in direction are only possible with smaller angular deviations; intermediate stations and / or track guidance on rails are necessary for larger angles or route swiveling. If several cable cars are connected to one line, these separate sections are called sections .
Inner-city gondolas are now often built with several intermediate stops, for example in Ankara with two intermediate stations, in Rio de Janeiro the Complexo do Alemão cable car with four intermediate stations or in La Paz two sections with a total length of around 8 km, resulting in five "intermediate stations"
Driving resources
The operating resources are the usually self-propelled vehicles of the aerial cableway. These can be implemented in a variety of forms, for example as cabins, gondolas, armchairs, load platforms, bulk goods carts or, in the case of heavy-duty ropeways, as load suspension with built-in hoisting winches. They are sorted according to type on a hanger , either with the drive connected to the drawn by the pull cable to rubber lined fillet rollers running on the rigidly mounted supporting cables or with an on or uncoupled clamping apparatus or a fixed (in the operating chamber, not releasable) cable clamp with the circulating conveyor cable connected (see also Müller-Klemme and Wallmannsberger system ).
With large angles of inclination of the ropes, the hangers must be correspondingly long in order to prevent the transport equipment from hitting the rope when swinging in the direction of travel.
A rare form are double-decker gondolas (e.g. Vanoise Express in France). On the new convertible cable car to the Stanserhorn , the hangers were attached to the side of the cabins, hydraulic cylinders immediately level out any longitudinal movements of the vehicles.
Support
The wire ropes are often led over cable car supports to ensure the correct ground clearance of ropes and driving equipment. The moving ropes are supported, held down, kept on track or changed in direction by means of roller batteries . These consist of a plurality of successively placed rolls with fluted profile (so-called " fluted rollers ") which usually made of aluminum casting are manufactured and lined with rubber inserts. The rubber inserts offer the advantages of rope wear, running noise and dynamic to keep low and improve ride comfort (less stress on the mechanical parts braids induced vibrations ), as well as the replacement of the rubber inserts for wear is easier than replacing the entire roll.
Carrying ropes rest on the rope saddles in metal guide troughs that allow the drives to be driven over. Nowadays, cable car supports are made of tubular steel, molded steel parts or reinforced concrete , larger tower-like structures than steel lattice towers . In the past, wooden supports were also common; today, tubular structures are predominantly used.
Often, cable cars, especially the supports, have to be built under difficult conditions, for example on rock or permanently frozen ground. Often times, the place where a cable car is to be built cannot be reached with conventionally used construction vehicles. In these cases, a helicopter or a temporary construction cableway is often used to transport the material.
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Ropes
In ropeway technology, wire ropes are used as pull ropes and carrying ropes . Ropes that fulfill both pulling and carrying functions are called hoisting ropes .
In circulating ropeways , the ends of haul ropes and pull ropes are connected to an endless loop by means of a long splice and the vehicles are firmly clamped or coupled and uncoupled to the pull or haul rope. Due to the strong bending stress of these cables (tight bending radii in the region of the deflection pulleys) such as ropes have equal lay ropes are formed. Their moment of inertia and load-bearing capacity are smaller than those of the types of rope used for suspension ropes.
In the case of aerial tramways, the pull ropes are firmly anchored to the carriage drives. Often, somewhat thinner ropes are used for the lower pull rope loop in aerial tramways (lower rope) than for the upper rope loop, which is more heavily loaded by the weight of the cabins (the so-called " pull strand ").
The suspension ropes are firmly anchored in one station, usually in the mountain station, and are usually tensioned by tension weights in the opposite station. In the closed pulling or conveyor rope loops, tension weights or hydraulic tensioning devices are used, which generate the necessary rope tension via a deflection pulley that can be moved in the longitudinal direction. A constant basic tension of the ropes is necessary in order to avoid excessive sagging of the ropes, to compensate for the expansion of the ropes in the event of temperature increases, to reduce bending and transverse forces from the vehicles and to ensure the necessary static friction on the driving or braking sheaves. Larger vehicles usually run on two or more suspension cables per lane. Material ropeways (e.g. for high-alpine construction sites) have up to six suspension ropes, so that construction machines, heavy components and larger concrete buckets can also be transported.
So-called rope riders are firmly clamped to the carrying ropes at larger intervals (V-shaped for double-ropes, L-shaped for single-ropes). These serve at the same time as support and guidance of the hauling rope and ensure the correct spacing of the carrying ropes in multi-cableways.
The position of the suspension ropes on the supports must be changed at certain time intervals, because at these points the ropes are pressed flat due to the pressure between the drive rollers and the load-bearing rope saddle, or rope damage due to recurring bending , buckling and shear stresses can always occur in the same places . In one of the stations, the suspension ropes are usually wound onto a rope drum with a rope reserve and anchored on the "rope bollard" . To move, a few meters of the rope reserve are lowered from there and the whole rope tour is moved around this part of the entire route before it is stretched again. At the same time as this work, the rope riders are also returned to their starting positions; their clamps can also damage the rope selectively. If a reserve of rope is used up due to repeated relocations, a new suspension rope must be installed.
A regular offset of the clamps is also necessary on the ropes of permanently coupled tracks, because the clamped points are more stressed at the rope deflections and there is a risk of rope damage. Coupling and uncoupling clamps can also damage a pulling or hauling rope, but only to a very minor extent. As a precaution, wire ropes in cable car systems are only used for a limited period of time.
The service life of a rope also depends on other parameters (rope construction (" rope lock ") , rope lubrication, running time, number of bending cycles, radius of the deflection pulleys, lightning damage, etc.). The bending of the pull rope on a deflection pulley from the straight to the bent state or vice versa counts as a half bending change. For example, the conveyor ropes on Funitel -bahnen are deflected more often than on other types of ropeway; these more frequent bending changes cause the ropes to wear out faster due to the internal friction of the strands and require the ropes to be replaced after shorter operating times than with other types of ropeway.
If transport equipment or support rollers running on rollers lose contact with the rope, this process is known as rope derailment .
safety
The operating equipment of aerial ropeways rarely collide with other obstacles; however, a danger is posed by aircraft flying into the ropes.
More commonly occur commuting the transportation devices and vibration on the ropes as sources of danger. These can be caused, among other things, by sudden emergency braking, changes in the load distribution on the route, transmission of vibrations along the ropes (other vehicles then oscillate in resonance ) and wind (especially crosswinds). After an emergency stop of a cable car, there is a precautionary wait until any vibrations have settled before the system is set in motion again.
The following can occur:
- Oscillations of the vehicles or vibrations of the ropes across the direction of travel (mostly due to cross winds),
- Oscillation in the direction of travel (due to acceleration or deceleration of the rope speed or when crossing supports)
- vertical vibrations (the suspension or conveyor ropes vibrate up and down together with the attached vehicles)
- and as a result mixtures and superimpositions of oscillations and oscillations in all directions,
- as well as longitudinally transmitted vibrations of the suspension, pulling or conveyor ropes.
- Rope derailments
While vertical vibrations can lead to the ropes lifting off the supports and occupants can also be thrown out of the lift chairs, pendulum movements of vehicles coupled to the rope at right angles to the direction of travel cause the rope to twist ( torsion ), which means that the running rope can be twisted out of the support rollers . To avoid such accidents, measuring devices (rope position monitoring) are installed, which signal the unscrewing and also eccentric rope movement and slow down the travel speed or stop the system; Likewise, in the event of a rope derailment, a break rod switch switches off the drive.
Because of the associated dangers, deliberate see-sawing and rocking in the armchairs of chairlifts and lifts is prohibited in order to avoid derailment of the rope or the armchairs being attached to supports.
Rope catching shoes on the supports are intended to prevent the rope from falling to the ground together with the equipment in the event of a rope derailment. Cable cars are shut down in strong winds, single cable cars can be operated up to a crosswind speed of approx. 60 km / h, multi-cable cars with parallel support or haulage ropes up to a crosswind speed of approx. 100 km / h.
After an accident on January 29, 1992 at Nassfeld , in which the cable at the Trögllift chairlift ran out of guide due to the malfunction of the pulleys of a cable car support, derailed and the resulting cable vibrations threw several people out of their chairs and died four people who had fallen , beltlines made of aluminum have been replaced by steel ones around the world and additional safety devices have been introduced.
Air traffic
Ropeways and air traffic alternately represent a high risk potential for each other. A collision can cause a rope to break, an aircraft to crash and loss of life. Military jets have cut cable car ropes three times - most recently in Cavalese in 1998 - without falling themselves. Helicopters are much more likely to crash. Paragliders can have an accident on a rope without damaging it.
High cable cars represent obstacles to aviation in accordance with the Austrian aviation law , the marking of which is prescribed by the aviation authority. A cable car warning triangle is an acute-angled, bright orange arrow on a white board with an approximately vertical plane so that it can be easily recognized by the horizontally approaching pilot. Near the ends of a rope curve, a pair of arrow boards are placed so that the arrows point in the direction of the rope chord. On the Vallugabahn, which was built in 1954 and had a license to operate , in 1970 the authorities approved "west of the cable car route ... a warning ball chain " at approximately the same height as the empty cable curve with balls with a diameter of 600 mm in fluorescent color signal orange with color value RAL 2005 and "oversized cable car warning triangles", visible when horizontal Approach, sometimes prescribed with "daytime flashing light with signal orange light color". In 1995, arrows were prescribed for the same track as RAL 2004 orange warning bodies - protruding like a roof in three dimensions - on 6 × 8 m boards, RAL 9010 white, outlined in red. After an aircraft collision with a small aircraft in 2016, which the pilot fell victim to and damaged the suspension cable, it was criticized that one of the triangular signs was partially covered by an avalanche device.
Such a warning ball chain is referred to in a Swiss film about assembly work on it as a signal rope with signal balls .
The structures around the cable entry in the valley and mountain stations are oriented along the direction of the cable route for technical reasons. Clear lines parallel to the tangent of the ropes or parallel to the chord of the rope curve mostly runs at an angle to the horizontal and also helps to make a ropeway easier to see from the air. Occasionally, small stations of material ropeways with two or three white boards and warning arrows are encased in an oblique square shape.
Pulling rope rollover
With two-cable aerial tramways, strong cable oscillations can cause the pulling cable to overturn; the pulling cable exceeds the suspension cable due to dynamic influences and lies over it. Since this condition leads to the destruction of the ropes when the system is running, such a rollover must be reliably detected and the track must be brought to a standstill immediately.
Rope breaks
Cable tears as a result of material fatigue mainly occurred in the early days of the cable car industry (before the First World War ). By examining the causes of the damage, the underlying errors were gradually identified, new constructions found and precautionary safety regulations issued. For example, the ropes were not stretched enough back then. The resulting large rope sags caused small rope radii in the support rope shoes of the supports and strong rope bends and bending stresses under a carriage when driving over them. This led to increased wire breaks and rope breaks. The South Tyrolean cable car designer Luis Zuegg countered this with increased basic cable tension.
At first that fixed terminals was not recognized, a buckling stress lead of the rope when the rope is deflected (on the one hand due to poor fatigue strength in cycling and on the other hand, because the clamping exert a notch effect at the cable bend). Similar buckling loads in the micro range occur with sagging suspension cables on column cable shoes. This is the reason for the operating regulation that fixed clamps are to be relocated along the rope at regular intervals or carrying ropes have to be relocated (with carrying ropes also because of the "rolling" pressure loads when the carrying rollers pass on a support).
By means of tensile and support cables traffic pendulum car cabins are usually equipped with safety gears fitted, which in an Zugseilriss by slack rope detection initiate automatically the braking. Pre-tensioned brake calipers act directly on the suspension ropes and prevent the cabins from racing down uncontrollably.
Lightning strikes
Lightning strikes, which can damage ropes or other components of cable cars, can be problematic (see lightning protection for cable cars ). Most cable car systems are shut down before thunderstorms and the ropes are additionally earthed to prevent damage. The wire ropes are regularly checked visually. In the case of suspension ropes, this control is carried out from a vehicle; pulling and conveying ropes are checked when entering the station. In addition , the ropes are checked regularly using methods of non-destructive material testing , such as the magnetic induction method .
Salvage
In the event of disruptions with long-lasting or unforeseeable business interruptions, the passengers trapped in the vehicles on the cableway have so far mainly been trained by rescue workers
- with the help of recovery equipment ( turntable ladder , elevating platform , telescopic mast ) from the ground,
- with mountain gondolas (vehicles with a separate drive on the suspension or hauling ropes, to which you can transfer via an emergency walkway),
- by abseiling into the terrain
- or rope recovery by helicopter
salvaged.
Elaborated rescue concepts or, in the case of some system types, additional evacuation concepts (all vehicles travel to the next station even if the main drive fails ) are the prerequisites for obtaining a cable car operating license.
speed
Detachable gondola lifts are now (2012) operated with a maximum speed of up to 6 m / s (21.6 km / h), chair lifts with 5 m / s (18 km / h). Detachable driving equipment such as gondolas or armchairs are usually accelerated and decelerated within the stations with the help of tire conveyors ; the stations must be of the appropriate length for this. Safe coupling on faster running ropes is currently not technically possible.
Aerial tramways can travel at a maximum speed of 11 m / s (39.6 km / h). They accelerate and brake outside the stations, which means that short, compact stations are possible, and the vehicles can reach higher speeds, although acceleration and deceleration must be moderate to prevent the gondolas from swinging in the direction of travel. For the same reason, the speed must be reduced in some cases when crossing the support.
Group railways travel at a maximum speed of 7 m / s (25.2 km / h).
Technically limiting factors of driving speed are among others
- In general, the vibration behavior of the rope fields and vehicles in wind, emergency braking and when crossing supports,
- In the case of detachable ropeways, the guarantee of a safe coupling and uncoupling process to the revolving cable and the required length of the acceleration and deceleration distances as well as the prevention of derailment with support rollers,
- In the case of permanently coupled circulating ropeways, it enables orderly, comfortable and safe entry and exit, as the vehicles are not slowed down in the stations, but continue to move at the same speed as the hoisting cable (exception: group circulating ropeways); Furthermore, the lateral swinging of the vehicles or towing gear due to the influence of centrifugal force when driving around the station pulleys.
Sources of noise
The helically structured surface of a steel cable, which is made up of individual strands due to the stranding, results in vibrations in the audible area when running on the pulleys (strand-induced vibrations), which continue along the ropes and can be reinforced by hollow box -shaped column shafts as resonance bodies.
In the case of railways with rope clamps, noises occur along the route when these rope clamps pass the roller assemblies of the supports - especially with hold-down or alternating load supports. The impact when the clamping jaws come into contact with the rollers as they pass through can cause the structure of the support to vibrate.
history
Old Japanese illustrations and a work by Johannes Hartlieb published in 1411 show different ways of pulling baskets or people hanging on ropes across a ravine.
From South America there was reports of a cable car over a gorge on the way from Mérida to Bogotá , which had existed since around 1563 and consisted of a cage hanging from a pulley on a carrying rope and a pulling rope on which the cage occupants could pull themselves to the other side . It is said to have been in operation at the end of the 19th century.
In 1615, the universal scholar Faustus Verantius presented a system in his work Machinae novae , in which a box hanging with two pulleys on a fixed carrying rope and attached to a pulling rope is moved across a river by the people sitting in the box themselves on the rotating pulling rope pull.
In 1644 Adam Wybe (Wiebe) in Danzig built the first verifiable material ropeway for the transport of building materials from the Bischofsberg over the Radaune river to the construction site of the Berg Bastion, where around a hundred buckets were attached to a long, circumferential ship rope, supported by seven rod structures was driven by horses in a Göpelwerk . Although this cable car attracted a lot of attention far beyond Gdansk and was mentioned by Jacob Leupold in his Theatrum machinarum hydrotechnicarum , it was nevertheless forgotten.
The wire rope was invented in 1834 by Julius Albert in Clausthal , but for years it was only used in mining . The wire giants built from the middle of the 19th century onwards , with which logs were allowed to slide unchecked down a wire from inaccessible mountain slopes into the valley, can hardly be regarded as a cable car. A cable car built by Freiherr von Dücker in 1861 was unsuccessful. In 1868, GW Cypher built a gravity-driven aerial tramway in the Colorado mining area . The Englishman Hodgson put the first single-cable gondola into operation as a material ropeway in 1868, which he further developed as an English system and used several times. Around the same time, a simple, 100 m long cable car for two people with four suspension ropes and a hand crank-driven haul rope to the almost inaccessible turbine house on Moserdamm on the left bank of the Rhine was built in Schaffhausen , but was soon replaced by an iron footbridge. In 1872 Adolf Bleichert built his first train in Teutschenthal, which was moved by a separate pull rope. The continuous, methodical development of this German system brought the cable cars of Adolf Bleichert & Co. worldwide success. They were used to transport raw materials such as B. Ores and coal or tree trunks were intended, but soon people were also being transported. The Chilecito-La Mejicana material ropeway , which went into operation in 1905, already had a four-seat, closed passenger gondola with windows and a door that could be opened by hand.
In 1894, a 160 m long passenger ropeway between two 25 m high towers (accessible with electric elevators) was only shown for the “Milan Industrial and Crafts Exhibition”; it was built by engineers Giulio Ceretti and Vincenzo Tanfani. The factory of the same name, Ceretti Tanfani, built what was then the longest material ropeway at around 75 km at the time , the Massaua-Asmara cable car, and is still building cable cars in Italy today.
In 1898, a model of an “aerial cableway” was presented to the general public in Zurich as a tourist attraction. The construction, known as the mountain railway of the future, was a mixture of a funicular and an aerial cableway. It was calculated for a span of 1000 m. The cabin, secured with up to 20 cables and designed for the transport of 12 people, should have covered this distance in seven minutes according to the designer's ideas. Connection stations were provided to cover longer distances. Automatically acting brakes, as they were already common for cable cars back then, were supposed to prevent a fall in the event of the pulling rope breaking. The “Margesin” system, named after the inventor and owner of the patent, was never implemented.
After Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1852–1936) had built a cable car with Göpel drive as early as 1885 to access his house, he opened the first cable car in San Sebastián (Monte Ulia) in 1907 , a broad-gauge winch cable car with a 14- small cabin, six suspension ropes and a pneumatic safety brake, which however only had a short service life and was discontinued in August 1912. In 1916 his similarly constructed Whirlpool Aero Car was opened, which crosses the Whirlpool Rapids in the Niagara River and still exists.
In 1908, the first public aerial cableway in Central Europe, the Kohlerer Bahn, was opened in Zwölfmalgrei near Bozen . Today's cable car on the Kohlern is, however, a new construction; there is a replica of the cabin of the original cable car, which is on display near the mountain station. In the same year, the Wetterhorn elevator near Grindelwald , Switzerland , went into operation. This facility was demolished again after the First World War .
After the First World War, the focus shifted to aerial ropeways for passenger transport, especially since Adolf Bleichert & Co. signed a license agreement with the South Tyrolean engineer and entrepreneur Luis Zuegg in 1924 and developed the "Bleichert-Zuegg" system for "aerial ropeways", which received worldwide attention found. The oldest passenger aerial cableway in Germany is the Fichtelberg suspension railway from Oberwiesenthal to the Fichtelberg , which began operating on December 28, 1924, followed in 1926 by the Kreuzeckbahn in Garmisch-Partenkirchen . The Predigtstuhlbahn in Bad Reichenhall , which went into operation in 1928, is the world's oldest cable car that has been preserved in its original state. In the years that followed, the passenger cable cars opened up striking vantage points in the Alps. The world's first passenger ropeway based on the circulating principle was the Schauinslandbahn , which went into operation on July 17, 1930. After the Second World War and the spread of skiing, the highest possible transport performance became increasingly important, which led to the expansion of large gondola lifts and chairlifts with up to eight seats. In the course of global tourism, pure sightseeing trains such as B. the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway in Australia or the Ngong Ping 360 in Hong Kong is becoming increasingly important. Also in the public transport stopped Luftseilbahnen feeder.
In the 1990s there was a strong concentration among the cable car builders. Today the world market is dominated by the companies Doppelmayr / Garaventa , Leitner AG and Poma . For details see cable car manufacturer (selection) .
Use and deployment of aerial ropeways
Cable cars for passenger transport are used as a sports train , feeder train , local transport or sightseeing train , for goods transport, for example, as a material train (→ material cable car ) or supply train .
Aerial ropeways are used wherever locations with difficult topography (mountains, gorges, cuts in terrain, impassable terrain or even on bodies of water) are to be accessed via the shortest route - even with greater height differences - or when there is a large volume of people or loads between two fixed points - in flat terrain or over inclines uphill or downhill - is to be transported. For example, the Bratislava automobile cable car is used to transport newly built VW automobiles from the assembly hall to the test track, including crossing a railway line.
Examples of aerial ropeways to replace bridges: Beiseförth Fulda Cable Car , Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York, former Mississippi Aerial River Transit in New Orleans , cable car over the Thames (London) .
Many cable cars are primarily used to transport tourists, sports enthusiasts (winter sports enthusiasts, paragliders, etc.), hikers or those seeking relaxation to a sports area, recreation area or to a tourist attraction (mountain peak, mountain restaurant, cave, viewpoint, museum, etc.). The type of cable car to be used is determined, among other things, by the required transport capacity , the particularities of the route and the local wind conditions.
Examples of cable cars to primarily tourist attractions are the cable car to Table Mountain , to the Sugar Loaf in Rio de Janeiro, the Masada Railway in Israel, the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway , the Sandia Peak Tramway , the Mount Roberts Tramway , the Elka Cable Car or the TelefériQo in Quito or the cable car to the Bastille of Grenoble . Large gondola lifts span long stretches such as B. the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway, the Genting Skyway or the Ngong Ping 360 .
Cable cars are also built to give visitors to an amusement park , a zoo , a horticultural or world exhibition an overview of the site or to provide them with more convenient access to the often extensive event area; in some cases to connect shared exhibition areas. Examples: The Barcelona harbor cable car , the Rhine cable cars in Cologne and Koblenz or the cable car in the San Diego Zoo . On the other hand, aerial ropeways are unsuitable for use as a transportable ride at public festivals.
A material ropeway is a ropeway that transports goods (supplies, luggage, bulk goods , mined mineral resources, forest and agricultural products) or manages the flow of materials in large companies. If the operating license allows, people can also be transported.
(Avalanche) blasting ropeways , camera cable cars and other on cables based devices do not transport vehicles and be just as elevators , hoists and boat lifts not included among the (material) cable cars.
Cable cars that transport people are - unless they are military or private facilities - part of public transport .
Cable cars are increasingly being used for basic services in local public transport (as an internal means of mass transport ) or for regular services with the periphery. For example, to connect places at high altitudes to the valley, such as the Riddes – Isérables cable car in Switzerland, the Jenesien cable car from Bozen to Jenesien, the Renon cable car from Bozen to Oberbozen, the Albino-Selvino cable car in Italy, the Vinpearl cable car in Nha Trang, Vietnam, which connects the coastal town with an island in the sea 3.1 kilometers away. However, it is often difficult to draw the line between tourist and everyday use, as is the case with the Burg cable car .
There are also routes with only small differences in height to cross bodies of water, gorges or other obstacles (such as the cable car over a gorge in Constantine , Algeria) or to avoid long journeys with other means of transport .
Examples of inner-city cable cars: the cable cars of Algiers , the Portland Aerial Tram , the lines J and K of the Metrocable as part of the Metro de Medellín or the Metrocable of Caracas , the Mississippi Aerial River Transit in New Orleans (dismantled in 1994) , the two Aerial tramways in Chongqing ( China ) over the Yangtze and Jialing or the Volga cable car Nizhny Novgorod . The La Paz cable car network consists of several lines and is the largest urban cable car network in the world.
Records
- Highest cable car pillar: Ha Long Bay, Vietnam (188.88 m)
- Highest cable car pillar in Europe: Zugspitze Cable Car (127 m)
- Highest cable car pillar in Switzerland: Gant – Hohtälli cable car in Zermatt (94 m)
- Longest aerial tramway in one section: Tatev Cable Car , Halidsor - Tatev Monastery , Armenia (5750 m)
- Lowest lying cableway: Masada cableway in Israel (up to 275 m below sea level )
- Highest mountain station of a cable car: Dagu Glacier Gondola in Sichuan , China ( 4843 m above sea level)
- Highest mountain station of a cable car (out of service): Aucanquilcha cable car (Chile), 5874 m above sea level. d. M.
- Highest mountain station in Europe: Klein-Matterhorn -Bahn, Zermatt (CH) ( 3820 m above sea level )
- Highest chairlift: Imperial Express, Breckenridge (USA), 3913.6 m above sea level. d. M.
- Longest passenger cable car (gondola, 1 section): Norsjö cable car 13.163 km
- Longest aerial tramway (1 section) in Europe: Eibseeseilbahn, Garmisch , 4460 m (at 1957 m it also has the greatest difference in altitude of a single section)
- Longest transport cable car (8 sections): Kristineberg – Boliden , Sweden , 96 km (closed in 1987; 13.163 km converted for passenger transport and in operation since 1989 as the longest passenger cable car)
- Longest transport cable car in operation (5 sections): Cable cars Savona – San Giuseppe , Italy , 17 km
- Fastest cable car: Vanoise Express in La Plagne , 12.5 m / s
- Widest span: Zugspitze cable car , 3213 m, Eibsee near Grainau
- Largest ground clearance: 3S-Bahn Peak 2 Peak Gondola , 436 m in Whistler-Blackcomb
- Highest transport capacity: Rheinseilbahn , Koblenz , 7,600 people per hour (3,800 in each direction)
- Highest payload of a material ropeway : Tierfehd , 40 tons
See also comparison of outstanding cable cars .
Foreign language terms and abbreviations
The term cable car generally refers to aerial cableways in British English , but cable trams in American English . The cable cars of San Francisco are famous . In American, aerial cableways are called gondola (for gondola) or aerial tram (for aerial tram ); a funicular is a funicular railway or, for short, funicular in the entire English-speaking world .
The following abbreviations for aerial cableways are frequently used by manufacturers and in the media:
| de | German | en | English | fr | French |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PB (P) | Aerial tramway | ATW (AT) | Aerial tramway | TPH | Telephérique |
| EUB | Gondola lift , monocable gondola | MGD | Monocable gondola detachable | TCD | Télécabine débrayable |
| 2S , ACC | Gondola lift , bicable gondola | BGD | Bicable gondola detachable | 2S | Téléphérique débrayable |
| 3S | 3S-Bahn , tricable gondola | TGD | Tricable gondola detachable | 3S | Téléphérique 3S |
| GUB | Single-cable group orbit | MGFP | Monocable gondola fixed grip pulsed | TCP | Télécabine pulsée |
| GPB | Single cable group cable car | MGFJ | Monocable gondola fixed grip jigback | ? | ? |
| Two-rope group orbit | BGFP | Bicable gondola fixed grip pulsed | TBP | Téléphérique bicâble pulsé | |
| SB | Fixed- grip chairlift | CLF | Chairlift fixed grip | TSF | Télésiège à pince fixe |
| KSB | detachable chairlift | CLD | Chairlift detachable | TSD | Télésiège débrayable |
| Combined lift (chair + gondola) | CGD | Chairlift gondola detachable | TMX | Télé (cabine) mixed | |
| FU | Funitel | FT | Funitel | Funitel | |
| Funifor | FUF | Funifor | Funifor | ||
| Material ropeway | RPC | Ropeway conveyor | |||
| SL | Drag lift ( also: ski lift ) | Surface lift | TS | Téléski |
Numbers in front of the abbreviation indicate either
- for 2S or 3S lifts, the number of ropes or ropes used
- for lake lifts, the number of people who can be transported in a gondola or armchair.
- A subsequent B (English for bubble ) is often used to indicate that the armchairs have weather protection hoods or that the armchairs are integrated in foldable gondolas (eggs). A subsequent SV stands for automatically closing bars, which are often built into lifts that are frequented by children and ski schools.
- As a result, 6-CLD / B-SV means that it is a detachable chair lift for six people per item of equipment that has weather protection hoods and automatic locking bars.
- See also: Chairlift # Usual_Abbreviations
Modelling
Cable cars (both aerial tramways and detachable gondola lifts, chairlifts, cabins and station building sheets) are also offered in model construction .
Trivia
The French cable car designer Denis Creissels built a cable car whose cabins went under water . With the Téléscaphe de Callelongue , realized in 1967 in Marseille , tourists were able to submerge 10 m deep for ten minutes on a 500 m long route and observe the underwater world. The plant was only in operation for one year.
In Äkäslompolo ( Finland ) there is a gondola lift in which one of the 54 cabins is set up as a sauna cabin.
Cable car manufacturer (selection)
- Adolf Bleichert & Co. (until 1993/1994)
- Doppelmayr / Garaventa Group
- Leitner AG
- Pomagalski
- Hölzl (until 2002)
- Von Roll (until 1996)
- for more see cable car manufacturers
See also
literature
- Stephan Liedl: Günthner, Willibald A .: Seilbahntechnik (lecture script) ( Memento from March 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics at the Technical University of Munich, 1999, (PDF; 10.2 MB).
- Eugen Czitary: cable cars . Springer-Verlag, Vienna 1951 (2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-3950-9 ).
Web links
- Information page about cable cars (Lift-World)
- Cable car pictures (CH) - Pictures of numerous cable cars
- Remontées méchaniques - detailed, illustrated representations (French)
- Funivie - Information about cable cars (Italian)
- Directory of mountain railways in the Alpine region
- Mountain exercise in the Serfaus-Fiss-Ladis ski area, last accessed on October 3, 2013
- Website of the cable cars in cities (Gondolaproject)
Remarks
- ↑ seen in the film Alexis Sorbas
- ↑ This cable car is often incorrectly referred to as the cable car over the Rhine Falls .
Individual evidence
- ^ Austrian Federal Law on Cable Cars (Cable Car Law 2003 - SeilbG 2003)
- ↑ cf. Section 2 in the Austrian Federal Law on Cable Cars (Cable Car Law 2003 - SeilbG 2003)
- ↑ Artur Doppelmayr: Food for thought on the functional fulfillment of monocable ropeways - project planning, construction and operation in the safety control loop system, based on the analysis of incidents , ISBN 3-9500815-1-8 , Chapter 2.2.2 Classification of cable cars according to rope types (available online as MS Word- File, 3.7 MB), last accessed August 2013.
- ↑ Peter Sedivy (lecturer): Lecture materials "Cable car construction" at the Institute for Infrastructure, Intelligent Transport Systems division of the University of Innsbruck , summer semester 2012, (PDF; 6.8 MB) ( Memento from December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed in August 2013.
- ^ Anton Seeber: The Renaissance of the Cableway - Innovative Urban Solutions from Leitner Technologies / Innovative urban passenger transport systems from Leitner Technologies / Innovativi sistemi di trasporto urbano di Leitner Technologies. ISBN 978-88-6069-006-7 . (English / German / Italian) (text excerpt approx. 2 MB)
- ^ Felix Gross: Seilbahnlexikon. Technology, relics and pioneers from 150 years of cable car history . epubli, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-8442-1062-0 ( full text in the Google book search).
- ↑ a b Chapter 1.4 Cable cars with shuttle operation Cable car encyclopedia at bergbahnen.org
- ↑ Günthner, Willibald A .: Cable car technology (lecture script) ( Memento from March 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics at the Technical University of Munich; 1999, page 45 (PDF; 10.2 MB)
- ↑ Heiner Monheim, Christian Muschwitz, Wolfram Auer, Matthias Philippi: Urban cable cars - modern cable car systems open up new paths for mobility in our cities. kölner stadt- und verkehrsverlag, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-940685-98-8 .
- ↑ Peter Sedivy (lecturer): Lecture materials "Cable car construction" at the Institute for Infrastructure, Intelligent Transport Systems division of the University of Innsbruck , summer semester 2012, pp. 145 f. (PDF; 6.8 MB) ( Memento from December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed in August 2013.
- ↑ a b Cableways with shuttle service Cableway lexicon at bergbahnen.org
- ↑ Lasso Cable , manufacturer's website
- ↑ Gravity ropeways ( Memento from January 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ Aerial tramway planned for Budapest ( Memento from June 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Rabindra Bahadur Singh: Gravity Goods Ropeway (English), accessed on Aug. 25, 2011.
- ↑ Banana harvest with cable cars , accessed on November 28, 2011
- ↑ RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES. Retrieved May 6, 2019 .
- ^ Hidden Worlds Adventure Park
- ↑ Eurasia's largest urban cable car from 2014 in Ankara
- ↑ Teleférico do Complexo do Alemão , English language
- ↑ World's largest urban cable car network for Bolivia, press release from September 11, 2012
- ↑ Doppelmayr connects La Paz with El Alto ( Memento from February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), picture gallery
- ↑ Heavy-duty ropeways for the Linthal 2015 power plant project ( Memento from May 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), on the Inauen-Schätti AG website
- ↑ A “new wind” in ropeway technology
- ↑ a b c Artur Doppelmayr: Food for thought on the functional fulfillment of monocable gondolas - project planning, construction and operation in the safety control loop system, based on the analysis of incidents , ISBN 3-9500815-1-8 , (available online as MS Word file, 3.7 MB ), last accessed in August 2013.
- ↑ Eugen Czitary: Ski lifts , Vienna 1951, ISBN 978-3-7091-3950-9 .
- ↑ Technical data , on saentisbahn.ch
- ↑ Artur Doppelmayr : Food for thought on the functional fulfillment of monocable gondolas - project planning, construction and operation in the safety control loop system , based on the analysis of incidents. Wolfurt, 1997, available online Word file (DOC file; 3.6 MB)
- ↑ a b Positional security of the hoisting rope in the lecture documents for cable car construction at the Institute for Railway Engineering and Verkehrswirtschaft der Technische Universität Graz, WS 2011, p. 138 ff. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) - PDF, accessed on July 21, 2012.
- ↑ Dipl.-Ing. Reto Canale: Vibrations in cable cars (5th part), International Cable Car Review, Edition 6/2010, p. 24 f., Vibrations in cable cars (5th part). Retrieved May 6, 2019 .
- ^ After the disaster: More safety for ski lifts orf.at, January 28, 2017, accessed March 4, 2017.
- ↑ Interim report GZ BMVIT-85.238 / 0001-IV / SUB / ZLF / 2017 (accident with Aquila on September 14, 2016, Steißbachtal, Vallugabahn , Tyrol) Retrieved August 16, 2018. - With images of warning devices.
- ↑ The cargo plane - five tons under the helicopter (Documentary HD) youtube.com, published June 11, 2016, accessed August 16, 2018. Video (11: 35–18: 55/47: 35)
- ↑ Peter Sedivy (lecturer): Lecture materials "Cable car construction" at the Institute for Infrastructure, Intelligent Transport Systems division of the University of Innsbruck , summer semester 2012, p. 25 (PDF; 6.8 MB) ( Memento from December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), most recently accessed in August 2013.
- ↑ International Cable Car Review - Nejez, Josef and Luger, Peter evacuation concept instead of salvage concept
- ↑ Graz University of Technology: Lecture documents for cable car construction ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the institute for railway engineering u. Verkehrswirtschaft, 2011 (PDF), p. 132.
- ↑ Graz University of Technology: Lecture documents for cable car construction ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the institute for railway engineering u. Verkehrswirtschaft, 2011 (PDF), p. 115.
- ↑ Graz University of Technology: Lecture documents for cable car construction ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the institute for railway engineering u. Verkehrswirtschaft, 2011 (PDF), p. 143.
- ↑ Georg A. Kopanakis: Vibrations in Cable Cars (4th part), Internationale Seilbahnrundschau , Edition 5/2010, p. 24, PDF file ( Memento from February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Georg A. Kopanakis: Vibrations in cable cars (1st part), Internationale Seilbahnrundschau , edition 3/2010, p. 10 f., INTERNATIONAL SEILBAHN-RUNDSCHAU 3/2010 ( Memento from March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF- File)
- ↑ a b c d e G. Dieterich: The invention of the cable cars . Verlag Hermann Zieger, Leipzig 1908 (on archive)
- ↑ a b c P. Stephan, Die Drahtseilbahnen , 2nd edition. Julius Springer's publishing house, Berlin, 1914 (on archive)
- ↑ Adam Wijbe (Wiebe) ( Memento from November 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Article depicting the cable car
- ^ History of Milan , (Italian) accessed on December 3, 2011.
- ↑ History of the cable car ( memento of November 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on December 3, 2011.
- ↑ Ceretti Tanfani website , accessed December 3, 2011.
- ^ Rudolf Goldlust: The mountain railway of the future. In: Old and New World. Illustrated Katholisches Familienblatt , vol. 33 (1898), p. 469.
- ^ Image of the Transbordador de Ulia ( Memento of August 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 28, 2015
- ^ History of the cable car from Monte Ulía according to diariovasco.com
- ↑ Günthner, Willibald A .: Seilbahntechnik (lecture script) ( Memento from March 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) pp. 1–1.
- ↑ Cable cars: floating away from the earth. on: sueddeutsche.de Cable car over a gorge
- ↑ www.20minuten.ch, 20 minutes, 20 minutes, www.20min.ch: 20 minutes - the Swiss are building the world's largest gondola lift - Central Switzerland. Retrieved July 1, 2016 .
- ↑ Underwater cable car - Télßescaphe de Callelongue - Marseille, France
- ↑ Hot gondola at zeit.de
