Quirino cabinet
The Quirino cabinet was formed in the Philippines on April 15, 1948 by President Elpidio Quirino and was in office until December 30, 1953.
During his presidency he endeavored to rebuild the Philippines, a general improvement in economic income and an increase in American financial aid. On the other hand, the problems of rural areas and social security often remained unsolved. Furthermore, during the years of his term of office there were repeated armed conflicts with the communist rebel organization Hukbalahap , which emerged from the anti-Japanese resistance movement , which could not be settled until 1954 under his successor. During his reign, the administration was often characterized by bribery and nepotism, although in the 1949 election campaign he had campaigned for more people to trust the government. The allegations of corruption and bribery against Quirino and his government finally culminated in the first impeachment proceedings against a Philippine president. Despite these controversies, at least the successes of his government in industrial projects, an expansion of irrigation, the expansion of the road system, the establishment of the central bank and local banking companies and, last but not least, the peace made with the former occupying power of Japan , remained in positive memories.
Presidency and policies of the Quirino government
Death of President Roxas in 1948, amnesty for Luis Taruc and the outbreak of Hibok-Hibok
On April 15, 1948 President died Manuel Roxas during the visit of the Thirteenth Air Force on the military airfield Clark Air Base in Pampanga province suffering a stroke . As a result, Vice President Elpidio Quirino, who was visiting Visayas, returned to Manila. There he was sworn in as the new President of the Philippines by the Acting President of the Supreme Court, Ricardo Paras . Quirino then ordered a month-long state mourning from April 17 to May 17, 1948.
At a cabinet meeting in Tagaytay City , Quirino signed the Census Bill of 1948 on May 4, 1948 , which provided for a month-long census from October 1, 1948. On May 10, 1948, the order was made to form a state fund of ₱ 30 million , which was to be used in particular for the construction of state roads and to secure the employment of around 100,000 people. On June 12, 1948, Quirino gave the speech on the 50th anniversary of the founding of the First Philippine Republic , which had been proclaimed on June 12, 1898 by Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit . After previous secret talks, President Quirino received Luis Taruc on June 21, 1948 in the Malacañang Palace and then signed an amnesty in favor of the supporters of the Hukbalahap and the Communist Party PKM ( Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas ), whereupon Taruc was able to take up his mandate as a member of the House of Representatives, in which he represented the constituency Pampanga 2nd District . A few days later, on June 27, 1948, an additional agreement was signed by the President and Taruc in the presence of Brigadier General Mariano Castañeda , Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary, and the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary, Colonel Alberto Ramos, in which the handover of the relatives and weapons of the Hukbalahap to the police.
On June 26, 1948, the then head of the legal department of the Foreign Ministry and later President Diosdado Macapagal hoisted the flag of the Philippines on the island of Taganak, part of the Turtle Islands, marking the formal transition of the administration of the islands to the Philippines.
On July 2, 1948, Defense Secretary Ruperto Kangleon and Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie , Commander of the US Navy in the Philippines, signed an agreement for the delivery of US Navy ships to the Philippine Navy . In July 1948, President Quirino signed a law ( Republic Act No. 330 ) to control imports of non-essential goods and luxury goods. An Import Control Committee was set up to implement it, chaired by Minister of Commerce and Industry Placido L. Mapa, who also included the Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Finance and the Director General of the Administration for the Facilitation and Restoration of Trade PRATRA ( Philippine Relief and Trade Rehabilitation Administration ). By a capital city law signed on July 17, 1948 ( Republic Act No. 333 ) Quezon City was raised to the capital and the seat of government and the House of Representatives was established there, so that Manila lost its capital city status. To implement the law, the Quezon City Planning Commission was established under the chairmanship of the architect Juan M. Arellano . On July 22, 1948, Quirino presented a six-point program to improve the social situation. On August 3, 1948, the US government returned land totaling 53,125 square meters to the government. To improve the economic development of the sugar plantations and the sugar industry, the Sugar Rehabilitation and Readjustment Commission was created on August 4, 1948, under the chairmanship of the former Finance Minister and then Chairman of the Board of the Philippine National Bank (PNB), Vicente Carmona . Budget Commissioner Pio Pedrosa represented the Philippines in August 1948 at a conference of the International Trade Organization (ITO) in Geneva , while Carlos P. Rómulo became head of the delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations . On August 28, 1948, US Embassy Chargé d'affaires Thomas H. Lockett and Secretary of State for Works and Communications Ricardo Nepumuceno signed a war damage agreement that provided US payments of ₱ 110 million.
After the outbreak of the stratovolcano Hibok-Hibok on 31 August 1948 a typhoon and floods around 50,000 people in the island province are Camiguin homeless, prompting President Quirino convene a special meeting of the Cabinet on the coordination of relief efforts. In the period that followed, 40,000 people were evacuated by September 20, 1948.
Cabinet reshuffle in September 1948 and the food crisis
Almost five months after taking office, there was an extensive cabinet reshuffle on September 21, 1948 with Interior Minister Sotero Baluyut, Justice Minister Sabino Radilla, Education Minister Prudencio Langcauon, Labor Minister Primitivo Lovina, Trade and Industry Minister Cornelio Balmaceda, Minister in the Presidential Office Teodoro Evangelista and Asuncion A. Perez has been appointed to seven government officials as head of the Cabinet-level Social Services and Development Administration . At the same time, the previous Minister of Trade and Industry, Placido L. Mapa, moved to the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The ministers who left the cabinet then took on new functions. Justice Minister Roman Ozaeta became Assistant Justice at the Supreme Court , Minister of Education Manuel Gallego became Special Envoy, Minister in the Presidential Office Emilio Abello Envoy at the US Embassy, Interior Minister Jose Zulueta Acting Chairman of the Surplus Property Commission , Minister of Labor Pedro Magsalin Technical Advisor to the President and Delegate to the International Labor Organization (ILO)
Due to the persistent food shortages and the rationing of rice, the President set up an eleven-member rice commission on September 29, 1948, chaired by the President of the PNB, Vicente Carmona. From October 1948, in consultation with the Philippine Rice Growers Association, it carried out nationwide campaigns to increase food production ("Operation Harvest" and "Operation Evacuees"). The main problems were with the protection of the present rice crop and the effective marketing and distribution of the rice supply. As a further step in improving the rice supply, on October 8, 1948, the government ordered the purchase of ₱ 250,000 worth of rice seeds for areas with sufficient irrigation during the dry season to ensure a second harvest there. At the same time, the Presidential Action Committee for Social Improvement PACSA ( President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration ), chaired by Asuncion A. Perez, provided food such as rice, mung beans , dried fish and clothing to over 90,000 people in need in the provinces of Nueva Ecija , Bulacan , Pampanga, Laguna and Tarlac , but also operated four mobile health centers. To improve the health situation , the World Health Organization (WHO) also carried out an inspection tour chaired by Howard Christian Naffziger , a medical professor at the University of California . In addition, the Rice Emergency Board was created on November 10, 1948 , which included ministers Mapa, Balmaceda and Lovina. He set the rice price at 14 ₱ per Cavan .
During a visit to the US Air Force Base Clark Field, Quirino renewed a declaration of Filipino-US friendship in the presence of Maj. Gen. Eugene L. Eubank , Commanding General of the Thirteenth Air Force . As part of the proposed expansion of the Air Force base, the US Air Force paid ₱ 918,776 on October 13, 1948. On the other hand, 98,912 square meters in various provinces were handed over to the Philippine government on November 18, 1948 on the basis of the US law on property in the Philippines of 1946 ( Philippine Property Act of 1946 ) for the symbolic purchase price of 1 ₱. On December 10, 1948, the official ceremony for a friendship treaty with Italy took place, which was signed on July 8, 1947 in Rome by the two foreign ministers Quirino and Carlo Sforza . After the resignation of the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces , Major General Rafael Jalandoni , was accepted on December 11, 1948, the previous Chief of the Philippine Constabulary , Brigadier General Mariano Castañeda , took over his position and was promoted to Major General. His successor as chief of the constabulary was in turn the adviser to the president, Colonel Alberto Ramos , who was then promoted to brigadier general.
Establishment of the central bank and economic programs
On December 15, 1948, Quirino announced the official establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines on January 3, 1949. After the establishment of a currency committee on December 23, 1948, he named Finance Minister Miguel Cuaderno on December 24, 1948 as the first governor of the central bank. Thereupon, on January 5, 1949, the previous chairman of the budget commission, Pio Pedrosa, became the new finance minister, while the deputy general auditor Pio Joven was appointed the new chairman of the budget commission. Due to reparations payments from the former Japanese occupation forces, the Philippines had received materials totaling ₱ 24,087,946 by January 1949.
On February 5, 1949, the National Economic Council approved a total of ₱ 115 million to finance income-generating development projects. On February 8, 1949, President Quirino submitted the 1949/1950 budget to Congress, which included ₱ 282,698,735 and revenue of ₱ 304,000,000. On March 4, 1949, Quirino and the Spanish envoy Teodomiro de Aguilar y Salas signed two further agreements with the former colonial power, with the contracts for academic degrees and professional exchanges. On March 9, 1949, the National Power Corporation (NPC ) announced an extensive electricity program that included the construction of hydropower plants in Itogon , Ambuklaw, Lumot and the María Cristina waterfall . For the Lumot project alone, ₱ 1 million was approved by the National Economic Council on March 19, 1949. Major General Hugh John Casey , chief engineer at the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan, advised the government on these projects . On March 9, 1949, Quirino asked the Senate to approve Congressional Law No. 2313, which provided for ₱ 33 million to run 6,000 additional classes. On March 17, 1949 Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie was replaced by Rear Admiral Francis P. Old as commander of the US Navy in the Philippines. On March 25, 1949, the cabinet approved the draft of a new series of coins with portraits of national heroes of the Philippines .
Impeachment procedure and other measures to promote business
In early April 1949 announced that against President Quirino an impeachment trial ( impeachment ) is checked that this in a letter to the Speaker of the House, Eugenio Pérez , than from a political action ( for political effect group). The unauthorized interference in public economic affairs accused of the President is rejected by the Minister for Public Works and Communication Ricardo Nepumuceno in a statement on April 7, 1949 ( did not intervene in any manner whatsoever ). Subsequently, numerous other high government officials made public statements on the allegations against the President, including Budget Commissioner Pio Joven, Under-Secretary of State Felino Neri and Finance Minister Pio Pedrosa.
At a special session of the Cabinet in Baguio City, approval of ₱ 10 million for the construction of irrigation systems to stabilize rice production is approved. After a large fire in Cebu City caused damage of ₱ 8 million, the government decided on April 18, 1949 to carry out relief measures for the 10,000 affected residents. As the successor to Major General Albert M. Jones , Major General Jonathan Anderson became the new head of the US military advisory group JUSMAG ( Joint United States Military Advisory Group ) in the Philippines on April 18, 1949 . On April 21, 1949, Finance Minister Pedrosa declared that tax and customs revenues since April 1948, at ₱ 278,131,833, “ exceeded the brightest expectations ” and had thus made a significant contribution to the balanced budget. To improve the education system, the National Commission on Educational, Scientific and Cultural Matters ( National Commission on Educational, Scientific and Cultural Matters ) was founded on April 22, 1949, under the chairmanship of Gabriel Manalac, replacing the National Education Council founded before the Second World War. On April 22, 1949, a UNICEF program of ₱ 600,000 was launched to promote the nutrition of underdeveloped children .
On April 28, 1949, the former first lady and chairwoman of the Philippine Red Cross, Aurora Quezon, was killed in an attack by the Hukbalahap along with eleven companions in Bongabon . The president then ordered extensive security measures by the armed forces and the constabulary as well as a nine-day mourning flag. The area where the wife of former President Manuel Quezon was killed has also been renamed Aurora Memorial Park .
At the end of April 1949, some important economic data was released. With a timber production of 2,277,838 cubic meters, the highest since the end of the war, export revenues of ₱ 4 million were achieved. At the same time, mining production reached ₱ 33,055,200, which was also the highest production since the liberation from the Japanese occupation forces. On May 23, 1949, Myron M. Cowen took office as the new US ambassador to the Philippines, succeeding Emmet O'Neal .
On May 27, 1949, the government approved the Central Bank to provide ₱ 35 million to carry out important economic projects. At the inauguration of the party headquarters of the Liberal Party, the president campaigned for his re-election in the upcoming elections and referred in particular to his program to stabilize the economy. With the signing of Congressional Law No. 2833, the President was authorized to apply to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development for a loan of up to ₱ 100 million to stimulate the economy. At the party convention of the Liberal Party in the Santa Ana Recreation Hall , Quirino was nominated on June 12, 1949 unopposed for the presidential candidacy on November 8, 1949. A law (Republic Act No. 372) passed ₱ 2 million on June 15, 1949 to support livestock farms, hatcheries and rearing stations. Furthermore, during a cabinet meeting on June 21, 1949, it was decided to allocate ₱ 2.6 million to develop 2,500 hectares of land in the Davao region for the production of Manila hemp . On June 27, 1949, the National Economic Council proposed to the President that ₱ 16 million be allocated to build a shipyard in Mariveles .
New cabinet reshuffle and economic development
On June 29, 1949, the cabinet was restructured again. The office of Justice Minister Sabino Padilla, who became Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, was taken over by the previous Minister for Public Works and Communications, Ricardo Nepomuceno, while Prospero Sanidad became the new Minister for Public Works and Communications.
On July 5, 1949, the State Council extended the power of the President to take urgent decisions to make major expenditures that would otherwise have to be approved by Congress, such as the grant of ₱ 33 million for special public school classes and ₱ 12 million for standardizing the Payment of teachers' salaries. These funds were not previously included in the general budget. On July 8, 1949, during the cabinet meeting, Quirino signed two additional unscheduled expenses not included in the general budget and funded by the US government at the end of the fiscal year, one ₱ 52,404,581.33 for the execution of special laws last year, and ₱ 875,000 for special public services previously financed by the USA, such as the weather bureau, air navigation service, public health service and quarantine service. During a joint meeting of representatives of the National Economic Council and the Central Bank on July 16, 1949, it was emphasized that the proportion of private Philippine investors had risen considerably since independence on July 4, 1946, and now with 58 million ₱ investments, about 49 percent of total investments of ₱ 117 million in private companies. At the same time, investment by state-owned companies rose from ₱ 120 million in 1946 to ₱ 355 million at the end of 1948.
Expansion of relations with the USA and election campaign in 1949
After the death of former US Governor General of the Philippines Frank Murphy on July 19, 1949, President Quirino ordered a week of national mourning and named Murphy as one of the most popular and most respected Governors General in the Philippines.
On August 6, 1949, President Quirino of the United States paid a state visit to August 17, 1949. He was received by US President Harry S. Truman and gave a speech in front of both houses of the US Congress . During the trip, he visited Guam , Hawaii , San Francisco , Washington, DC , New York City , where Fordham University awarded him an honorary doctorate in law, and Los Angeles . After the trip, on August 26, 1949, the US Congress passed a bill that approved $ 12,685,000 for the construction and operation of hospitals for Filipino war veterans and a medical program. On August 31, 1949, Quirino appointed former Senator Ramon J. Fernandez as a member of the State Council, to which he belonged as the fourth former politician who was not a member by virtue of his office as minister. At a cabinet meeting on September 6, 1949, a grant of ₱ 1 million was approved for flood protection projects, which also included the sewerage in Manila.
Together with several ministers, high-ranking politicians and the military, Quirino undertook a fifteen-day tour to Visayas and Mindanao for the presidential election on November 8, 1949 from September 8, 1949. He gave speeches at public election campaign appearances in Tagbilaran , Surigao City , Mambajao , Cotabato City , Davao City , Zamboanga City , Dapitan City , Dipolog City , Dumaguete City , Bacolod City , San Jose , Capiz and Kalibo . This was followed by a two-day campaign tour in central Luzon, during which he made campaign appearances in San Fernando , Lingayen and Urdaneta , among other places . On October 12, 1949, the president joined several top politicians from the Nacionalista Party ( Eulogio Rodriguez , Jesus Barrera , Pedro Hernaez and Sotero Cabahug ), who assured him that they would work with the government to conduct fair and safe elections.
On September 20, 1949, the Permanent Representative to the United Nations Carlos P. Rómulo was elected President of the UN General Assembly. In a medical care report, Health Minister Antonio Villarama stated that there were 79 hospitals, 473 outpatient clinics, 474 care centers and 665 public primary care units, and that these 1,691 facilities would represent a 50 percent improvement in health care compared to pre-WWII. On October 18, 1949, the Cabinet approved the construction of a ₱ 1.2 million pulp mill by the National Development Company (NDC) from the Central Bank’s ₱ 200 million economic development fund. After returning from a working visit to the United States, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, Brigadier General Calixto Duque , announced on October 30, 1949 that the Philippines would receive approximately $ 7 million from the United States for military assistance.
On November 2, 1949, a typhoon caused devastation in Cebu and Negros Occidental , whereupon relief measures were initiated by the government. 585 people were killed or went missing in the disaster. In addition, 30,650 houses were destroyed, leaving 194,519 people homeless.
Quirino was elected president in the elections of November 8, 1949 and took office on December 30, 1949
As part of the general election, presidential elections were also held on November 8, 1949, in which Quirino, as the leader of the wing of the Liberal Party named after him, with 1,803,808 votes (50.93 percent) clearly ahead of the candidate of the Nacionalista Party and former president, José P. Laurel , who received 1,318,330 votes (37.22 percent). Third place went to José Avelino , who stood for the wing of the Liberal Party named after him and received 419,890 votes (11.85 percent). Despite the split in his own party, Quirino succeeded in asserting himself against Laurer, who was criticized in particular for his collaboration with the Japanese occupying power in World War II .
Fernando López emerged from the vice presidential elections as the clear winner, who received 1,341,284 votes (52.19 percent) as a candidate for the Quirino wing of the Liberal Party. Manuel Briones , the candidate for the Nacionalista Party, received 1,184,215 votes (46.08 percent), while Vicente J. Francisco , who ran for the Avelino wing of the Liberal Party, received only 44,510 votes (1.73 percent). accounted for. In addition to the presidential and vice-presidential elections, elections to the Senate were held on November 8, 1949 . The Liberal Party won all eight new Senate seats to be awarded. In the elections for the House of Representatives , 66 of the 100 seats went to the Liberal Party (60 Quirino wings, 6 Avelino wings), 33 seats to the Nacionalista Party and 1 seat to a non-party applicant.
On November 11, 1949, in its first session after the elections, the cabinet approved aid of 250,000 ₱ for the typhoon victims on Cebu and in Negros Occidental. On November 25, 1949, President Quirino received the tennis player Felicisimo "Mighty Mite" Ampon after his six-month tour through the USA and Europe, during which he had participated in the US National Championships in 1949 in men's singles . Due to acts of violence in the elections of November 8, 1949, the use of special investigators was decided at a cabinet meeting on November 25, 1949. On November 26, 1949, a group of US Congressmen arrived in the Philippines to visit former US sanctuaries. The US House Public Lands Sub-Committee group included John E. Miles , William Lemke , Jay Le Fevre , Arthur L. Miller , Edward H. Jenison , Fred L. Crawford, and Joseph Rider Farrington . Two days later, a delegation from the Senate Subcommittee on Approvals arrived to discuss the economic situation in the Philippines with the President. This group included Senators Allen J. Ellender , Milton Young , Theodore F. Green , Homer S. Ferguson, and William E. Jenner .
On December 13, 1949, the two wings of the Liberal Party were reunited, namely the Quirinistas around the President and the Avelinistas around Senate President Jose Avelino. On December 30, 1949, Quirino took his oath of office together with Vice President Fernando López before the President of the Supreme Court , Manuel Moran .
Immediately after taking the oath of office, on January 2, 1950, President Quirino announced his home-for-the-homeless program . On January 6, 1950, the President appointed Undersecretary Felino Neri as acting Foreign Minister with cabinet rank. On January 7, 1950, Quirino traveled again to the United States, where he underwent kidney stone surgery on January 16, 1950 at Johns Hopkins Hospital . After a 34-day stay in the United States, the President returned to the Philippines on February 11, 1950.
On February 20, 1950, he signed the International Wheat Agreement. The Philippines became the 43rd state to join this international agreement, in which it guaranteed the production of 196,000 metric tons of wheat by the end of 1953, which corresponds to 141,000 metric tons of wheat flour . Furthermore, on February 25, 1950, a declaration was made that the Filipino Veterans Hospital should be built on an area of 549,120 square meters in Quezon City. On March 11, 1950, Undersecretary Neri and US Ambassador Cowen signed the extension of the Military Assistance Agreement until July 1953. The Filipino-US-American friendship was confirmed on March 23, 1953 with the ceremonial handover of the new Jones Bridge over the Pasig . The new bridge, the construction of which began in 1945 and which was built under the Philippine Rehabilitation Act , replaced the first Jones Bridge , built in 1916 , which was also named after the US Congressman from Virginia William Atkinson Jones .
Forces reform in 1950 and further economic reforms
On March 31, 1950, a comprehensive reorganization of the armed forces was announced by Presidential Decision No. 308 . This envisaged the division of the armed forces into five main commands (constabulary, ground forces, coast guard, air force and rearward services), each of which was subordinate to a commanding general with deputy commanders and assistants, and which were to be appointed by the president. In addition, a general military council was to be created, to which the commanding generals and commanders of the main commandos belonged and should advise the defense minister on administrative and operational questions of the armed forces. The Philippine Constabulary should continue its existing services as a national police association under the operational control of the Home Secretary. The creation of the new Rear Services Command was intended to handle general supplies, transportation and other services for the entire armed forces. On May 23, 1950, the new Philippine Military Academy (PMA) building in Baguio was built for ₱ 1.2 million .
On May 9, 1950, the President ordered an additional ₱ 5 million to be released for the development of the Manila hemp industry and ₱ 1 million for the government's development program. On May 10, 1950, Quirino resigned from the post of Foreign Minister and instead appointed the previous Permanent Representative to the UN, Carlos P. Rómulo, as the new Foreign Minister. On May 29, 1950, the Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Placido L. Mapa, was appointed Acting Minister for Economic Coordination after Vice-President Fernando López refused to accept this newly created office. On June 8, 1950, Quirino ordered that all ministries and government agencies "should take suitable and sustainable measures against bribery and corruption in their respective authorities" ( 'to take suitable and effective measures to eliminate or prevent graft and corruption in their respective departments, in order to establish the truth or to disprove current rumors and gossips on the existence of graft in the government service ' ). On June 10, 1950, Minister Mapa reported that although production in the mineral industry had increased by ₱ 22 million compared to the previous year, it was still a long way from pre-war production of ₱ 100 million. On June 14, 1950, the President signed the Republic Act No. 509 , which allowed him to fix commodity prices for a limited period of time, and provided for the establishment of a Price Administration Board , chaired by trade on June 26, 1950 - and Industry Minister Cornelio Balmaceda became. To increase the production of rice, corn and other foodstuffs, 38,309 hectares were reserved in Bukidnon , 103,286 hectares in Cotabato and 25,380 hectares in Palawan .
On July 1, 1950 Justice Minister Ricardo Nepomuceno announced his resignation for health reasons and to "maintain harmonious relations" ( , the maintenance of harmonious relations' ) between the President and Congress on. On July 5, 1950, the Civilian Emergency Administration began its work, which was subordinated to the National Emergency Commission ( National Emergency Commission ) under the chairmanship of the former Governor of Pangasinan, Senator and Defense Minister Teofilo Sison . After the meeting of the UN Security Council on June 27, 1950, Foreign Minister Carlos P. Rómulo spoke out on July 7, 1950 in favor of supporting South Korea with rice, medicines and coconut products as well as moral support against the communist aggressors. On July 12, 1950, the United States government gave the Philippines additional land it owned for a total of more than ₱ 2.3 million. On July 13, 1950, Major General Jonathan Anderson was replaced as head of the US military advisory group JUSMAG by Major General Leland Hobbs , the previously commanding general of the IX stationed in Japan. Corps was.
Population development, government reshuffles 1950, and other US grants
In July 1950, the results of the last census were presented by the Bureau of the Census and Statistics . Accordingly, the population has increased by 250,000 to 19,497,000 since the penultimate census. The birth rate in 1949 was 21.11 per thousand, while the death rate in 1949 was 9.28 per thousand.
On July 29, 1950, the President's Office announced that, together with the general elections in November 1951, for reasons of economy, the by-elections to fill two Senate seats would be held, namely for the seat of the late Senator Vicente Sotto and the seat of Vice-President chosen Fernando López. On August 14, 1950, Quirino presented Congress with a supplementary budget for the 1950/1951 financial year of ₱ 96.8 million, of which ₱ 86.8 million and ₱ 10 million were to be used for extraordinary expenses. On August 29, 1950, the previous Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Justice and head of the Immigration Commission, Jose P. Bengzon, was appointed acting Minister of Justice. Defense Minister Ruperto K. Kangleon resigned two days later and was replaced by Ramon Magsaysay , who succeeded Quirino as president in 1953.
Another two weeks later there was another cabinet reshuffle on September 14, 1950. Vice-President Fernando López also became Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jose P. Bengzon Minister of Justice, Pablo Lorenzo Minister of Education, Juan C. Salcedo, Jr. Minister of Health and Salvador Araneta Minister of Economic Affairs Coordination. The previous ministers Placido L. Mapa, Prudencio Langcauon and Antonio Villarama left the government. Mapa then became chairman of the board of the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC), which was entrusted, among other things, with the dissolution of the Philippine Shipping Administration . Furthermore, the Minister for Public Works and Communications took over the position of Managing Director of the Manila Railroad Company on September 21, 1950 , while Interior Minister Sotero Baluyut was also acting Minister for Public Works and Communications.
On November 6, 1950, in Washington, DC, Secretary of State Rómulo and Treasury Secretary John W. Snyder signed a budget loan agreement in which the United States made an additional ₱ 70 million available to the Philippines. On December 1, 1950, the President announced the formation of a National Planning Commission , chaired by Jorge B. Vargas . Other members were the Minister of Public Works Sotero Baluyut, Jose Paez and Budget Commissioner Pio Joven. On December 12, 1950, a nine-person working group was set up to improve the situation in the slum areas of Manila with US grants of ₱ 3 million . The following day Quirino announced immediate measures to improve the nutritional and health situation of 6000 affected families in these areas.
Reorganization of the government and fight against the Hukbalahap
By government decree ( Executive Order No. 383 ) on December 20, 1950, the dissolution of the Ministry of the Interior was announced and its tasks were transferred to the Presidential Office. Quirino had previously discussed this with the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Quintín B. Paredes , and the chairman of the Joint Congress Committee for the Reorganization of Government, Agustin Y. Kintanar , as part of a general reorganization of the government . Two days later, on December 22, 1950, Executive Order No. 386 the Ministry for Economic Coordination, created on May 29, 1950, was dissolved and replaced by an Office for Economic Coordination. The previous minister Salvador Araneta became the administrator of this authority. At the official inauguration of Labor Minister Jose Figueras on December 28, 1950, in a speech to 3,000 union officials , the President urged the unions to support the government in its fight against communism. The government reshuffle was completed by Executive Order No. 392 of December 31, 1950, in which Quirino ordered the reorganization of numerous ministries, authorities, offices and agencies and which came into force on January 1, 1951. This reduced the number of ministries from 13 to ten. Another government decree of January 4, 1951 merged the Social Welfare Commission and the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration ( PACSA ) into the Social Welfare Administration , their administrator Asuncion A. Perez was.
After the death of the director of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI ), Pardo de Tavera, the chief of the constabulary, Brigadier General Alberto Ramos, took over this post on January 6, 1951. After a report by Defense Minister Magsaysay on the latest atrocities by the Hukbalahap in the provinces of Bataan and Tarlac , the cabinet decided on January 12, 1951 to crack down on the Huks and other gangs. A unit of three guerrilla-tested companies under Colonel Marking Agustin was commissioned to carry out the operation. After Brigadier General Calixto Duque had become acting chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces on January 15, 1951 as the successor to Major General Mariano Castañeda, he was charged with a further reorganization of the armed forces.
President Quirino submitted the amended budget to Congress on January 23, 1951, which was reduced by ₱ 5 million as a result of government reorganization to only ₱ 340,545,970. On March 8, 1951, the President approved ₱ 1.2 million for repairs to roads destroyed by typhoons and floods in November and December 1950. On March 16, 1951, Ricardo Paras became the new President of the Supreme Court and thus successor to Manuel V. Moran, who had taken over the office of Ambassador to Spain. In addition, Colonel Eustacio B. Orobia took over on March 20, 1951 from Brigadier General Pelagio Cruz, the function of Commander of the Air Force. On March 30, 1951 Colonel Florencio Selga was also appointed chief of the Philippine Constabulary and on May 28, 1951 promoted to brigadier general. On April 5, 1951, the minister in the presidential office, Teodoro Evangelista, took over the post of education minister on a provisional basis and, on April 7, 1951, defense minister Magsaysay also assumed the post of chairman of the board of the Manila Railroad Company (MRR). On April 28, 1951, Quirino submitted two urgency bills to Congress, over ₱ 35 million for public works and over ₱ 350,000 for wage administration work to implement the minimum wage law.
Support for the US in the Korean War and relations with Japan
As an ally of the United States, the Philippines took part in the Korean War, including with the 10th Battalion Combat Team (BCT) under Lieutenant Colonel Dionisio Ojeda, who was promoted to colonel on April 28, 1951. On May 7, 1951, the President received the wives and family members of the soldiers of the 10th BCT, whom he promised to relieve the troops deployed.
In honor of President Manuel Roxas, who died on April 15, 1948, his birthplace Capiz was renamed Roxas City on May 12, 1951 .
On May 23, 1951, the President ordered the fight against smuggling gangs operating from Cagayan de Sulu in Hong Kong , Sandakan and the southern Philippines near Jolo . On June 2, 1951, the President approved ₱ 3.4 million for the construction and operation of numerous elementary school classes for the 1951 financial year. According to Education Minister Evangelista, the total of ₱ 130.8 million was necessary for the entire school infrastructure. On June 20, 1951, the cabinet approved the extension of the June 30, 1951 trade agreement with Japan, which was limited to a total of $ 50 million. On June 22, 1951, a working group approved the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan, subject to the payment of reparations for damage in the Second World War, which according to this working group are estimated at $ 8 billion. The US State Department had advised the Philippine government through the contract expert and later US ambassador to Japan, John Moore Allison .
Participation in the Korean War, state visits to the USA and Spain in 1951
Government Decree No. 456 of July 1, 1951 created the Import Control Commission , chaired by Alfredo Montelibano. On July 9, 1951, the President approved ₱ 9.1 million for the maintenance of school classes in the provinces of Negros Occidental and Sorsogon . After a meeting of the reinstated National Rice and Corn Corporation , it was decided to import 25,000 tons of rice from Thailand to stabilize the food supply. On July 26, 1951, Quirino approved an additional budget of ₱ 9 million for the construction and maintenance of bridges, national roads, and provincial roads. On July 30, 1951, the President also approved 1,888,825 ₱ for the National Shipyard and Steel Corporation (NASSC ) and the National Development Council (NDC) for the construction of ocean-going ships. On August 1, 1951, Quirino received Roland Renne , President of Montana State University and at the same time the new head of the US Agency for Economic Cooperation with the Philippines ECA ( Economic Cooperation Administration ), and on August 17, 1951 Major General Albert Pierson , who was his successor Major General Leland Hobbs became the new head of the US military advisory group JUSMAG. On August 24, 1951, Colonel Jesus Vargas succeeded Colonel Amado Bautista as Vice Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.
On August 29, 1951, Quirino traveled again to the USA and signed a security and defense pact with US President Harry S. Truman in Washington, DC. With this assistance agreement, the Philippine government has now committed itself to actively intervene in the Korean War on the side of the USA. Five battalions were sent to Korea for this purpose. These formed the expeditionary force PEF ( Philippine Expeditionary Force ). Although the Hukbalahap was weakened by the military action and its leadership was shattered, the unrest against the oligarchy of the rich and its American allies spread across Luzon and the neighboring islands. In the following years Quirino stayed in the USA for medical examinations after his kidney stone operation at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in January 1950.
On September 4, 1951, he approved the clearance of 1.98 million ₱ to purchase 10 locomotives from Japan for the Manila Railroad Company. On September 8, 1951, he signed the peace treaty with Japan. At a meeting with General Douglas MacArthur , the liberator of the Philippines in World War II, on September 18, 1951 in New York City Quirino announced that the destroyed to replace the 1945 Santa Cruz Bridge over the Pasig bridge built in the name of MacArthur Bridge received becomes.
On September 30, 1951, Quirino arrived on board the Constitution in Cádiz for a state visit to Spain, which was a colonial power in the Philippines until the Spanish-American War in 1898 . During the visit there were meetings with the French head of state Francisco Franco and foreign minister Alberto Martín Artajo , but also education minister Joaquín Ruiz-Giménez , industry minister Joaquín Planell , war minister Agustín Muñoz Grandes . After another state visit to Italy , Quirino arrived in Manila on October 11, 1951.
Funding of ₱ 2.3 million was approved on October 16, 1951 as part of the homeless land transfer program. In addition, on October 22, 1951, ₱ 1.6 million was granted to pay additional teachers. On October 23, 1951, US Ambassador Cowen's accreditation ended. On October 26, 1951, the Quirino Housing Project began, which was to create 5,000 simple houses in Quezon City for a total of ₱ 18 million. On November 7, 1951, Defense Secretary Magsaysay was instructed by the President to open tenders of ₱ 18.8 million for the construction of the veterans' hospitals.
Senate elections November 1951
When the Hukbalahap uprisings increased in central Luzon , participation in the Senate elections on November 13, 1951, the so-called midterm elections , increased massively. This represented a de facto referendum on the politics of President Elpidio Quirino, who had won the presidential elections two years earlier. Despite the merger of the two wings of the Liberal Party, the Quirinistas and Avelinistas, the Quirino government was far from popular. In particular, their inability to fight corruption and the unsuccessful attempts to combat police lawlessness in rural areas had achieved notoriety. The Nacionalista Party took advantage of this situation and actively campaigned against the Liberal Party to regain a majority in the Senate. The Nationalist Party under the leadership of José P. Laurel, Quirino's main opponent in the presidential elections of November 8, 1949, won all eight Senate seats to be awarded, which was the first complete victory of the previous opposition in the Senate. The rejection of the Quirino government was so great that even the top candidate of the Liberal Party and previous Senate President Mariano Cuenco lost his Senate seat. Laurel achieved the best election result with 2,143,452 votes (48.8 percent), which was seen as his political rehabilitation after the previous allegations of collaboration with the Japanese occupying power in World War II. He was the first and so far only President to have belonged to the Senate after his presidency. Felisberto Verano of the Nacionalista Party won the by-elections, also held on November 13, 1949, to fill the vacant seat of the now Vice-President Fernando López. The bloc voting, introduced in 1941, had been abolished by Law No. 599 of 1951, resulting in larger splinter results in most later national elections.
In the run-up to the elections there were several irregularities, such as the registration of voters in Lanao on November 2nd and Cavite on November 9th. In addition, on election day, the incumbent governor of the province of Ilocos Sur , Perfecto Faypon , was dismissed by the president on charges of lack of money, property accountability , black market trading in cigarette rations , abuse of power, extortion, forgeries, dishonesty and misconduct in office.
Another outbreak of the Hibok-Hibok and budget situation
On December 5, 1951, the Hibok-Hibok broke out again, claiming 206 deaths. More than 800 people were missing. The simultaneous typhoons Amy and Wanda caused further devastation in the island province of Camiguin, whereupon the president stopped hoarding seeds, rice, maize and building materials through Act No. 4164 criminalized. At the same time, the government provided ₱ 1 million in aid for the victims in Camiguin and the Visayas. On December 17, 1951, the President paid a visit to the affected areas to see for himself the destruction. A further ₱ 150,000 was made available from the Sweepstakes gambling lottery fund.
In the cabinet meeting on February 6, 1952, it was decided to increase the annual minimum wage from ₱ 1,140 to ₱ 1,440 on the basis of the Minimum Wage Law . On February 7, 1952, the government was reshuffled again. The previous Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Education, Cecilio Putong , became the new Minister of Education, while the previous Head of the Economic Coordination Office, Pablo Lorenzo, succeeded Sotero Baluyut as the new Minister of Public Works. Former finance minister and current director general of the Manila Railroad Company Pio Pedrosa took over from Lorenzo as head of the economic coordination agency.
As the successor to Myron M. Cowen, the former commander in chief of the US Pacific Fleet Admiral Raymond A. Spruance took over the office of US ambassador to the Philippines on February 11, 1952.
On February 12, 1952, Quirino submitted to Congress the draft for the financial year 1952/53, which provided for expenditure of 587,231,475 ₱ on income of 587,776,240 ₱, and thus assumed a surplus of 544,765 ₱. On March 24, 1952, the President approved ₱ 7.3 million for the construction of a hydroelectric power station on the Ambuklao Dam on the Agno River .
On April 17, 1952, Quirino recommended that Congress adopt a joint declaration on the settlement of the war with Germany on July 9, 1951, regardless of the conclusion of a formal peace treaty. At a public meeting in San Jose , Quirino stated that he was not going to run for re-election in 1953 and that his main plan was to rule the Philippines “properly during my incumbency”. The governor of Occidental Mindoro Province , Federico Castillo , had previously announced Quirino's re-candidacy. On May 8, 1952, the Presidential Office approved ₱ 1.8 million for the construction of roads and flood protection facilities in Pampanga Province .
On June 5, 1952, the President signed the law on the organization and strengthening of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which provided, among other things, the formation of a diplomatic service and an appointment to top positions by the President on the proposal of the Foreign Minister after approval by the Appointment Commission. Quirino made a state visit to Indonesia from July 17 to 27, 1952 , where he spoke to the people's assembly about the ANZUS agreement . During his visit, the President spoke to President Sukarno , Vice President Mohammad Hatta and Minister of Education and Culture, Bahder Djohan .
On August 6, 1952, the Office of the President announced that the government now had a balanced budget and expected the national debt of ₱ 173,263,065 to be reduced in five years. This was based on the Budget Commissioner’s report that last year's total income exceeded total expenditure of ₱ 183,266,389.
Moros problem and devastation of Legazpi City
On August 10, 1952, Quirino and Defense Minister Magsaysay discussed the action against insurgent gangs in the Sulu Archipelago , especially after the escape of the Moros gang leader Hadji Kamlon. In this context, on August 22, 1952, an investigation of the overall situation of the Moros, especially on Jolo, was commissioned, which should also deal with questions of smuggling, injustices and political difficulties and possible solutions.
On August 18, 1952, the President approved the release of ₱ 7.1 million for urgent and important public works, particularly for the construction and maintenance of national roads and bridges. On September 8, 1952, a further ₱ 1.5 million was approved for road construction in Sorsogon, Lanao del Sur, Cotabato and Misamis Oriental. On September 17, 1952, Zamboanga del Sur was created in Mindanao as the 52nd province of the Philippines and Serapio Datoc was appointed the first governor of this province.
Gabriel Reyes , the first native Filipino to serve as Archbishop of Manila , died on October 10, 1952 at the age of 60. His body was then buried on October 24, 1952 in the San Miguel Church . On October 21, 1952, the typhoon Trix Legazpi City devastated and, according to the mayor Marcial Rañola, destroyed or damaged around 90 percent of the houses, leaving thousands of residents homeless. In the days that followed, numerous aid measures were carried out for the destroyed areas.
For further military cooperation between the USA and the Philippines, a task force was set up on October 25, 1952, made up of politicians and officers from both countries. On November 3, 1952, the President informed Congress that he intended to free approximately ₱ 33.9 million for urgently needed construction. On November 7, 1952, the President, together with the Minister in the Presidential Office, Marciano Roque, drafted a bill which provided for a budget of ₱ 8.6 million for relief measures in areas affected by typhoons, earthquakes, droughts, floods or other natural disasters were affected.
Controversy about running for president again
On November 24, 1952, a heated controversy began between Senator José P. Laurel and Quirino after Laurel claimed in a radio interview that Quirino had shaken hands with the Moro rebel leader Kamlon. Quirino replied: “That is a lie. I never saw Kamlon. How can I shake hands with someone I haven't even seen? ”('It's a lie. I never saw Kamlon. How can I shake hand with the person I have not even seen?').
At the same time, Laurel had suggested in the radio interview that both he and Quirino should renounce a candidacy in the 1953 presidential election in favor of Defense Minister Magsaysay. When asked by reporters what Quirino would think of this proposal, the president replied:
- “I received this with cool severity. Some describe this as absurd; other than crazy; and still others as blackmail; while others who have seriously considered it consider this idea to be unworkable and democratic. For my part, I regard this as what it is worth: for whom can it be worthwhile. Dr. Laurel is maneuvering to eliminate me as a potential rival in the 1953 election, going to the extreme of ominous bloodshed. The Shadows of the Batangas Rebellion of 1949! How edifying! Instead of crawling in front of someone: why doesn't he get up and fight openly in the most democratic and peaceful way? "
- 'I received it with a severe cold. Some describe it as absurd; others, as silly; and still others, as blackmail; while those who consider it seriously say the idea is unworkable and undemocratic. As for myself, I'll consider it for what it is worth - por lo que puede valer. Dr. Laurel is just maneuvering to eliminate me as a possible rival in 1953 by hook or by crook, going to the extreme of threatening bloodshed. Shades of the 1949 Batangas rebellion! How edifying! Instead of cringing on somebody, why does he not stand up and fight in the open in the most democratic and peaceful spirit? '
Quirino then met in the Malacañang Palace with over 20 politicians from his Liberal Party, such as the Speaker of the House of Representatives Eugenio Pérez and Senator Quintín B. Paredes. Pérez then urged the president to run for re-election in 1953. On November 26th, it was decided to reintroduce the Barangay Association chaired by the former Undersecretary of State in the Interior Ministry, Nicanor Roxas, in order to achieve closer ties between the population and politics. On December 10, 1952, the conflict between the two politicians intensified again after Senator Laurel criticized the government's policy. The President then replied that Senator Laurel has macabre plans as he steadily carries out his constructive plans. At the same time, Quirino invited the people to observe carefully and conscientiously which employment would be more advantageous for their constant prosperity. On the following December 11th and 12th, 1952, the President also contradicted rumors that he was planning to reshuffle the government and, in particular, to dismiss the head of the Economic Coordination Administrator, Mariano J. Cuenco.
Land programs, hook-on riots and expansion of relations with Japan
By government proclamation 357 of December 2, 1952, 25,475 hectares in the areas of the municipalities of Tanay and Montalban in the province of Rizal are designated as agricultural land and settlements for war veterans and the homeless. On December 14, 1952, the chief of the general staff, Major General Duque, was instructed to take more intensive action against the Huks and to protect the rice fields from the rebels. At the same time, the army accompanied a program that granted insurgents who surrendered land in various parts of the country. After another typhoon, the government approved around ₱ 2.5 million on December 18, 1952 for necessary relief measures. On December 19, 1952, the cabinet passed a resolution to set the retirement age for government employees at 65. An extension of the service period up to a year was then only possible for important positions on the basis of a confirmation from the respective head of the authority.
On December 23, 1952, Quirino formed a 15-member working group chaired by Foreign Minister Joaquín Miguel Elizalde on the question of reparations claims against Japan and the conclusion of a peace treaty. The committee included various ministers and government officials, but also members from both chambers of the Congress.
On December 28, 1952, the United States Veteran's Administration for the Philippines, Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett announced that the United States had paid ₱ 170 million in 1952 for Filipino war veterans, their families and descendants. On December 30, 1952, the President released an additional ₱ 4.8 million for maintenance and new construction of roads and bridges. On January 8, 1953, the government began two more social housing programs, in Pandacan, Pinamungahan, for around ₱ 3.4 million, and in Bago Bantay, Quezon City, just under ₱ 1.8 million. On January 28, 1953, a further ₱ 1.7 million was released for the national road construction program, but also of nearly ₱ 2.7 million to the Civil Aeronautics Administration for the expansion of civil and cargo aviation.
Quirino announced on January 31, 1953 that the government was laying down the conditions for new peace talks with the Hukbalahap. In particular, Huks who are under indictment should submit to the respective courts, so that in the event of a conviction, a presidential pardon could also apply. They should also hand over all of their weapons to the army if they surrender. After all, it would be in the hands of the Hukbalahap and their leader Luis Taruc to negotiate a peaceful task with the government.
On February 2, 1953, the president released more than ₱ 4.2 million to rebuild and rebuild buildings destroyed by the 1951 and 1952 typhoons. On February 6, 1953, the Cabinet approved the draft for the 1953/1954 financial year, which included a balanced budget at ₱ 560,364,650, spending at ₱ 560,465,300. Three days later, Budget Commissioner Pio Joven presented an amended draft on February 9, 1953, which only provided for expenditure of ₱ 535,364,650. On February 11, 1953, the President ordered the settlement of a dispute between Education Minister Cecilio Putong and the Catholic Church over religious education in schools.
On February 17, 1953, Quirino received the head of the Japanese mission in the Philippines, Togu Nakagawa, for the first time. At the same time the head of the Filipino representation in Japan, Jose Imperial , was received by Tennō Hirohito and his wife Kōjun . On February 21, 1953 diplomatic relations with South Korea were established after talks about trade relations had already started on June 8, 1949. At the cabinet meeting on February 24, 1953, it was decided to release a further ₱ 5.6 million for the construction of bridges and roads.
Quirino's presidential candidacy and rehabilitation programs for the Huks
At a meeting of the board of directors of the Liberal Party at the Manila Polo Club on February 25, 1953, a unanimous resolution was passed in which the complete satisfaction with the leadership and government of President Quirino was declared. At the same time he was asked to run for re-election. The resolution was drafted by MP Severiano P. De Leon and Senator Quintín B. Paredes . Quirino thereupon accepted the decision of the executive committee of his party and declared: “I am willing to accept the victim of the candidacy for re-election if my party and the country need me.” ('I am ready to make a sacrifice of running for re-election election if the Party and the country need me ').
In a meeting on February 27, 1953, the Cabinet agreed to allocate nearly 1.6 million to irrigation projects to encourage rice production. At the same time, the Order of Sikatuna was created by government decree No. 571 , which is awarded in five order classes. This reminds one of the first closed in the Philippines contracts with a foreign country, in the Pacto de Sangre ( Sandugo ) mounted on 16 March 1565 between the Bohol -Häuptling Datu Sikatuna and Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was closed .
After Defense Minister Ramon Magsaysay had resigned with effect from March 1, 1953, Justice Minister Oscar Castelo took over the office of Defense Minister and the functions previously exercised by Magsaysay in public companies. On March 4, 1953, the president and the new defense minister visited the internment camp at Camp Crame , the headquarters of the constabulary, where 1200 insurgents were arrested and whom Quirino promised an early release unless there were any allegations against them. In a press release on the death of Josef Stalin on March 6, 1953, Quirino announced that “ Stalin's passing does not necessarily mean the end of communism or the aggressive forces it created to disrupt an orderly world” ( 'Stalin's passing may not necessarily mean the end of communism or the aggressive forces that it has created to disrupt an orderly world ... ' ).
In a press conference on March 8, 1953, Quirino again responded to Laurel's remarks on the 1953 presidential election. In it he stated that Senator Laurel would be afraid of a fight against him in the upcoming presidential election if he declares and promotes Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the Nacionalista Party. He also added that Laurel would have betrayed Magsaysay twice if he did not nominate him. Ultimately, however, Quirino did not know who the Nacionalista Party would choose as its top candidate, but who could be sure that he (Quirino) would be the opponent for the upcoming presidential election campaign.
On March 10, 1953, the President signed Government Decrees 374, 375 and 376 which provided for the provision of 156,000 hectares of public land in the provinces of Cotabato, Lanao and Nueva Vizcaya for Huks and other dissidents who surrendered and for peace entered. The land was to be distributed and administered by the EDCOR ( Economic Development Corps ), which was part of the armed forces . On March 12, 1953, the President passed a new contingent of troops for the Korean War with the 14th Battalion Combat Team ( 14th BCT ) under Colonel Nicanor Jimenez. On March 12, 1953, Quirino signed a law ( House Bill No. 2697 ) providing for ₱ 20 million annually for the construction and maintenance of public elementary schools for a period of five years.
Magsaysay's nomination as an opponent and statements against communism
After the resignation of Mariano Jesus Cuenco, the governor of the province of Cebu , Sergio Osmeña Jr. , took over the post of head of the economic coordination agency on March 17, 1953. On March 23, 1953, nearly ₱ 4 million was approved for the construction of highways between different provinces and from coast to coast. Announcement No. 381 of March 24th declared April 9th to be Bataan Day , commemorating the Bataan death march on April 9th, 1942.
On April 13, 1953, the former defense minister in the Quirino cabinet, Ramon Magsaysay, was nominated by the Nacionalista Party as a presidential candidate and thus Quirino's opponent in the 1953 presidential elections. In a radio address on April 15, 1953, Quirino then sharply attacked leading politicians of the Nacionalista Party who had described his Liberal Party as corrupt. He would be all the more surprised that the Nacionalista Party now wanted to come to power "through a new knight whom it had recruited from the hated, corrupt Liberal Party" ('through a new knight recruited from the hated, corrupt Liberal Party '). In subsequent appearances, Quirino praised his successes in economic policy such as the newly inaugurated power plant, steel plant and fertilizer factory in Mindanao. Furthermore, after a speech on April 20, 1953, he would seek re-election in order to save the country from falling into the hands of communist sympathizers and a possible seizure of power by the communists. He also stated that if his government were voted out and a new regime that showed sympathy for the communists was elected, the country would be "overrun by the Reds." He named the Senators José P. Laurel and Claro M. Recto as “red sympathizers”. Finally, he stressed that no member of the Liberal Party had ever defended a communist in court or given them freedom to continue their "subversive activities". Second, he would run to continue the economic program initiated by his government. Third, he would run for president again in order to establish a Pacific Pact from the 1951 ANZUS agreement .
After the severe fire in Batangas City , on April 28, 1953, the government ordered relief measures to repair the damage of ₱ 4 million. The Public School Salary Act of 1953 ( House Bill No. 3175 ) of May 1, 1953 resulted in a significant increase in teachers' salaries in elementary and secondary schools. On May 5, 1953, the incumbent Defense Minister Castelo stated that during the tenure of his predecessor and current presidential candidate Magsaysay, army funds had been embezzled. On May 14, 1953, the President signed a law ( House Bill No. 3927 ) allocating ₱ 3 million to expand the government's telephone network. In order to eliminate the slum areas in Manila, House Bill No. 1 approved the expansion of the Bago Bantay house project in Quezon City . 3895 of May 15, 1953 allocated an additional ₱ 1.6 million.
Nomination of the running mates Quirino and Yulo
At the party convention of the Liberal Party Elpidio Quirino was nominated on May 24, 1953 for the presidential candidate and José Yulo for the vice-presidential candidate. Two days after the party convention, Vice-President Fernando López resigned as Minister for Agriculture and Natural Resources, after which the former Minister Placido L. Mapa took over the post of Minister for Agriculture and Natural Resources. On June 16, 1953, the President signed House Bill No. 3280 , which raised ₱ 13.1 million to areas devastated by typhoons, floods, drought, earthquakes and volcanic activity in 1951 and 1952.
On June 21, 1953, Quirino signed the final budget law for the 1953/1954 financial year, which provided for expenses of ₱ 472,283,660, with ₱ 401,314,500 for general expenses and ₱ 70,969,160 for extraordinary expenses. The largest single households were the defense budget with ₱ 174,919,910 and the education budget with ₱ 165,630,785. On June 25, 1953, the President approved the clearance of ₱ 1,057,000 for the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges for heavy goods vehicles. On June 27, 1953, Quirino began a new visit to the USA, which led him to medical examinations in Honolulu , but also in San Francisco and the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. There he was operated on on July 9, 1953 for a stomach ulcer . On July 26th, he had to undergo a second surgical procedure.
On July 8, 1953 the minister in the presidential office Marciano Roque released a further ₱ 2.978 million and on July 12, 1953 another ₱ 1.4 million for the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges for heavy goods vehicles. Roque also inaugurated the new telephone connection between Manila and Batangas City on July 18, 1953 . On July 22, 1953, on behalf of the President, Roque also approved ₱ 3 million for the operation of 1,304 expanded school classes. Roque granted on August 8, 1953 ₱ 16.8 million and on August 9, 1953 just under ₱ 2.2 million for road and bridge construction and on August 13, 1953 nearly ₱ 1.4 million for the construction and maintenance of hospitals.
1953 presidential election campaign
After an absence of around six weeks and two operations, President Quirino returned to the Philippines on September 7, 1953. On September 11, 1953, Major General Robert Milchrist Cannon took over as the new head of the US military advisory group JUSMAG. On September 13, 1953, Quirino signed the extension of the Philippine-Japanese trade agreement for a period of four months.
In a campaign appearance on September 23, 1953, Quirino called on voters to exercise their voting rights so that the country would not fall into "inexperienced hands with an adventurous spirit". In another campaign speech on September 27, 1953, he rejected the opposition in their demand to seek US help with local problems. He described his opponent Magsaysay as “a puppet of puppets” of the Nacionalista Party. At the same time, he stated: "It is clear that I am the candidate of the Filipino People while he (Magsaysay) is. He (Magsaysay) is the candidate of the American people." the candidate of the American people ').
On September 30, 1953, there was a meeting between the Foreign Minister of Japan, Katsuo Okazaki, and President Quirino, in which the aim was to intensify relations between the two states. In a speech to the students at Silliman University in Dumaguete City , the President asked him to vote if they wanted a President from the Visayas. He would not run for re-election because he was “power hungry”, but because he wanted to continue his economic program. After a six-day campaign tour through Visayas and Mindanao, the president declared on his return to Manila on October 6, 1953, that he “had come out of the tour politically and physically stronger” ('I am politically and physically stronger after the trip'). In a campaign appearance on October 8, 1953 in Vigan City , Quirino stated that the only reason to run again was to continue his development program, which would have brought prosperity to the country. Speaking to the Philippine-American Association of Filipinos on October 12, 1953, he stated:
- “I don't want to be misunderstood as anti-Americans or America haters. But I believe that something is either something through official Washington or the local US embassy or responsible elements within the US government and the people to clear our minds from the issue. I don't think we are even expected not to believe in America, but surely, and I would tell any US official to the face, we will avoid any interference by any part of the US government or any other government within ourselves Resist Matters. That doesn't mean we don't love America. That doesn't mean we don't accept America. That doesn't mean we don't want ties with America. We work together, especially on their foreign policy. But America taught us, especially our first retirees in the United States, how to value and protect our independent civil liberties. "
- 'I do not want to be misunderstood as being anti-American or hating America. But I do believe something must be done either by official Washington or the American Embassy here or responsible elements of the United States Government and people to disabuse our mind on the subject. I do not think that it is even suspected that we do not believe in America, but certainly and I will tell this in the face of any American public official, we will resist any intervention on the part of the United States government or any other government in our domestic affairs. That does not mean that we do not love America. That does not mean that we do not respect America. That does not mean that we do not wish to associate with America, for we cooperate with her, especially in her foreign policies. But America has taught us, especially the first pensionados to the United States, how to appreciate and how to protect our sovereign rights to be free. '
In a radio speech on October 16, 1953, Quirino described the Nacionalista Party as a group of idlers with no constructive plans but numerous destructive intentions. In another campaign speech on October 18, 1953 in Bacolod City , Quirino said: “Many of you have probably come to meet me out of curiosity - to see for yourself whether it is true that I am still alive. Well, I not only live, but am more determined than ever to continue my service in the best interests of our people ”('Perhaps many of you came to meet me out of curiosity - to see for yourselves whether it is true I am still alive Well, I am not only alive but am more determined than ever to continue serving the best interest of our people '). In a campaign speech in Tacloban City on October 20, 1953, the president described the opposition as "professional looters" and "destruction squadrons". Once again he attacked the supposed closeness of the Nationalist Party and its top candidate Magsaysay to the USA: “Do these people want American soldiers to monitor our elections, that they are members of the electoral commission or help promote my opponent's candidacy? What a shame! All because of one's tendency to be the puppet of a foreign power. ”('Do these people want American soldiers to supervise our polls, to be members of the Commission on Elections, or to help them push through the candidacy of my opponent ? What infamy! All these are because of a propensity of someone to be the puppet of a foreign power. ').
Also in a speech given by students at Far Eastern University on October 23, 1953, he attacked the leadership of the Nacionalista Party, stating:
- “When these fellows threaten revolution, I would like to tell you that I am prepared to face this unthinkable threat that affects not only our peace and order, but also the sovereignty and independence of this republic that we have enjoyed in the centuries of the Of struggle to receive and enjoy the blessings of freedom. "
- 'If those fellows (obviously referring to the Nacionalista leaders who have spoken of force and revolution) are going to threaten revolution, I want to tell you I am prepared to meet this unthinkable threat not only to our peace and order but to the sovereignty and independence of this Republic we have established through the centuries of struggle, trying to obtain and enjoy the blessings of liberty and freedom. '
During a campaign appearance on October 28, 1953 in Lucena City , he attacked his challenger again personally and described Magsaysay as "impulsive, immature and not prepared for the presidency".
In a campaign speech on November 2, 1953 in Cavite , Quirino described the leading politicians of the Nacionalista Party as "cackling hens" who never lay eggs because they would only criticize and talk about bad and ominous things Destroying people's belief in government. During an election campaign appearance in Plaza Miranda near the Quiapo Church on November 3, 1953, the President again criticized the "unthinkable and nefarious" plans of the Nationalist Party to demand US intervention in domestic affairs in the Philippines. Further campaign appearances took him to Lipa City on November 4, 1953 . On November 5, 1953, at a press conference in Manila, he invited foreign journalists to observe the presidential elections on November 10, 1953 in order to “show the world that we can do democratic work without outside help” ('to show to the world that we can make democracy work without outside help '). He told the American journalists: “We want to continue the traditional friendship and cooperation with the USA. We want to show our commitment with every respect for you, but for God's blessing, leave us alone in our elections. ”('We want to maintain the traditional relations of friendship and cooperation with the United States. We will meet our commitments to you in every respect but, for God's sake, let us alone in our elections. ').
Further campaign appearances led the president on November 6, 1953 to Cauayan City and Tuguegarao City and on November 7, 1953 to Lingayen and Tayug .
Qurinos lost in the 1953 presidential election
After seven years of rule by the Liberal Party, the urge to return to power in the 1953 elections was great on the part of the Nacionalista Party, which at the time did not have a suitable candidate. The most obvious candidate, former President and current Senator José P. Laurel, had previously announced that he was “spiritually tired” and would not seek the presidency. Laurel's proposal was the "adoption" of Defense Minister Ramon Magsaysay , whose successful initiatives in the fight against insurgents and communism had led to tension with the president and his Liberal Party. Despite individual protests within the Nationalist Party, Laurel's clear support led to Magsaysay's nomination as a presidential candidate of the opposition Nacionalista Party. Senator Carlos P. Garcia from Bohol was nominated as running-mate candidate for Magsaysays, whom Laurel described as "the man who will fulfill the need of the hour" - namely the fight against communism .
The Liberal Party also argued over who should stand up against the popular Magsaysay. The health-stricken President Quirino then declared that “he would run for re-election, even if he died in the attempt” ('I'm going to run for re-election, even if I have to die in the attempt') . The president of the Liberal Party, former speaker of the House of Representatives and then Senator José Yulo was nominated for the vice presidential nomination.
After the nomination, the then ambassador to the USA , Carlos P. Rómulo , and his supporters left the Liberal Party convention and founded the Democratic Party (DP). This then nominated Rómulo as their presidential candidate and at the same time supported the re-election of the previous Vice President Fernando López. The expected race of three candidates, however, was reduced to a fight between the ruling Liberal Party and the Nacionalista Party before the elections, after the DP withdrew its application in favor of supporting Magsaysay, which led to the formation of the Nacionalista-Democrata-National Citizens Party ( NCP) - led coalition .
The elections on November 10, 1953 brought a huge victory for the candidates of the Nacionalista Party Magsaysay and Garcia, which was the biggest victory so far in the presidential election. Magsaysay received 2,912,992 votes (68.9 percent), while incumbent President Quirino only received 1,313,991 votes (31.08 percent). The non-party candidate Gaudencio Bueno received only 736 votes (0.02 percent). The Quirino from Ilocos Sur was only in the four provinces of Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur, Abra and La Union in northern Luzon before Magsaysay. Garcia, too, with 2,515,265 votes (62.9 percent) clearly prevailed against Yulo, who received 1,483,802 votes (37.1 percent).
In the Senate elections that took place at the same time, the Nacionalista Party received five of the eight seats to be awarded, two seats (Fernando López, Ruperto Kangleon ) went to the Democratic Party, while Lorenzo Tañada won one seat for the NCP. In the House of Representatives elections, which also took place, the Liberal Party was able to maintain its position of supremacy despite losses and held 59 of the 102 seats. The Nacionalista Party had 31 seats and the Democratic Party 11 seats. In addition, a non-party was represented in the third congress .
On November 12, 1953, Quirino admitted his electoral defeat and congratulated the election winner Magsaysay, who thereupon called on all Filipinos to cohesion as "one nation" in a first press release. After the last cabinet meeting on December 29, 1953, Magsaysay officially took over the office of President on December 30, 1953.
cabinet
minister
President Quirino initially took over some ministers from the previous Roxas cabinet , but reformed the government several times during his tenure.
| Ministerial office | Official | Term of office | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minister for Agriculture and Natural Resources |
Placido L. Mapa Fernando López |
Mapa: September 21, 1948-14. December 1950 López: December 14, 1950–26. May 1953 |
On May 26, 1953, Mapa took over the post of Minister for Agriculture and Natural Resources provisionally until December 30, 1953 after López resigned |
| Minister of Education | Manuel Gallego | April 15, 1948-20. September 1948 | The Ministry of Education was renamed the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport on September 21, 1948 |
| Minister for Education, Culture and Sport |
Prudencio Langcauon Pablo Lorenzo Teodoro Evangelista Cecilio Putong |
Langcauon: September 21, 1948-13. September 1950 Lorenzo: September 14, 1950–3. April 1951 Evangelista: May 18, 1951-30. September 1951 Putong: April 18, 1952-30. December 1953 |
The Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport emerged on September 21, 1948 from the Ministry of Education |
| Finance minister |
Miguel Cuaderno Pio Pedrosa Aurelio Montinola, Sr. |
Cuaderno: April 15, 1948–2. January 1949 Pedrosa: January 5, 1949-12. September 1951 Montinola: April 18, 1952-30. December 1953 |
|
| Foreign minister |
Elpidio Quirino Carlos P. Rómulo Joaquín Miguel Elizalde |
Quirino: April 15, 1948-11. May 1950 Rómulo: May 11, 1950–1951 Elizalde: April 18, 1952–30. December 1953 |
Felino Neri acted as acting foreign minister with cabinet rank since January 6, 1950 |
| Minister of Health |
Antonio Villarama Juan S. Salcedo |
Villarama: April 17, 1948-31. December 1949 December 14, 1950–10. November 1953 |
|
| Interior minister |
Jose Zulueta Sotero Baluyut |
Zulueta: April 15, 1948-21. September Baluyut: September 21, 1948–1951 |
The Ministry of the Interior was abolished in 1951 by Government Decree No. 383 of December 20, 1950 and the tasks were transferred to the Presidential Office |
| Minister of Justice |
Roman Ozaeta Sabino Padilla Ricardo Nepumuceno Jose Bengzon Oscar Castelo Roberto Gianzon |
Ozaeta: April 15, 1948-17. September 1948 Padilla: September 19, 1948-30. June 1949 Nepumuceno: July 1, 1949-25. July 1950 Bengzon: August 29, 1950-23. September 1951 Castelo: January 1, 1952–16. August 1953 Gianzon: August 17, 1953-30. December 1953 |
|
| Minister for Labor and Employment |
Pedro Magsalin Primitivo Lovina Jose Figueras |
Magsalin: April 15, 1948-21. September 1948 Lovina: September 21, 1948-21. December 1950 Figueras: December 21, 1950-30. December 1953 |
|
| Minister for National Defense |
Ruperto Kangleon Ramon Magsaysay Oscar Castelo (see above) |
Kangleon: April 17, 1948-31. August 1950 Magsaysay: December 14, 1950-28. February 1953 Castelo: March 1, 1953-19. December 1953 |
|
| Minister for Public Works and Communication | Ricardo Nepumuceno (see above) Prospero Sanidad Sotero Baluyut (see above) Pablo Lorenzo (see above) |
Nepumuceno: April 15, 1948-1949 Sanidad: February 21, 1950-6. January 1951 Baluyut: January 6, 1951–6. May 1952 Lorenzo: May 6, 1952-30. December 1953 |
The Ministry of Public Works and Communications was renamed the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications on May 6, 1952 |
| Minister for Social Services and Development | Asuncion A. Perez | January 4, 1951-1953 | Asuncion A. Perez acted as head of the Social Welfare Administration or Social Services and Development Administration with cabinet rank |
| Minister in the Presidential Office |
Emilio Abello Teodoro Evangelista (see above) Marciano Roque |
Abello: April 21, 1948-21. September 1948 Evangelista: September 21, 1948–8. May 1951 Roque: February 2, 1952-29. December 1953 |
The Minister in the Presidential Office held the title of Executive Secretary |
| Minister for Trade and Industry | Placido L. Mapa (see above) Cornelio Balmaceda |
Mapa: April 15, 1948-21. September 1948 Balmaceda: September 21, 1948-30. December 1953 |
|
| Minister for Economic Coordination | Placido L. Mapa (see above) Salvador Araneta |
Mapa: May 29, 1950-14. September 1950 Araneta: September 14, 1950-22. December 1950 |
The Ministry of Economic Coordination was abolished by Government Decree No. 386 of December 20, 1950 and replaced by an Economic Coordination Office. |
Undersecretaries of State
During Quirino's presidency, numerous Undersecretaries of State belonged to the government such as: Vicente Orosa (Public Works and Communication), Felino Neri (Foreign Affairs), Esteban Abada (Education), Teodosio Diño (National Defense), Bernabe Africa (Foreign Affairs), Crispin Llamado (Finance), Jose S. Camus (Agriculture and Natural Resources), Regino Padua (Health), Filemon Cosio (Commerce and Industry, Appointment June 1949), Nicanor Roxas (Home Affairs, Appointment June 1949), Cecilio Putong (Education, Appointment July 1949), Jose Bengzon (Justice), Jose Figueras (Labor), Saturnino Mendinueto (Commerce and Industry), Bibiano L. Meer , (Commerce and Industry, appointed October 1950), Gregorio Licaros (Economic Coordination), Ceferino de los Santos ( Justice), Roberto A. Gianzon (Justice, appointed June 1952), Sixto B. Ortiz (Finance), Aurelio Quitoriano (Labor), Teodosio Diño (Defense), Amando M. Dalisay (Agriculture and Natural Resources, Commissioner Aryan appointment September 1953), Benito Pangilinan (education, provisional appointment September 1953).
Background literature
Review works
- The Philippine Government
- Turning Points I , 2007, Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 971-23-4538-6 , p. 295 ff.
- The Filipino Moving Onward 5 , 2007, Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 971-23-4154-2
- Philippines since 1946 , in: The great Ploetz. The encyclopedia of world history , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2008, p., ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , p. 1773 ff.
- John Stewart Bowman: Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , Columbia University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-231-11004-9 , p. 497
Monographs
- Heinz-Jürgen Aubeck: The Philippines: the story of a lost paradise , 2006, ISBN 3-8334-5436-9 , p. 88
- HW Brands: Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines: The United States and the Philippines . Oxford University Press, USA, 1992, ISBN 0-19-987437-9
- Artemio R. Guillermo: Historical Dictionary of the Philippines . Scarecrow Press, 2012, ISBN 0-8108-7246-3
- Alfred W. McCoy: An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. New perspectives in Southeast Asian studies . University of Wisconsin Press, 2009, ISBN 0-299-22984-X
- Ryan C. Pondoc: Elpidio Quirino: Post-War President . In: Maria Angelica A. Capili: Bantayog: Discovering Manila through its Monuments . Foreign Service Institute, 2008, ISBN 971-552-075-8 , p. 51
- Eva-Lotta E. Hedman: In the Name of Civil Society: From Free Election Movements to People Power in the Philippines . University of Hawaii Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8248-2921-2
Web links
- Quirino cabinet on the homepage of the Malacañang Palace
Individual evidence
- ↑ Official Month in Review: April 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: May 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ^ A b Keat Gin Ooi (editor): Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Volume 1, Verlag ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 1-57607-770-5 , p. 614
- ↑ a b Damon L. Woods: The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook , Verlag ABC-CLIO, 2006, ISBN 1-85109-675-2 , p. 64
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: July 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: August 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: September 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: October 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: November 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: December 1948 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ^ Yusuke Takagi: Central Banking as State Building: Policymakers and Their Nationalism in the Philippines, 1933-1964 , Verlag NUS Press, 2016, ISBN 981-4722-11-1
- ↑ Official Month in Review: January 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: February 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: March 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: April 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: May 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: July 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ These funds were requested by the previous President Roxas on December 9, 1947 from the United States.
- ↑ Official Month in Review: August 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: September 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: October 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ^ Filipinos elect friend of US , In: Life, Nov. 21, 1949, pp. 33-39
- ↑ a b Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann: Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific , OUP Oxford, 2001, ISBN 0-19-924959- 8 , p. 226
- ↑ Briones was previously a judge at the Supreme Court and formally resigned his judge's office because of the candidacy on June 18, 1949, see Official Month in Review: June 1949
- ↑ Elections of 1949 in Philippine Electoral Almanac (pp. 80–84)
- ↑ Elections of 1949 in Philippine Electoral Almanac (pp. 80–84)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: November 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: December 1949 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: January 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: February 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: March 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: May 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: July 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: August 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Vivienne Sanders: Access to History: The Cold War in Asia 1945-93 , Hachette UK, 2015, ISBN 1-4718-3880-3
- ↑ In addition, Mapa temporarily acted as acting finance minister during the absence of finance minister Pedrosa, see Official Month in Review: September 1950
- ↑ Official Month in Review: September 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: November 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: December 1950 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Duque officially took over the post of Chief of Staff on June 2, 1951 and was promoted to major general at the same time. Castañeda resigned voluntarily on his return as a member of a military mission in the United States led by Foreign Minister Rómulo. See Official Month in Review: June 1951
- ↑ Official Month in Review: January 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: March 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: April 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ The members of the 10th BCT returned June 18, 1951 after one year of service in Korea and were received by President Quirino at Fort William Mckinley , which is now Fort Bonifacio and is the headquarters of the armed forces. At the same time it was replaced by the 20th BCT. In his speech, the president called on the army to fight against communism “on all fronts”. See Official Month in Review: June 1951
- ↑ Official Month in Review: May 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: July 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: August 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ The great Ploetz. The encyclopedia of world history , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2008, S., ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , S. 1774
- ↑ Official Month in Review: September 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: October 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Legislative Elections of 1951 in Philippine Electoral Almanac (p. 84)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: November 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: December 1951 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ On May 4, 1952, the victims, who had become homeless as a result of the Hibok-Hibok outbreak, were given new land by the government on an area of 3500 hectares between Claveria and Balingasag . See Official Month in Review: May 1952
- ↑ Official Month in Review: February 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: March 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: April 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: May 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: July 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Hadji Kamlon surrendered in November 1952 and was then formally handed over on November 13, 1952 by Justice Minister Oscar Castelo and Colonel Agustin Marking to the head of the penal service in Muntinlupa City . A day earlier, on November 12, 1952, President Quirino assured Kamlon's family that he would be subjected to a fair trial. See Official Month in Review: November 1952
- ↑ Official Month in Review: August 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: September 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Reyes was succeeded as Archbishop of Manila on February 10, 1953 by Rufino Jiao Santos (see: Official Month in Review: March 1953). Reyes' body was later interred in Manila Cathedral.
- ↑ Official Month in Review: October 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: November 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ On January 21, 1953, the working group was expanded to include Defense Minister Magsaysay and the Administrator for Economic Coordination Cuenco and two members of the opposition Nacionalista Party to 19 members. See: Official Month in Review: January 1953
- ↑ Official Month in Review: December 1952 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: January 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Paredes himself ruled out his own candidacy on May 4, 1953, which came into question only and exclusively if Quirino renounced it. See: Official Month in Review: May 1953
- ↑ Official Month in Review: February 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: March 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: April 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ At the beginning of the Bago Bantay house project, s. January 8, 1953
- ↑ Official Month in Review: May 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: July 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: August 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ After his election defeat in the presidential election, Quirino accused Major General Cannon of meddling in Filipino politics. See US AIDE ACCUSED ON VOTE BY QUIRINO; Defeated Philippine Chief Says General Cannon Ordered Officers to Interfere . In: The New York Times, November 19, 1953
- ↑ Official Month in Review: September 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: October 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Hale foe for frail Quirino. Young Magsaysay drives hard to win Presidency . In: Life, Nov. 2, 1953, pp. 30-32
- ↑ Official Month in Review: June 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ Elections of 1953 in Philippine Electoral Almanac (pp. 85-89)
- ↑ Official Month in Review: November 1953 ( Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines)
- ↑ see Official Month in Review: December 1950
- ↑ see Official Month in Review: January 1951
- ↑ On December 23, 1952 Asuncion A. Perez also became head of the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement , a movement initiated by the president to rebuild rural areas as part of the presidential program to improve living conditions. see Official Month in Review: December 1952
- ↑ see Official Month in Review: December 1950