Organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein

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Late Renaissance prospectus (1625) in the Lübeck Aegidienkirche

The organ landscape of Schleswig-Holstein comprises the organ inventory that has grown over time in the cultural landscape of Schleswig-Holstein . Its origins go back to the late Gothic period. But it was not until the 17th century that an independent organ landscape emerged , which was exposed to the changing influences of neighboring cultural regions (primarily from Hamburg, Lübeck and Denmark). In the 18th century, the Schnitger School and, from the second half of the 19th century, the Danish organ building company Marcussen & Søn had a decisive influence on the organ landscape. In the modern era, in addition to the restoration of historical instruments, some nationally significant new buildings in different styles were built.

The article traces the history of organ building in what is now Schleswig-Holstein and focuses on the organs that have been preserved. Further information on individual instruments can be found in the list of organs in Schleswig-Holstein and in the complete list of organs in Lübeck .

Gothic

Gothic main works prospectus from 1512 in Garding

The first organs in the area studied were built in the 13th century. There is evidence of an organ for Lübeck Cathedral in 1259, one year later for Ratzeburg Cathedral and 1282 for Bergedorf (since 1868 in Hamburg). Late Gothic organs sounded in Rendsburg from 1420, in Preetz Monastery from 1427 and in St. Nicolai from 1431 in Mölln . The oldest parts of today's Möllner organ go back to around 1500, as Christoph Julius Bünting incorporated old pipes into his new building in 1766. The oldest parts of the two organs of the Jakobikirche in Lübeck date back to the late Gothic: The main body of the large organ dates from 1466/1504 (Peter Lasur), that of the small organ from 1467/1515. Some registers from this period have also been preserved. A Gothic prospectus with richly carved ornaments by an unknown organ builder from 1512 can be seen in the main organ in the St. Christian's Church in Garding . The instrument is related to the organ of the Rysum church from 1457/1531.

Little is known about organ building and the function of organs in the Gothic period. In the pre-Reformation period they fulfilled an important function within the liturgy and took over parts of the Holy Mass and the prayers of the hours , but until the 17th century they were not used to accompany the church singing. The block work of the Gothic organ did not allow separate play with individual stops , but only the full work of the individual parts .

Renaissance

Detail from the Flensburg Renaissance prospectus from 1609

The organs of the Renaissance were largely shaped by the Dutch influence of the Hamburg organ landscape. In the second half of the 16th century the first organ builders can be identified by name. The Hamburg-based Jacob Scherer expanded the organs in Mölln. Scherer's new organ for the Ratzeburg Cathedral (1551–1563) was later replaced. In St. Nikolai in Kappeln there are eight registers wholly or partially from the 16th century, which are attributed to Jacob Scherer and his son-in-law Dirk Hoyer on the basis of the lengths and signatures. In Kiel, Scherer had the pedal circumference begin at low C for the first time. In 1573, Hans Köster from Lübeck built a choir organ for the Preetz Monastery, which was later expanded to include a Rückpositiv and pedal towers, but which has been preserved in the basic inventory of the main work. In the same year he added a richly decorated Rückpositiv to the large organ of the Jakobikirche in Lübeck.

Representative Renaissance housings from the time around 1600 have been preserved, for example in the St. Magnus Church / Tating (main work: 1590, Rückpositiv: 1650), in St. Pankratius / Oldenswort by Johann Heinrich Färber (1592), in the castle chapel from Gottorf Castle by Johann von Groningen (1597), in Marne by Hans and Christian Bockelmann (1603) and in the Nikolaikirche Flensburg by Nikolaus Maaß (1604–1609). One of the most impressive North German prospectuses in the style of the late Renaissance with rich carving, projecting blind wings and crowning lanterns was designed by Michael Sommer in 1624/1625 in the Aegidienkirche Lübeck for the former organ by Hans Scherer the Younger . A larger collection of 13 registers by Anthonius Wilde can be found in St. Nicolai in Wöhrden (1593–1595). The oldest playable organ in Schleswig-Holstein is in St. Martin / Tellingstedt . Here created Tobias Brunner , a two-manual work, which was extended by a pedal mechanism in 1937, but today still has three-quarters of the original tab stock. In St. Nikolai / Kotzenbüll , part of the pipework goes on the 16./17. Century back.

Opposite the Gothic organ, the invention led Spring loading and the grinding charge in a substantial sound differentiation. In addition to technical innovations, the renaissance brought about numerous new registers.

Baroque

One of the most important early baroque organs in northern Germany is the small organ in the Jakobikirche in Lübeck . In 1636–1637 Friedrich Stellwagen added a back positive, breastwork and pedal mechanism to the late Gothic swallow's nest organ built as an instrument (1467/1515). Stellwagen's first well-known new building was probably the organ for the church of the Burgkloster in Lübeck: The instrument was completed in 1637, and Stellwagen is the only organ builder who was demonstrably active in Lübeck during these years. For the castle church of Ahrensburg (Woldenhorn) he built his first partially preserved new building in 1639/1640 (housing and six registers have been preserved).

The prospectus in St. Nikolai / Burg on Fehmarn by Berendt Hus (1661–1665 / 1674–1675), the teacher Arp Schnitgers , was originally in the town church of Glückstadt and was transferred there in 1940. The work in Probsteierhagen dates back to 1670 by an unknown organ builder . In 1673 Joachim Richborn expanded the large organ of the Jakobikirche Lübeck with the pedal towers. A middle part of the case by Richborn (1681–1683) can be seen in St. Laurentius / Tönning .

In St. Katharinen in Gelting there is a converted prospectus (1708) by an unknown master. Hinrich Wiese built the organs in the manor house Damp (1699) and in St. Johannis / Neukirchen (1726), Nikolai Plambeck the organ of the Preetz town church (1733).

Arp Schnitger

Standard case of the Schnitger organ in Rendsburg (1716)

The central figure in the north German Baroque organ building is Arp Schnitger , who was granted the organ building privileges for Schleswig and Holstein in 1702 . Behind the Renaissance prospect of the Nikolaikirche in Flensburg, Schnitger built a large three-manual organ with 42 stops from 1707–1709, which was replaced in 1922. His organ of similar size in the town church of St. Laurentii in Itzehoe (1715–1719) was completed after his death by his master journeyman Lambert Daniel Kastens . The brochures of Schnitger's two-manual organs are in Elmshorn (1684), in Eutin Castle (1693) and Kiel Castle (after 1702), the case and eleven registers of the Old Church on Pellworm, in whole or in part, and in the Christ Church (Rendsburg) (1714 –1716) received the housing and four registers.

Schnitger's organs essentially have a five-part front structure with a polygonal central tower and pointed side towers, which could be expanded for larger organs. In accordance with the work principle , the spatially separate works are arranged according to the Hamburg prospectus , as with his predecessors Gottfried Fritzsche and the Scherer family of organ builders . In the late works in Schleswig-Holstein, Schnitger tended to combine the individual works into a large, uniform brochure. The main work is dominated by the full principal choir , supplemented by trumpets and flute parts. The Rückpositiv in the gallery balustrade outwardly represents the scaled-down form of the main work, but is tonally characterized by different flute, multi-choir aliquot stops and short-bellied reeds . The pedal is designed without pedal coupling and is fully equipped with powerful labial and lingual whistles, as was necessary for the accompaniment of the church singing.

Schnitger School

Busch organ in Uetersen (1749)

Matthias Dropa was probably Schnitger's journeyman between 1680 and 1692 and then worked from Hamburg and Lüneburg. His prospectus in Bargteheide dates from 1690. Hans Hantelmann worked for Schnitger for 15 years from 1682 and opened his own workshop in the Hanseatic city in 1697 on the occasion of the new organ in Lübeck Cathedral, which he completed on behalf of the master. In Lübeck and Ratzeburg he carried out a number of repair work. His new buildings in the castle church (1713) and in Breitenfelde (1717) were later replaced. After Schnitger's death, Lambert Daniel Kastens obtained his privileges for Schleswig and Holstein until he moved from Itzehoe to Copenhagen in 1728 and his colleague Johann Dietrich Busch took over the privilege and his workshop. Together with Busch, Kastens expanded the organs in the Schleswig Cathedral and in the St. Mary's Church in Flensburg in 1731/1732 . Busch left representative organs in the Laurentius Church in Munkbrarup (1740) and in the monastery church Uetersen (1749). Johann Hinrich Klapmeyer was also in the Schnitger tradition, as he had learned organ building from his father, who was Schnitger's student. From 1729 Klapmeyer ran a workshop in Glückstadt and was granted the organ building license for life in 1735. He built new organs in Barmstedt (1719–1720), Herzhorn (1721), Wyk auf Föhr (1735) and Wesselburen (1736–1738). With the exception of Herzhorn, the case and a few registers have been preserved in these organs. After Klapmeyer's death in 1753, Johann Daniel Busch took over his father's workshop and received the coveted organ building privilege for Schleswig and Holstein. The two Busch are considered to be the most important organ builders in Schleswig-Holstein. An organ was built in Langenhorn from 1758–1761, for Satrup in 1761, for the Marienkirche / Grundhof in 1760–1762. A small positive organ followed in Eddelak in 1763 , which was integrated into a new building in 1842 as an upper work, in 1770 an organ in Hohenwestedt , 1771 in Neustadt in Holstein , 1776 in Schönwalde am Bungsberg , 1779 Itzehoe (St. Jürgen's Chapel) and 1782 in Oldenburg in Holstein . Busch built a new organ in Kahleby in 1784 and a year later in St. Nicolai / Neuenkirchen , which has been almost completely preserved, as well as in St. Wilhadi / Ulsnis in 1786 and in Sankt Margarethen in 1787 . Johann Matthias Schreiber (Glückstadt), the son-in-law of Georg Philipp Telemann, is also assigned to the Schnitger School . In his organ in the Rellinger Church , the prospectus and 6 registers are original, while the organ in the Trinitatiskirche / Neuendorf (1757) has largely been preserved and only the prospectus (1758) in Koldenbüttel .

Rococo and Classicism

Heßler organ in Eckernförde (1762)

In the 1760s, organ building also experienced a small heyday outside of the Schnitger school. New organs were built in St. Nicolai / Eckernförde by Johann Georg Heßler (1762) and in Grömitz by Christoph Julius Bünting (1766) from Lübeck, who in the same year completed his new organ in St. Nicolai / Mölln using old registers . In 1767 Johann Hinrich Mittelheuser ( Wilster ) built an organ for the village church in Breitenberg and around the same year Matthias Joachim Vogel (Lübeck) built a work in the Johanniskirche / Krummesse , half of which still has the old registers. In 1776 Boye Lorentzen built a small choir organ above the pulpit altar in St. Petri / Ostenfeld (Husum) . Due to the continued operation of the Schnitger School on the one hand and the difficult external political and economic circumstances on the other (Danish domination, coalition wars , Danish bankruptcy in 1813 , compulsory taxes, etc.), however, the Rococo and Classicism could not develop an independent organ epoch.

romance

Marcussen & Søn

Marcussen organ in Ahrensbök (1867)

After decades of relative standstill, the organ building activity did not start again until around 1840 with the start of the Danish company Marcussen & Søn . Opus 1 had already been delivered to Sieseby in 1820 . After the company had received the title “Organ Builder of the Royal Court of Denmark” in 1836, it received large orders for the Schleswig Cathedral (1839) and the Nikolaikirche in Kiel , each with 47 registers. Marcussen organs from the time before the German-Danish war (1864) are preserved in the Schifferkirche Arnis (1842), the Flintbeker Church (1845), the Plöner Johanneskirche (1845), in Oeversee (1846), Schloss Glücksburg (1847) , Kirchbarkau (1852), the Petrikirche Landkirchen (1854), in Heiligenstedten (1855), St.-Jürgen / Grube (1859) and Sankt Margarethen (1859). Until the final separation of Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark in 1920, which led to a decline in orders, the company delivered numerous traditional-style instruments with strong intonation and solid construction, from 1848 to 1891 over half of the 200 new buildings, including the organs in the Trinity Church Wewelsfleth (1866), in the St. Jürgen Church Gettorf (1866), the Marienkirche Ahrensbök (1867), in Hemme (1873), Hollingstedt (Treene) (1874), the Marienkirche Nübel (1873), in Bannesdorf on Fehmarn (1880), in the Katharinenkirche Großenaspe (1881) and in the village church Zarpen (1883). Johann Heinrich Färber had learned organ building from Marcussen and built von Tönning between 20 and 30 organs, including 1868–1869 in Bredstedt and 1876 in the New Church on Pellworm.

In the 1890s Marcussen & Søn introduced tube pneumatics and from the 20th century the pneumatic action . Examples are the organs in St. Matthäi / Lübeck (1901–1902), Esgrus (1911–1912) and Uelvesbüll (1914). Marcussen also used electro-pneumatics, which, however, remained prone to failure. With the introduction of the new technologies, the company remained competitive, but broke with the centuries-old tradition of the work principle and the mechanical sliding drawer. In this way, the Schleswig-Holstein organ landscape merged with general German organ building. In the romantic organ building the fundamental voices dominated and the aim was to achieve the most infinitely variable sound dynamics.

Organ builders operating nationwide

In the second half of the 19th century, organ building companies that were more and more supraregional were given orders in Schleswig-Holstein. The famous Johann Friedrich Schulze ( Paulinzella ) renewed the organ in the Eutin palace chapel in 1862 . Carl Johann Heinrich Röver ( Stade ) built an instrument in Sterley in 1894 and Wilhelm Sauer ( Frankfurt an der Oder ) in Welt (Eiderstedt) in 1898 , in the Altenkrempe basilica in 1901 and in Ostenfeld (Husum) in 1905 . In 2003, the Nikolaikirche in Kiel acquired a choir organ made in 1920 by Charles Mutin .

20th and 21st centuries

The 1968 Kemper organ in the Marienkirche in Lübeck is the largest organ in the country.
West organ in Neustadt (2010) in the Renaissance style

The “Organists' Conference in Hamburg-Lübeck” in 1925 heralded the end of romantic organ building and the beginning of the organ movement , which after the Second World War led to a return to traditional techniques, but in many cases also to a neo-baroque sound. Emanuel Kemper founded a family business in Lübeck in 1868. Son Karl and grandson Emanuel (Magnus) Kemper were important representatives of the organ movement who, after the destruction of the World War, built numerous new organs, especially in northern Germany, but also restored historical instruments. After a restoration of the large organ in Lübeck's Jakobikirche in 1935 based on plans by Hugo Distler and Erich Thienhaus , an extension was made in the years 1957–1965. The new building in the Marienkirche (1962–1968) by Kemper was with 100 stops on five manuals and pedal the largest organ in the world with a mechanical action.

Klaus Becker from Tremsbüttel oriented himself on the organ reform in the spirit of Albert Schweitzer . He built organs in Lütjenburg (1968), in the Petrikirche zu Bosau (1972, with Spanish trumpets ), in St. Georg auf dem Berge in Ratzeburg (1973), Berkenthin (1974) and in the St. Clemens Church in Nebel (1981).

Paschen Kiel Orgelbau has been based in Kiel since 1968 . Organs were made for Rensefeld (1968, with Spiegelprinzipal ), Tating (1969/1980) and Haseldorf (1986) , for example . Marcussen & Søn built three manual organs for the Schleswig Cathedral (1963), the Sankt-Johannis-Kirche / Meldorf (1977) and the Marienkirche in Flensburg (1983).

Nationwide and partly internationally active companies also built organs in Schleswig-Holstein such as Karl Schuke (Berlin) in the Ratzeburg St. Petri Church (1980) or Detlef Kleuker (Brackwede). He designed the organs in the Nikolaikirche Kiel (1959) and the Marienkirche Husum (1963). The main organ in Ratzeburg Cathedral was built in 1978 by Rieger Orgelbau . Franz Grollmann built the instrument in St. Laurentii / Itzehoe behind the Schnitger Prospect in 1976 , the Swiss Metzler Orgelbau built the organ of the St. Michaelis Church in 1987 , Orgelbau Mühleisen (Leonberg) built the organs in St. Severin / Keitum (1999) and the Peter-Paul-Kirche (2006) and Gerald Woehl (Marburg) 2009 in the Nikolaikirche Flensburg the double organ: a reconstruction of the Schnitger organ (III / P / 42) and behind it a large symphonic organ (IV / P / 63) .

From 1960 onwards, various organ builders had learned from the mistakes of the organ movement (too low wind pressure, inferior materials, registers with few fundamental tones, high aliquot registers and too wide scales) and built new instruments in a consistently historicizing style. The leading organ builder in this field is Jürgen Ahrend , who in 1972 built a North German baroque organ in a modern case for the Nathan Söderblom Church in Reinbek . In 2000 Johannes Rohlf reconstructed the Plambeck organ (1733) in the Preetz town church. The Wegscheider organ workshop in Reinfeld (Holstein) (2004) incorporated the old positive case. In 1997 Dieter Bensmann built a new building for Bargteheide behind the prospectus by Matthias Dropa (1690) and an instrument with Werckmeister tuning (2001–2002) for St. Jürgen / List . Rowan West built a new building in the style of a Renaissance organ behind the 17th century prospect for the Neustadt in Holstein town church . Pipes and throats were copied from old models from north German organs and the pipes were manufactured using the historical process (sand casting, hammered to strength). Reinalt Johannes Klein built a new organ behind the prospectus from 1793 in St. Nikolai / Kappeln in 2011–2014 , including four registers from the 18th century.

literature

  • Cordt-Wilhelm Hegerfeldt: Organs and brochures - from 1512 to 2010 - in the churches of Schleswig-Holstein . In: Society for Schleswig-Holstein History (Hrsg.): Communications of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History . 2010, ISSN  2196-3428 ( online, PDF file; 1.81 MB ).
  • Gisela Jaacks, Renate Paczkowski: Organs in Schleswig-Holstein . Westholsteinische Verlagsanstalt Boyens & Co., Heide in Holstein 1981, ISBN 3-8042-0244-6 .
  • Dirk Jonkanski, Heiko Seidel: Organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. For the history and maintenance of a sound and art monument . Ludwig, Kiel 2012, ISBN 978-3-86935-141-4 .
  • Otto Schumann: Sources and research on the history of organ building in the Duchy of Schleswig before 1800 . Katzbichler, Munich 1973.
  • Günter Seggermann, Wolfgang Weidenbach: Monument organs between the North and Baltic Seas . Merseburger, Berlin 1992, ISBN 978-3-87537-233-5 .
  • Dietrich Wölfel: The wonderful world of the organ. Lübeck as an organ city . 2nd Edition. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2004, ISBN 3-7950-1261-9 .

Web links

Commons : Organs in Schleswig-Holstein  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Jonkanski, Seidel: Organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, p. 15.
  2. ↑ Konrad Küster : Rysum and the organ culture of the marshes . In: Holger Balder (ed.): The Gothic organ in the Rysum church. Festschrift for the 555th anniversary of the Gothic organ Rysum 2012 . Self-published, Rysum 2012, DNB  1028080913 , p. 60–75, here: p. 70 ( online, PDF file; 2.9 MB ).
  3. ↑ Hans Klotz : About the organ art of the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. Music, disposition, mixtures, lengths, registration, use of the pianos . 3. Edition. Bärenreiter, Kassel 1986, ISBN 3-7618-0775-9 , p. 9, 27 .
  4. ^ Hegerfeldt: organs and brochures. 2010, p. 3 ( online , accessed May 9, 2019; PDF file; 1.81 MB).
  5. ↑ a b Schlei-Bote from October 25, 2014: The secret of the old organ , accessed on May 9, 2019.
  6. ↑ Wölfel: The wonderful world of the organ. 2004, p. 106.
  7. ^ Church district Lübeck-Lauenburg: Organ in St. Aegidien . Retrieved May 9, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Günter Seggermann, Wolfgang Weidenbach: historical organs between the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Merseburger, 1992, ISBN 3-87537-233-6 , p. 92.
  9. ↑ Hans Klotz: About the organ art of the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. Music, disposition, mixtures, lengths, registration, use of the pianos . 3. Edition. Bärenreiter, Kassel 1986, ISBN 3-7618-0775-9 , p. 60-68 .
  10. ↑ Dietrich Wölfel: The story of a historical organ in Lübeck. The small organ in St. Jakobi (Stellwagenorgan). Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2010, ISBN 978-3-7950-7084-7 .
  11. ↑ Cf. Wölfel: The wonderful world of the organ. 2004, p. 159, or Ibo Ortgies : Stellwagen . In: Ludwig Finscher (Hrsg.): The music in past and present . Person part . tape 15 . Bärenreiter, Kassel 2006, Sp. 1411-1412, here: Col. 1412 .
  12. ^ Heike Angermann: Stellwagen organ in Woldenhorn . In: Diedrich Becker, Musicus. Approaching a musician and his time. Dissertation University of Würzburg, Zeulenroda 2013, pp. 23–25 (PDF file; 2.15 MB).
  13. ↑ a b c Jonkanski, Seidel: Organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, p. 18.
  14. ↑ Cornelius H. Edskes , Harald Vogel : Arp Schnitger and his work (=  241st publication by the Society of Organ Friends ). 2nd Edition. Hauschild, Bremen 2013, ISBN 978-3-89757-525-7 , pp. 147 .
  15. ↑ GOArt research database: Organ in Rendsburg , accessed on May 9, 2019.
  16. ↑ Cornelius H. Edskes , Harald Vogel : Arp Schnitger and his work (=  241st publication by the Society of Organ Friends ). 2nd Edition. Hauschild, Bremen 2013, ISBN 978-3-89757-525-7 , pp. 12 .
  17. ^ Ibo Ortgies : Arp Schnitger . In: Ludwig Finscher (Hrsg.): The music in past and present . Person part . tape 14 . Bärenreiter, Kassel 2005, Sp. 1531 .
  18. ↑ Kathrin Heitmüller: The organ builder Matthias Dropa in the socio-cultural environment of his time , p. 4 (PDF file; 73 kB), accessed on May 9, 2019.
  19. ↑ Jonkanski, Seidel: organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, pp. 23–24.
  20. ↑ Jonkanski, Seidel: organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, p. 16.
  21. ^ Organ in Krummesse , accessed on May 9, 2019.
  22. ↑ Jonkanski, Seidel: organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, p. 26.
  23. ^ Organ in Sieseby , accessed on the website of the builder on May 9, 2019.
  24. ↑ Jonkanski, Seidel: organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, p. 27.
  25. ↑ Hermann Fischer : 100 Years of the Association of German Organ Builders . Orgelbau-Fachverlag, Lauffen 1991, ISBN 3-921848-18-0 , p. 182 .
  26. ^ Hegerfeldt: organs and brochures. 2010, p. 4 ( online , accessed May 9, 2019; PDF file; 1.81 MB).
  27. ↑ Wölfel: The wonderful world of the organ. 2004, p. 73.
  28. ^ The organ at Sankt Nikolai, Flensburg , accessed on the church website on May 9, 2019.
  29. ↑ Jonkanski, Seidel: organ landscape Schleswig-Holstein. 2012, p. 31.
  30. ^ Organ in Reinbek , accessed on May 9, 2019.