Czechs in Vienna

The Czechs were the most strongly represented ethnic group in Vienna after the German-Austrians during the Danube Monarchy, so that around 1900 the imperial capital and residence city of Vienna was the second largest Czech city after Prague .

General

Under King Ottokar II Přemysl , the first Czechs from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia settled in Vienna around 1250 . After his death in the battle on the Marchfeld , Ottokar was laid out for 30 weeks in the Minorite Church in Vienna and in 1279 was buried in the crypt of the monastery church of the Znojmo Minorite Monastery. It was not until 18 years later, in 1296, that his remains were transferred to Prague . However, his heart stayed in Vienna.

The definitive fixation of the Habsburg imperial court in Vienna later brought with it an immigration of the nobility, who had to be represented at the court, and their servants. Middle and lower social classes followed. In the second half of the 18th century, the influx increased.

The immigrants initially settled in the suburbs that were then and now the districts of Landstrasse and Wieden .

Emperor Joseph II was taught the Czech language by Johann Wenzel Pohl and also introduced this language as a subject in the Theresian Military Academy of Wiener Neustadt . An imperial ordinance from 1778 directed that in the suburb of Wieden - which also included parts of what is now the Favoriten district - announcements had to be made in the Czech language.

In 1856 the first Czech association, Slovanský pěvecký spolek , was supposed to be founded in Vienna, but this was not approved by the responsible authorities until 1862. According to the constitutional law of December 21, 1867, every “ethnic group” of old Austria had linguistic equality and thus the right to public schools, but in Lower Austria (and thus especially in Vienna) the Czechs living there were not called “ethnic groups” and thus the Czech language not recognized as a "customary language". This caused great problems when setting up a school.

By order of the Christian Social Mayor Lueger , from 1897 onwards the Vienna municipality , the Viennese city administration, only offered a job if one belonged to the German nationality . In 1901 he tightened this to a mandatory commitment to the German colloquial language .

On October 28, 1918, when Old Austria fell apart, the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed by Švehla, Soukup, Stříbený and Rašín . This gave the Czechs of Vienna a protective power, which received additional international support through various treaties. Nevertheless, in January 1923, Johann Klimeš complained to the Vienna City Council that not only was Austrian citizenship necessary to join the Viennese fire brigade in “Red Vienna” , but also German nationality.

A question of survival in the truest sense of the word was the question of unemployment and emergency benefits for needy unemployed people with Czechoslovak citizenship in Vienna. In order not to have to make payments to Austrians who had become unemployed in Czechoslovakia , the government in Prague provoked the suspension of payments from Austria to Czechs in Austria and supported its citizens through the consulate general . This approach was heavily criticized by the Vienna newspaper Vídeňské dělnické listy (Wiener Arbeiterblätter).

population

Information about the population of Vienna and the composition of the population is partly inaccurate.

monarchy

According to the 1900 census , around 1.6 million people from all ethnic groups in the Danube Monarchy lived in Vienna . Officially, 102,974 people declared themselves to use Czech as a colloquial language . Since the term "colloquial language" was not clearly defined, Czech historians estimate the true number of Czechs at around 250,000 to 300,000. Based on official statistics , Vienna was the second largest Czech city in Europe at the time.

According to Karl Maria Brousek, censuses in the monarchy were always carried out at the end of the year when seasonal workers were in their home country (and therefore not statistically recorded in Vienna). Furthermore, it was made clear by politicians and offices of the City of Vienna and German national groups that Vienna wanted to be preserved as a German city. This policy, which was mainly directed against Czech influence, was very popular with the German majority population.

It can be assumed that the fear of possible disadvantages if the Czech colloquial language was given truthfully prompted many Viennese citizens to declare themselves German. Therefore the estimates of the actual number of Czech Viennese deviate drastically from the official figures.

In 1911, the Christian-Social Mayor Neumayer and the City of Vienna's City Administration instructed the municipal child care centers not to give any more magistrate childrens to foster parents of non-German nationality and "to those parties where there is suspicion of the Bohemian colloquial language to take away the child immediately".

People who immigrated to Vienna - regardless of nationality, not just Czechs - were threatened with deportation to their home community if they became impoverished or homeless; only the home community was obliged to provide social assistance. The granting of homeland rights in Vienna was severely restricted from 1863.

In 1880, 7,051 people were deported from Vienna: 2,222 people to Bohemia, 1,503 to Moravia, 225 to Silesia, 139 to Galicia, 900 to Hungary and 312 to Germany.

A municipal statute that came into force on March 28, 1900, during the term of office of Karl Lueger and passed by the Lower Austrian Landtag , forced every citizen who applied for citizenship in Vienna to take an oath before the mayor, among other things, that he would “hold the German I want to keep the character of the city upright ”.

The municipal statute provided for the structure of the residents in §§ 5 and 8 as follows:

• Foreigners (those who are not parishioners)
• Parishioners:
  • Community members (not entitled to reside, but real owners, self-employed traders or income earners who pay direct tax)
  • Community members (entitled to live)
  • Citizens (community members on application and resolution)

The legal right to be granted the right of home after at least ten years of residence in a municipality was introduced in Austria under imperial law in 1901.

First republic

The collapse of the monarchy and the founding of Czechoslovakia led to a massive wave of re-emigration from November 1918, which lasted until the end of the First Republic and the dictatorial “ corporate state ” in 1938. Among the returnees from Vienna, the Czechoslovak government was primarily interested in previous kuk and kk civil servants and in better trained workers who should use their specialist knowledge to help build the new state.

In the first Austrian census after the war, in 1923, a distinction was made between Czech and Slovak in the colloquial language . Czech media and organizations in Vienna asked their members to acknowledge their Czech origins . Contrary to some unrealistic estimates of up to 250,000 people, 81,345 Viennese gave one of the two languages ​​as a colloquial language: 79,278 Czech and 2,066 Slovak.

In the next census on March 22, 1934, the events of the Austrian civil war five weeks earlier played a major role. Many Czech Viennese were close to the social democracy that had just been banned and avoided any evidence in this regard.

time of the nationalsocialism

The last census before the Second World War took place in 1939 ; the mother tongue was also raised. Many Viennese who had long spoken German as a colloquial language often truthfully stated (for fear of the Nazi dictatorship?) That they had Czech as their mother tongue: 56,248 people cited Czech or Slovak, 42% more than either of the two in 1934 Mentioned languages ​​as colloquial language.

During the Second World War, around 40,000 mostly young Czechs came to Vienna as forced laborers and around 35,000 to Lower Austria, in what was then Reichsgau Niederdonau . As they mostly had to live in camps under strict surveillance , they had little influence on the Czechs living in Vienna.

Second republic

Immediately after the Second World War, in 1945/1946 there was a wave of immigration that was not recorded in numbers to the Czechoslovak Republic, which was barely destroyed by the war, where the government lured the displaced German population with the property left behind (mainly craft businesses and farms).

The Communists' seizure of power during the February coup in Prague in 1948 triggered another weak wave of return migration, this time towards Austria . This was triggered by the rejection of communist ideology and the expropriation of privately owned production facilities - which often also affected the new owners - by the new rulers. The subsequent split of the Czechs living in Vienna into a pro-Prague (communist) parliamentary group and a democratically oriented group prevented targeted advertising for a commitment to the Czech ethnic group, and so officially only 4,137 Czechs and Slovaks were counted in the 1951 census in Vienna.

As a result of the crackdown on the Prague Spring in 1968, around 11,000 ČSSR citizens who had applied for asylum remained in Vienna. Although they received support from the democratic associations, different views between the two groups led to differences that at least made association cooperation more difficult.

On August 5, 1976, at the request of the Kreisky III federal government , the People's Groups Act was announced , which came into force on February 1, 1977. It authorized the federal government to recognize ethnic groups by ordinance and to establish ethnic group advisory councils for them. This happened on January 18, 1977 with effect from February 1, 1977 for the ethnic groups of Czechs, Croats , Hungarians and Slovenes .

In 1992 an amendment to this ordinance also recognized the Slovaks living in Austria and in 1993 the Roma as an ethnic group.

In § 5 of this ordinance, the number of members of the Czech national minority group was specified as eight, with four members being proposed by the associations named in the national minority group law. Due to internal disputes, the Czech National Ethnic Group Council was not constituted until 1994.

politics

Former home of the Czech Socialists in Vienna 5th, Margaretenplatz 7

monarchy

The Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party was founded in Prague on April 7, 1878. In 1881 the party leadership moved from Prague to the imperial capital and royal seat of Vienna, where in 1902 house number 7 was acquired on Margaretenplatz - a few minutes' walk from the Vorwärts building of the German-Austrian Social Democrats. The year 1881 also saw the arrest of the entire executive committee of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party and numerous other functionaries. In 1884 the official newspaper called "Arbeiter-Blätter" was banned, but was later allowed again and in 1900 it became a daily newspaper. The Národní sociálni strana, founded by Václav Klofáč in Prague in 1897, also split the Czech workforce into a social democratic and a national social group.

The German-Austrian and Czech Social Democrats worked closely together in the elections. Not only was the election call of January 9, 1897 published in five languages, but the national composition of the constituencies was also taken into account when the candidates were drawn up. In the Viennese districts of Margareten , Mariahilf , Meidling and Hietzing , Antonín Němec, chairman of the Czech trade union headquarters, competed against the German Christian Socialist Karl Lueger . Within the German trade union organization, the Czechs and Slovaks organized their own unions: in 1896, Karl Kořínek founded the brickworkers ' union (the so-called Ziegelbehm ), which was followed by sewer cleaners and the Slovak coal workers' union . However, this type of social-democratic cooperation was only successful when it came to specific trade union interests.

Reichsrat

The Imperial Council of the Austrian half of the empire in Vienna also consisted of Czech deputies - organized in five parliamentary groups. Earlier than in other crown lands , they were directly elected in Bohemia and Moravia at the instigation of the imperial and royal government, as the state parliaments had refused to send members. The reason for the refusal was the opinion that the Imperial Council was not responsible for the countries of the Bohemian Crown, but that a separate parliament for these countries should be constituted in Prague.

The Imperial Council, made up of eight nationalities, was convened, adjourned or closed by the Emperor for the individual session periods. This made it unnecessary for the MPs to be constantly present in Vienna.

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk at the Vienna Academic High School

The most important member of the Reichsrat for the course of Czech history, who also came from the circle of the Viennese Czechs, was the later first Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk . 16 Czech ministers from the interwar period belonged to the Reichsrat, which was and is often referred to as the political training center for politicians in the successor states, as well as three later prime ministers:

• Karel Kramář
• Vlastimil Tusar
• František Udržal

The faction of the " Young Czechs " organized excessive noise in the Reichsrat with the pull-out desks and instruments they brought with them when Czech concerns were rejected. The rules of procedure of the Reichsrat did not give the President the right to exclude interfering MPs from the meeting. The Czech policy of obstruction, not imitated by any other nationality in the monarchy, often led to prolonged adjournment of the Imperial Council. During this period, urgent regulations were issued through imperial ordinances drafted by the Imperial and Royal Government.

First World War

After the assassination attempt in Sarajevo on the heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este , there were anti-Serb and anti-Czech riots in Vienna. Windows were smashed in the Komenský School, and only a large-scale police operation could prevent worse. The outbreak of war put an additional burden on the Komenský School with the drafting of teachers for military service and, in the long term, with ever increasing financial problems. Since the Viennese Czechs tried not to give the authorities any reason to dissolve Czech organizations - especially the school association - the school in Schützengasse, which had already been blocked by the Viennese magistrate , was made available to the war ministry as a military hospital . The club life of the Czechs was increasingly limited to social relief services, especially for wounded Czech soldiers in the Vienna hospitals. The Austrian authorities did not dissolve any Czech associations during the war years, but controlled their activities and newspapers with varying degrees of accuracy. The only association founded during the war was České srdce (Czech Heart). The purpose of the association was humanitarian tasks, but unofficially it was also the successor to the Czech National Council, which had dissolved in 1915. Within a short period of time, numerous branch associations were founded throughout Vienna.

The relationship with the Danube Monarchy was very loyal in the two daily newspapers Vídeňský deník (Wiener Tagblatt) and Dělnické listy . Front reports were commented on with approval, they only became critical in connection with questions of nationality. It was only when it became clear that the government did not want to solve the nationality question in the way the Czechs wanted, that the attitude of the newspapers became increasingly negative. The so-called People's Manifesto of Emperor Charles I was printed in Vídeňský deník on October 19, 1918 , but it was also commented negatively on the same page.

First republic

In the election of the constituent national assembly for German Austria on February 16, 1919, the United Czechoslovak parties entered and received 67,514 votes (65,132 of them in Vienna) and thus a mandate. (The request of this member of parliament to be allowed to speak in his mother tongue was not supported by other members of parliament.) The Czechs and Slovaks also competed together in the Lower Austrian state election on May 4, 1919 (Vienna was still part of this state at the time) this time received 55,810 votes.

The Viennese Czech Social Democrats were connected to the party headquarters in Prague until December 1919. It was not until December 7, 1919 that the Czech Social Democratic Party was founded in Austria. The constituent congress did not take place until the beginning of 1921. The party program contained two national demands (guarantee of instruction in the mother tongue and the connection of the Lower Austrian regions outside Vienna and Vienna to one constituency in order to increase the chances of a mandate). The other points were Austrian as a whole and mostly socially oriented. In addition to the various sports, educational and leisure clubs associated with the party, there was also a Czech section of the Republican Protection Association . Representatives of the party were Antonín Machát, František Strnad, Josef Petrů and Bedřich Čepelka. The Czech National Socialists were also classified as a social party, although they had a stronger national flair than the Social Democrats. The best-known representative of this party was Johan Klimeš.

Christian voters mostly felt they were best represented by the Československá lidová strana v Rakousku (Czechoslovak People's Party in Austria) . The Czechoslovak Christian trade union group also worked with her . František Karlický and Otto Růžíčka were the most famous representatives of the Czechoslovak People's Party in Austria. The Czech agricultural workers living in Lower Austria were represented in Austria by the Czech Agrarian Party. In 1922 the Czech traders and traders founded their own party with Gottlieb Buchar as leader.

The Czech section of the Communist Party in Austria (section of the Third International) had its seat in Alser Strasse in Vienna . The organization " Proletkult " was responsible for cultural maintenance.

Nazi era

Memorial plaque for Czech and Slovak resistance fighters executed during the Nazi era

After the "annexation" of Austria to the German Reich on 12./13. March 1938 the situation of the Czechs in Austria worsened. To prevent it votes No would be responsible in the referendum on the port on April 10 for the number of, requested representatives of Czech Vienna in Nazi mayor Hermann Neubacher a separate "special election" to them after delivering a declaration of loyalty also was granted. After a great deal of propaganda, 23,200 Czech Viennese voted for the connection and only 31 with no, 32 votes were invalid. The hope of the Czechs to have protected themselves against attacks by the Nazis was not fulfilled, however. A short time later, leading Czechs were arrested. In September 1939 the Czechoslovak Consulate General was dissolved.

During the war, the Czech section of the KPÖ was the largest and most active resistance group of the Czechs in Vienna with around 200 members. Initially, the group around Alois Valach and Alois Houdek, which consisted not only of communists, was concerned with educating people about the possibility of conscientious objection and later switched to acts of sabotage by laying incendiary bombs in grain stores and Wehrmacht depots . Most of the members were arrested in 1941–1942, including Antonia Bruha , who in her book I Wasn't a Heldin reports on the time of her imprisonment in Vienna and in the Ravensbrück concentration camp .

The group Curiue with about 40 members around the priest Josef Pojar belonged to the bourgeois Catholic camp. The aim was to restore an independent and democratic Austria. In 1944 Josef Pojar received training in intelligence and paratrooper service with the Allies, after which he returned to Vienna. In 1944 the members of the group were arrested. Three members did not live to see Austria's liberation. The fate of Josef Pojar is not known.

The Libuše resistance group was a spiritualist group of mostly craftspeople and workers' women. Although more politicized than concrete actions were planned at the meetings, the 13 main responsible persons were arrested by the Gestapo . The sentence in the subsequent trial in 1941 ranged from acquittal to prison terms of up to five years.

A memorial plaque on the former Komensky School at Quellenstrasse 72 (Front Leibnizgasse) has been commemorating a large number of Czech and Slovak resistance fighters who were executed during or during the Nazi era since May 7, 1955 (re-opening on April 8, 1994) died in custody.

The course of the war prevented the National Socialist rulers from expelling the Czechs and Slovaks from Vienna after the deportation of the Viennese Jews . A letter from Martin Bormann to Reichsleiter Baldur von Schirach mentions this as a more suitable measure for creating living space than building new residential areas.

Second republic

In the Second Republic, the Czechs and Slovaks no longer appeared as campaigning parties. At the May marches of the Social Democrats in Vienna in the post-war period, however, they were also represented in their national costumes .

When the previously secret archives of the CP regime were opened in Prague on February 1, 2007, it became known that the Czechoslovak secret service, with the approval of the government, kidnapped Czechoslovaks living in Vienna to be able to interrogate them.

economy

monarchy

Most of the Czechs in Vienna worked in industry and commerce (85 percent). The expression " Ziegelböhm ", which is still legendary today, refers to the high proportion of Czech workers in the brick industry located on Wienerberg ( see Wienerberger ). The catastrophic living conditions of the men, women and children employed there were made public by Victor Adler . But there were also important Czechs among the Viennese building contractors, such as Josef Hlávka , who succeeded František Šebek. The clothing industry with tailors and cobblers also had a high proportion of Czechs. Among the Czech trade union organizations, that of the tailors ( "Odborové sdružení československých krejčí (Union of Czechoslovak Tailors )", founded in 1901) was numerically the largest. There were more men than women among the Czechs in Vienna. And these women were mainly employed in upscale households as maids or cooks - where they too left their mark on Viennese cuisine .

For a long time, a branch of the Prague Živnostenská banka at Herrengasse 12 as well as some branches - active in Austria since 1898 - and the insurance bank “ Slavia ” were the only Czech banks in Vienna. Between 1900 and 1913, various financial institutions established eight further branches. The Živnostenská banka was the most active, opening branches in 14 Viennese districts by 1914. For tradespeople and owners of handicraft businesses, the so-called advance funds, which arose from the 1860s onwards, were important. In 1867 the " Česká záložna (Czech advance fund)" was founded. Another 20 such funds followed by 1914, of which the " Vídeňská záložna (Vienna advance fund)" gained additional importance thanks to the merger with two other funds that took place around 1910. For the workers, however, these coffers were of little importance.

According to the files of the Regional Finance Directorate, the “ Ústředni banka českých spořitlen (Central Bank of the Bohemian Savings Banks)” kept their books in Czech. The City of Vienna's magistrate, in turn, demanded that the German-speaking business board be replaced by a Czech-speaking one, so as not to give German residents the impression that they are doing their banking with a Czech financial institution. However, the Lieutenancy of Lower Austria decided that the magistrate had exceeded its powers and allowed the company sign to remain. According to contemporary rumors, the anti-Czech mayor Karl Lueger is said to have invested his money in Czech banks.

First republic

The cooperatives , of which around 30 still existed in 1920, were important for the traders . However, their number fell gradually until 1935. The most long-lived were the “Výrobní krejčovské družstvo (Tailors 'Cooperative)” and “Internacional (International)”, the most important association of shoemakers and the carpenters' cooperative of the same name. In 1935 there were still Czech cooperatives of shoemakers (7), tailors (5) and two carpenters in Vienna. For the Czechs as consumers, there was the consumer association “Ustřední české potravinářské a spořitelní družstvo ve Vídni (Central Czech Food and Savings Cooperative in Vienna)” with a restaurant on Margaretenplatz and four other branches. By 1920 this cooperative had around 10,000 members.

Nazi era

Immediately after the annexation of Austria to the German Reich, Živnostenská banka , akciová společnost, Praha (commercial bank, joint stock company, Prague) with its headquarters at Herrengasse 12 (presumably owned this building, but this is not expressly confirmed in any source) and branches in Praterstrasse 24, Mariahilfer Strasse 84 and Favoritenstrasse 95 into the field of vision of the new rulers. After Živnostenská banka was liquidated, its customers were taken over by Mercurbank, which in turn soon became part of the newly founded Länderbank Wien AG . This takeover was completed by an agreement signed by Dresdner Bank , Mercurbank and Živnostenská banka on June 14, 1938 in Basel.

Four other, but much smaller, Czech financial institutions were also "Germanized" by the National Socialists.

• Vídeňská záložna, zaregistrované družstvo s ručením omezeným (Vienna advance fund, registered limited liability cooperative): The Vienna advance fund had its headquarters at Adlergasse 12 in the inner city and branches at Alserbachstraße 28, Mariahilfer Straße 150 and 25 Ottakringer Straße.

Josef Špitálský, the first director of the Zivnostenska banka in Vienna, initiated the establishment of the "Vorabschnittkassa Fünfhaus" in 1903, based in the 1st Czech house at Turnergasse 9 in Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus. In 1905, Videnska zalozna was the first Czech advance payment company to move out of the inn and opened an all-day office with paid employees. In 1908, the name was changed to "Wiener Vorvorskassa". In the next few years, the merger with the people's advance cash register in the 7th district (Lidová záložna) and the “Czech advance cash register” in the 1st district took place. The Austrian banking company Hermes followed in 1911. The Vídeňská záložna helped, among other things, the Komensky Association in financing the school buildings.
In 1938, Franz Rollinger was appointed temporary administrator at Zivnostenska banka. In 1941 the company name was changed to “Wiener Genossenschaftskasse, registered cooperative with limited liability” and the Czech representatives left the board. After another merger with three cooperatives of German ethnicity, the name was changed to "Wiener Genossenschafts-Bank, registered cooperative with limited liability" in December 1944. The company existed under this name until 1948.

• Záložna v Simmeringu, zaregistrované družstvo s ručením omezeným, advance cash in Simmering, registered cooperative with limited liability: Craftsmen and business people from Simmering founded Zalozna v Simmeringu in 1912, with its registered office at Sedlitzkygasse 18. In 1939 the company name was changed to “Volksbank”. In 1943 Volksbank Simmering was merged with the Floridsdorf horticultural credit cooperative. This company structure existed until 1956.

• Obchodní a živnostenská záložna, zaregistrované družstvo s ručením omezeným, worker and trade advance fund, registered cooperative with limited liability: The company was founded in Vienna-Mariahilf in 1910, the company was located in Kurzgeschützen 3. From 1923 on came the savings and credit business street with about 100 to 200 members also the buying and selling of foreign currency and foreign currency. At the same time, the company name was changed to Obchodní a živnostenká záložna GmbH (Arbeiter- und Gewerbesparkasse GmbH). The self-dissolution took place during the 28th ordinary general assembly on April 24, 1939.

• Česká řemeslnicko-živnostenská záložna ve III. vídeňském okresu, zaregistrované družstvo s ručením omezeným, Bohemian advance fund of tradesmen and businesspeople in the III. Districts of Vienna, registered cooperative society with limited liability: The Bohemian Advance Fund, based at Rasumofskygasse 30, was founded in 1895. After Austria was annexed to the Third Reich, the name was changed to “Volksbank Wien-Landstrasse, registered cooperative with limited liability”. The financial institution existed in this form until 1954.

Second republic

The iron curtain with visa requirements and compulsory exchange as well as the political ideological differences were a hindrance to economic and personal contacts between Austria and the CSSR. Only the Velvet Revolution and the subsequent opening of the borders and the democratization of the Czech Republic made it possible to establish all kinds of contacts again. The EU enlargement in 2004 brought further relief . On February 6, 2007, the City Councilor for Finance and Economics, Renate Brauner , announced in Vienna City Hall Correspondence that 74 international companies would settle in Vienna during 2006. Six of these companies came from the Czech Republic, making them the second largest group of companies settled by ABA and WWFF after companies from Germany (24).

Press and other media

monarchy

Czech-language newspapers appeared only briefly, especially in the early days, and there were often longer periods without such printed matter. The first Czech-language newspaper published in Vienna in 1761, "Ck privilegované české vídeňské poštovní noviny (kk privileged Viennese Czech postal newspaper)" did not have a long life. The next Czech-language newspaper came onto the market between 1813 and 1817: " Ck vídeňské novíny (kk Wiener Zeitung)". The editor was Johann Nepomuk Hromátko.

“Vídeňský posel (Wiener Bote)”, the organ of the Bohemian-Moravian-Silesian Association, appeared in 1848. It is described as a newspaper of high quality and progressive spirit. After she was hired, no Czech newspaper appeared in Vienna for two years. When Havlíček's " Slovan (The Slav)" was first published is not known. From July 1850, the government-controlled and anti-Pan-Slavic " Vídeňský deník (Wiener Tagblatt)" was published as a competitor to the Slovan and was also discontinued in 1861 after it was discontinued. During the entire duration of the First World War, there were two Czech daily newspapers in Vienna: “ Vídeňský deník (Wiener Tagblatt)” and “ Dělnické listy (Arbeiterblätter)”.

It was not uncommon for Czech newspapers produced in Vienna to be confiscated. It even happened that their readers were arrested in coffee houses.

First republic

In 1926 the " Dělnické listy (workers papers)" were renamed " Vídeňské dělnické listy (Vienna workers papers)" . The newspaper was published in Antonín Machát 's printing house and was last published on February 12, 1934, as it had to be shut down as a result of the February fighting , like all social democratic newspapers . It was replaced by the " Vídeňské noviny (Vienna Newspaper )", which appeared three times a week - on Sundays under the name " Vídeňské nedělní noviny (Vienna Sunday Newspaper)". In 1942 this newspaper was discontinued by the National Socialists. In addition to other political groups - such as the Viennese Czech bourgeoisie or the communists - it was above all the various associations that published periodicals. The "Rakouský obzor (Österreichische Rundschau)" of the Komenský Association appeared as a separate magazine until 1922 and was later continued as a supplement to the "Dunaj (Danube)" . "České srdce (Czech Heart)", the organ of the Czechoslovak social welfare of the same name, was also distributed as a supplement. Both magazines were discontinued in 1928.

From 1922 there was “Útěcha (consolation)” for school-age children , which initially appeared monthly, but from 1927 only ten times a year. This children's magazine was discontinued when the Komensky Association was dissolved in 1941. The Austrian civil war in 1934 mainly affected publications that were close to the Social Democrats, while Austria's annexation to the Third Reich had consequences for all Czech and Slovak publications.

During the First Republic, the Viennese Czechs only had airtime on what was then Austrian radio ( Radio Verkehrs AG or RAVAG). On August 9, 1933, František Melichar was able to speak to his compatriots as part of the “foreign propaganda”. Further requests for airtime were not met.

Nazi era

In 1941 Antonín Machát's company was forbidden to continue to publish the Vídeňské noviny (Wiener Zeitung) and Vídeňské nedèlní noviny (Wiener Sunday newspaper) . The print shop itself was allowed to continue working. It was deleted from the commercial register in 1972.

Second republic

After the banning of all Czech-language newspapers and magazines by the National Socialist rulers in 1942, the newspaper Vídeňské svobodné listy (Wiener Freie Blätter) was founded by the Czech organizations in Vienna in 1946 . As a result of the communists' seizure of power in Czechoslovakia in 1948, the newspaper Menšinové listy (Minority Papers) was published in Austria , which was later published under the title Krajanské noviny (Compatriot newspaper) and was supported by the former Czechoslovakia. Ten years after the Velvet Revolution, this newspaper was discontinued.

• Vídeňské svobodné listy (Wiener Freie Blätter): The 12-page Vídeňské svobodné listy has only been published every fortnight since 1985. In terms of content, it offers club news, an event calendar as well as news and news about the Czechoslovak and Slovak Republics

• CLUB. Kulturní mĕsíčník Čechů a Slovaků v Rakousku - club. Monthly magazine for culture of the Czechs and Slovaks in Austria : The monthly culture magazine KLUB has existed since 1981 and is published by the Kulturní klub Čechů a Slovaků v Rakousku (Culture Club of Czechs and Slovaks in Austria) and appears 11 times a year.

• The Komensky School Association publishes both the magazine Česká & slovenská Vídeň dnes (Czech and Slovak Vienna Today) with information about the Czech school and a calendar .

Since the Velvet Revolution in 1989 and especially since the Czech Republic joined the EU on May 1, 2004, improved traffic connections and unhindered border traffic have also made it possible to buy Czech newspapers in Vienna. The “Prager Zeitung” is (was) available at 32 sales outlets (as of February 17, 2003).

The station Rot-Weiß-Rot had a daily news program in Czech in 1948 and 1949. In 1968 the ORF broadcast news in the Czech language on Austria 1 (Ö1) .

As a result of a decision by the Board of Trustees of the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation ( ORF ) on December 10, 2003, the range of programs in the languages ​​of the autochthonous ethnic groups in Austria was expanded by three hours, whereby the ORF also fulfills the obligations of Section 5.1. of the ORF law.

This decision gave the Czechs and Slovaks living in Vienna this decision to represent their concerns on radio 1476 (broadcaster Bisamberg, 1476 Kilohertz) in a far-reaching medium (Monday to Friday 7:05 p.m. to 7:30 p.m.).

• Czech program:

Rádio Draťák broadcasts in Czech on Mondays and Wednesdays. The main topics are the events within the Czech community in Vienna, politics, culture and sport. The name "Rádio Draťák" is derived from an early Czech radio device that could only receive a single transmitter (transceiver).

In Zvídavý microphone is a Czech youth program, which is broadcast on Fridays. Pupils from the Komensky-Gymnasium in Schützengasse and the American International School in Vienna work on the design of the programs.

• Slovak program:

Radio Dia: Tón is a youth program in Slovak, which is broadcast every 14 days on Thursdays. A repetition takes place on the following Tuesday.

On the ORF radio station Radio Wien every Sunday between 7:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. the program “ Heimat, Fremdde Heimat ” is presented by Lakis Iordanopoulos. The program deals with topics that affect ethnic groups in Vienna and immigrants from abroad.

The TV program presented by Silvana Meixner and Lakis Iordanopoulos on Sundays at 1.30 p.m. is also called “ Home, Foreign Home ” . It provides information about the Austrian ethnic groups and immigrants. Originally this program lasted 20 minutes (1989), but was extended to 30 minutes in 1990. It is also broadcast on 3sat .

Topics that affect the Czech minority in Vienna are also dealt with on Radio Orange 94.0 . Another possibility to present oneself is the internet and this medium is also used by numerous associations ( links can be found under web links ).

Publishing houses and printing houses

In 1897 the Melantrich printing house was founded at 6 Pramergasse and converted into a stock corporation in 1922. At around the same time, the company's own bookstore was opened, while the publisher mainly published specialist books and fiction in the interwar period . The magazines and publications of the Czech bourgeois camp were also printed in the printing house. In October 1939 the name was changed to "Hermes", Druck- und Verlagsanstalt Aktiengesellschaft. The business area was expanded to include the printing of maps, musical recordings and display activities. It was deleted from the commercial register in 1989.

At Margaretenplatz 7, the printing works of the municipal councilor and writer Antonín Machát, founded in 1908, were also at home (“Lidová knihtiskárna (People's Book Printing)”). The affiliated publishing house "Videňská knihovna" was founded in the same year and mainly published the printed works of the Social Democrats. In 1925 16 different newspapers and magazines were printed here. The printing and publishing cooperative " Danubius " was also controlled by the socialists . But there were also other smaller printing houses that printed newspapers. Books printed in Vienna also came onto the market in the Czechoslovak Republic.

Libraries

The following Czech association libraries existed in Vienna :

• The Komensky school association owned a library in Vienna's 10th district
• Komensky and Sokol (Falke) jointly owned a library in Vienna's 3rd district
• Sokol and Akademický spolek (Academic Association) ran a library in Vienna's 1st district
• The Czech socialists had a library in the 15th district of Vienna
• The Svatopluk Čech and Nová doba associations operated libraries in Vienna's 20th district.
• The holdings of the district organizations of the Máj , Barák and Komenský associations were also made available to the public .
• In addition to this offer, the gymnastics and sports clubs as well as the tourist clubs had specialist literature and maps.

In order to replenish their stocks and keep them up-to-date, the clubs in the Czechoslovak Republic bought large quantities of books, in the 1930/1931 season by around 300,000 crowns. After the dissolution of the Komensky School Association , the library was formally taken over by representatives of the Austrian National Library on May 16, 1942 . The approximately 70,000 volumes survived the war years in the National Library's storeroom and - following an application from 1948 - were returned in 1950. The Vienna City Hall correspondence reported on April 3, 1951 that the second central apprentice library of the Viennese vocational schools, in cooperation with the Austrian-Czechoslovak Society, had been affiliated with a Czech library with 267 volumes that could be borrowed free of charge.

schools

• 

  former Komensky school at Quellenstrasse 72

• 

  former Komensky school in Wielandgasse , known today as Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus

• 

  Komensky School at Sebastianplatz 3

• 

  former Komensky school Vorgartenstrasse 95–97

• 

  Komensky secondary school at Schützengasse 31

monarchy

The founding of the "Českoslovanský dělnický spolek (Czech Workers' Association)" triggered the impetus to found the " Komenský " school association. This became the most important club for the Czechs in Vienna. After Czech teachers had taught in unsuitable club rooms for a long time, the first Czech elementary school was opened in 1883 at 72 Quellenstrasse in Favoriten. A kindergarten was attached to it. In 1908 a private commercial advanced training school was founded; it was more important to those responsible than a grammar school .

The biggest problem for the Komensky Association was the fact that the schools it ran were not given public rights. Mayor Lueger, who saw the importance of Vienna threatened by the increasing Slavicisation of Vienna (in the city of Vienna, which has around 1.6 million inhabitants, an estimated 500,000 Czechs lived), defended himself against the claims of the strongest minority in the city. The Lower Austrian Landtag, which was also responsible for Vienna at the time, decided annually from 1896 that German should be the only language of instruction in the state's own public elementary and citizen schools. This caused great problems for the Czech private school system, as its schools were not granted public rights. In order for the students of the Komenský Association to be able to take their final exams, they first had to travel to Lundenburg . It was not until 1908 that the Minister of Education, Gustav Marchet, allowed Czech teachers to carry out these exams in Vienna, which the Christian-Social City Council criticized as a serious attack on the German school system and the German character of the city.

On September 23, 1911, the Christian Social Mayor Neumayer had the newly built Komensky School at 31 Schützengasse closed. This act not only triggered a legal dispute, but also anti-Czech protests by German national and Christian social politicians. The highlight was a demonstration against the Viennese Czechs attended by around 5,000 people. During the First World War, the Komensky Association made the school, which was still closed due to the allegedly poor building structure and therefore useless for its purposes, available to the City of Vienna as a military hospital, which they accepted.

First republic

former Komensky school in Erlgasse (Vienna-Meidling)

In the Peace Treaty of Saint Germain , the protection of minorities in the school system was also regulated. In addition, on June 7, 1920, the Brno Treaty was concluded between Austria and the Czechoslovak Republic, which dealt with the school system. However, the Czechs in Austria were not satisfied with this agreement. The Peace Treaty of Saint Germain obliged the Austrian authorities to build public schools for Czech children in Vienna. However, the authorities waited until the treaty was ratified and later stated that they did not have enough teachers.

On the other hand, there were complaints from the Czech side that the children would be taught in the afternoons in the bilingual elementary schools maintained by the City of Vienna and that twice as many students should find space in the classrooms than German-speaking students in the mornings. As the government banned German lessons in public Czech elementary schools, the result was that the children attended the schools of the Komensky Association. The textbook campaign of the Komenský Association in 1923 sparked heated discussions: mostly Austrian textbooks were translated and adapted to Czech conditions. Due to the much-lamented lack of space, the Komensky Association built the Krofta School with kindergarten, community school and secondary school in Herbststrasse in Ottakring in 1923/1924 as its first school building in the interwar period . These activities were made possible by financial aid from the Prague Mother Association.In 1933, the Komensky Association had 35 schools and kindergartens in Vienna:

• 17 kindergartens
• 6 elementary schools
• 6 secondary schools
• 1 secondary school
• 1 secondary school
• 1 business school
• 1 technical school for women's professions
• 2 Slovak language schools

The Komensky Association and its educational establishments were not directly affected by the Austrian civil war - as they were not social democratic - although the teaching staff had to join the “ Fatherland Front ”. In 1935 the Realgymnasium moved from Schützengasse to the new building at Sebastianplatz 3 and a kindergarten was opened in Inzersdorf , which mainly benefited the brickworkers.

Nazi era

For the Viennese Czechs, the Komensky Club was not only one of the most important clubs in general, it was also one of the richest. In addition to cash, his assets included numerous school buildings and land, the largest Czech-language library in Vienna (70,000–100,000 volumes), two school buses and teaching and learning materials.

• Real estate owned by the association in Vienna in 1938:

• 3., Krummgasse 10–12 (not built)
• 3., Schützengasse 31: elementary and secondary school; Today the Komensky Association is a bilingual upper secondary school
• 3., Sebastianplatz 3: Czech private secondary school with public rights. Still active today and seat of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school and various associations.
• 9., Glasergasse 8, elementary school
• 10., Quellenstrasse 72: first Czech private elementary school and kindergarten, opened in 1883.
• 10., Wielandgasse 2–4: Secondary school, known today as Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus
• 12., Ehrenfelsgasse 16 (From 1919 a private elementary school of the Komensky Association existed in an adapted house, in 1923/1924 it was divided into an elementary and a community school. Classes here and in the nearby Singrienergasse 21 were presumably linked to Opening of the new school building in Erlgasse discontinued.)
• 12., Erlgasse 32–34 : elementary school and secondary school
• 16., Herbststrasse 104: Czech private secondary school. So-called "Krofta School", named after the Czechoslovak ambassador Kamil Krofta , today a higher education institution for fashion and clothing technology as well as artistic design
• 16., Gablenzgasse (unobstructed)
• 20., Vorgartenstraße 95–97: elementary school, secondary school and business school; today: bilingual primary school of the city of Vienna
• 21., Deublergasse 19: secondary school. Probably the best-known student was the later mayor of Vienna and Federal President of Austria, Franz Jonas , after whom the school is named today.

• Realities in the Vienna area (the places were incorporated into Greater Vienna in 1938 ; in 1954 only Rothneusiedl and Inzersdorf remained in the Vienna city area):

• Rothneusiedl 34 (today 10th district)
• Ferdinandsgasse 6, Inzersdorf (today 23rd district)
• Mirmitzgasse 8, Schwechat
• Leopoldsdorf (undeveloped property)

• Realities in the Czechoslovak Republic:

• Kropáčova ulice 15, Hranice na Moravě
• Oucmanice, Brandýs nad Orlicí

After the "Anschluss" on March 13, the new rulers issued instructions to dismiss all " non-Aryan " employees, which also affected the Komensky Association. After the conclusion of the " Munich Agreement ", the situation worsened and school operations could not be fully resumed until mid-October. Since there was no representative of the Komensky Association of German nationality and a member of the NSDAP, none of the functionaries was confirmed by the German side. In order to continue to maintain public rights, German directors had to be accepted for the school year 1939/1940 and German teachers had to be accepted for German lessons. From May 1941, all subsidies were canceled, and the 1940/1941 school year was the last with public rights.

The most important source of money for the Komensky Association at that time were the rented buildings. School authorities and the army paid punctually, but NSDAP offices and their subsidiary organizations refused to make payments. On February 18, 1942, representatives of the Komensky Association were summoned to the Gestapo headquarters on Morzinplatz in the 1st district of Vienna, where they were informed that the association would be dissolved. In addition, the buildings and land in and around Vienna were confiscated, which was also entered in the land registers.

Most of the school buildings mentioned were owned by the Komensky Association, which also ran around 15 private kindergartens.

Second republic

Komensky secondary school at Schützengasse 31 (2014)

In the last two public Czech elementary schools, which were preserved by the municipality of Vienna, classes were discontinued before the end of the war in 1945 and were not resumed later. Shortly after the end of the war, the last Czech high school students graduated from high school in Vienna.

After the Second World War, the Komensky Association received most of its confiscated money - which the National Socialists had deposited in a savings account - back from the Republic of Austria, as did the real estate. The relevant land register entries were deleted on the basis of a decision by the Federal Ministry of the Interior in 1947.

The decline in the number of pupils as a result of the re-migration of a large number of Czechs resulted in a restriction of the Komenskyverein's activities. In 1949 only three schools were taught:

• Private secondary school Sebastianplatz 3 (formerly: Realgymnasium, today: kindergarten, bilingual elementary school, bilingual secondary school, seat of numerous associations)
• Private elementary school with public rights Vorgartenstrasse 95–97
• Private primary school Herbststrasse 104

The Komensky Association sold a large part of its buildings between 1960 and 1980 to private individuals, companies, the Republic of Austria, the City of Vienna and other public organizations. Lessons were only maintained in the school on Sebastianplatz. This school was originally financed by the CSSR, since 1980 the Republic of Austria has financed the teaching body.

Since September 4, 2006, the Komensky Association has been using the building at Schützengasse 31 again for teaching purposes, this time as a bilingual upper-level grammar school. The ORG was opened in the 2000/2001 school year at nearby Sebastianplatz. The 9.-12. School level is attended by about 80 students. In 2004, for the first time since 1942, students took the Matura examination.

Practice of religion

Maria am Gestade, once the Czech national church

The Czech parish is the oldest foreign-language religious community in Vienna.

As early as the time of Emperor Leopold I , the Czechs held a celebration dedicated to Saint Wenceslas of Bohemia in the Augustinian Church. The sporadic veneration of saints was later followed by regular masses in the Czech language in the chapel of Saints Wenceslas and Nepomuk in Leopoldstadt , which Count Czernin von Chudenic had built for his compatriots in 1722 at his own expense. In April 1820, Emperor Franz I assigned the Church of Maria am Gestade to the Czechs as the national church , which was then also referred to as the “Bohemian House of God”.

In the 1900 census, 100,424 of 102,974 Czechs in Vienna professed their Catholic faith. These figures make it understandable that Count Jan Harrach supported the papal nuncio for an orderly Czech-speaking pastoral care. Between 1875 and 1914, masses were celebrated in the Czech language in 15 churches in 11 districts of Vienna.

From 1861, on the initiative of the prelate and pastor, Doctor Jan Schwetz, Councilor Anton Ritter von Beck (court director of the Imperial and Royal Higher Regional Court), Alois Šembera (university professor), Archbishop Cardinal Friedrich Johannes Jacob Cölestin von Schwarzenberg from Prague and Doctor Jan Valerian Jirsik from Budweis advised the religious Problems of the Czechs in Vienna. As a result, the "Jednota svatého Metoděje (Saint Method Association)" was founded, on whose initiative many of the Czech-language fairs can be traced back.

Church of the Holy Savior on Rennweg

In June 1908, Jednota bought the monastery and church from the Redemptorists at Rennweg 63 in Vienna's 3rd district for half a million crowns, which is still the religious center of the Czechs in Vienna. From around 1942, during the Nazi regime, this church was one of the few public places in Vienna where the unhindered use of the Czech language was possible. Masses continue to be held regularly in the Maria am Gestade church, in the Salesianum Don Bosco and in the Maria Hilf chapel in the Don Bosco house.

Klemens Maria Hofbauer , who formally but not de facto replaced Saint Leopold as patron saint of Vienna in 1914, comes from Taßwitz near Znaim . The original name Dvořák was Germanized by his father.

In the interwar period there was an active, free reformed “Bohemian Community” in Vienna. She had her parish hall in Landgutgasse (No. 39, 10th district), and it was taken over by the Methodists after the Second World War.

Czech cemetery

The Czechs have had their own department at Vienna's Central Cemetery since 1928 (group 140, rows 2–5), which is known as "Český hřbitov - Czech cemetery". A memorial for Sister Maria Restituta (Helene Kafka), who was executed by the National Socialists during the Second World War , has also been located here since 1998 .

Sports and leisure clubs

There is no reliable information about the number of Czech associations and local groups of larger organizations active in Vienna. Similar names, dissolution of associations and new foundations cause problems in resolving this question, as does the fact that many of the small and micro-associations did not have their own association headquarters, but met in the extra room of an inn.

The number of associations is estimated at around 300, of which about 150 source material from the time of National Socialism (“ standstill commissioner ”) was found.

monarchy

On April 2, 1843 in the Palais Harrach the birthday of Jan Harrach occasion Václav Kliment Klicperas play "Rohovín čtverrohý (square)" performed by amateur actors from the ranks of the nobility. On December 29, 1850, the first Czech-language play "Divotvorný klobouk (The Magic Hat)" (also by Klicpera) was performed in the Josefstadt Theater.

Under the patronage of Count Harrach, the first Czech theater association " Pokrok " was founded in 1863 . The choral society " Lumír " started in 1865. Also in 1865 "Slovanská beseda" was constituted, which became the cultural gathering point of the Slavs of Vienna. The first chairman was Count Eugen Černin, other founding members were Count Heinrich Clam-Martinic , Otto and Jan Harrach, Zdenko Kolowrat-Krakowsky, Egbert Belcredi, Sigmund Berchthold, Prince Heinrich Lobkowitz, Adolf Schwarzenberg von Krumau and other celebrities. The Sokol Association was founded in Prague in 1862 , followed in 1866 as the second foreign branch, the Sokol (Falcon) in Vienna. This sports club was followed in 1895 by the Catholic gymnastics club "Orel (Adler)" and in 1897 by the social-democratic workers gymnastics club " Dělnické tělocvičné jednoty DTJ (workers gymnastics club )", which were followed by other smaller-sized clubs.

The club life, which was becoming livelier due to the increased influx of Czechs to Vienna, was opposed by the district administration, which restricted the formation of clubs. The reason for this was the lack of Czech-speaking officials to control the club's life. The Viennese Czech Christian Socials succeeded in founding an association with the “Katolická politická jednota (Catholic political association)”. This organization included the Orel gymnastics club, numerous social clubs and a trade union organization.

Hotel Post am Fleischmarkt - former Czech house

In 1910, the Hotel Rabl on the Fleischmarkt in the 1st district was acquired by the Czech cooperative Český dům ve Vídni, a registered cooperative with limited liability (The Czech House in Vienna), founded in 1897 as the exclusive Czech representative house ("Český dům, Czech House") in which, among others, moved in the following clubs and organizations:

• Národní rada česká - Czech National Council
• Slovanská beseda - The Slavic Conversation
• Pokrok - Progress (a theater association)
• Lumír (a choral society)
• Sokolská župa dolnorakouská - Lower Austrian Sokolgau
• Akademický spolek - Academic Association

Until 1942 the hotel was run under the name “Český dům, Czech House” , after which it was renamed “Hotel Post”, under which it still exists today and houses the Akademický spolek - Academic Association in Vienna . To Leos Janacek as a guest and form a union grouping in 1892 Memorial plaques on the facade.

The “Národní dům (National House)” was located at 9 Turnergasse today . It was founded as a meeting place and event center with an inn in 1894. Numerous associations had their headquarters here (as of 1938):

• Barák. Československá dělnická jednota - Czechoslovak workers' association
• Českoslevenský automotoklub ve Vídní - Czechoslovak auto-motoklub
• Družstvo Národní dům - association for building a clubhouse
• Humanitarian support and social association of the former Czech legionnaires
• Klub československých turistů ve Vídni - Club of Czechoslovak tourists in Vienna
• Pěvecká župa ve Vídni - Gau of Czechoslovak choral societies
• Slovan AC sportovní klub - football club
• Sokol. Tělovýchovná jednoa Sokol Videň XV - gymnastics club
• Tovačovský - choral society
• Vlastenecká omladina. Divadelní ochotnický spolek ve Vídni - theater amateur association
• Vojta Náprstek. Československá beseda - Czechoslovak educational association

This is also where the history of Vídeňská záložna, zaregistrované družstvo s ručením omezeným (The Vienna Advance Fund, registered cooperative with limited liability) began .

First republic

In 1920 the cooperative Československý dům ve Vídni XXI, zaregistrované družstvo s ručením obmezeným (Czechoslovak House in Vienna XXI, registered cooperative with limited liability) was founded in order to build dining houses in which members of the cooperative could find inexpensive support for the association Could be made available. In addition, the bar and coffee house business should be operated. In 1939 the company name was changed to the Czech House in Vienna XXI . The cooperative existed until 1956. The Czech House was at 55 Brünner Strasse.

In the school year 1923/1924 the Czech adult education center "Lidová škola Komenského" was founded, which around 1926/1927 organized 389 lectures - given by university professors from Prague and Pressburg. In Vienna in the interwar period there were three Czech tourist associations that also published their own club newspapers.

• "Jednota československých turistů ve Vídni (Association of Czechoslovak Tourists in Vienna)" was close to the Social Democrats. The "Turistický obzor (Tourist Rundschau)" was published.
• “Spolek českých turistů (Association of Czech Tourists)” published the “Turistický obzor” and the
• "Klub československých turistů (KCT) (Czechoslovak Tourist Club)" (a sister club of the Austrian Tourist Club), which was originally a branch of the Prague Club and has been independent since 1913, gave the "Věstník klubu československých czech turistů (Tourist Board of the Club) “ Out.

The oldest and most popular Czech football club was the " SK Slovan ve Vídni (Sports Club Slav in Vienna (the Slovan)) " founded in 1901 , which was promoted to the top division in the interwar period. Due to disputes with the association, the club was dissolved, re-established as AC Slavia from 1935 and had to be renamed AC Sparta under the rule of the National Socialists . The AC Sparta and SK Moravia belonged to the few Czech clubs that were not resolved in this era. As the venue for football matches was the SK Slovan stadium "České srdce (Czech Heart Place or heart space )" at Laaer Berg in favorites. This square - with three soccer fields and a track for athletics competitions, one of the largest in Vienna - was used not only for soccer games, but also for events organized by Czech clubs. According to a report in the town hall correspondence on July 14, 1949, the city of Vienna leased the square from the “ Czech Heart ” association for 20 years, with the ASKÖ moving in as the main tenant. Today the Franz Horr Stadium of Wiener Austria is located on the site .

Other football clubs, all of which were weaker than SK Slovan , were:

• SK Moravia 10 , later merged with the
• SK Čechie 11
• SK Slavoj 18
• Vídeňská Slavie 14

With the spread of volleyball in Austria, Sokol wrote sports history. Professor Zivay brought this ball sport from Pressburg to the Komensky-Realgymnasium in Favoriten in 1925 , and one year later there were already numerous volleyball sections in numerous Sokol clubs and tournaments in Vienna. Other Czech sports clubs took over this new sport, but it only became popular throughout Austria after the Second World War.

Another way of entertaining the Viennese Czechs was in the theater, which aroused great interest long before the First World War. Some of the performances were performed by the associations themselves, but there were also guest appearances by Czech theaters. The Prague National Theater performed in Vienna in the summer of 1918 . After the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy and the establishment of new nation states, it was initially almost impossible to maintain these cultural contacts. The resulting gap was initially filled by theater associations such as Pokrok , who was the oldest and most prominent of this category in Vienna, or the Lumír choral society . However, the quality of the performances by the many committed amateur theaters also led to substantial derogatory comments. After the waves of the founding of the state had subsided, the cultural exchange began reluctantly on the stage. In 1922 there was a guest performance by the Pressburg Theater and in 1924 the Prague National Theater played all of Bedřich Smetana's operas in the Vienna Volksoper and the Olomouc Opera also came to Vienna. Various ideas about founding a Czech theater in Vienna remained a pipe dream because of the financial situation. The reaction of the German-speaking Viennese population to such a project would also have been questionable, as there was wild polemicism in 1933 against a cinema that was neither planned nor existing.

The Czech youth movement Omladiny Komenského had 10 sections around 1928 with a total of around 600 members. Among other things, theater performances, table tennis, courses in German, cooking, calligraphy , first aid and dance lessons were offered. The members spoke to each other and spoke to each other as “brother” and “sister”, at the age of 24 they were supposed to quit the youth movement and join other associations.

" Slovanská beseda (The Slavic Conversation)" was the exclusive club of the Czechs in Vienna. The members such as Count Eugen Černin, Count Otto Harrach, bank directors, business people (Josef Prousek, founder of the confectionery Aida or Karl Kolařík, owner of the Schweizerhaus restaurant in Vienna's Prater). The main task of this club with between 500 (1925) and 261 members (1934) was the organization of lectures, theater performances (in the twenties) and children's events in the thirties. In addition to the Komensky Association, which was able to build and operate numerous schools with large donations from the Czechoslovak Republic, the social welfare association České srdce was the main beneficiary of these donations.

Nazi era

At the beginning of July 1938, the Sokoln Slet took place in the Czechoslovak Republic . The Gauleiter of Vienna, Josef Bürckel, only allowed the Viennese Sokol to take part on the condition that the swastika flag was worn during the move. In November 1941 the gymnastics club Sokol and in autumn 1942 12 other gymnastics and sports clubs, including the Orel , were dissolved. Since 48 of the 68 players from SK Moravia served 10 48 in the German Wehrmacht , they were classified as Germans - and thus the club as mostly German - and not dissolved. It was similar with the AC Slovan , which had been renamed AC Sparta .

Second republic

Sokolhaus in Favoriten

Immediately after the end of World War II in Vienna, the Czechs began to rebuild their clubs. The " ČSÚV (Československý ústřední výbor - Czechoslovak Central Committee) " was formed as early as April 1945 and became the umbrella organization for the Viennese Czechs in the course of the post-war years. The main task of the new organization was the preparatory work and the implementation of the return migration initiated by Prague to the Czechoslovak Republic to replace the Sudeten Germans and South Moravians who had been expelled from their homeland.

By September 1946, around 24,000 people registered with a commission that had to decide who was “worth repatriating”. The orderly situation in comparison to war-torn Austria spoke in favor of returning to the ČSR. The Czech community, which remained in Vienna and which had shrunk in number, tried to appear as united as possible. From January 1946, for example, a joint weekly newspaper was published in which the communists also participated. A summer festival in July 1947, organized jointly by all associations, was the last major joint event. After the communists came to power in the Czechoslovak Republic, the communists among the Czechs in Vienna also received a strong boost, which led to the division of the ethnic group into a democratic and a communist group sympathizing with Prague.

Two umbrella organizations were formed ("Sdružení Čechů a Slováků v Rakousku (Association of Czechs and Slovaks in Austria)", 1949, communist and " Menšinová rada (Minority Council)", 1951, democratic), which are about a clear commitment by the various associations endeavored to one of the two political ideologies. This development even led to the split of associations, as happened, for example, with the Sokol . The Slovan-HAC continued the tradition of the Czech football clubs in Vienna , while the volleyball teams of Sokol V and SK Slovan Olympia (women) and Sokol X , DTJ Vienna and Sokol V (men) won multiple Austrian champions.

traces

The Czechs of Vienna were and are still noticeable in various ways in the cityscape.

Buildings and Institutions

Bohemian Court Chancellery

The Bohemian Court Chancellery , located between Judenplatz and Wipplingerstraße opposite the Old City Hall of Vienna, originally handled administrative matters relating to Bohemia.

Czech center

Czech Center Vienna

The Czech Center in Herrengasse in the inner city is also not an institution for Viennese Czechs . Its establishment - like that of all Czech centers - was decided by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an advertising and information carrier for art, culture, education, science and research, trade and tourism in and with the Czech Republic. The Czech Center was opened in June 1994.

Lobkowitz Palace

The Lobkowitz Palace on Lobkowitzplatz, built for Count Dietrichstein between 1658 and 1687, was bought in 1753 by Duke Wenzel Eusebius von Lobkowicz . It served the French Republic as an embassy, ​​as did the Czechoslovak Republic at the end of 1918. Today the theater museum is located in the building . (The Lobkowitz Palace is mentioned here as an example of the numerous other magnificent buildings that were once owned by Czech aristocrats.)

Bohemian Prater

From one of the factory canteens of the numerous brickworks on Laaer Berg in Favoriten, an excursion restaurant was initially developed, which was frequented mainly by Czech workers. In 1882 an application was made for the first time for the license to set up and operate a ring game and a swing. Although the Bohemian Prater neither reached the size of the Wurstelprater nor could it keep up with its attractions, the prices were also lower. The Bohemian Prater was also the destination of school trips by the Komensky Society. Today he is struggling with the prejudice that there are too many gambling halls.

The previously mentioned former schools are also among the traces of Czech architecture in Vienna, but only very few locations are known.

Celebrities

Saint John Nepomuk

Johann Nepomuk

In Vienna there are numerous statues of St. John Nepomuk , who came from Bohemia, especially near bridges and streams . It can also be found in the coats of arms of the municipal districts 12 ( Meidling ) and 18 ( Währing ). Churches in Vienna dedicated to Johann Nepomuk are:

• 2., Praterstrasse / Nepomukgasse: Johann Nepomuk Church
• 2., Obere Donaustraße: Johannes-Nepomuk-Chapel
• 2., Am Tabor: Johannes Nepomuk Chapel
• 5th, Hundsturm Chapel
• 9th, St. John Nepomuk Chapel
• 12., Meidlinger parish church
• 13., Invalidenhauskirche
• 18., Gersthofer Straße 129: Johannes Nepomuk Chapel
• 18., Gersthofer Straße at No. 65: Johannes Nepomuk Chapel

Klemens Maria Hofbauer

Klemens Maria Hofbauer , who formally but not de facto replaced Saint Leopold as patron saint of Vienna in 1914, comes from Taßwitz near Znaim . The original family name Dvořák was Germanized by his father. The Clemens-Hofbauer-Platz in Vienna's 17th district was named after him.

Josef Prousek

Josef Prousek was born in Držkov near Tanvald in northern Bohemia in 1883 . Between 1896 and 1899 he learned the trade of confectioner and came to Vienna during his subsequent wandering after his apprenticeship. In 1917 he and his wife Rosa bought a pastry shop in Porzellangasse , which was expanded into the Aïda coffee and pastry chain with numerous branches before the Second World War . In 2004 the 27th branch was opened. Josef Prousek was also president of the Velnákup obchodní akc, founded in 1922. spol. ve Vídni. (Velnákup-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft in Vienna), which was renamed "Humer" Waren-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft in 1952. In addition to his professional activity, Josef Prousek was also involved in Czech associations.

Karl Kolarik

Karl Kolarik was born in 1901. In 1920 the trained butcher and selcher took over the already popular Swiss house in Vienna's Prater and expanded it further. Since 1926 he also imported Budweiser beer as Kolarik & Buben GesmbH. In 1993 Karl Kolarik, who was also active in Czech associations, died. The Karl-Kolarik-Weg in the Wurstelprater reminds of him .

The prominent Czechs in Vienna also include athletes such as the wonder team players Franz Cisar , Johann Urbanek , Josef Bican , Matthias Kaburek and Matthias Sindelar .

Street and alley names

The large number of Czechs living in Vienna also left their mark on the naming of traffic areas. These were named after people, but also after Czech legendary figures or cities.

• Brünner Strasse, Prager Strasse: Brünner Strasse was built in 1736 as a post road to Brno, Prager Strasse is the oldest street in Floridsdorf .
• Hlavacekweg: The path in the Vienna district of Baumgarten (14th district) was named after Professor Anton Hlavaček , who was born in Vienna's 12th district.
• Kinskygasse: The street in Vienna's 23rd district was named after Maria Rosa Aloisia Katharina Fürstin von Kinsky (1783–1802), the owner of the Inzersdorf estate .
• Libussagasse: The street in the 10th district bears the name of a Bohemian legendary figure Libuše . She is said to be the founder of Prague and the ancestor of the Přemyslids .
• Pokornygasse: The street in the 19th district was named after Dr. Alois Pokorny, a natural historian and local high school director. It was previously called "Kuhdrift", "Viehtriebgasse" and "Donaustraße".
• Rokitanskygasse (17th district): named after the important pathologist Carl von Rokitansky .
• Skodagasse (8th district): named after Professor Josef von Škoda , an important physician.

Culinary

The large number of Bohemian cooks in the stately households left a lasting mark on Austrian cuisine . For example, a “ basic substance ” for numerous products in the kitchen is the powidl (Czech: povidla ), a plum sauce . This is used in the Buchteln (Czech: buchta ), in Powidlkolatschen (or -golatschen, Czech: koláč ), in Powidltascherln (Powidltatschkerln) made from dough from Bramburi (Czech: brambor ), i.e. from potatoes . Hermann Leopoldi, born in Vienna- Meidling , created a musical monument to the Powidltatschkerln together with Rudolf Skutajan. The cuisine is a bit more hearty with curd cheese or halushka (Czech: halušky ), where boiled flat noodles or pasta are mixed with curd cheese and pieces of bacon ( Bryndzové halušky , also Slovak national dish , are often made from potato dough and are more similar in shape to Italian gnocchi or the Swiss spaetzle, and are therefore more likely to be viewed as dumplings.) The noses of the gentlemen were strained by Olomouc quargel , a sour milk cheese. Klobasse (Czech: klobása ) are coarse sausages that are an economic mainstay of the sausage stands . And for a long time, Znojmo pickles were offered for sale in Vienna's Prater in particular .

Czech associations and institutions active in Austria (status 2004)

• Academic Association in Vienna - Akademický spolek ( Drachengasse 3/6, 1010 Vienna)
• Library Association "Jirasek" - Knihovna "Jirásek" (Thalhaimergasse 38 / I / 1, 1160 Vienna)
• České srdce (Margaretenplatz 7, 1050 Vienna)
• Česká sociálně Demokratická strana v Rakousku (Margaretenplatz 7, 1050 Vienna)
• Československá jednota "Barák" (Margaretenplatz 7, 1050 Vienna)
• Česko-slovensko rakouské kontaktní forum
• Parents' association of the "Komensky" school association - Rodičovské sdružení (Sebastianplatz 3, 1030 Vienna)
• Jednota Orel Vídeň III (Sebastianplatz 3, 1030 Vienna)
• Jednota Orel Vídeň X ( Puchsbaumgasse 39a, 1100 Vienna)
• Jednota Orel Vídeň XV (Pelzgasse 17, 1150 Vienna)
• Catholic Mission of the Czechs in Austria - Katolická mise Čechů v Rakousku (Hagenmüllergasse 31, 1030 Vienna)
• Klemens Maria Hofbauer Klub (Seitzergasse 5 / IV, 1010 Vienna)
• Club československých turistů (Sebastianplatz 3, 1030 Vienna)
• Cultural Club of Czechs and Slovaks in Austria - Kulturní klub Čechů a Slováků v Rakousku (Schlösselgasse 18, 1080 Vienna)
• Minority Council of the Czech and Slovak Ethnic Groups in Austria - Menšinová rada české a slovenské větve v Rakousku (Margaretenplatz 7, 1050 Vienna)
• Neue Heimat - national minority council in Austria. Czechs and Slovaks - Nová vlast (Webgasse 14/8, 1060 Vienna)
• Austrian-Czech Society - Rakousko-česká společnost (Fuchsthallergasse 13, 1090 Vienna)
• School Association "Komensky" - Školní spolek "Komenský" (Sebastianplatz 3, 1030 Vienna)
• St.Method Association - Spolek sv. Metoděje (Schützengasse 30, 1030 Vienna)
• Slovanská beseda (Drachengasse 3/6, 1010 Vienna)
• Spolek Národní dům (Sebastianplatz 3, 1030 Vienna)
• Sportovní club SLOVAN
• Czechoslovak People's Association in Austria - Československé lidové sdružení v Rakousku (Pelzgasse 17, 1150 Vienna)
• Theater association "Vlastenecká omladina"
• Association of Czechs and Slovaks in Austria - Sdružení Čechů a Slováků v Rakousku (Sebastianplatz 3, 1030 Vienna)
• Association "Máj" - Spolek Máj (Oswaldgasse 14 / VI / 10, 1120 Vienna)
• Association of Austrian Sokol Associations - Sokolská župa rakouská
• Gymnastics Club Sokol III / XI
• Turnverein Sokol X ( Angeligasse 21, 1100 Vienna)
• Gymnastics Club Sokol XVI / XVIII
• Gymnastics Club Sokol Tyrs XII / XV

literature

• Anni Bürkl: Bohemian Vienna - From Lepschi to Kolatsche . In: Vienna facets . First edition. Metro, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902517-18-0 .
• Richard Basler: A brief overview of the situation of the Viennese Czechs . In: integratio, Ernö Deak (ed.): From minorities to ethnic groups . Vienna 2004, p. 83–99 ( Kulturklub.at [PDF]).
• Monika Glettler: The Viennese Czechs around 1900 . Structural analysis of a national minority in the big city. In: Collegium Carolinum . tape 28 . Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1972, ISBN 3-486-43821-2 ( limited preview in Google book search - dissertation at Saarbrücken University, Philosophical Faculty 1971).
• Monika Gletter: Bohemian Vienna . Herold, Munich / Vienna 1985, ISBN 3-7008-0307-9 .
• Karl M. Brousek: Vienna and its Czechs. Integration and assimilation of a minority in the 20th century (=  series of publications by the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe . Volume 7 ). Publishing house for history and politics, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7028-0160-X .
• Vlasta Valeš (Ed.): Doma v cizině / At home in a foreign country . Exhibition catalog: Češi ve Vídni ve 20. století . Praha, Clam-Gallasův Palác, 20. prosince 2001 - 31. března 2002, pořadatel: Hlavní město Praha. Scriptorium, Praha 2002, ISBN 80-86197-34-4 (German and Czech).
• Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 (German; Czech).
• Albert Lichtblau : Vienna's melting pot - then and now . On the past and present of immigration and minorities. Articles, sources, comments. Ed .: Michael John. Böhlau, Vienna 1990, ISBN 3-205-05209-9 .
• Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 .
• Wolfgang Slapansky: The little pleasure on the periphery - The Bohemian Prater in Vienna . Picus, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85452-235-5 .
• Vlasta Valeš: The Viennese Czechs - then and now / Vídeňští Češi - včera a dnes . Scriptorium, Praha 2004, ISBN 80-86197-52-2 (German and Czech).
• Paul Ullmann: A Difficult Neighborhood: The History of Diplomatic Relations between Austria and Czechoslovakia from 1945-1968 . LIT Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 3-8258-7756-6 ( limited preview in the Google book search - German).

Web links

• FZHM - Research Center for Historical Minorities. Accessed in 2019 . 
• Cultural Club of Czechs and Slovaks in Austria / Kulturní klub Čechů a Slováků v Rakousku. Accessed in 2019 . 
• Richard Blaser: A brief overview of the situation of the Viennese Czechs. (PDF; 107 kB) In: Culture Club of Czechs and Slovaks in Austria / Kulturní klub Čechů a Slováků v Rakousku. 2004, accessed October 15, 2009 . 
• Czech municipality / Česká farnost ve Vídni
• Czech cemetery in Vienna
• School Association Komenský / Školský spolek Komenský

Individual evidence

The article is mainly based on the book by Karl Maria Brousek listed below.

1. ^ Anton Huebner, Viktor Huebner, Michael Netoliczka: Memories of the royal. City of Znojmo. According to the manuscripts left behind by the kk pen. District captain Mr. Anton Huebner, edited by Viktor Huebner and Michael Netoliczka. VIII. Delivery
2. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 65 (German; Czech).
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Karl M. Brousek: Vienna and his Czechs. Integration and assimilation of a minority in the 20th century (=  series of publications by the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe . Volume 7 ). Publishing house for history and politics, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7028-0160-X .
4. ↑ M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting Pot Vienna - then and now , p. 251
5. ↑ ^{a b} M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting Pot Vienna - then and now , p. 278
6. ↑ M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting pot Vienna - then and now , p. 266
7. ↑ § 10 municipal statute , swearing in civic duties , LGBl. F. Lower Austria. No. 17/1900 (= p. 21 ff.). Retrieved April 1, 2014 . 
8. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 34 (German; Czech).
9. ↑ Federal Law Gazette No. 396/1976 (= p. 1421 f.)
10. ↑ Federal Law Gazette No. 38/1977 (= p. 460 f.)
11. ^ Karl M. Brousek: Vienna and its Czechs. Integration and assimilation of a minority in the 20th century (=  series of publications by the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe . Volume 7 ). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7028-0160-X , p. 26 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
12. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 33 (German; Czech).
13. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 50 (German; Czech).
14. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 43 .
15. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 41 .
16. ^ Karl M. Brousek: Vienna and its Czechs. Integration and assimilation of a minority in the 20th century (=  series of publications by the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe . Volume 7 ). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7028-0160-X , p. 98 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
17. ↑ January Krupka: . In: Kronen Zeitung . April 14, 2007, p. 4 .
18. ^ ^{A b} Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, deprivation of property and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 65 .
19. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 27 (German; Czech).
20. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 101 .
21. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 104 .
22. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 105 .
23. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 107 .
24. ↑ ^{a b c d} M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting Pot Vienna - Once and Now, page 278
25. ^ Karl M. Brousek: Vienna and its Czechs. Integration and assimilation of a minority in the 20th century (=  series of publications by the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe . Volume 7 ). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7028-0160-X , p. 66 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
26. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 119 .
27. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Judith Purkarthofer, Maria Rainer, Anita Rapp: Media landscape of the autochthonous minorities in Austria . In: Institute for Linguistics, University of Vienna (Ed.): Wiener Linguistische Gazette . tape 72 , 2005, p. 1–66 ( online [PDF; 351 kB ; accessed on April 1, 2014]). online ( Memento from May 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
28. ↑ pragerzeitung.cz
29. ↑ ^{a b c} http://1476.orf.at/volksgruppen/vguebersicht.html ( Memento from July 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
30. ↑ 140 years of Saint Method Association ( Memento from July 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
31. ^ ORF 2: broadcasts from AZ. ORF , archived from the original on March 1, 2014 ; Retrieved April 1, 2014 . 
32. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 110 .
33. ^ ^{A b} Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, deprivation of property and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 .
34. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 83 (German; Czech).
35. ^ M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting Pot Vienna - Once and Now, page 279
36. ^ Meidlinger Heimatbuchausschuß (1930): Meidling - The 12th Viennese district in the past and present , page 464
37. ^ Franz Jonas, pupil at the Komensky School Deublergasse. Franz Jonas Europaschule, March 31, 2006, archived from the original on October 8, 2007 ; Retrieved April 1, 2014 . 
38. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 60 .
39. ^ ^{A b} Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, deprivation of property and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 59 .
40. ^ M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting pot Vienna - then and now . Page 279
41. ↑ Komensky private upper level secondary school
42. ↑ schulverein-komensky.schulweb.at
43. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 52 (German; Czech).
44. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 86 (German; Czech).
45. ↑ In the sources of the Evangelical Alliance in Vienna, this congregation often appears in the period from 1922-39. See Franz Graf-Stuhlhofer (ed.): Evangelical Alliance in Vienna from the First Republic to the Nazi era (1920-45). Edition of the minutes and programs. VKW: Bonn 2010. In particular, the preachers Dr. Berka, Hussak, Preb and G.Sadlon mentioned.
46. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 52 .
47. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 114 .
48. ^ Karl and Marta Brousek: On the trail of Czech history in Vienna. Po českých stopách dějin Vídně . Ed .: Franz Pesendorfer. 1st edition. Association of Wiener Volksbildung, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900799-38-5 , p. 81 (German; Czech).
49. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 143 .
50. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 115 .
51. ^ W. Slapansky: The little pleasure on the periphery - The Bohemian Prater in Vienna
52. ^ Eduard Kubů, Gudrun Exner: Czechs, asset deprivation and restitution . Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7029-0527-8 , pp. 109 .
53. ^ M. John, A. Lichtblau: Melting Pot Vienna - Once and Now , page 434
54. ↑ ^{a b} M. Glettler: Bohemian Vienna