ahoy

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Ahoi [ aˈhɔi̯ ] ( listening ? / I ) is a signal word to call a ship or boat and comes from the German seaman's language . The reputation was considered out of date, but has become more common again as sailing has grown in popularity. In secondary meanings, ahoy is used as a greeting, warning or saying goodbye. In German customs, ahoi is used as a regional carnival or carnival greeting. Audio file / audio sample

The original word is the English ahoy . The maritime name occurs in similar pronunciation and spelling in several languages. As a greeting, ahoj is commonplace in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In telephone traffic in the USA, the ahoy proposed by inventor Alexander Graham Bell did not prevail against Thomas Alva Edison's hello .

Preforms and origins

Piers the ploughman driving oxen in a 14th century psalter

"A, hoy, hoay"

The expression has grown together from the two components a and hoy . The particle a has been put in front to attract more attention. It occurs "in similar forms in different Indo-European languages, without necessarily assuming an etymological relationship."

Hoy goes back to a call of the same name that was used in England to drive cattle. The earliest known evidence comes from William Langland , who wrote around 1393 in his Middle English verse epic Piers Plowman (“Piers the Ploughman”): “And holpen to erie þis half acre with 'hoy! troly! lolly! ", in German:" And helped plow this half acre with Juchhe, Tirili and Tirila. "

Sailors used hoy in the minor form hoay . The Scottish poet William Falconer , author of a nautical dictionary, wrote in 1769: “If the master intends to give any order to the people in the main-top, he calls, Main-top, hoay! To which they answer, Holloa! ”, In German:“ If the captain intends to give orders to the sailors up in the mainmast, he shouts: 'Main-top, hoay!' To which they answer: 'Holloa!' ”In two specialist dictionaries from 1805, like Falconer , the answer is called hoay and holloa . Ahoy is not preserved in it.

Functional with Hoy used is a similarly denominated group of paging and regards in Germanic-speaking: the medium and Modern English hey whose parallel form hi , German and Dutch hei , Swedish Hej , further the Dutch form of greeting hoi and the identical alemannische address. The pre-forms of the German ahoi are ah and hoi . In doing so, ah emphasizes a wish or a request. hot and Hoia have encouraging meaning.

Evidence is missing for the derivation of the English call ahoy from the ship type Hoie, Heude ( see below ) widespread on the North Sea . The German linguist Gustav Goedel formulated the simplest view of ahoy : “One must be careful not to seek deeper meanings where there are none. The word is a simple interjection , nothing more, formed and chosen by the need to be heard widely. "

"Ahiu, - hui"

Two sources in Middle High German literature show ahoy- like interjections. Their forms show no connection to the Middle English hoy , their meanings offer little connection with a call to contact.

Around 1290 Heinrich von Freiberg used ahiu twice as a greeting in his Tristan adaptation: "ahiu, Parmenois Tristan!", For example "ahiu, Tristan von Parmenien!", And "ahiu, how beautiful she het sich ûz gefêgetieret", New High German " ahiu, how beautifully she has dressed up ”. Ahiu has the same meaning as the interjections ahiv, ahiw and hiu that also occur here . As part of a group of words with ahî, ay and ahei that expresses pain, desire and admiration, ahiu comes before exclamation and wishful sentences and is addressed emphatically.

Between 1331 and 1341 Nikolaus von Jeroschin formulated in his Kronike von Pruzinlant , the Chronicle of the Prussian Country : “â hui! so wêr i hôchgemût / sô i ir die sêhe blôz ”, New High German something like“ oh, what if I were in a good mood if I saw your forehead naked ”. Ahui , along with aheia, ahi and ahu, belongs to a group of expressions of high spirits, respect and similar positive attitudes.

Dissemination and use

General

Seafarers certainly used the word longer than it can be proven in print. Oral sources are only preserved as song texts. There are no studies on handwritten evidence, for example in notes or letters from seafarers. Printed works therefore have only limited expressiveness with regard to the temporal and spatial distribution of the Ahoy word family.

The English ahoy is the original form and, first recorded in maritime use for 1751, is quite young as a word in seafaring language. The earliest evidence of the German ahoy comes from 1828. The group around ahoy is densely documented in the North and Baltic Sea region . Semantically , it expresses or presupposes a change in distance. Used as an interjection in the whole area of ​​distribution, some languages ​​also use it as a verb (e.g. English "to ahoy", German "ahoy say") and as a noun (e.g. Swedish "ohoj", German "das Ahoi") ) in front. What has not been researched is how the word has spread in port cities and on ships with international crew, in particular how similar interjections in a neighboring language have hindered or facilitated the takeover there.

In German, the addressee is put before or after, e.g. B. "'Pfeil' ahoy!" Or "Ahoy, arrow '!" In written German there is no comma between the call and the person called . This is inconsistent in other languages.

Note on the Oxford English Dictionary definition of ahoy , before 1884
Evidence of ahoy in Smollett 1751, slip for the Oxford English Dictionary , before 1884

English

Early evidence

The earliest English evidence is an exclamation in Tobias Smollett's The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751): “Ho! the house a hoy! ", translated into contemporary German with" Holla, he da, Wirtshaus! " The caller was a seaman. An early technical mention comes from William Falconer's Marine Dictionary from 1780: “The usual expression is, Hoa, the ship ahoay!”, German: The usual expression is: “Hoa, Schiff ahoi!” The first edition of the dictionary was in 1769 preform hoay called.

Early mentions of English ahoy words, 1751–1792

In the 1780s, ahoy was already being used on stage in London as a coloring for maritime themes and thus reached a wider audience. In the comedy The Walloons , German: Die Walloons , staged by the playwright Richard Cumberland in 1782 , the call ushered in a salutation: “Ahoy! you Bumboat, bring yourself this way ", German for example:" Ahoi! You bumboot , come here. ”The text was published posthumously in 1813.

In another early source, also later documented, ahoy expressed a calling. In the text of a shanty , a work song of the sailors, ahoy was probably heard publicly in 1789, when the English composer and writer Charles Dibdin (1745-1814) performed his variety program The Oddities in London. It contained his song Ben Backstay about a boatswain with the description: "And none as he so merrily / Could pipe all hands ahoy", in German: "And nobody else could whistle all the sailors to work so happily ." The text appeared in print not until 1826.

Consolidation

In the dictionary of Samuel Johnson , edition of 1799, ahoy (pronounced [əˈhɔi] ) is still missing , but in the edition of 1824 it was described as "almost as important as holla" and was cited by Cumberland 1813. The first entry in this widespread reference work can count as inclusion in the established vocabulary of English. In the first half of the 19th century the word began to radiate into many neighboring languages. A speculation from 1835 about the origin from French oyez , German “hears!” Means an early philological preoccupation with the word.

It appeared before in a metaphorical context. In the American trading city of Philadelphia , a preacher began building a seaman's church in 1819. According to his memoirs, the sailors greeted him with "ship ahoy" and asked where the voyage was going. The preacher replied, “To the port of New Jerusalem . We are sailing under the Admiral Jesus, a good commander. We need men. "As in a wage talk, the sailors said:" Well, we'll come in and listen to your terms. "

A Romney sheep, the appearance of which sparked ohoy's first reprint in 1791

The minor form ohoy

As a synonym for ahoy , the minor form ohoy is attested early. In an anecdote, printed in 1791, the ironic greeting of a captain who met his newly dressed and now looking like a stocky Romney sheep-looking boatswain in the theater was: "Ohoa, the boatswain, the Romney, Ohoy!" He replied "Holloa" and disappeared. The Scottish poet Thomas Campbell published a mocking poem in 1821 in which a horseman exclaimed: “Murderer, stop, ohoy, oh!” In 1836 the Scottish novelist Allan Cunningham wrote : “Ohoy, Johnnie Martin! Ohoy, Tom Dempster! be busy my merry lads, and take me on board ", German for example:" ... hurry up, good guys, and take me on board. "

The form "ohoy" was borrowed from several Nordic languages . Their dictionaries give English ohoy as the only starting word , first before ahoy or second after ahoy .

German, spread

research

The term remained largely unknown to German readers until the 1840s because translators of the seafaring literature popular at the time often avoided it. In 1843 the German translation for the word å-hoj in a Swedish novel was still “hiaho”. In 1847 the English ahoy became “holla!” And the phrases all hands ahoy! , all hands (a-) hoay! with “Everything on the deck! All over! All over! translated into German "

The earliest evidence in German does not come from nautical factual texts, but are taken from maritime prose . At first, the circumstances show uncertainties in the use of the word. Since the end of the 1820s, ahoy and ahoi with the final -i, which marks the Germanization of ahoy , can be found in translations of English novels and short stories. Almost at the same time, it is also used in German-language original texts, albeit rarely at first. From the mid-1840s onwards, several well-read authors used it, so ahoy can be considered fixed around 1850.

Dictionary entries were rare in the 19th century. In Urduden from 1880, it is not recorded. The German dictionary (DWB) of the Brothers Grimm did not yet know the word; the first sheet with entries up to the keyword allverein was published in 1852. The second edition of the DWB from 1998 names 1846 and 1848 as the earliest reference years. The card index for the dictionary, kept in the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, does not contain any earlier entries. The standard work Etymological Dictionary of the German Language by Friedrich Kluge has only been citing ahoi with its own keyword since the 1999 edition.

The automatic search of digitized books on the Internet and in offline databases for suitable keywords only leads to a few useful results. German entertainment literature was so poorly printed in the first half of the 19th century that even good recognition software still produces a large number of reading errors, so that documents cannot be found. Catalog research is still essential for systematic searches.

In German translations of James Fenimore Cooper novels appeared in 1828 for the first time ahoy to

Early evidence in translations

The earliest possible use of the word ahoy dates back to 1828. In 1827, the American narrator James Fenimore Cooper published his pirate novel The Red Rover . Der rothe Freibeuter appeared in Frankfurt am Main the following year . The translator Karl Meurer did not take all the mentions literally. So the command “All hands make sail, ahoy!” Became “All too! Hoist the sails! ”Elsewhere, ahoy turned into aho , perhaps an inattention. But Meurer also translated precisely: “All hands to mischief, ahoy!”, The permit for pleasure on board, resulted in “Alle zu Hauf! to antics, ahoy! ”Meurer translated the phrase“ Good humor, ahoy! ”as“ kept up with the antics, ahoy! ”

In a story that gave a ship called Water Witch (German "Wassernixe" ) its title, Cooper used the ahoy word five times in 1830 . In the same year a translation was published by Gottfried Friedenberg, who voted ahoi four times . Only the first time ahoy appeared in the text, Friedenberg slipped through the original spelling. Possibly the German word was still relatively new to him in 1830. The error was corrected in later editions. Friedrich Knickerbocker, who published the second translation in 1831, ignored or incorrectly paraphrased ahoy as "Holüber!"

The “who there” once used by him was not new. In 1824 and 1827 German editions of Cooper's novel The pilot appeared , in which ahoy through the similar invocations “Wer da!”, “Wer da?”, “Heda” or “He! Hey! ”Were translated. It was not until 1842 that Der Lotse received an interjectival standardization through another translation by Eduard Mauch, but with four times ahoy and one time ahoy .

The unnamed translator of the two-volume story Trelawney's Adventures in East India , published by the seaman and later writer Edward John Trelawny in 1832, also leaves ahoy as a foreign word in 1835 and 1836 .

The Danish poet Carl Bernhard translated his “Ahoi” into German in 1837

In 1837 the novella Lykkens Yndling / Das Glückskind was published in a Danish version, translated by the author Carl Bernhard himself . Bernhard was the pseudonym of the Danish novelist Andreas Nikolai de Saint-Aubain . With the phrase “Ahoi, ein Segler!” For “Ahoi, en Sejler!”, This is probably the earliest import from a Scandinavian language.

Early evidence in German original texts

The use of ahoi in an original German text is documented for 1829 . In her story Die Armenierin , the Saxon writer Wilhelmine von Gersdorff used the word several times in an expert context as an invocation, but also as an encouragement. The author translated from English under the pseudonym FPE Richter.

The Austrian Carl Anton Postl ( Charles Sealsfield ) used ahoi in his own works from 1836

The Austrian Charles Sealsfield initially used the initial form ahoy . Sealsfield, whose real name was Carl Anton Postl, lived temporarily in New Orleans and had a lot of contact with seafarers. In his novel Morton or the great tour , first published in Zurich in 1835 , he lets an excited crowd in Piccadilly Circus in London “Gare! Cook! take care! Hello ho! A hoy! ”Shout; so also in editions of 1844 and 1846. In the apparatus of a reprint “Gare” is corrected to “Care”, German “Caution”, but incorrectly stated that in all three editions the amount “Gare! Cook! take care! Hello ho! Ahoy! ”Called. The English spelling is correct in the separate variant that was quite common at the time.

In Sealsfield's novel Pflanzerleben , Zurich 1836, an order when a distinguished visitor arrives reads: “Ahoy! Ahoy! (...) Don't you hear? take the horses from the Count. ”The book was published in 1844 in the USA in English translation. In it, the ahoi kept its German form. In Sealsfield's last novel, South and North from 1843, he also uses the English call again in separate writing: “Sail a hoy - an ennemys sail!” The translation, even at the bottom of the page, reads: “Captain, a foreign (hostile ) Sails. "

In 1838 the writer Ernst Willkomm let his pilot Jans call down from the Heligoland cliffs with a thunderous voice “Ship ahoy!” . The newspaper for the elegant world , in which Willkomm's pilot stories first appeared, printed the call for “Ship ahni!”, Corrected in the 1842 book edition. Apparently without knowing the meaning of the word, an unnamed author quotes Johann Pol in the same year of the 1838 newspaper for the elegant world . A picture of life in the Antilles, some sailors who, while loading a ship, “your monotonous ahoy, oh! sang which the sailors of all peoples and parts of the world sing when they work. "

The Schwank Politik dates from 1844 on a tavern by Friedrich Giehne , where the service of a tavern reads “Waiters! Ahoy !! ”was called. The book in which Giehne's text appeared mostly assembles reprints of texts from the years 1836 to 1843, but the foreword does not tell you when Politics first appeared on an Wirthstafel and whether the text is a reprint at all. The “ shore leave ” of the interjection is astonishing . It recalls its use in Smollett's 1751 novel The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle : “Ho! the house a hoy! ”calls Commodore Trunnion. It was translated into German a little later, in 1789, as "Holla, hey da, Wirtshaus!", Similarly in 1827 and 1841. A connection between Smollett and Giehne is nevertheless conceivable. Giehne could have read Smollett in Georg Nikolaus Bärmann's translation from 1840, in which Trunnion exclaims: "Halloh, Wirtshaus, ahoy!"

From 1844 onwards, ahoy appears frequently in the works of the trained seaman and writer Heinrich Smidt

The writer Heinrich Smidt used ahoy 1844 in a partial preprint of his novel Michael de Ruiter , which appeared in book form in 1846 . Pictures from Holland's Marine in the magazine for foreign literature , of which he was editor. Also in 1844 ahoi appeared in his story Witches-Boatswain . In today's digitized books that Smidt published between 1837 and 1842, he did not use ahoy , but then used it steadily from 1844 until his last novel, which appeared in 1866. The word may have entered Smidt's vocabulary around 1843.

In 1848 Friedrich Gerstäcker popularized ahoi in his bestseller The River Pirates of the Mississippi

Friedrich Gerstäcker was one of the most successful and well-known German authors of adventure novels in the 19th century. Just as with Smidt from 1844, Gerstäcker, who translated a lot from English, suddenly appeared from 1847 onwards. "Ahoy - ho - ahoy! my good fellows, ”says the Mississippi images . In 1848, the Mississippi River Pirates were followed by the following sentence: “Boat ahoy! suddenly shouted the tied helmsman ”.

The minor form ohoi

The ohoy of the Swede Emilie Flygare-Carlén made her translator too ohoi in 1847

The minor form ohoi is occasionally detectable. In 1846 the Swedish author Emilie Flygare-Carlén wrote in a novel: "'Båt, ohoj - hvarifrån, hvathän?'" "'Boot, ohoi - wo from, where to?'" Gottlieb von Rosen translated the passage in the German edition Der Einsiedler St. John's cliff of 1847. in the short stories newspaper on August 18, 1847 used an author in the short story a Contrast the word OHOI , 1867 the writer Friedrich Spielhagen in the novel hammer and anvil .

Subsequent insertions

Walter Scott wrote in 1816 hilli hilloa , 60 years later in Ahoy Ahoy transformed

The increasing popularity of ahoy can also be seen in the fact that it was added to works afterwards. In 1828 Karl Meurer transmitted the song line “The cry's: A sail! a sail! "from Cooper's Red Rover with" Ein Segel! A sail! hoho ". In 1841 Gottfried Friedenberg turned it into “A sail there! ahoy! ”, which was spread in 1845 by the Austrian poet Wilhelm Gärtner in his novel Die Fledermaus . An intervention in the work of the Scottish writer Walter Scott was sufficient . In 1816 he used the exclamation "hilli hilloa, hilli-ho-a!" In his novel The Antiquary, and recited it correctly by his German translators in the following decades. Benno Tschischwitz composed it in his 1876 edition of Der Alterthümler , also illustrated in 1888, “ahoi ahoi! hoi hoi hoi! "

German, usage

Maritime

For the world traveler Wilhelm Heine , the call in 1859 was "common". However, Heine was traveling with American sailors who used the already common English form. For Germans in Livonia on the Baltic Sea, a dictionary still explained the usage in 1864: "ahoy [...], two-syllable, and the second emphasizes". In Germany in the 19th century "overall still rare", around 1910 a "modern imitation" of the English ahoy , the call then became uncommon. In the non-maritime sector, ahoy is also used to say goodbye. In literary use, mostly with a maritime theme, ahoi appears for example in:

  • Paul Heyse (1900): “He looked up at the threatening clouds with an exuberantly challenging look and let out a bright ahoy! sound. "
  • Carl Sternheim (1909) as a message to the crew : "A voice from the mast: Land ahoy!"
  • Anna Seghers (1928): "A couple of guys from the front ran up to the top, shouted ahoy, waved their arms."
  • Hans Fallada (1934) as a warning call: “Ahoy! Ahoy! Man overboard! "
  • Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1951): “Ahoy! The sails lifted [sic!], Away, to other coasts, to other brides! "
  • Günter Grass (1959): “But why Matzerath waved and such nonsense as 'Ship ahoy!' roared, remained a mystery to me. Because as a native of the Rhineland, he didn't understand anything about the navy ”.
  • Hermann Kant (1972): "Then this person went out of the house, said ahoy, Franziska, kissed you on the nose, everything as always ..."
  • Ulrich Plenzdorf (1973): “Ahoy! You coughed better, no? "

In songs that were composed after the tall ship era , the word created a maritime atmosphere without following traditional usage. We were in Madagascar with the beginning of the refrain “Ahoi Comrades” was written in 1934 and can be considered a travel song . The hit is beautiful love in the harbor with the starting line in the chorus "Not even with princes and counts / we swap boys, ahoy!" Is based on a waltz song, also by 1934. The Edelweiss Pirates was ahoy probably taken over by Czech youth and even after used as a greeting after its 1933 ban.

Stander of the Berlin sailing club Ahoi, founded in 1892

water sports

Hobby sailors have adopted ahoy from professional boaters. Ahoi! Was published from 1884 to 1887 . , first as a magazine for German sailors , then for water sports. The Berlin sailing club Ahoi was founded in 1892. Ahoi is documented as the “call of the sailors” in the 1920s for Lake Constance . With the increasing popularity of water sports, it came back up since the 1960s. Since then, ahoy! also used as a formula greeting to a functionary on board, e.g. B. "Captain ahoy!", Or without any additions. The use of it is considered unseaman among professionals, and "you should avoid this outcry ['ahoy!'] Entirely. Its use is badly noted on board and can destroy the whole sphere of painstakingly created trust. The song poets have revamped this already dead word. ” From 1964 to 1992, an inflatable boat yard distributed its customer magazine Wiking ahoi .

Albrecht Dürer's Ship of Fools (1495). In carnival parades, the crew of a ship of fools greets the audience with ahoy!

Carnival / Fastnacht

Ahoi , like helau and alaaf, is a fool's call for Carnival and Shrovetide . After inland boatmen, dockworkers and fishermen adopted the term from the coast, the carnival clubs popularized it. During the processions, the crew of a ship of fools greets the people on the roadside with ahoy! and receives the same greeting back. It is traditionally widespread in the Electoral Palatinate , for example in Mannheim with "Monnem ahoi" or "Mannem ahoi!" And in Ludwigshafen , but also in neighboring areas such as Altlußheim in northern Baden and Wasungen in southern Thuringia , there with "Woesinge ahoi!" The one founded in 1908 Carnival society Milka in the Upper Swabian town of Ravensburg greets with “Milka - ahoy!” At the backfish festival of the fishing guild in Worms , greetings are also given with “ahoy”. More recent carnival activities, for example in a north German association or in a new establishment in Cologne, refer to the reputation.

military

In the German and Austrian navies before the First World War, boats approaching an anchored warship were called with “Boot ahoy!” To find out who was inside. The answers from the warship boats depended on the highest placed person on board: “Standard!” When approaching with a “princess” on board, “Flag!” With an admiral , “Yes, yes!” With an officer and “No, no! “Without an officer. The same applied to “boat ahoy” in the US Navy, where the procedure was first regulated in 1893, and in the Royal Navy. In the German Navy, the greeting "Ahoi" is no longer common these days, the North German " Moin " is mostly used.

Of the German warships between 1815 and 1945, only one motorboat of the Kriegsmarine was called Ahoi . It was taken over in 1940, so presumably had the name before, and drove on the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . In June 1945 the owner J. Pieper & Co. received it back. The German slinging ship Bussard , put into service in 1942 , was sold as spoils of war from the USA in 1947 to the Belgian shipping company Heygen in Ghent and renamed Ahoy .

The Wehrmacht motorcycle phenomenon Ahoi from Zittau

In Zittau , the Gustav Hiller Phenomenon Works produced 125 cubic centimeter motorcycles for the German armed forces from 1940 to 1943 under the name Phenomen Ahoi .

“Fog - ahoy!” Is the call of the Bundeswehr 's NBC defense force and is officially part of the army’s military customs. The reputation goes back to the Nebeltruppe , a combat group of the Wehrmacht from 1935, which had to chemically fog the battlefield and suddenly destroy area targets with mass fire, and “arose from the joy of a successful smoke mission, so when the fog was 'well on target'. "

Effervescent powder

Logo of the Ahoj-Brause, for reasons of copyright without a picture of the sailor

Ahoj is the name of an effervescent powder developed in Stuttgart in 1925 . Named after the call ahoi , it has been advertised since 1930 with an image of a sailor and a flag labeled "Ahoj" . At that time, sailor suits were in vogue as children's clothing. The brand name is also known in the confectionery segment in the USA. Chips Ahoy! is a popular biscuit brand from the food company Nabisco , whose name plays with the call "ships ahoy!"

Cattle drive

Åhoi uses an isolated case as a call to the cattle to go slowly. It is attested for the Erzgebirge before the First World War and was used like eha and oha, ooha (a) . Here there can be a combination of two interjections as in Middle English, but the first may come from Erzgebirge eh “a, pause” like ee hold “stop, pause”. A lemma åhoi, ahoi or ohoi is missing in the new standard dictionary for this language region. In a valley in the Triglav Mountains in Slovenia , shepherds were talking to Ohoi! -Call over long distances, as mentioned in a report from 1838.

Dutch, Frisian

Theories of origin

The reputation also exists in Dutch listening ? / i . If its origins were in this language, hoy could come from hoie , the name of a sailor known today as Hoie or Heude . The common type of ship carried passengers and cargo along the North Sea coast and across the English Channel. "To Hoye of Dorderyght", from the Dutch trading town of Dordrecht , is mentioned in a letter in 1495; two years later, "an hoye of Andwarpe " appears in the files of King Henry VII of England . In a travel description from 1624, the captain John Smith , who tends to exaggerate, comes up with a huge number of sails for the region between Vlissingen and the IJsselmeer : " Holland and Zeeland has twenty thousand sails of Ships and Hoies." Audio file / audio sample

However, there is no direct evidence for an origin of ahoy from the particle a and the noun hoie . In Dutch and German language research, the reputation is considered to be a takeover from English. This is supported by the density of evidence in English and the lack of it in Dutch as well as doubts about the assumption that in the early modern period a single ship designation could be word-forming, even if it was widespread.

The connection between ahoi and hoi , a form of address common in Dutch, is unclear. Hoi , already recorded as Jauchzer in 1552, can be a short form of ahoi or ahoi an extension of hoi . Hoi probably belongs to a group of calls like hó, hé and is not closely related to ahoi .

Sources

In Dutch, aho (o) i, ahoy and ehoi appear rather rarely and are not included in numerous specialist dictionaries. Perhaps this is due to the spread of the similar, faster call hoi .

The sources on the early use of the word are poor, because ahoi in the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT) did not have its own lemma, although this large dictionary also includes interjections. This entry is also missing in the supplementary deliveries to the WNT in recent decades . Within the entries in the WNT , the earliest records containing forms of ahoi date from around 1900. In a girl's book published in 1897, the writer Tine van Berken wrote : “A-hoi! A-hoi! riep Beer onvermoeid, de hand trechters gewijze aan de moon "German" ... called Beer tirelessly hand like a funnel at the mouth. "1908 was the writer George Frans reel storm forces" met donderend ahoei "German" thunderous Ahoy "on the Clash coast. Here the meaning is extended to noise or greeting. The spelling ahoei , pronounced [a ˈhuːi] , also contains an onomatopoeic element if Haspels alluded to the sound of the wind with [ huːi ].

In the 1950s, ahoy was considered "out of date". The expression is still widely known. There is no evidence for a use of ahoy in Frisian in large dictionaries for this language.

Ahoy Rotterdam event complex , main entrance, 2007

Ahoy in Rotterdam

Ahoy is short for Ahoy Rotterdam , a large event center in the Netherlands. It initially consisted of a hall from the exhibition Rotterdam Ahoy! to rebuild the war-torn city and was initially called Ahoy ' ; the accent should be reminiscent of the exhibition's exclamation mark. In 1968 it moved to the Charlois district , where an extensive building complex was built over time.

The innovative premiere of the Tamboeren Trompetterkorps Ahoy , Rotterdam 1956

The Tamboer- en Trompetterkorps Ahoy , founded in 1955, originated from Charlois , in German Tambour- und Trompeterkorps Ahoy. It has not been researched whether it was named that way because the maritime ahoy in Rotterdam , which was now considered out of date, expressed the spirit of development. The marching band first appeared on Koninginnedag 1956 and became known for its innovative figure walking, previously unusual chants and fast marching music. In 1962 he won first prize in the Wereld Muziek Concours in Kerkrade and later played at the Sanremo Festival . The corps disbanded in 2003 due to a lack of new blood. The show music corps Ahoy-Hamburg was established in Hamburg in 1975 .

Nordic languages

to form

Scandinavian languages have included descendants of the English forms ahoy and ohoy in many spellings. In Danish it is ahoj and ohoj , also ohjø, aahøj or ohej , in Norwegian ohoi , in Swedish ohoj and å-hoj . In Icelandic , ohoj can be combined with the presented English ship ; the form Sjipp og hoj appears as an invocation .

Early evidence

In 1837 the Danish novelist Andreas Nikolai de Saint-Aubain , who published under the pseudonym Carl Bernhard, used with "'Ahoi, en Sejler!" Sailors fra Mærset “robbed the phrase. Saint-Aubin's translation into German from the same year, “'Ahoy, a sailor!' Cried the sailor from Mers,” is also an early German-language document. The Swedish author Emilie Flygare-Carlén wrote in 1842: “Örnung reddes till en ny färd på den klarnade böljan; manskabet skrek sitt muntra 'å-hoj!' ”The German translator of 1843 avoided å-hoj and put it:“ The young eagle was prepared for a new voyage through the clear waves; the crew let out their cheerful hiaho. ”In the English translation of 1844, however, it says:“ The crew of the young Eagle […] shouted their cheerful ahoys. ”In 1846 Flygare-Carlén wrote:“ Båt, ohoj - hvarifrån, hvathän? ", German" Boot, ohoi - where from, where? "

In two English-Danish dictionaries from 1863, ahoy is still used with “Hey! Holla! "And" Holla! heida! ”translated.

Finnish

In Finnish , which does not belong to the Germanic language family , the interjection is borrowed from Swedish ohoj to the form ohoi . In a German-Finnish dictionary, German ahoi was given as Finnish hoi . A translation from English ahoy into related Estonian is called ahoi .

Czech and Slovak

Czechoslovak cargo ship in Hamburg traffic on the Elbe near Magdeburg, 1965

Theories of origin

In the two landlocked countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia , which were united to form Czechoslovakia in 1918 and became independent in 1992, ahoj (pronounced [aɦɔj] , ahoj ? / I ) is an everyday greeting. The many explanations for this circulating in the distribution area include: Audio file / audio sample

  • Czech sailors brought the call with them from Hamburg. The shipping company Czechoslovak Elbe Shipping operated the Vltava port there , leased to Czechoslovakia in 1929, as a terminal for freight traffic, complete with the accommodation ship Praha .
  • When the shore leave of Czech sailors in the industrial harbors on the Vltava and Upper Elbe ends, the girls from the harbor bars warned their suitors to say goodbye to their occupational disease syphilis with the pun hoj / (ne) hojit : “A hoj! Kdo nehojil, tomu upad ”, German“ And holla! He fell away from those who did not heal him! "
  • Seafarers of the Czechoslovak merchant navy with their temporarily 13 ocean-going ships brought the word with them during their summer vacations.
  • About the Evangelical Moravian Brothers , who originally came from Bohemia and Moravia and moved to America in the 18th century, maritime knowledge, including this invocation, flowed back to their old homeland.

One invention is the tracing back of the international reputation to a Bohemian seaman of the 17th century.

nazdar , ahoj , čau

In fact, the prevalence of ahoj dates back to the 1920s when Czech youth and students popularized canoeing on the South Moravian and Bohemian rivers. The canoeists formed a kind of migratory bird movement ; some called themselves trampové , tramps , or skauti , scouts, scouts . As early as the 1930s, Czech linguists saw these skauti as a carrier and propagator of the ahoj .

The groups formed a romantic opposition to the nationalist Czech bourgeoisie. Its Sokol sports clubs, with their preference for traditional gymnastics, did not match the spirit of optimism of the young people, who therefore cultivated a sport that was perceived as international and chic with their own greeting. They used their ahoj , which comes from the sailor's language , possibly taken from Low German, against the Sokol call nazdar , German about Heil as in Ski Heil . Nazdar was in common use in Czech and Czechoslovak society, but within a few decades the more modern ahoj was replaced by the aging expression.

Graffito on a house wall in Bratislava, 1997

The ironic Czech and Slovak love for language contributed to the spread of ahoj . In Slovakia there are ahoj descendants like the belittling “ahojček”, German for example “Ahoichen”, the “ahojka”, “priest”, which is suitable for drinking, and also the plural form of address “ahojťe”, “ahoi, you!” And grammatical correct we-form "ahojme sa", "we ahoy, we say ahoy". In Czech as in Slovak , ahoj is slowly being replaced by the more modern “čau”, which comes from the Italian greeting ciao . This is said to have been noticeable since the Czechoslovak government allowed the showing of Italian films in the 1960s .

Youth cultural designations

The daily newspaper České slovo (German Czech word ) belonging to the Melantrich publishing house in Prague named a humorous supplement Ahoj na neděli (German Ahoi am Sonntag ) that appeared from 1933 to 1943 . It was distributed on Fridays “in order to provide the tramps with their weekend reading in good time.” From 1969 to 1997, the České slovo successor Svobodné slovo (German: Free Word ) published the leisure supplement Ahoj na sobotu , German Ahoj on Saturday.

Streets in Ahoj, part of Bratislava

The official name of Ahoj is the name of a district in the Nové Mesto district of the Slovak capital, Bratislava . Before the Second World War, when the area was hardly built up, young people met there.

In 2001, the car manufacturer Škoda named its concept study for a small car Škoda Ahoj!

Mockery in Theresienstadt

In the Theresienstadt concentration camp , Czech-speaking Jews mockingly called an inmate who was assimilated to Czech society and no longer a believer Ahojista , or "Ahojist" in German. A Jewish-Czech assimilator who, out of opportunism , posed as a Zionist to the Jewish administrative offices in the camp , was called Šahojista , which was composed of the greetings Shalom and Ahoj .

Acronyms

In the Czech Republic occupied by Germany, the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , ahoj could be understood as the acronym for the slogan "Adolfa Hitlera oběsíme jistě", in German: "Sure, we are hanging on Adolf Hitler". Under the communist government, ahoj developed into the initial word in the Slovak part of the country. Since the church struggle of 1950 it has been used as an abbreviation for the consolation formula Aj hriešnych ochraňuje Ježiš , German Jesus also protects the sinful , or for the Latin ad honorem Jesu , German Jesus for honor . Catholic youths used it demonstratively among themselves. Even pastors addressed the faithful from the pulpit with it.

USA, telephone traffic

In the USA, the two inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison not only competed for the technology of telephony , but also for the word with which a telephone call was to be opened. Bell favored ahoy , used the call until the end of his life and stated that he had never said "hello". Edison demanded hello and won this argument for himself within a few years. Statements about the dichotomy of ahoy and hello in the early stages of telephone history are contradictory.

Alexander Graham Bell , who couldn't get his ahoy through as a phone greeting in the 1870s, portrayed by an actor for a 1926 promotional film
The Cambridge building where Bell called his assistant Watson with ahoy on October 9, 1876 , the beginning of the first public telephone call

Bells ahoy

The tradition spread after Bell's death that Ahoy! Ahoy! were the first words spoken over the phone is incorrect. Earlier inventors of telephones were able to transmit speech . In addition, Bell's first words, on March 10, 1876, were addressed by wire to his mechanic Thomas A. Watson in the next room: “Mr. Watson - Come here - I want to see you. "

Bell's use of the word has been documented since the early telephone was able to transmit two-way language rather than just one-way messages. On October 9, 1876, on October 9, 1876, he used the maritime invocation on the first public telephone call in both directions, with a line between Boston and East Cambridge, two miles away . Watson, caught by a technical problem, recalled: “Louder and more audible than I had ever heard it between two rooms, Bell's voice vibrated [from the relay] and said, 'Ahoy! Ahoy! Are you there What's happening?' I could even hear him getting hoarse from shouting the whole time I was walking around the factory building. I ahoy back and could hear his sigh when he asked me: 'Where have you been all this time?' "

At the end of October 1876, Bell regularly opened his telephone calls to Watson within Cambridge with the question: "Ahoy, Watson, are you there?" On December 3, 1876, Bell used the familiar expression again when he spoke to Watson on a long-distance call over 143 miles of telegraph wire in front of an audience opened the Eastern Railroad to North Conway in New Hampshire with the words: “Ahoy! Ahoy! Watson, are you there? "On February 12, 1877, while Watson was in Salem and Bell in Boston, Watson began the public conversation with" Ahoy! Ahoy! ”There is no evidence for a form ahoy-hoy used by Bell as a blending of his double ahoy ahoy , which has now become common .

Ahoy-ahoy is also said to have been the first test call by a telephone operator and then presumably dates from 1878. The speaker is George Willard Coy , who opened a commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut on January 28, 1878 and was the first to work full-time operator , or the young Louis Herrick Frost, the first regularly employed boy operator .

Thomas Alva Edison made the previously little known hello the communication standard . Photo taken after 1877

Edison's hello

Edison advocated the use of the hello call . On July 18, 1877, when he succeeded in making the first sound recording, he shouted the popular halloo into the mouthpiece of his phonograph. The earliest evidence for the use of hello on the phone is a letter from Edison dated August 5, 1877 to a business friend: “I do not think we shall need a call bell as Hello! can be heard 10 to 20 feet away ", German:" I don't think we will need a bell because Hello! Can be heard 10 to 20 feet away. "

According to later recollections, the use of hello was common in Edison's laboratory in 1878, although, contrary to initial research, Edison had not developed hello . The address can be detected in the US in the first half of the 19th century and is associated with shapes like hullo , hello and halloa occupied the 16th since the Century hollo back. Its subsidiary form holloa , which is common in the maritime sector , was partially replaced by ahoy from around 1800 .

Inferior ahoy

How Edison prevailed against Bell has not yet been investigated. In the literature, social and technical reasons are given.

The social need for an acronym was great, because initially, salutations such as “What is wanted?” Or “Are you ready to talk?”, German: “Was ist Wunsch?”, “Are you ready to talk?” Were used. One day Edison is said to have simply called "hello" instead of starting the call with "un-American" inconveniences. Hello , not yet established with conventions, allowed us to get down to business quickly. In addition, ahoy traditionally required the addition of a name, which was not possible at the beginning of an anonymous incoming telephone call. As a sailor expression, it was also considered too masculine since women were hired as telephone operators. Ahoy was, as the US columnist William Safire summarized, "for land and telephone rats" too maritime and as a formula too little geared to conversation.

In 1889, Mark Twain popularized the term hello girls for telephone operators. Portrait from 1890

Technically, Bell and Edison pursued different concepts in their development work. While Bell planned to offer customers a new call connection whenever they needed a call, Edison initially favored dedicated lines that remained open between the participants. In 1877, Edison thought it was necessary to have a loud call word that could be heard over a long distance in order to get someone called on the phone. A bell that could be heard through the telephone line was considered, but the English name of the bell reminded Edison of his competitor. When Bell's concept of individual connections prevailed, Edison began to build the necessary switch cabinets, but is said to have stipulated his message hello in the instructions for the switchboards .

Hello prevailed in New York as early as 1880. Attendees at the first telephone company conference in Niagara Falls in November 1880 wore a greeting plaque that read Hello . Hello girl as the name for the young women in call exchanges has been used since 1883 and popularized by the American writer Mark Twain in 1889.

reception

William Safire said, referring to the dismantling of the US telephone monopoly AT&T in 1984: “… thus, Ahoy! became AT & T.'s first divestiture ", German roughly:" Ahoy! on the first unbundling at AT&T ”. AT&T emerged from Bell's telephone company founded in 1877.

The tension between ahoy and hello was used in various media and viewed in terms of literary theory:

  • The English-speaking writer Oswald Kendall used it in a novel in 1916: “'American ship ahoy!' Came the voice. […] ,Hello!' Captain Hawks yelled back, and in his tone I could hear laughter, the laughter of pleasure. "
  • Montgomery Burns , nuclear power plant owner in the animated television series The Simpsons , uses the greeting ahoy! hoy! who is answered with hello in one episode by his incompetent employee Homer Simpson .
  • A literary scholar saw a semantic correspondence between the water-like electricity terminology ( wave , river , current ) in telephony with the nautical ahoy as a salutation on the phone and the hello, developed in the form of hello , which is in line with French à l'eau , German "to the water".

Ahoy words as an abbreviation

Ahoi , Ahoy and Ahoj are used as acronyms. This includes

  • Acute haemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHOI) , a childhood disease
  • Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY), a working group of cardiologists
  • Australian Humanist of the Year (AHOY) , an award
  • Adolfa Hitlera oběsíme jistě; Aj hriešnych ochraňuje Ježiš; Ad honorem Jesu , see #Acronyms

Ahoy words in titles

Ahoi , Ahoy, and Ahoj are popular ingredients in the titles of films, books, plays, art, and musical works.

→ This selection only contains examples that are documented in the German-language Wikipedia.

Movies

Books

Stage plays

Works of fine arts

Songs and phonograms

broadcast

literature

In addition to entries in dictionaries and other reference works, literature on the word group around ahoy can be proven:

  • Dietmar Bartz: How the Ahoj came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, pp. 33-37
  • Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world. In: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Seemannsssprache, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , pp. 301-319
  • A. Cecil Hampshire: Boat ahoy. Hailing in the Navy. In: Chambers' journal. 9. Series Vol. 4, 1950, pp. 551-553
  • Ľubor Králik: O pôvode pozdravu ahoj a skratky SOS [German: About the origin of the greeting ahoj and the abbreviation SOS ]. In: Slovenská reč. Volume 70, number 3, 2005, p. 191, PDF 745 KB online

Web links

Wiktionary: ahoy  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

supporting documents

In order to find references more quickly, to be able to use dictionaries with different editions or to clarify the context of the position, the keyword with the abbreviation s is in place or next to the page number in some alphabetically arranged works . v. specified. The following are abbreviated:

Abbreviation Full title
OED John A. Simpson: Oxford English Dictionary . 20 volumes, 2nd edition Oxford 1989. Their revisions, de facto the third edition of the OED, can be found on a fee-based website and accessible in academic libraries.
WNT Matthias de Vries: Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal . 40 volumes, s'Gravenhage (= The Hague) 1882–1998. Due to the long period of publication, the years of publication are given. The supplementary volumes are cited in full. Online presence.
  1. ↑ a b Friedrich Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language . 24th edition Berlin, New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-017473-1 , s. v. ahoy. The lemma has only existed since the 23rd edition (1999).
  2. ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. 2nd edition Leipzig, Stuttgart 1983ff; s. v. Ah. Ernst Schwentner: The primary interjections in the Indo-European languages. Heidelberg, 1924, p. 6 ff. (= Indo-European Library, Dept. 3, 5)
  3. ↑ OED s. v. hoy sb.2 OED3 s. v. hoy. int. (n.2)
  4. ↑ OED s. v. hoy int. The epic has come down to us in three variants, A, B and C. The form hoy comes from the C text; in A it says hey , in B it says how . The dating is taken from the OED .
  5. ↑ Version C by Piers Plowman , from which the hoy comes, has not yet appeared in German; the how from the B text is omitted in the first German translation ( William Langland, Peter der Pflüger ; translated by Werner Klett; Bonn 1935, p. 61). The connection with similar lines of text (“hey” instead of “hoy”) in two song texts in an English manuscript from the early 16th century is unclear. See Ray Siemens: Revisiting the Text of the Henry VIII Manuscript (BL Add Ms 31,922): An Extended Note. In: Early Modern Literary Studies 14.3 (2009) 3.1–36. Furthermore: Dietrich Helms: Heinrich VIII. And the music. Lore, musical education of the nobility and composition techniques of a king. Eisenach 1998, p. 42. A piece was recorded by the Hilliard Ensemble on the CD Music for Tudor Kings, Henry VII & Henry VIII .
  6. ^ William Falconer: An universal dictionary of the Marine. London 1769, sv Holloa, quoted from OED sv hoy int.
  7. ^ JJ Moore: The Midshipman's Or British Mariner's Vocabulary. London 1801 and Washington 1805, p. v. hoay. Charles James: A new and enlarged military dictionary. 2nd ed. London 1805, p. v. hoay
  8. ↑ OED s. v. hey hi
  9. ↑ a b Het Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal op Internet , s. v. hoi , accessed November 19, 2008
  10. ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. 2nd edition Leipzig, Stuttgart 1983ff s. v. Ah. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. 1st edition Leipzig, Stuttgart 1983ff s. v. hoia. The 2nd edition was only processed up to the letter F , the first edition did not lemmatize the interjection hoi .
  11. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Seemannsssprache , 2nd edition Bielefeld 2008, s. v. ahoy. Different in the 1st edition, Bielefeld 2007, s. v. ahoy, and in: ders .: How the ahoy came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, pp. 33-37, here p. 36f.
  12. ↑ Gustav Goedel: Etymological dictionary of the German seaman's language. Kiel, Leipzig 1902 p. v. ahoy!
  13. ↑ Alois Bernt (Ed.): Heinrich von Freiberg. Halle 1906, lines 1986 and 4476 as well as p. 5 and 264
  14. ↑ Middle High German dictionary online , s. v. ahî , accessed November 19, 2008
  15. ↑ Arend Quak:  NICOLAUS von Jeroschin. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 6, Bautz, Herzberg 1993, ISBN 3-88309-044-1 , Sp. 693-694.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive ) , accessed on November 19, 2008
  16. ^ Franz Pfeiffer: Die Deutschordenschronik des Nicolaus von Jeroschin , in: ders .: Contributions to the history of the Central German language and literature. Stuttgart 1854, p. 83. The length symbols above the vowels come from this transcription; Digitized version of the code.
  17. ^ Robert A. Anderson et al. a .: Early New High German dictionary. Volume 1, Berlin 1989, s. v. aheia
  18. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world, in: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Sailor's language. Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , pp. 301-319, here p. 304
  19. ↑ z. B. OED s. v. ahoy
  20. ^ A b Svenska Academies: Ordbok över svenska språket. Vol. 18, Lund 1949, p. v. ohoj
  21. ↑ Duden. The large dictionary of the German language in ten volumes. Mannheim 1999, ISBN 3-411-04743-7 , s. v. ahoy
  22. ↑ see quotations in the respective languages
  23. ↑ OED s. v. ahoy. Tobias Smollett: The adventures of Peregrine Pickle. London 1751, vol. 1, p. 11, digitized. Numerous editions of the Peregrine Pickle contain the variant "a-hoy", for example editions from 1831 (Cochrane, London) and 2006 (Verlag Assistedreadingbooks.com)
  24. ↑ Tobias Smollett: Peregrine Pickle. Translated by Wilhelm Christhelf Siegmund, Berlin 1789, p. 20. “Holla! Heda! Wirthshaus “is the translation of WH v. Vogt, Magdeburg 1827, Volume 1 p. 13. In the 20th century: “Holla! Wirtshaus, ahoi! ", Transferred from Hans Matter, Munich 1966, p. 13, and" Ho-ahoi, the house! ", Transferred from Werner Kautz, Leipzig 1972, p. 13
  25. ^ William Falconer: An universal dictionary of the marine. 3rd, expanded edition, London 1780 sv Hailing ; New print Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1998. Words identical in the London 1784 edition, digitized
  26. ↑ OED s. v. hoy
  27. ^ The posthumous dramatick works of the late Richard Cumberland, Esq. , Volume 1, London 1813, p. 148
  28. ^ The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular , Vol. 27, No. 516, Feb. 1, 1886, pp. 68-72
  29. ↑ Lyrics , accessed November 19, 2008
  30. ^ George Cruikshank: The Universal Songster or Museum of Mirth. London 1826, p. 276
  31. ^ "A sea term of much the same import as holla"; in: Samuel Johnson u. a .: A Dictionary of the English Language. London 1824, p. v. ahoy
  32. ↑ "Ahoy! or, 'ship, Ahoy!' is the usual sea-call; and is obviously akin to the thrice repeated Oyes (French oyez, hear!) of the common cryer ". German: "Ahoi! or 'Ship ahoy!' is the usual call to sea and obviously related to the three times repeated Oyes (French oyez, hear!) of the crier ”. In: David Booth: An analytical dictionary of the English language. London 1835, S. CL. online , pdf, 711 KB, accessed on November 19, 2008
  33. ↑ Memoirs of the Rev. Joseph Eastburn , Philadelphia 1828, p. 113. William Allen: An America Biographical and Historical Dictionary. 2nd ed. Boston 1832, p. v. Eastburn. Joseph. R. Douglas Brackenridge: The Presbyterian Church (USA) Foundation: A Bicentennial History. Philadelphia 1999, p. 27
  34. ↑ In the OED the only evidence of ohoy dates from the year 1885. In the OED3 the keyword is no longer available.
  35. ↑ OED s. v. Romney
  36. ^ In: New-York magazine, or, literary repository. Volume 2, 1791, p. 728, digitized It is a takeover, an earlier reprint appeared in London: The European Magazine, June 1789, p. 440, digitized
  37. ^ The New Monthly Magazine , Volume 1; London 1821; P. 344
  38. ↑ Allan Cunningham: Lord Roldan , Vol. 2; London 1836; P. 111
  39. ^ Verner Dahlerup et al .: Ordbog over det danske sprag, Volume 15, Copenhagen 1934, sv ohoj. - Marit Hovdenak: Nynorskordboka , 3rd edition, Oslo 2001, sv ohoi
  40. ↑ Trygve Knudsen, Alf Sommerfelt: Norsk riksmålsordbok , Volume 3, Oslo 1947, sv ohoi
  41. ↑ Svenska Academies: Ordbok över Svenska språket , Volume 18, Lund 1949 sv ohoj
  42. ^ Johann Gottfried Flügel: Complete English-German and German-English dictionary. Part 1, 3rd ed. Leipzig 1847, s. v. ahoy, s. v. hoay. German holla for ahoy still has Madame Bernard: German equivalents for english thoughts. London 1858, p. 4.
  43. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world. In: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Seemannsssprache , Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , p. 306
  44. ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. 2nd edition Leipzig, Stuttgart 1983ff s. v. ahoy
  45. ^ Friedrich Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language. 23rd edition Berlin, New York 1999, ISBN 3-11-016392-6 , sv
  46. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world. In: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Seemannsssprache , Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , p. 306 f.
  47. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world. In: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Seemannsssprache , Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , p. 307
  48. ↑ Carl Bernhard: The lucky child. Copenhagen 1837, p. 459.
  49. ^ Wilhelmine von Gersdorff: The Armenian or the shipwreck on the coast of Ireland. Braunschweig 1829, Volume 1, pp. 13, 15 f., 19, 64, 136, digitized version , no evidence in Volume 2
  50. ↑ Walther Killy: Literature Lexicon. Authors and works from the German-speaking cultural area. Volume 4, Berlin 2009, p. 188
  51. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world. In: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Seemannsssprache , Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , p. 308 f.
  52. ↑ Berlin 1846, quoted from Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. 2nd edition Leipzig, Stuttgart 1983ff s. v. ahoy, quote in the spelling of the dictionary
  53. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: Ahoy! One word goes around the world. In: ders .: Tampen, Pütz and Wanten. Seemannsssprache , Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-344-9 , p. 309
  54. ^ Wilhelm Heine: The expedition into the lakes of China, Japan and Okhotsk. Volume 2, Leipzig 1859, p. 76
  55. ^ Wilhelm von Gutzeit: Wörterschatz der Deutschen Sprache Livland , Volume 1; Riga 1864, p. v. ahoy
  56. ^ A b Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm: German Dictionary. 2nd edition Leipzig, Stuttgart 1983ff s. v. ahoy
  57. ↑ Friedrich Kluge: Sailor's Language. Verbal history handbook of older and more recent German boatman expressions , Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, Halle ad Saale 1908 (reprint of the 1911 edition: Hain, Meisenheim 1973, ISBN 3-920307-10-0 ), s. v. ahoy
  58. ↑ Wolfram Claviez: Maritime Dictionary. Bielefeld 1973, ISBN 3-7688-0166-7 , s. v. ahoy
  59. ^ Paul Heyse: San Vigilio. In: Paul Heyse: Collected Works III ; ed. by Erich Petzet. 2nd row, 2nd volume, Stuttgart 1902, p. 603
  60. ^ Carl Sternheim: Don Juan. Leipzig 1909, p. 175
  61. ↑ Anna Seghers: Rebellion of the fishermen of Santa Barbara. Potsdam 1928, p. 51
  62. ↑ Hans Fallada: Whoever eats from a tin bowl. Berlin 1934, quoted from Hermann Paul: German dictionary. 9th edition 1992, ISBN 3-484-10679-4 , s. v. ahoy
  63. ↑ The trial of the donkey's shadow , quoted from Friedrich Dürrenmatt: 4 radio plays. Berlin 1967, p. 28
  64. ↑ Günter Grass: The tin drum. Berlin 1986, p. 180
  65. ^ Hermann Kant: The imprint. Berlin 1972, p. 103
  66. ↑ Ulrich Plenzdorf: The new sufferings of the young W. Rostock 1973, p. 81
  67. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: Notenvertrieb ), accessed on November 19, 2008@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.schott-music.com
  68. ^ Paulus Buscher : The Stigma: Edelweiss Pirate. Koblenz 1988, p. 241. See section Czech and Slovak .
  69. ^ Arrest of young people in 1937. Website of the NS Documentation Center of the City of Cologne for the exhibition Von Navajos und Edelweißpiraten. Inadequate youth behavior in Cologne 1933–1945 ; April 2004, accessed on February 20, 2009. In other cities: Gerhart Werner: Aufmachen! Gestapo! About the resistance in Wuppertal 1933–1945 , Wuppertal 1974, p. 44. Hans-Josef Steinberg : Resistance and persecution in Essen 1933–1945. 2nd edition. Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1973, p. 177. See also: Detlev Peukert : Die Edelweißpiraten. Protest movement of young workers in the “Third Reich”; a documentation. Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7663-3106-X . Pp. 29-31.
  70. ^ Digitized version , accessed on June 12, 2011. See also: Wolfgang Rudolph: Sailing boats on the German Baltic coast. In: Publications of the Institute for German Folklore. Volume 53, 1969, p. 122 and 158. Reprint of the 1st volume: Bielefeld 1979
  71. ↑ Ernst Ochs: Baden dictionary. Vol. 1, Lahr 1925/1940, s. v. ahoy
  72. ^ Arnold Rehm: Everything about ship and sea. A happy announcement for coastal residents and landlubbers. Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-8225-0026-7 , p. 19
  73. ↑ a b c Bartz: How the Ahoj came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, pp. 33-37
  74. ^ Website "Kurpfalz-ahoi" , accessed on November 19, 2008
  75. ↑ website of "Feueriogarde" Mannheim ( Memento from 1 July 2007 in the web archive archive.today ), called on December 28, 2019
  76. ^ Website of the "Rheinschanze" Ludwigshafen , accessed on November 19, 2008
  77. ^ Website of the "Luxe" Altlußheim ( Memento from July 8, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on August 7, 2012
  78. ^ Website of the "Half-timbered and Carnival City Wasungen" ( Memento of December 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 19, 2008
  79. ^ Website of the "Milka Faschingsgesellschaft", Ravensburg , accessed on June 10, 2020
  80. ^ Website for the Backfischfest ( memento from January 11, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 19, 2008
  81. ^ Website of the "Augustendorfer Carnival Association" , accessed on November 19, 2008
  82. ↑ Website of the City Guard Colonia Ahoj , called on June 6, 2020
  83. ^ Georg Karl Friedrich Viktor von Alten: Handbook for Army and Fleet , Vol. 1; Berlin 1909, p. 384
  84. ↑ Handbook , pdf, 3.1 MB, accessed on November 19, 2008, and Handbook , accessed on November 19, 2008
  85. ^ A. Cecil Hampshire: Boat ahoy. Hailing in the Navy. In: Chambers' journal. 9. Series Vol. 4, 1950, pp. 551–553, and rules ( Memento of February 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 19, 2008
  86. ↑ Erich Gröner: The German warships 1815-1945. Bonn 1993, Volume 8/2, p. 411
  87. ↑ Paul Simsa : Ahoy Captain. Phenomenon Ahoy 125. In: Motorrad Classic. No. 4/1990, pp. 20-25; Retrieved November 19, 2008
  88. ↑ Federal Ministry of Defense, Inspector of the Army: Guide to maintaining tradition in the Army. Bonn 1999, chapter 4.17
  89. ↑ Hans Rielau: The history of the fog troop . Cologne 1966, p. 31, 147f., 207, without mentioning the battle cry
  90. ^ Chronology of the Nebelwerfer camaraderie ( memento from April 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  91. ↑ Timo Heimerdinger: The seaman. A profession and its cultural staging (1844–2003). Diss. Kiel (2004), Cologne 2005, p. 270 ff. The beginning here is "since the beginning of the 1930s" (p. 270), the website mentions 1930. Product website , accessed on November 18, 2008
  92. ↑ Website ( Memento from April 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  93. ^ Karl Müller-Fraureuth: Dictionary of the Upper Saxon and Ore Mountains dialects. Vol. 1 Dresden 1911, s. v. åhoi, Vol. 2 Dresden 1914, s. v. oha; without specifying any evidence.
  94. ^ Karl Müller-Fraureuth: Dictionary of Upper Saxon and Ore Mountain Dialects, Dresden 1911, s. v. eh
  95. ↑ Dagmar Heim, Gunter Bergmann: Dictionary of Upper Saxon Dialects. 4 vol., Berlin 1994-2003, especially volume 1 (1998). In the dictionary's collection of notes, which is in the Leipzig University Library, there are no references under or with ahoi and eh ; Mail from July 8, 2008, Professor Detlef Döring , Leipzig, to Dietmar Bartz, Berlin
  96. ^ Heinrich Freyer: Terglou in Oberkrain. In: Supplements to the general botanical newspaper. Volume 2, 1838, No. 1, p. 34
  97. ^ Eelco Verwijs, Jacob Verdam: Middelnederlandsch woordenboek , Vol. 3 (1894); s. v. hoede 2, as well as WNT Volume 6, 1912, s. v. heude
  98. ↑ OED s. v. hoy sb.1
  99. ^ A b c Marlies Philippa: Etymologically woordenboek van het Nederlands. 2nd edition Amsterdam 2004, s. v. ahoy
  100. ^ Jan Hendrik van Dale, Cornelis Kruyskamp: Groot woordenboek der Nederlandse taal. 8th edition 's-Gravenhage 1961 and 11th edition 1984, s. v. ahoy
  101. ↑ WNT 1882-1998; Jan de Vries: Nederlands etymologically woordenboek. 3rd edition, Leiden 1992; Jan de Vries, Felicien de Tollenaere: Etymologically Woordenboek. 21st edition, Utrecht 2000; Johannes Franck: Etymologically woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal. 's-Gravenhage 1912, reprint' s-Gravenhage 1971; PAF van Veen: Etymologically Woordenboek. Utrecht 1991; Roxane Vandenberghe: Woordenboek van de Vlaamse dialects. Series 1, part 2, delivery 7, De zeevisser , Gent 2000.
  102. ↑ WNT , Volume 1; 1882
  103. ↑ January Knuttel: Woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal, supplements. 's-Gravenhage 1956; Alphonsus Moerdijk: Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, Aanvullingen. 's-Gravenhage 2001
  104. ^ Tine van Berken: De Dochters van de generaal , German The daughters of the general. Amsterdam 1897, quoted from WNT , Volume 17, 1960, s. v. truer
  105. ↑ George Frans Haspels: Onder den Brandaris ; German "Under the Brandaris"; Amsterdam 1908, quoted in WNT , Volume 14, 1936, s. v. schudden
  106. ↑ A. Kolsteren: Vreemde-Woordenboek. Utrecht 1956; quoted from Marlies Philippa: Etymologically woordenboek van het Nederlands. 2nd edition Amsterdam 2004, s. v. ahoy
  107. ↑ Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal ; Ljouwert (= Leeuwarden) 1984 ff .; ISBN 90-6553-024-X . Waling Dijkstra: Friesch woordenboek ; Leeuwarden 1901–1911, reprint Amsterdam, Niederwalluf 1971
  108. ↑ Ahoy Rotterdam website , accessed on November 18, 2008
  109. ↑ Brief History of Ahoy ( Memento August 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 20, 2009
  110. ^ History of Ahoy (Dutch) ( Memento from March 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) pdf, 26 KB, accessed on August 7, 2012
  111. ↑ History of Tamboer- en Trompetterkorps Ahoy (Dutch) ( Memento of 22 February 2013 Web archive archive.today ) video called January 20, 2009
  112. ↑ Ahoy-Hamburg website , accessed on August 7, 2012
  113. ↑ Verner Dahlerup et al. a .: Ordbog over det danske sprag , Volume 1; Copenhagen 1919; s. v. ahoj; ISBN 87-00-23301-3
  114. ↑ Verner Dahlerup et al. a .: Ordbog over det danske sprag , Volume 15; Copenhagen 1934; s. v. ohoj
  115. ↑ Marit Hovdenak: Nynorskordboka. 3rd edition, Oslo 2001 s. v. ohoi. Gate Guttu: Aschehoug og Gyldendals store norske ordbok. 4th edition Oslo 1994, ISBN 82-573-0312-7 s. v. ohoi. Trygve Knudsen, Alf Sommerfelt: Norsk riksmålsordbok. Vol. 3, Oslo 1947 p. v. ohoi
  116. ↑ Oddgeir Kristjánsson: ohoj Ship. Lyrics , called on 18 November 2008. Recording of the sextet Ólafs Gauks (1968/2007) proof of the Icelandic union catalog, called November 29, 2008
  117. ↑ Caption to Roberto Cesaretti: Baráttan Gegn hryðjuverkum á Miðjarðarhafssvæðinu. In: Nato fréttir . Edition 3/2005 online , accessed on November 29, 2008, German Fight against terrorism in the Mediterranean . In: NATO letter . German edition , accessed on November 29, 2008
  118. ↑ Carl Bernhard: Lykkens Yndling. Copenhagen 1837, quoted from: ders .: Udvalgte Skrifter. Vol. 6, Copenhagen 1896, p. 288.
  119. ^ Emilie Flygare-Carlén: Rosen på Tistelön. Stockholm 1842, p. 495
  120. ↑ Emilie Flygare-Carlén: The rose of Tistelön , translated by Gottlob Fink. 7 ribbons in 2 volumes, volume 2; Stuttgart 1843; P. 123. The translations Berlin 1842 and Leipzig 1881 (the latter under the title Die Rose von Tistelö ) were not checked, nor was the Dutch version De roos van Tistelön , Haarlem 1843. Translations into languages ​​other than those cited in this paragraph were up to 1875 undetectable.
  121. ^ Emilie Flygare-Carlén: The Rose of Tistelön , translated by Mary Howitt. Vol. 2, London 1844, p. 77
  122. ^ Emilie Flygare-Carlén: Enslingen på Johannis-skäret , Vol. 2; Norrkopping 1846; P. 277, German Der Einsiedler auf der Johannis-Klippe , here from the translation Grimma 1847. The translations Berlin 1846 and Stuttgart 1846 could not be viewed.
  123. ^ S. Rosing: An English and Danish Dictionary. 2nd edition Copenhagen 1863 p. v. ahoy
  124. ↑ Cecil Hornbeck: Engelsk-dansk og dansk-engelsk Haand-Ordbog. Copenhagen 1863, p. v. ahoy
  125. ↑ Lauri Hirvensalo: Saksalais-suomalainen sanakirja. Porvoo 1963, p. v. ahoy
  126. ↑ John Silvet: Inglise-eesti sõnaraamat. Heidenheim around 1947; s. v. ahoy
  127. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: How the Ahoj came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, p. 35. See the survey in the newsgroup soc.culture.czecho-slovak from April 16, 1998
  128. ↑ Czech Elbe shipping without Hamburg's mainstay, report by Radio Praha , accessed on November 18, 2008
  129. ↑ Website of the Museum of Unheard-of Things ( Memento from October 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Berlin, accessed on February 21, 2009. For reception see Silke Hilpert u. a .: Steps International 4. Glossary XXL. German-Slovak. Nemecko-slovenský slovníček (= German as a foreign language, level A2 / 2). ISBN 978-3-19-421854-3 . Ismaning 2008, p. 41
  130. ↑ Přiruční slovník jazyka českého ( Concise dictionary of the Czech language). Vol. 1, Prague 1935-37 p. v. ahoj; trampové from Jiři Rejzek: Český etymologický slovník (Czech etymological dictionary). Voznice 2001 / Prague 2004, ISBN 80-85927-85-3 , s. v. ahoy
  131. ^ Václav Machek: Etymologický slovník jazyka českého (Etymological dictionary of the Czech language). 2nd edition Prague 1968, s. v. ahoy
  132. ↑ Braňo Hochel: Slovník slovenského slangu (Dictionary of Slovak slang). Bratislava 1993, ISBN 80-85518-05-8 , s. v. ahoy
  133. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: How the Ahoj came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, p. 36. See the communication from the Slovakian engineer Frank Bures, University of Toronto, Newsgroup soc.culture.czecho-slovak from April 22, 1998
  134. ^ "To provide the tramps with their week-end reading in time." Svatava Pírková-Jakobson: Prague and the purple sage. In: Harvard Slavic Studies. Vol. 3, 1957, p. 273
  135. ↑ Online encyclopedia ( Memento from February 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 21, 2009
  136. ^ Municipal structure of Bratislava ( Memento from January 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on August 7, 2012
  137. ↑ According to the monument conservator Otto Doško, “the place got its name thanks to the Skauti who stayed here during the First Republic. They greeted each other with the greeting ahoj. The tavern where the Skauti met was also called Ahojka. ” Report in the daily Sme , June 13, 2006 , accessed on November 18, 2008. For Ahojka, see the section nazdar, ahoj, čao above .
  138. ↑ AutoRevue.cz of February 15, 2002; Factory information ( Memento from July 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on August 7, 2012
  139. ^ Hans-Günther Adler: Theresienstadt 1941–1945. The face of a coercive community. Reprint (2nd edition Tübingen 1960) Göttingen 2005, pp. XXX (30), L (50)
  140. ↑ "ahoj 'each pozdrav odboje for protektorátu av extrémním případě za heydrichiády ti za tohle: -. Adolfa Hitlera oběsíme jistě - usekli hlavu" From: "Snažím se, aby v Mém zivote zvítězilo ordo from chao ..." Rozhovor s Jáchymem Topolem. In: Host - měsíčník pro literaturu a čtenáře. Issue 2/2008, p. 8. German: “'ahoj' is the greeting of the resistance in the Protectorate, and in extreme cases the Heydrich people will beat you for it: Sure, we hang your head off Adolf Hitler.” From: “I strive that in my life order triumphs over chaos ”. A conversation with Jáchym Topol. In: Host - monthly newspaper for literature and readers. Issue 2/2008, p. 8. Proof of the phrase also with Petra Pfeiferová: Také učíte lidi zdravit? In: Třebonský svět . Issue 5/2009, online, accessed on November 2, 2009
  141. ↑ Ľubor Králik: O pôvode pozdravu "ahoj" a skratky "SOS" , German: About the origin of the greeting "ahoj" and the abbreviation "SOS". In: Slovenská reč , Volume 70, 2005, p. 191, online , pdf, 746 KB, accessed on November 18, 2008
  142. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: How the Ahoj came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, p. 36; Oral information from the philologist Ľudovít Petraško, University of Prešov ( memorial from December 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), 1998.
  143. ↑ a b James Alexander Mackay: Sounds out of silence. A Life of Alexander Graham Bell. Edinburgh 1997, p. 154
  144. ^ RT Barrett, in: American notes and queries , Vol. 3: 1943-44; P. 76. According to a quote from Barrett, Bell opened calls with "hoy, hoy".
  145. ↑ funeral address by Caroline Porter CK, in: The Volta Review. Volume 24, 1922, p. 363
  146. ↑ James Alexander Mackay, Sounds out of silence. A Life of Alexander Graham Bell ; Edinburgh 1997; P. 128f.
  147. ↑ “More loudly and distinctly than I had ever heard it talk between two rooms, Bell's voice was vibrating from [the telegraph relay], shouting, 'Ahoy! Ahoy! Are you there? Do you hear me? What is the matter? ' I could even hear that he was getting hoarse, for hehad been shouting all the time I had been hunting over the factory building. I ahoyed back and I could hear his sigh of relief as he asked me: 'Where have you been all the time?' “Catherine MacKenzie: The man who contracted space. Boston 1928, p. 146.
  148. ^ Catherine MacKenzie: The man who contracted space. Boston 1928, p. 149
  149. ^ A b Catherine MacKenzie: The man who contracted space. Boston 1928, p. 153
  150. ↑ "Believe it or not, you were supposed to say 'ahoy hoy' when answering the phone in the early days", German for example: "Hard to believe, in the past you should say 'ahoy hoy' when you answered the phone"; Cecil Adams: More of the straight dope. New York 1988, p. 468
  151. ↑ a b Allen Koenigsberg, in: All Things Considered. National Public Radio broadcast of March 19, 1999, excerpt ( memento of November 7, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 20, 2008
  152. ^ Joseph Nathan Kane: Famous first facts. A record of first happenings, discoveries and inventions. 1st edition New York 1933, cited after 3rd edition New York 1964, p. 600, there with reference to AT & T's Telephone Almanac without further information
  153. ↑ OED s. v. hello
  154. ↑ a b c d Allen Koenigsberg: The First “Hello!”. Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone. ( Memento of August 21, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) In: Antique Phonograph Monthly. Vol. 8, 1987, No. 6, Part 2; For the dating: New York Times , March 5, 1992, online , accessed November 18, 2008
  155. ^ "'Hello-hello-hello' re-echoed from corner to corner", German: "... it echoed from corner to corner". Francis Jehl: Menlo Park Reminiscences. Dearborn, Michigan 1937; Volume 1, p. 278; quoted from Allen Koenigsberg: The First “Hello!”. Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone. ( Memento from January 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Antique Phonograph Monthly Volume 8, 1987, No. 6, Part 1. The scene described was almost 60 years ago when it was published.
  156. ↑ according to the online revisions of the OED at www.oed.com, de facto its 3rd edition, a fee-based website that can be accessed in libraries, see v. hello, accessed May 20, 2008
  157. ↑ OED s. v. hollo
  158. ↑ see section preforms
  159. ^ Joseph A. Conlin: The American Past. A survey of American history. Fort Worth 2002, p. 522
  160. ^ Statement by Frederick Perry Fish, President of AT&T from 1901, without specifying the time. Francis Jehl: Menlo Park Reminiscences. Dearborn, Michigan 1937, Volume 1, p. 133, quoted from Allen Koenigsberg: The First "Hello!" Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone. ( Memento of January 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Antique Phonograph Monthly. Volume 8, 1987, No. 6, Part 1
  161. ↑ a b William Safire: You could look it up. More on language. New York 1988, p. 139
  162. ↑ Dietmar Bartz: How the Ahoj came to Bohemia. In: mare, the magazine of the seas. Issue 21, 2000, pp. 33-37
  163. ↑ The boys attending the switches become expert and rarely make mistakes, although it is difficult to see how anything could be done correctly amid the din and clamor of twenty or thirty strong voices crying 'Hello! hello, A! ' 'Hello, B!', In: Scientific American. January 10, 1880, p. 21, quoted after the online revisions of the OED at www.oed.com, de facto its 3rd edition, a website that is subject to a fee and can be accessed in libraries, s. v. hello, accessed May 20, 2008. The location described was the Merchant's Telephone Exchange in New York City, cf. American Notes & Queries. A Journal for the Curious , Vol. 3; 1943-44; P. 44
  164. ↑ according to the online revisions of the OED at www.oed.com, de facto its 3rd edition, a fee-based website that can be accessed in libraries, see v. hello girl, accessed May 20, 2008
  165. ↑ Mark Twain: A Connecticut Yankee In King Arthur's Court . Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
  166. ↑ "American ship ahoy!" Came the voice. […] ",Hello!' yelled back Captain Hawks, and I could hear laughter in his tone, the laughter of pleasure. "Oswald Kendall: The Romance of the Martin Connor. New York 1916, p. 218
  167. ^ Excerpt ( Memento from May 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ). Like Bell in 1876 his colleague Watson, Burns called his confidante Smithers: "Smithers, come here, I want you." Excerpt ( Memento of May 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  168. ^ Charles Nicol : Buzzwords and Dorophonemes. How Words Proliferate and Things Decay in Ada. In: Gavriel Shapiro: Nabokov at Cornell. Ithaca, NY 2003, p. 98, on this a comment , accessed on November 18, 2008, Annotations 83.24–84.03
  169. ↑ N. TOMAC, Y. SARACLAR, I. TURKTAS, O. Kalaycı: Acute haemorrhagic edema of infancy: a case report. In: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 21, 1996, pp. 217-219, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2230.1996.tb00067.x .
  170. ↑ CL Williams: Cardiovascular Health in Childhood: A Statement for Health Professionals From the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. In: Circulation. 106, p. 143, doi: 10.1161 / 01.CIR.0000019555.61092.9E .
  171. ↑ Award 2011 ( Memento from October 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 457 kB)
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 13, 2008 in this version .