British Library

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British Library
View of the Kings Library, British Library.jpg
King's Library Tower in the foyer of the British Library

founding 1973
Duration around 170 million media units (including 25 million books)
Library type National Library
place London Coordinates: 51 ° 31 '46 "  N , 0 ° 7' 37"  W.World icon
ISIL GB-Uk
operator United Kingdom Department of Culture, Media and Sport
management Roly Keating
Website www.bl.uk
The main building of the British Library in St Pancras , London Borough of Camden . In the background you can see the towers of St Pancras train station .

The British Library ( BL ) is the national library of the United Kingdom . It is located in London and is one of the most important research and universal libraries in the world. With over 170 million works, it houses the world's largest media inventory of any library . In contrast to the German National Library , it collects books from all times, all countries and in all languages ​​and stores magazines , newspapers , brochures , sound recordings , patents , databases , cards , stamps , art prints , paintings and much more.

Their collection of 25 million books is second only to the US Library of Congress in Washington, DC . The inventory includes works dating back to around 1600 BC. Chr.

Founded in 1973 by amalgamating the British Museum Library and a few other libraries, the British Library is subordinate to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and receives a deposit copy of all books printed in Great Britain , Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland .

history

Predecessor libraries

British Museum Library

Most of the BL's books come from the British Museum Library , the library of the British Museum in London, which was founded in 1753 when Hans Sloane took over the book collection . The library of Sir Robert Cotton, later known as the Cotton Library, and the book inventory of the Harleian Collection by Robert and Edward Harley also served as the basis . The book collection of Charles Townley and the 17,000 volume book collection of King George II , which was incorporated in 1757, followed later . In 1823 the 65,000 books in the King's Library , George III's private library . , integrated into the library. In 1846 the collection of Thomas Grenville's books followed .

Due to the lack of space due to the newly acquired book collections, the British Museum moved from Montagu House to a building built between 1823 and 1826 in the garden of Montagu House, which is still the main building of the museum today. The domed reading room, opened in 1857, was one of the most famous library buildings in the world.

Under Antonio Panizzi , who cataloged the library's holdings for the first time during his tenure from 1856 to 1866, the British Museum Library reached 1 million volumes between 1856 and 1866. The library was in 1950 for the creation of national bibliography , the British National Bibliography , in charge. Well-known users of the library were Charles Dickens , Lenin , Karl Marx , George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf . For example, Karl Marx wrote parts of his book Das Kapital im Lesesaal. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin visited the library several times between 1902 and 1911, but mostly under his pseudonym Jacob Richter . Lenin wrote of the library in 1907: “It is a remarkable institution, especially that extraordinary presence department. Ask them any question and in no time they will tell you where to look to find the material that interests you. […] Let me tell you, there is no better library than the British Museum. There are fewer gaps in the collections here than in any other library. "

Even after the British Library was founded in 1973, the library initially remained in the British Museum. It was not until 1997 that the books were moved to the new British Library building in St. Pancras Quarter.

  • British Museum: the sliding cabinet, a revolutionary innovation

  • George III's private library , in the possession of the British Museum Library from 1823

  • Panorama of the reading room in the British Museum , state 2006

Further predecessor libraries

Another important part of the British Library was the Patent Office Library , the library of the British Patent Office , which goes back to the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1851. The library opened in 1855. After just a few years, the patent archive was suffering from a lack of space, which is why, among other things, a merger with the library of the British Museum was considered. It was renamed the National Library of Science and Invention in 1962 .

In 1916 the Central Library of Students was founded to supply the student body with books. In 1927 the library was proposed as the central clearing house for interlibrary loan. Due to the incorporation of the Royal Charter , the library was renamed the National Central Library .

The National Lending Library for Science and Technology was also founded in 1916 , which was located in Boston Spa from 1961 and merged with the British Library Lending Division in 1973 . The British National Bibliography, founded in 1950 as a branch of the British Museum Library, was responsible for compiling a weekly list of all books published in the United Kingdom . After the independence of India, the India Office Library and Records was spun off from the British Foreign Office , which among other things contained the documents of the British East India Company .

Merger to form the British Library

Entrance gate to the BL

Many of the libraries mentioned had to contend with an enormous lack of space. In 1960, the amalgamation of the British Museum Library with the Patent Office Library failed due to a lack of space. Therefore, among others, Frederick Sydney Dainton and the National Heritage Committee proposed the establishment of a unified national library as early as 1969 .

In 1972 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British Library Act : the British Museum Library was merged with other libraries of national importance such as the National Library of Science and Invention , the National Central Library and the National Lending Library for Science and Technology to form the British Library . With its founding, the BL took over the legal deposit rights of the British Museum Library and the task of compiling the national bibliography. The official commissioning was on July 1, 1973. The British Library Board was responsible for the supervision . The British National Bibliography and the Office for Scientific and Technical Information followed in 1974 . In 1982 the India Office Library and Records and in 1983 the British Institute of Recorded Sound were incorporated. The new main building in St Pancras in the London Borough of Camden was occupied in 1998. In 2003, the Royal Philharmonic Society's archive was sold to the British Library for £ 1 million, including 270 scores.

Legal deposit right

Since 1911, the library has maintained copyright copies of all works published in the United Kingdom. Since 1869 the library has also received a deposit copy of all newspapers printed in Great Britain. Thus in addition to the national libraries of the BL has Scotland and Wales , the libraries of the universities of Cambridge and Oxford as well as the Trinity College Library in Dublin as one of the few libraries in the United Kingdom and Ireland the right to request a legal deposit.

Of these libraries, the BL is the only one in the UK that receives new books and newspapers unsolicited, while the other libraries must formally ask if interested. Since a change in Irish copyright law in 2000, the British Library also receives all books printed in the Republic of Ireland . Following a change in the law proposed by Chris Mole in 2003, the library receives legal deposit copies of electronic documents.

Duration

The house-high bookshelves from BL
The bronze statue Sitting on History by Bill Woodrow

The inventory grows by 3 million media annually, that is around 8,000 new entries a day. The library shelves have a total length of 625 kilometers; 12 kilometers are added annually. The oldest archive pieces are Chinese oracle bones from 1600 BC. The library also owns over 25 million books, 58 million patents, around 920,000 newspapers and magazines, 1.6 million music items , 800 databases, 400,000  rolls of microfilm , 8 million philatelic references and around 4.3 million cartographic items.

Book collection

The most important works in the British Library's holdings are two originals from the Magna Carta , the only surviving manuscript by Beowulf , two copies of the Gutenberg Bible , five copies of Shakespeare's First Folio , and the Codex Sinaiticus . Almost every book ever printed in Great Britain is among the more than 25 million books, according to the British Library.

When it comes to buying new books, the library does not limit itself to the essentials. For example, in 2012 the BL bought the St. Cuthbert Gospel for just under eleven million euros , the oldest known, fully preserved book in Europe, which was placed in the grave of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne around 698 . The BL also has the oldest known printed book in the world, an edition of the Chinese Diamond Sutra , which is dated May 11, 868, almost 600 years before the Gutenberg Bible. The library also holds the books of hours by Saint-Omer , Beaufort , the City of Paris , Sforza , Taymouth and Étienne Chevalier . Ten major works of Gothic , one of the Byzantine , four of the insular , one of the Romanesque and three of the Carolingian book illumination also belong to the BL.

While many personalities, such as Harold Pinter , bequeathed their books and notes to the British Library or their predecessor libraries at the time, the private libraries were bought in by thousands of other people. Thus, among others, the notebooks and diaries of Leonardo da Vinci , William Henry Fox Talbot , William Blake , Florence Nightingale Virginia Woolf, Robert Falcon Scott , Mary Shelley , James Joyce , George Eliot and Thomas Hardy came into the possession of the BL .

The library also owns the largest collection of Italian books outside of Italy and the largest collection of French books outside of France . In general, the BL has the largest collection of foreign scholarly literature in Great Britain.

With around 28,000 titles, the Incunabula Short Title Catalog, launched in 1980, is the world's largest database for incunabula . The largest biblical collection in the world also belongs to the BL, including the Grandval Bible , the Frankenthaler Bible , the Book of Lindisfarne , the Melisende Psalter as well as the aforementioned Gutenberg Bibles and the Codex Sinaiticus.

newspapers and magazines

The library has a nearly complete collection of all British and Irish newspapers since 1840. They are all housed in London-Colindale , except for the Thomas Tracts Collection with 7200 17th century newspapers and the Burney Collection of 1801. The British Library has had legal deposit rights to all British and Irish newspapers since 1869. In addition, newspapers published outside the British Isles are bought in. This makes the British Library the largest collection of newspapers in Europe.

The BL's greatest newspaper treasures include a copy of the first edition of the Times , newspapers in all languages, for example the Cherokee Indian language, and comics from 1898. The newspaper archive contains around 660,000 newspaper volumes and over 400,000 rolls of microfilm on around 45 kilometers of shelves. Due, among other things, to the poor air conditioning at the Colindale site, around 15 percent of the inventory is in critical condition and can no longer be viewed by visitors, and another 19 percent of the newspapers are at risk.

Philatelic collection

The Blue Mauritius

With over 8 million philatelic collectibles , the British Library has one of the largest and most important collections of postage stamps . It is headed by the main curator of the collection, David Beech (* 1954). In addition to stamps , postal stationery and essays, there is Thomas Tapling's stamp collection . This Tapling collection includes a so-called Ball Cover with a Red Mauritius (Moens No. XV) and a Blue Mauritius (Moens No. XIV), which have been on display in the library since 1973. In 1913 one of the most extensive philatelic literary collections at the time, with 4500 books, was donated by James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford , to the British Museum and finally to the BL.

Audio archive

The British Library Sound Archive's over 3 million sound recordings include over 1 million CDs and 200,000  tapes with recordings of the works of Nellie Melba , Enrico Caruso , Francesco Tamagno , Lev Tolstoy , Ernest Shackleton , Herbert Beerbohm Tree and Lewis Waller . The recordings of Nelson Mandela's trial plea and individual speeches by Winston Churchill are also available. The first sound recording ever by Thomas Edison from 1877 is also exhibited here. The sound archive provided by the BBC joins the sound recordings . There are over 100,000 recordings of animal voices in one of the world's largest voice collections.

Music collection

With over 1.6 million copies of music , scores , autographs and other musical items , the BL has one of the most important collections of handwritten and printed musical items in the world. The music can be viewed in the Rare Books & Music Reading Room , a reading room in the main building. A comprehensive collection of music books and concert programs is available in this hall. Among the greatest treasures of the BL are the score of Beethoven's 9th Symphony , sheet music by Georg Friedrich Handel and the handwritten song lyrics by the Beatles . Even the marriage contract of Mozart and the tuning fork of Beethoven are the property of the British Library.

Cartographic articles

Map of Fort Pitt near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , mapped by John Rocque and published in 1765.

The British Library has the largest collection of cartographic articles in the British Isles , including maps , globes and atlases . With over 4.25 million items, the collection is the second largest in the world. Most maps can be viewed in the Map Library , an in-house reading room specially designed for maps. Since the library of the former East India Company was incorporated in 1983, the collection has included extensive maps from South and Southeast Asia . The private library of George III offers an extensive cartographic collection from the early modern period, including the Klencke Atlas from 1660. The oldest map is printed on the reverse of a Roman coin . The library receives state-of-the- art maps, such as satellite images , from the British Foreign Office when they have lost their relevance, which means that the BL receives maps that were not yet on the market.

Paintings, furniture and sculptures

Although they are not part of a library's usual repertoire, the British Library has a variety of paintings and sculptures . Most come from Asia because they belonged to the East India Company, whose library was incorporated in 1983. The collection contains paintings of British monuments in India , of Asian rulers such as Ali Shah Durrani or Tipu Sultan, and of employees of the East India Company, such as Warren Hastings . Some historically valuable furniture comes from the company's former premises .

  • Shah Jahan (r. 1627 to 1657/58) during a durbar (audience) in the audience hall of his palace (miniature painting around 1650)

  • Suttee (= Sati ) by James Atkinson , 1831

  • William Prinsep , from the 1830s or 1840s; shows Europeans being amused during a ceremony

  • Bust of King George III

Business & IP Center with patent collection

In 2005, BL received £ 1 million from the London Development Agency to open the Business & IP Center . Since opening in 2006, users have had access to the largest collection on business, patents and copyright in the UK. From there you can access databases such as Factiva , ABI Inform and Espacenet . The Business & IP Center is the official library of the UK Intellectual Property Office . The collection includes more than 58 million patent specifications from forty countries, making the collection the largest in the world, as well as official gazettes and designs . The patents come from the Patent Office Library incorporated in 1973 , which was founded in 1851.

UK Web Archive

Since the over 10 million .uk - websites will change constantly, or even deleted, and the data are untraceable, threatened in the Internet age, a "digital black hole". That is why the BL has been managing the UK Web Archive together with other English libraries since 2004 , where over 6,000  web pages are archived in 22,000  snapshots . In April 2013 the British Library announced that it would work with other libraries to collect the UK's digital memory. This means that over 4.8 million Internet presences are to be recorded and evaluated for the storage of blogs and copied tweets or Facebook messages. The project is to begin when the relevant law has been passed by the English Parliament.

use

The book transport system

The BL has 11 reading rooms with 1200 seats at its St. Pancras location and around 400,000 readers per year. You can only access the reading rooms with a reading card. Around 140,000 people have a BL reading card that is valid for one year. Required works are brought to the readers with a semi-automatic system after a maximum of 48 hours. Every day around 3000 boxes of documents are sent through the building via the semi-automatic system. Around 220,000 inquiries are processed every month. The transport system is 1.6 kilometers long and can move the conveyor belts at a speed of around 9 km / h. The British Library has the most important interlibrary loan center in the world, sending around 100 million copies of essays, doctoral theses and other materials around the world every year. The library is open all year round.

Book shrinkage

Like other libraries, the British Library is not immune to book shrinkage, which is limited in relation to the size of the holdings. This could be books that were incorrectly placed on the shelves and could no longer be found, or they could be theft. The over 9,000 missing books include an illustrated edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland from 1876, a special edition of Mein Kampf , published in 1939, and a first edition of Oscar Wilde's The Portrait of Dorian Gray .

The Symphony No. 15 by William Herschel was digitized by the BL

digitalization

The British Library digitizes many of their works. For example, articles from around 200 newspapers from the 18th and 19th centuries can be downloaded online for a fee. For its digitization projects, BL is working with Google , among others , to scan over 250,000 copyright-free books from the years 1700 to 1870 in the future. Above all, she wants to focus on works in European languages ​​that are not previously available in digital form. The Lindisfarne Gospels , Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks and a quarter of all ancient Greek manuscripts of the BL, including the writings of the doctor Galenus and the historian Thucydides, are already available online .

Web presence

On the library's website, www.bl.uk , many works of particular value, but also many of the thousands upon thousands of collections, are described. The English Short Title Catalog is also freely accessible on the British Library website. In 1994 the site started out as a gopher . In 2001 the site was redesigned. Between 1998 and 2004 the average number of page views per day tripled. The library has a government-used second-level domain , british-library.uk and bl.uk .

Exhibitions

Since 1998, different exhibitions have been shown in three halls with a total of 1,350 square meters. These exhibitions deal with various topics from English or international literary history, such as cartography or science fiction . The most popular is the permanent exhibition Treasures of the British Library in the Sir John Ritblat Gallery , where around 350 priceless works are exhibited in a freely accessible area. The works exhibited here include, for example, the Magna Carta, a copy of the two in-house Gutenberg Bibles, notebooks by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Leonardo da Vinci , the musical notation of the Beatles , the log book of Horatio Nelson's ship HMS Victory and an atlas by Gerhard Mercator . There are also copies of The History of England by Jane Austen , The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and Le Morte Darthur by Thomas Malory as well as Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre and Charles Dickens Nicholas Nickleby .

organization

British Library, St. Pancras
Entrance to the British Library

Locations

British Library in St Pancras

Building and planning history as well as criticism

The main building of the British Library is in St Pancras, in the London Borough of Camden , at 96 Euston Road . There was a lot of discussion about this location as St Pancras was considered a problem area at the time . Nevertheless, this location was chosen because only here was there an available plot of land with good connections due to the St Pancras train station . Originally the building was to be built on the site of the British Museum. The plan, begun in 1964 by the architects Wilson and Martin, was not implemented due to lack of space.

The building, which was approved in 1977 and was designed by the architect Colin St. John Wilson , was to be built in three sections. Due to cuts in 1980, the laying of the foundation stone was delayed until 1982 by Prince Charles . The main problem during construction was the lack of a binding budget. From 1988 the money was paid in stages. Due to time and cost reasons, only one section was realized, which is why the storage rooms, among other things, were not sufficient for a complete recording of all stocks. Inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, the cost of construction was £ 511 million, three times more than initially assumed.

On August 1, 2015, the building was declared a Grade I protected monument. It has been described as one of the most outstanding buildings of the 20th century, the interior design of which creates space for thought and inspiration. The materials used in the construction are of high quality and a lot of art is made publicly visible. The British Library is one of the youngest buildings to achieve this listed status.

Building description

With a footprint of 111,500 square meters, the British Library is the largest public building built in the United Kingdom in the 20th century. Around 18 million volumes are available for use on site. The reading rooms offer a total of 1200 readers. 250,000 cubic meters of soil were excavated for the basement of the BL. 180,000 tons of concrete , 150,000 tons of steel , 10,000,000  bricks and 50,000  slates were required to build the BL . The useful life of the main building is an estimated 200 years. Most of the books are stored in the underground storage rooms on an area the size of a soccer field, spread over three to four floors, which, due to the extra high basement ceiling, correspond to 17 floors of normal ceiling height. The maximum floor load is consistently 14 kN / m²; The air temperature is kept at a constant 17 ° C with 50 percent humidity. The magazine is cut through by two subway shafts .

The King's Library glass wall
King's Library

The books of the King's Library are stored above ground in a six-story, 17-meter-high glass tower in the freely accessible part of the new building . King George III's private book collection is stored here . who was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820. It was bequeathed to the English people in 1823 by his son, King George IV . The King's Library was one of the most important book collections of the Age of Enlightenment . It was installed in a specially constructed gallery within the British Museum from 1827 to 1997 . After bombing in World War II , the library was moved to the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Since 1997 it has been part of the British Library in the newly designed King's Library Tower . It contains approximately 65,000 leather- bound volumes, mainly books and pamphlets , published in Europe or North America between 1450 and 1830 . Of particular note are the Gutenberg Bible, Isaac Newton's Opticks, and a first edition by Canterbury Tales .

Forecourt

The spacious forecourt was laid out in the shape of an Italian piazza . Here you will find a bronze statue of Isaac Newton made by Eduardo Paolozzi in 1995, the Anne Frank's Tree planted in 1998 to commemorate Anne Frank, and several sculptures by Antony Gormley . There is also a small amphitheater for open air events on the square .

  • Paolozzi's Newton

  • Planets by Antony Gormley

  • The forecourt

Center for Conservation

The Center for Conservation opened on October 10, 2007. Damaged documents from the BL holdings are restored here. Sound recordings are digitized here and transferred to other data carriers or formats.

Branch offices of the main building

There are also several branch offices that are classified as belonging to the British Library in St Pancras. Among them is the British Museum Reading Room , the British Museum Library , which contains around 350,000 volumes.

Newspaper Library in Colindale

Entrance to the Newspaper Library in Colindale

In the Newspaper Library in Colindale in the London Borough of Barnet , over 50,000 newspapers and magazines are continuously available. It opened in 1932 or 1905 as a branch of the British Museum Library. The reading room has 147 seats. The Newspaper Library will be closed in 2013 due to overcrowding and poor air conditioning and will be integrated into the location in Thorp Arch, Boston Spa.

Document Supply Center at Thorp Arch, Boston Spa

Document Supply Center at Thorp Arch

The Document Supply Center at Thorp Arch, Boston Spa , Yorkshire is about 200 miles north of London and is the central library for lending and document delivery. Every year around 4 million interlibrary loan requests are processed here, making it the most valuable and most widely used interlibrary loan facility in the world. It emerged from the British Library Lending Division, founded in 1973 . The Legal Deposit Office for deposit copies is located here.

management

The library is managed by the British Library Board . It consists of up to 13 members. The British Library Board is advised by the Executive Team , which is led by the Chief Executive , Roly Keating since September 2012 , and consists of six directors from the departments of the BL. The BL reports directly to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport , the UK's Department of Culture, Media and Sport .

Budget and staff

The library has a budget of £ 98 million for the 2011/2012 financial year . Around GBP 70 million of this corresponds to personnel costs. The BL receives additional funds from donations from the Friends of the British Library , the sale of gifts, or paid research services. A total of £ 16.5 million was spent on building stock, £ 1.3 million on restoration and binding and £ 36.3 million on administration, equipment, delivery and other services in the 2010/2011 financial year. The library has around 1,700 employees, around 1,000 of whom work in St Pancras, 600 in Boston Spa and 100 in Colindale. The BL had to save £ 23 million by 2015. Therefore 215 positions had to be deleted.

Collaboration with other libraries

In order to support the libraries in other countries, to facilitate the access to foreign documents and research reports and to strengthen friendly relations between the BL and other national libraries, the British Library has become a member of many projects. For example, the library is a founding member of DataCite , an international consortium that has set itself the goal of providing easy access to scientific research data. The BL is part of the international science portal WorldWideScience . Via the European Library , users of the BL and other 48 national libraries have the opportunity to gain access to the library holdings.

Logo and slogan

  • The British Library logo

  • The library's motto is on the back of an employee business card

The British Library logo serves as part of the visual appearance. It consists of an orthogon drawn down in red. Inside is the name of the library in white capital letters . The BL 's motto is the world's knowledge , which in German means the knowledge of the world .

literature

  • Alan Day: Inside the British Library . Library Association, London 1998, ISBN 1-85604-280-4 .
  • Philip Howard: The British Library, a treasure of knowledge . Scala, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-85759-375-4 .
  • Michael Leapman: The book of the British Library . British Library, London 2012. ISBN 978-0-7123-5837-8 .
  • Giles Mandelbrote (Ed.): Libraries within the library. The origins of the British Library's printed collections . British Library, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-7123-5035-8 .
  • Colin St John Wilson: The design and construction of the British Library . British Library, London 1998, ISBN 0-7123-0658-7 .
  • Christopher De Hamel: The British Library guide to manuscript illumination: history and techniques . British Library, 2001, ISBN 0-7123-4613-9 .
  • Christoph Krempe: New building for the British Library St. Pancras: aspiration and reality . Institute for Library Science, 2002, ISSN  1438-7662

Web links

Commons : British Library  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Using the British Library , www.bl.uk; Retrieved September 6, 2013
  2. ↑ a b Entry on the website of the Encyclopædia Britannica , read here
  3. ↑ In Our Time: The Written World. Report on a five-part BBC Radio 4 broadcast which was broadcast from June 2 to 6. January ran. (English)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h History of the British Library. British Library, accessed August 31, 2012 .
  5. ^ A b c Franz Georg Kaltwasser: The library as a museum , 1999, p. 220.
  6. ↑ George III Collection: the King's Library on: bl.uk
  7. ↑ Barry Taylor: Thomas Grenville (1755-1846) and his Books. In: Giles Mandelbrote (Ed.): Libraries within the library. The origins of the British Library's printed collections. British Library, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-7123-5035-8 , pp. 321-340.
  8. ^ A b c Christoph Krempe: New building of the British Library St. Pancras: aspiration and reality . Institute for Library Science, 2002, ISSN  1438-7662 , p. 3.
  9. ^ Franz Georg Kaltwasser: The library as a museum , 1999, p. 221.
  10. ↑ Andy Stephens: The history of the British national bibliography 1950–1973 . British Library, Boston Spa 1994, ISBN 0-7123-1069-X .
  11. ^ The British Library, London ( Memento of July 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (English); The personalities are on the third from last line
  12. ^ Dietmar Strauch, Margarete Rehm: Lexicon book - library - new media. Walter de Gruyter, 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-092121-2 , p. 81.
  13. ↑ InfoBritain - Journey through history in Germany: The British Museum ( Memento of the original from August 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.infobritain.co.uk
  14. ↑ The original text reads: “It is a remarkable institution, especially that exceptional reference section. Ask them any question, and in the very shortest space of time they'll tell you where to look to find the material that interests you. [...] Let me tell you, there is no better library than the British Museum. Here there are fewer gaps in the collections than in any other library. ” ( Read here ).
  15. ^ History page on the British Museum website , accessed July 21, 2018
  16. ↑ On the history of the British Library (PDF; 9 kB), Institute for Library and Information Science in Berlin
  17. ^ A b Christoph Krempe: New building of the British Library St. Pancras: Claim and Reality . Institute for Library Science, 2002, ISSN  1438-7662 , p. 5.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marianne Beisecker: Information internship in the British Library. (PDF; 991 kB) Ruhr University Bochum , accessed on December 29, 2011 .
  19. ↑ Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 , the new legal deposit act put online by Government; Accessed October 8, 2012
  20. ^ Nancy Schön: Welcome On Board: The British Library.
  21. ^ A b Lesley Reader : London. Mair Dumont Spirallo, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8297-3232-1 , p. 147.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f Klaus Gantert: Libraries abroad. University of Applied Sciences for Public Administration and Justice in Bavaria , archived from the original on October 8, 2007 ; Retrieved December 29, 2011 .
  23. ↑ a b Alexei Makartsev: A paradise for bookworms . In: Everything in flux. The Thames Blog . February 19, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  24. ↑ The British Library has 12 million entries in WorldCat. Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) press release (November 17, 2010). Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  25. ↑ Treasures in full: Magna Carta : description of the Magna Carta with translation, online viewer, etc. located on the BL homepage, accessed on October 8, 2012.
  26. ↑ Beowulf: An old English heroic epic. Translated and edited by Martin Lehnert . Reclam, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-15-018303-0 .
  27. ^ Franz Georg Kaltwasser: The library as a museum , 1999, p. 222.
  28. ↑ Treasures in full: Gutenberg Bible : Description of the Gutenberg Bible on the library's homepage. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  29. ↑ Shakespeare's First Folio. Description of the First Folio by William Shakespeare on the British Library homepage. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  30. ↑ Valuable playwright. In: Nürnberger Nachrichten . (Source: dpa), July 15, 2006, (online) Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  31. ↑ Bruce Metzger : The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration. 3. Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1992, p. 46.
  32. ^ A b c Annette Kossow: London. DuMont Reiseverlag, 2004, ISBN 3-7701-6313-3 , p. 88 f.
  33. ↑ A Treasure in the UK National Library. ( Memento from April 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at: tagesschau.de , April 17, 2012, accessed on October 8, 2012.
  34. ↑ Much said in a few words. In: Nürnberger Zeitung . December 27, 2008.
  35. ↑ ONLINE GALLERY: Leonardo da Vinci. The British Library via Leonardo da Vinci. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  36. ↑ Mark Bostridge : Florence Nightingale. Penguin Books, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-14-026392-3 , pp. 4 f.
  37. ^ Julian W. Connolly: Nabokov and his Fiction: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63283-8 , p. 192.
  38. ^ Sarah Johnstone , Tom Masters : London. Lonely Planet, 2006, ISBN 3-8297-1557-9 , p. 193.
  39. ↑ Lotte Hellinga, John Goldfinch (Ed.): Bibliography and the study of 15th-century civilization. Papers presented at a Colloquium at the British Library, September 26-28, 1984. British Library, London 1987, ISBN 0-7123-0049-X (British Library Occasional Papers 5).
  40. ↑ Early Printed Bibles at the British Library , www.bl.uk, accessed December 2, 2015
  41. ↑ Peter Nonnenmacher: Quickly go rustling again. In: Wiener Zeitung . June 18, 2011.
  42. ↑ Helen Morgan: Blue Mauritius - The Hunt for the world's most valuable stamps. Atlantic Books, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-84354-436-4 , p. 212.
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