Folk metal

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Folk metal

Development phase: Early 1990s
Place of origin: Ireland , United Kingdom , Northern Europe
Stylistic precursors
Metal , folk , folk-rock , Celtic rock
Pioneers
Skyclad , orphaned land
Instruments typical of the genre
Electric guitar • Electric bass • Drums • Folk instruments
Important regional scenes
Ireland • France • Scandinavia • Finland • Baltic States • Russia
Subgenres
Celtic Metal , Pagan Metal , Viking Metal

Folk Metal is a metal subgenre that emerged in the early 1990s and makes use of folk musical instruments , melodies and lyrics. The fusion of mostly national folk elements with various styles of metal through crossover is characteristic for the genre . As a rule, this crossover implies primarily European folk music, but fusions with non-European folk elements can also be found.

In contrast to, for example, Thrash Metal , which originated mainly in the San Francisco Bay Area , the Greater New York / New Jersey and the Ruhr area and is therefore to be regarded as "urban music", Folk Metal often comes from rural areas and those in which the folk movement is strong. Music, texts and statements by the musicians often indicate a strong interest in the respective stories, myths and religions of the respective environment and strong patriotic feelings.

history

Pioneering phase and differentiation (early 1990s)

The British band Skyclad from Newcastle upon Tyne are considered to be one of the inventors of folk metal and the first band on the European folk metal scene. On her debut album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth (1991) she combined elements of English folklore with thrash metal for the first time . The then singer of the band Martin Walkyier gave the impetus for this hitherto completely new style. He commented on this in an interview:

"It was always my heartfelt dream to see the energy of Metal music mixed with elements from more traditional styles."

"It has always been my dearest dream to see the energy of metal combined with the elements of traditional music."

- Martin Walkyier

Also in 1991 the Israeli band Orphaned Land was founded, which combined progressive with elements of Jewish and Arabic music and thus created the folk metal subgenre Oriental Metal .

Alan "Naihmass Nemtheanga" Averill from Primordial on May 26, 2007 at the Wave-Gotik-Treffen in the Kohlrabi circus

Another subgenre of Folk Metal, Celtic Metal , developed from Ireland in 1992 under the influence of Black Metal with the formation of the band Cruachan . Waylander from Northern Ireland was founded in 1993 and also played metal influenced by Irish folk , black metal and the culture of the Celts from the beginning . While the Irish band Primordial was initially oriented towards Black Metal, they combined their music with Irish Folk from the album A Journey's End (1998), but in a much darker and more subtle way.

Before Moonspell turned to Gothic Metal with their debut album Wolfheart , the band played Black Metal, in which they incorporated elements of Middle Eastern music. In 1993, Melechesh formed another style-defining oriental metal band. They caused a stir because they came as a black metal band from Jerusalem , which is probably the most important religious city in the world for Christians, alongside Rome , and was associated with satanic actions around Jerusalem and Bethlehem .

In Germany, the medieval metal band Subway to Sally was founded in 1992 , which was initially heavily influenced by Irish and Scottish folk music, but increasingly replaced these elements with medieval ones. From 1994 their music could be described as medieval rock, so Subway to Sally is considered the founder of this subgenre. Other bands with a similar sound that were added later include In Extremo and Schandmaul .

In the USA (especially the southern states) and South America, Latino Metal developed in the 80s and 90s , a collective term for metal that is associated with traditional Latin American music and, above all, through the Brazilian band Sepultura and later Soulfly and Ill Niño as well outside of South America and the US southern states was known and successful.

Expansion in Scandinavia (mid to late 1990s)

From the mid-1990s, Scandinavian bands in particular increasingly began to combine metal with folk elements. The Norwegian band Storm , a joint project of Darkthrone drummer Fenriz , Satyricon singer Satyr and singer Kari Rueslåtten , released their only album Nordavind in 1995. On this the musicians mimicked folk instruments and song structures with typical metal instrumentation and keyboards . Fenriz is now distancing himself from music and rejects the fusion of metal and folk. The Norwegian band Kampfar , founded in 1997, also combined influences from rough black metal with Scandinavian folklore.

In Sweden, the bands Otyg , of which singer and multi-instrumentalist Andreas Hedlund was band leader, and Vintersorg , of which he is still the band leader, did particularly well . Otyg brought out two albums in 1998 and 1999, on which they combined metal with traditional instruments and Scandinavian folklore and treated Nordic sagas and Scandinavian nature in their lyrics. According to guitarist Mattias Marklund, the band was influenced by the Storm project described above. In 1998 Vintersorg's debut EP Hedniskhjärtad was also released , on which the band mixed black metal influences with folk.

Expansion phase and boom in the 2000s

Although Folk Metal was relatively unknown at first, the genre expanded explosively in the 2000s. Keith Fay from Cruachan reflected on and confirmed this development in an interview in 2006:

“During the nineties and even at the end of the nineties, there were very few bands. We had Waylander from Ireland. And one or two in Europe, but it was very rare to get a real folk metal band. Nowadays it is a bit of an explosion all over the place. "

“During the '90s and the late' 90s there were few [folk metal] bands. There were Waylander in Ireland and one or two other [bands] in Europe, but it was very difficult to find a real folk metal band. Nowadays the genre is exploding almost worldwide. "

- Keith Fay

The Finnish folk metal band Finntroll played a pioneering role , combining extreme metal with humppa , the Finnish polka . The band was founded in 1997, and their debut album Midnattens Widunder was released in 1999 . The subsequent work Jaktens Tid , which appeared in 2001, hit the charts in Finland. On the album, the band partly used the traditional Sami singing style joik , which was sung by Jonne Järvelä. Today Järvela is the singer of the band Korpiklaani , which emerged in 2003 from the band Shaman. At Shaman, Järvelä had already combined joik with metal. Under the new name, real folk instruments such as the accordion and violin were used instead of the earlier synthesizers , and the joik and Sami language in the lyrics were also dispensed with . At Finntroll it is mainly synthesizers that take over the folk melodies in the songs.

Torbjørn Sandvik from the Glittertind project - Fjærland , Vestland , Norway 2009

After Storm and Kampfar from Norway, Otyg and Vintersorg from Sweden and Finntroll and Korpiklaani from Finland, other folk metal bands came from Norway . Above all, Ásmegin , Lumsk , Glittertind and Trollfest should be mentioned here .

Skyforger in December 2007 in Paris

New folk metal bands also formed outside of the Scandinavian region. In the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were Metsatöll , Skyforger and Raud-Ants , in Russia Alkonost , Arkona and Butterfly Temple . The band Folkearth , founded in 2003, is an international project with members from 14 countries around the world.

style

music

Juho Kauppinen, former Korpiklaani accordion player

Folk metal bands combine stylized or original folk music with metal. Most of the bands take up traditional folk music as well as local sagas, myths and stories in the songs. The music therefore mostly reflects the ethnic origin all around. Unlike, for example the transfer of material from the Rhythm and Blues by Led Zeppelin is not seen the use of folk songs as the source of plagiarism, but as a continuation of a tradition.

Almost all metal sub-genres are represented in folk metal. Bands like Primordial, Melechesh and Finntroll combine folkloric and black metal elements. Power metal is used in Elvenking's music , which also uses progressive metal elements similar to Lumsk or Týr . Gothic Metal is z. B. brought in by the German-Norwegian band Midnattsol . Often the style of a band cannot be ascribed exclusively to a subgenre, such as the music of Orphaned Land , which plays a mixture of Death and Doom Metal , or the combination of Power and Death Metal at Ensiferum .

Occasionally you can also find other trends in Folk Metal, such as the post-rock influences in the band Agalloch . The Norwegian band Glittertind brings metal and folk characteristics to their music as well as punk elements.

Bands like Finntroll , Korpiklaani or Månegarm are influenced by Scandinavian influences . Metsatöll pick up on the Baltic / Slavic elements of their origins, as does the band Skyforger . Melechesch and Orphaned Land play Jewish / Arab influenced metal with folkloric elements according to their origins.

Since, in addition to Ireland, all of France and Switzerland were populated by the Celts around 2000 years ago, there are a number of Celtic-influenced folk metal bands in these countries, whose style is also known as Celtic Metal . These include a. Waylander , Cruachan and Eluveitie .

However, it is not possible to generalize about taking up ethnic elements. The Brazilian band Tuatha de Danann , for example, also plays Celtic Metal, although they come from a completely different culture. The band's only connection to style is the similarity of the country's name to the Irish island of Brazil .

instrumentation

The line-up of an ordinary metal band usually consists of a rhythm guitar , a solo guitar , an electric bass , drums and sometimes a keyboard . In European folk metal, instruments such as the accordion , bagpipe , violin or harmonica are used in addition to this basic line-up , while American bands mostly play drums and panpipes . In groups from the Orient such as Orphaned Land, special string instruments provide influences that often lead the melody.

The many instruments cause some folk metal bands to have problems with live performances. Orphaned Land, for example, perform with 20 musicians in their home country of Israel , while in other countries they need computers to reproduce the respective parts.

Texts

The songs often act from paganism or nature, mythical creatures or Mythen.Oft are written the texts in local languages or their medieval counterparts, many bands especially from the environment of black and Viking metal used Norse texts, often from the Edda taken texts in Celtic languages are also common. The German band Menhir uses Old High German lyrics, the British bands Forefather and Ildra have Old English lyrics. Also regional languages are used sporadically. Welter have titles in Frisian , Lou Quinse from Italy and Hantaoma from France write their texts in Occitan .

Pirate metal

There are also bands whose lyrics, in contrast to the other subgenres, deal with the pirates' way of life . It is sung about sea battles and fighting, as well as celebrations and drinking parties. In keeping with the theme, the music is often dominated by traditional sailor music such as shanties and typical instruments such as the accordion , and the band members often appear in pirate clothing. In general, little attention is paid to the historical accuracy of the lyrics and the appearance of the band. Above all, the band Alestorm should be mentioned here, but in a broader sense also Vroudenspil and The Dread Crew of Oddwood . Swashbuckle also have a pirate theme, but they are more like Thrash Metal.

Delimitation of the genre

Folk metal is to be distinguished from medieval rock , in which folkloric song structures and instruments such as hurdy-gurdy , bagpipe or shawm are also used, but whose roots lie more in rock and not in metal. Today, however, the boundaries are fluid. The most striking distinguishing features of medieval rock are the regional specificity and the topic: It is usually sung in German, most of the formations have their origins in East Germany. Direct references to Germanic folklore are quite rare; instead, pure symbolism or descriptions of medieval scenes in connection with the Christianized court society of the High Middle Ages are used. In the meantime, the texts there often no longer have any direct reference to the Middle Ages, just a mediaevalistic, fairytale-like character. Well-known representatives of this genre are Nachtgeschrei, Ignis Fatuu, Schandmaul, Saltatio Mortis, Faun, In Extremo, Subway to Sally, Blind Guardian, Grave Digger and individual albums by other bands such as Sabaton with the track on Pirates of the Caribbean. Also to be distinguished are bands that deal thematically with ancient cultures, but only use the instruments of a normal metal band and stylistically move more or less in traditional metal genres (e.g. Ex Deo , Manowar or Nile ).

Since many metal bands with folk elements were inspired by Black Metal, Aaron Patrick Mulvany interprets Folk Metal as a subclass of Black Metal, but points to "heated" discussions about this classification.

The cover of Bathory's album Blood Fire Death , with which the band turned to Norse mythology and shaped Viking Metal.
Enslaved live at Wacken Open Air

The Swedish band Bathory with their fourth album Blood Fire Death from 1988 and the follow-up album Hammerheart from 1990 were decisive for the emergence of Viking Metal from the "first wave of Black Metal" . A year later, the Norwegian band Enslaved was founded , which alongside the stylistic features of Viking Metal influenced by Bathory brought elements of Scandinavian folklore into their music. Fenriz von Darkthrone explicitly differentiates Bathory's albums from Folk Metal, which he vehemently rejects. The first Pagan / Viking Metal albums were created independently of this, and Viking Metal takes up less traditional instruments and melodies than Nordic mythology as a source of text. In contrast to folk metal, it cannot fall back on musical examples from the received culture and is therefore referred to by Mulvany as “ahistorical 'Viking music'”. Nevertheless, he sees it as a sub-category of folk metal.

It is also discussed whether metal as a whole should be classified as folk music or culture, as Aaron Patrick Mulvany points out in his master's thesis on folk metal.

Position within the metal scene

Folk Metal forms a niche within the metal scene. While his followers appreciate Folk Metal for its preoccupation with their own culture, opponents of the genre reject it precisely because of its preoccupation with ethnic roots or the use of non-typical metal instruments. Although the followers share an interest in the genre and specific musical knowledge, they do not necessarily share a common lifestyle and are sometimes geographically separated from each other. According to Mulvany, there is no distinction between folk metal listeners from different countries such as Ireland, Sweden or Lithuania, but rather correspondence among fans via means such as tape trading or the Internet.

Some representatives of the genre

For a complete listing of all folk metal bands represented in Wikipedia, see category: Folk Metal Band

For a more precise classification, bands can be divided according to their cultural influence. Play Scandinavian legends , Norse or Finnish mythology , or elements from Scandinavian folk music a role, it is called "Nordic influences." With a corresponding fixation on Celtic elements one speaks of "Celtic influenced" or sometimes of " Celtic Metal ". In addition, bands such as “ Orphaned Land ”, who mix oriental influences with Death / Doom Metal , fall out of the scope of this possible classification into “Nordic” and “Celtic”.

A distinction must be made between typical folk metal bands from Viking and Pagan Metal . While the former primarily focuses on the Viking theme , or influences from the extreme varieties of metal (such as death and black metal ), Pagan Metal mainly focuses on pre-Christian, pagan cultures. But the transitions are fluid.

In Germany, folk metal can also be found in the medieval scene. Bands like Ignis Fatuu, Nachtgeschrei, Schandmaul, Saltatio Morris, Faun and others play there as well as z. B. at festivals like Wacken. Bands like Blind Guardian and Grave Digger also have individual songs and / or albums that can be assigned to this direction.

Celtic influenced

Irish / Celtic influenced bands belonging to Celtic Metal are dealt with in the corresponding article.

Nordic influenced

Nordic influenced bands that can be assigned to Viking Metal are covered in the corresponding article.

Other

Kawir at the Cernunnos Pagan Festival 2008 in Paris

America

In the meantime, a small scene has formed in America, especially in the south, that combines metal with traditional instruments. Although this style has achieved a great deal of popularity in the respective countries, it is hardly known internationally. These bands mix their traditional music with power , death, black and folk metal. The theme often includes stories from the colonial days when the Spanish conquerors reached the continent. Depending on the country, the legends of the Maya , the Inca and the Aztecs or other American peoples are decisive.

Not only in folk metal, but also in the related pagan metal scene, which also has its origins in Europe, bands have established themselves. Examples are Yaotl Mictlan , who refer to the Mayan culture, and Guahaihoque , who specialize in the Inca culture. The Russian band Tenochtitlan is also often included, but the formation has Russian roots and stylistically fits more into the Doom Metal scene.

Middle East and Asia

There is also a scene in Asia that also has many national followers and is growing steadily. This style of folk metal is called " Oriental Metal ".

Other bands from the Middle East as well as South Asia and the Middle East are:

Some bands from East and Central Asia are:

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b “[A] sub-class of black metal that makes constant allusion to 'the folk' as a connotative concept. Tentatively called folk metal, this is a sub-genre of heavy metal that incorporates instruments; melodies, and texts commonly associated with folk life or folklore. "Aaron Patrick Mulvany: " Reawakening Pride Once Lost ". Indigeneity and European Folk Metal . Master thesis. Wesleyan University, Middletown CT 2000, SI
  2. ↑ a b "But instrumentation is a stack distinction of many folk metal bands. Even the Viking metal sub-category typically avoids non-standard instruments, but folk metal groups often depend upon them. Clearly either metal codes must be re-inscribed to include more than loud, distorted timbres of guitar, bass, drums and voice - though this does describe the vast majority of metal bands - or folk metal must be re-defined outside of metal. " Aaron Patrick Mulvany: "Reawakening Pride Once Lost". Indigeneity and European Folk Metal . Master thesis. Wesleyan University, Middletown CT 2000, p. 47.
  3. ↑ "The hall mark of folk metal is its folkishness. This statement seems so obvious as to appear dumb when put in print, but before dismissing such a statement out of hand, let us consider what that might mean. It is like folk but it is not folk, or what I see as a divergence from folksiness, which is connotatively 'of the folk' while the former is merely 'like the folk.' It is a music based upon its own local heritage. "Aaron Patrick Mulvany: " Reawakening Pride Once Lost ". Indigeneity and European Folk Metal . Master thesis. Wesleyan University, Middletown CT 2000, p. 113.
  4. ^ "Peter Steele of gothic Metal band Type O Negative (and former frontman of the late '80s' neo-barbarian' Speed ​​Metal act Carnivore) accurately characterizes Thrash Metal as a form of 'urban blight music,' a palefaced cousin of Rap. “ Michael Moynihan , Didrik Søderlind: Lords of Chaos . The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground . Feral House 1998, ISBN 0-922915-48-2 , p. 26.
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  56. ^ "While Viking metal continues to be popular among underground fans, Scandinavia has begun to see an increase in another sub-genre of black metal that can be called folk metal. [...] Most broadly, it is a sub-genre of black metal on a musical-phenomenological level that diverges first in lyrical content - thus including Viking metal, the Vikings being understood as “a folk” - and subsequently, and to varying degrees , in musical accretions to the basic style. "Aaron Patrick Mulvany: " Reawakening Pride Once Lost ". Indigeneity and European Folk Metal . Master thesis. Wesleyan University, Middletown CT 2000, pp. 45f.
  57. ↑ "It also remains far more of a niche market within black metal, limiting the resources allotted to it by labels." Aaron Patrick Mulvany: "Reawakening Pride Once Lost". Indigeneity and European Folk Metal . Master thesis. Wesleyan University, Middletown CT 2000, p. 96.
  58. ^ "[T] here is still heated discussion in some quarters regarding the inclusion of so-called" folk metal "underneath the umbrella of black metal." Aaron Patrick Mulvany: "Reawakening Pride Once Lost". Indigeneity and European Folk Metal . Master thesis. Wesleyan University, Middletown CT 2000, p. 16.
  59. ↑ Cast iron pans: Bathory - Blood Fire Death. Bloodchamber.de, November 11, 2008, accessed April 23, 2010 .
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