List of heads of state 1821
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Viceroy: Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848)
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Burundi
- King: Ntare IV. Rugamba (approx. 1796 – approx. 1850)
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Morocco ( Alawid Dynasty)
- Sultan: Mulai Sulaiman (1792–1822)
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Tunisia ( Husainid dynasty):
- Sultan: Mahmud Bey (1814-1824)
America
North America
- Mexico (controversial until September 27)
- Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca (1816–1821)
- Viceroy Francisco Novella (1821)
- Viceroy Juan O'Donojú (1821)
- Head of the Government Council: Agustín de Iturbide (1821–1822)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President James Monroe (1817–1825)
Central America
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Haiti (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: President Jean-Pierre Boyer (1818–1843)
South America
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Brazil
- King John VI (1816-1822)
- Regent Prince Peter
- King John VI (1816-1822)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: Chief Executive Bernardo O'Higgins (1817–1823)
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Greater Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco de Paula Santander (1819–1827, 1832–1837 )
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New Granada (controversial - remainder under Spanish control)
- Spanish captain general Juan de la Cruz Mourgeon y Achet (1819-1821)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: Consul Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (1814–1840)
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Viceroyalty of Peru ( from July 28: Peru )
- Head of State and Government: Protector José de San Martín (July 28, 1821–1822)
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Viceroy :
- Joaquín de la Pezuela (1816–1821)
- José de la Serna e Hinojosa (1821-1824)
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Río de la Plata (now Argentina )
- Head of state and government: no central government in function until 1826, only local juntas or caudillos
Asia
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Abu Dhabi
- Sheikh:
- Shakhbut bin Dhiyab (1818–1833)
- Tahnun bin Shakhbut (1818–1833)
- Sheikh:
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Afghanistan
- King: Ayub Shah (1819–1823)
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China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Dao Guang (1821-1850)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King: Kamehameha II (Liholiho) (1819–1824)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- King of France : Louis XVIII. (1814-1824)
- Bishop of Urgell : Bernat Francés y Caballero (1817–1824)
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Co-princes :
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Denmark
- King : Friedrich VI. (1808–1839) (1808–1814 King of Norway)
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German Confederation
- Austria
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Prussia
- King : Friedrich Wilhelm III. (1797-1840)
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Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke : Alexius Friedrich Christian (1796–1834) until 1807 Prince
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke : Leopold IV (1817–1871)
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Principality of Anhalt-Köthen :
- Duke : Ferdinand Friedrich (1818–1830)
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to bathe
- Grand Duke : Ludwig I (1818–1830)
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Bavaria
- King : Maximilian I (1799–1825) elector until 1805
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Braunschweig
- Duke : Charles II (1815–1831)
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Bremen
- Mayor : Georg Gröning (1814–1821)
- Mayor: Christian Hermann Schöne (1817–1821)
- Mayor: Arnold Dietrich Tidemann (1818–1821)
- Mayor: Johann Smidt (1821–1857)
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Frankfurt
- Senior mayor : Johann Büchner (1821)
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Hamburg
- Mayor : Wilhelm Amsinck (1802–1811) (1813–1831)
- Mayor: Johann Arnold Heise (1807–1811) (1813–1834)
- Mayor: Christian Matthias Schröder (1816–1821)
- Mayor: Johann Heinrich Bartels (1820–1850)
- Mayor: Johann Daniel Koch (1821–1829)
- Hanover (personalunionwith Great Britain 1815–1837)
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Grand Duke : Ludwig I (1790–1830) until 1806 landgrave
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Hessen-Homburg
- Landgrave : Friedrich VI. (1820-1829)
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Hessen-Kassel
- Elector:
- Wilhelm I (1785–1806) (1815–1821) until 1803 Landgrave
- Wilhelm II. (1821–1847)
- Elector:
- Hohenzollern-Hechingen
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Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Prince : Anton Aloys (1785–1831)
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Holstein and Lauenburg (personal union with Denmark 1815–1864)
- Duke: Friedrich VI. (1815-1839)
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Liechtenstein
- Prince : Johann I. Josef (1805–1836)
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lip
- Prince : Leopold II (1802-1851)
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Lübeck
- Mayor : Johann Caspar Lindenberg ,
- Mayor: Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf (1806) (1813–1824)
- Mayor: Christian Adolph Overbeck (1814-25 January 1821)
- Mayor: Stephan Hinrich Behncke
- Mayor: Christian Heinrich Kindler
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Luxembourg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
- Grand Duke : Wilhelm I (1815–1840)
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz I (1785–1837) until 1815 Duke
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duke : Georg (1816–1860)
- Nassau :
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Oldenburg
- Grand Duke : Peter Friedrich Wilhelm (1785–1823) (incapacitated under guardianship) until 1815 Duke
- Prince Regent: Peter Friedrich Ludwig (1785–1810) (1815–1829) Grand Duke from 1823
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Reuss older line :
- Prince : Heinrich XIX. (1817-1836)
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Reuss-Ebersdorf
- Prince: Heinrich LI. (1797–1822) until 1806 Count
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Reuss-Lobenstein
- Prince: Heinrich LIV. (1805-1824)
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Reuss-Schleiz
- Prince: Heinrich LXII. (1818-1848)
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Saxony
- King : Friedrich August I (1763–1827) until 1806 elector
- Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
- Saxony-Hildburghausen
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Bernhard II (1803–1866) under guardianship
- Regent: Louise Eleonore von Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1803–1822)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Grand Duke : Carl August (1758–1828) until 1815 Duke
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Schaumburg-Lippe
- Prince : Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860) until 1807 Count
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl I (1794–1835)
- Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Württemberg
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France
- King : Louis XVIII. (1814-1824)
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Italian states
- Papal States
- Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66)
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Lucca
- Duchess: Maria Luisa (1815-1824)
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Massa and Carrara
- Duchess : Maria Beatrice (1790–1829)
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Modena and Reggio
- Duke : Francis IV (1814–1846)
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Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
- Duchess : Marie-Louise (1814–1847)
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San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Camillo Bonelli , Marino Berti (October 1, 1820– April 1, 1821)
- Capitani Reggenti: Antonio Onofri , Pier Vincenzo Giannini (April 1, 1821– October 1, 1821)
- Capitani Reggenti: Giuliano Malpeli , Pietro Berti (October 1, 1821–1822)
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Sardinia
- King : Victor Emanuel I (1802–1821)
- King: Karl Felix (1821–1831)
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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
- King : Ferdinand I (1816–1825)
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Tuscany
- Grand Duke : Ferdinand III. (1790-1801) (1814-1824)
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Krakow
- Mayor:?
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince-Bishop (Vladika) : Petar I. Petrović-Njegoš (1782–1830)
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Netherlands
- Ruler: King Wilhelm I (1815–1840)
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Mahmud II. (1808–1839)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander I (1801-1825)
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Sweden
- King : Karl XIV. Johann (1818–1844) (1818–1844 King of Norway)
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Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Miloš Obrenović (1817–1839, 1858–1860 )
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Spain
- King : Ferdinand VII ( 1808 , 1813–1833)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State: King George IV (January 29, 1820–1830) (1811–1820 Regent, 1820–1830 King of Hanover)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1812–1827)
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Alexandru Sutu ( 1802, 1806 , 1818–1821) (1801–1802 Prince of Moldova)
- Prince: Scarlat Callimachi (1821) (1806, 1812–1819 Prince of Moldova)
- Turkish military administration (1821-1822)