Drömling
| Drömling | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| surface | approx. 340 km² | ||
| Systematics according to | Handbook of the natural spatial structure of Germany | ||
| Main unit group | 62 → Weser-Aller-Flachland |
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| 1st order natural space | North German Lowlands | ||
| Natural space |
625 → Drömling |
||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 52 ° 28 '57 " N , 11 ° 7' 52" E | ||
|
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| local community | Wolfsburg | ||
| circle | Altmarkkreis Salzwedel , District Börde , District Gifhorn | ||
| state | Saxony-Anhalt , Lower Saxony | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
The Drömling is an approximately 340 km² large and sparsely populated lowland area on the border between Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . The larger part of Saxony-Anhalt in the east was a nature park from 1990 and has been a national biosphere reserve since 2019 . The former swamp area was converted from a natural to a cultural landscape in the 18th century on the instructions of Frederick the Great . Today the lowlands with the Mittelland Canal and the rivers Aller and Ohre are a retreat for rare or endangered animal and plant species. It consists largely of nature and landscape protection areas . Nearby cities are Klötze , Oebisfelde-Weferlingen , Gardelegen and Wolfsburg .
location
The Drömling lies in a shallow depression about 15 by 20 kilometers in size, which is enclosed by a 60-meter contour line . It is an extended section of the Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen glacial valley . Roughly described, the lowland area extends from Wolfsburg in the west to Calvörde in the east and from Klötze in the north to Oebisfelde-Weferlingen in the south. In the west, the Geestrücken of the Vorsfelder Werder borders the Drömling.
The Drömling extends over the following districts (or the following urban districts), classified according to decreasing share in the Drömling: Altmarkkreis Salzwedel , district Börde , district Gifhorn , urban district Wolfsburg and district Helmstedt .
Emergence
The depression was formed in the penultimate ice age , the Saale Ice Age , around 140,000 years ago. The meltwater of the glacial valley infilled the large valley of the Drömling first with up to 20 meters powerful sands . Little is known about the development of the Drömling during the Vistula Ice Age. At that time the area had the character of a tundra . At the end of the last ice age around 10,000 years ago, the area was finally covered with forest. Because of the location in the glacial valley, the gradient of the Aller and Ohre is very small, the soil was watered and a fen with extensive alder forests grew . The swamp continued because the Drömling was a natural reservoir for the floods of the Aller and Ohre.
description
The Drömling is unique in Germany fen landscape . In addition to Barnbruch , which is around 15 kilometers to the west, it is the ecologically most valuable area of the upper Aller lowlands. With around 280 square kilometers, it largely belongs to Saxony-Anhalt and, with around 60 square kilometers, a smaller part of Lower Saxony. Since the end of the Second World War , the lowland area was divided by the inner-German border . In the smaller western part of the Drömling, the biologically more valuable part of the wetland was preserved. Nature reserves with no-entry zones and extensive landscape protection areas were established here at an early stage . Until German reunification in 1990, the larger eastern part of the Drömling in what was then the GDR was subject to intensive use by agriculture and grazing. In the course of the turnaround , there was also a designation of nature reserves there, in some cases even total reservations .
Today's landscape emerged from the drainage and cultivation measures in the 18th century. It is characterized by extensive grassland areas and eyrie forests as well as a close-meshed ditch system, which is often overgrown with bushes or woody plants. The area is also known as the land of a thousand trenches because of the 1,725 kilometers of watercourses . The long rows of poplar trees on the dams along the drainage ditches are typical. The original quarry forest has been displaced by fields, meadows and forests, especially in the Saxony-Anhalt part.
The Elbe-Weser watershed runs through the Drömling . The Ohre that flows through the lowland and flows into the Elbe drains to the east, the Aller touches the lowland and drains towards the Weser . The wetland also represents a climatic boundary between east and west. Here, a piece of Eastern Europe has remained between maritime influence and continental impact. The protected nature reserve small and large gable moor with alder and birch forest near the Forsthaus Giebel (integrated municipality Brome in Lower Saxony) with a natural forest reserve is considered the westernmost extension of the Siberian taiga .
nature
In the Drömling with its moist meadows and numerous bodies of water, many endangered plant and animal species have their last refuge. But danger threatens them in lowering of the water table, because the water present in part by the Vorflutgräben derived of the extensive drainage system. Large areas are regularly flooded in spring, but they fall dry by summer. The rise in the water level due to modified weirs in recent years has improved the situation for numerous plant and animal species.
In the area of the Drömling, a number of plant and animal species have the limit of their natural range. Continental, Atlantic, Northern and Southern species are found here.
flora
In the Drömling you will find the most important subatlantic floral elements of the new federal states. Typical representatives, especially in the Jeggauer Moor nature reserve , are the pill fern ( Pilularia globulifera ) and the flood pond ridge ( Eleogiton fluitans ), which belong to the ditch vegetation. Another characteristic representative of this floral element is the yellow meadow rue ( Thalictrum flavum ). The western border of the swamp porch lies in the gable moor . At the same time, the area is a transition zone to central European floral elements. Thus one finds in southern Drömling predominantly Hochstaudenfluren , for example with the Shining Meadow Rue ( Thalictrum lucidum ) that can not be found elsewhere along with the Yellow meadow rue. The holly finds its eastern border in the Drömling.
Around 450 species of ferns and flowering plants can be found in the Drömling, 74 of which are on the Red List .
fauna
The Drömling fauna is also rich in species. There are over 40 species of mammals, including 21 species that are on the Red List. The otter is one of them . Beavers had only been sighted sporadically since the beginning of the 20th century, but have been increasingly settling in the Drömling since 1994. In 2003, 25 occupied territories were counted. Other species include roe deer , wild boar , red fox , badger and smaller mammal species.
The bird world is particularly rich in species and individuals. The most conspicuous large bird is the crane , many of which rest on the passage in the Drömling, but there are also some breeding pairs. The white stork has around 30 breeding pairs in the Drömling, so that the largest population west of the Elbe in the new federal states is here. In addition, the black stork and, in two large colonies, the gray heron breed in the Drömling. There are also several bird of prey species with a high number of individuals, including the rare red kite . Ducks , little grebes and mute swans can be found on and near bodies of water in the Drömling. The curlew has its largest population in Saxony-Anhalt with around 30 breeding pairs. The golden oriole , nightingale and common raven are among the numerous songbird species . The field thrush and the occasionally brooding red thrush are reminiscent of the area's character as a taiga. The red-backed shrike has its highest settlement density here in Lower Saxony.
Also, reptiles , amphibians and fish are found in Drömling. The red list includes the natterjack toad , the European tree frog and the grass snake . In the Drömling there are mainly fish species with moderate demands on the water quality, as the water in the trenches usually contains little oxygen. Of the 25 identified fish species, 10 are on the red list. Because of the weirs, river fish species are rare.
Insects are also found in great variety. Numerous types of dragonflies are particularly noticeable here, as well as grasshoppers , water beetles and other beetles, as well as day and night butterflies .
Nature and landscape protection
Saxony-Anhalt
The eastern part of the Drömling in Saxony-Anhalt was designated as a nature park in 1990 on 278 km² . With the extension of the existing nature reserve (NSG) to the NSG Ohre-Drömling on June 30, 2005, a 103 km² nature reserve was created, which is completely included in the nature park. It is divided into the following zones:
- Core zone, 840 hectares
- Wet zone, 2,960 hectares
- Conservation zone, 4,630 hectares
- Connection zone, 1,910 hectares
Alder quarry forest is to grow in the core zone in the long term . It consists of four areas, including the total reserves Breitenroder-Oebisfelder Drömling and Böckwitz-Jahrstedter Drömling . The Jeggauer Moor area near Trippigleben is spatially separated from the rest of the nature reserve.
In 2008, the Federal Environment Ministry provided 2.5 million euros to preserve the fen landscape in Drömling in Saxony-Anhalt.
On June 29, 2019, the nature park was upgraded to the Drömling Saxony-Anhalt biosphere reserve - according to state law. The Klüdener Pax-Wanneweh nature reserve in the southeast of the area belongs to it . The area of the biosphere reserve is 340.7 km².
The area of the biosphere reserve that does not belong to the two NSG is designated as a landscape protection area Drömling . It has an area of 19,180 ha.
Lower Saxony
The following nature reserves exist in the Lower Saxony part of the Drömling (from north to south):
- Kaiserwinkel , 407 hectares
- Schulenburgscher Drömling , 519 hectares
- Gable moor , 670 hectares (also small and large gable moor )
- Northern Drömling , 1113 hectares
- Politz and Hegholz , 484 hectares
- Wendschotter and Vorsfelder Drömling with Kötherwiesen , 722 hectares
- Southern Drömling , 602 hectares
The Drömling landscape protection area in Lower Saxony was established in 1966. It extended to the establishment of nature reserves on its area from Grafhorst via Rüßen and Giebel to Parsau and is 32.8 hectares in the area of the city of Wolfsburg. Furthermore, the LSG Kaiserwinkel and Lütjes Moor exist in Lower Saxony.
Cross-country planning
The establishment of a transnational UNESCO Drömling Biosphere Reserve is being planned and in some cases has already been decided. The first drafts were presented in 2016; the application to UNESCO was submitted in 2017. In June 2019 it was announced that the Saxony-Anhalt part, which corresponds to the Drömling Nature Park , has received state law.
history
Surname
In 938 the Drömling was first mentioned historically as Thrimining by the Corvey monk Widukind . The Christian missionary reported that in 933 a Slavic survivor of the Magyars (Hungarians) from the battle of Riyade on the Unstrut lured them into the Drömling, who were destroyed there by the Saxons . Around 1150, the monk Annalista Saxo from the Halberstadt diocese referred to the Drömling as Thriminig in his notes . The current spelling Drömling first appeared in 1520.
There are different explanations for the origin of the term Thriminig . On the one hand, it is said to be an approximately 1,500-year-old name from the time of the migration of peoples , which is derived from the Old Saxon word thrimmen for jumping, bobbing and refers to the boggy subsoil. According to another explanation, it is derived from the Old Slavic term trebiti for clearing forest . Until the Middle Ages, Slavic tribes of the Wends lived near the Drömling and are said to have named the swamp that way because they extracted wood in it.
Middle Ages and Modern Times
Until it was drained in the 18th century, the Drömling was an inaccessible swamp area fed by everyone and ears . Because of its impassability, it has always been a ethnic border between East and West. Since the Middle Ages, the lands of the Brunswick, Lüneburg and Hanover mansions have been on the western side. On the eastern side, the Magdeburg and Brandenburg rulers and later the Prussians ruled .
Despite the spring floods, the 50 or so surrounding villages also benefited from the wet forest area. It was surrounded by a wide belt of meadows that could be used as pasture and for hay extraction. In the Middle Ages there was talk of the freyen Drömling , because it served everyone for logging. From the 17th century on, the wooden areas for the individual villages were marked out.
Samuel Walther reported in 1737 on 24 eyrie in the Drömling. These are a few meters high heights that are reasonably flood-proof. During the Thirty Years War, these places were retreats for the population with livestock and belongings. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages built huts out of tree trunks and reeds on the eyries. From these hiding places, peasants are said to have waged partisan warfare against swarming armies of the Swedes and Imperialists .
Historical descriptions
- Samuel Walther 1737 in: Magdeburg merchandise part VII.
- A stranger does not know how to get into the Drömling, much less how to get out again. The neighbors alone know the footbridges ... In the 30th Years' War the Drömling was full of people and did great damage to the enemy patrols. The Drömling has always been fatal to the enemy.
- Wilhelm Raabe 1872 in: The Dräumling
- The swamp was called the Dräumling and has been famous since ancient times for its fat frogs and its tough boys and girls ...
Drainage in the 18th and 19th centuries
When the Prussian King Frederick the Great learned of the distress of the Drömlingsdörfer with the floods in 1770, he ordered that the area be made arable for colonists . In his final years in office, it became his largest drainage project . He had previously had the Warta , Oder and Havel quarries drained.
Negotiations on a joint drainage project with the Duchies of Braunschweig and Hanover as western Drömling neighbors dragged on from 1770 to 1780 and were unsuccessful. The duchies feared the creation of a trade route through the drained area and the loss of their tariff income elsewhere.
In 1780 Prussia began surveying work. In 1783, under the direction of the senior building officer Heinrich August Riedel, the drainage began with around 3,000 workers. A 29 km long river bed was dug for the Ohre , which flows diffusely through the Drömling . Chessboard-like channels and ditches were built throughout the area, and bridges and dams were built. However, the work met with resistance from the population and at times musketeers patrolled the dams.
In 1796 the drainage work was completed after 13 years of activity. In this way, around 300 km² of land was reclaimed. Numerous colonies such as Dannefeld , Etingen and Jerchel were established in the country.
The villages to the west of the Drömling continued to suffer from the wetness of the Drömling during the Aller flood . A barrier dam built by the Prussian side, the catch dam , prevented the water from crossing to the eastern side. During strong flooding on the western side, it is said to have been pierced by the residents out of desperation. At times there was even the risk of armed conflict.
It was not until 1860 that Prussia, Hanover and Braunschweig agreed in a state treaty on joint Drömling drainage including regulation of Aller and Ohre. This work was finished in 1868. After that, large parts of it were cultivated for agriculture and converted into meadows, pastures and fields.
In the Drömling meadows , Rimpausche bog dam cultures emerged . In the amelioration process, named after the Kunrau manor owner Theodor Hermann Rimpau , parallel drainage ditches were dug at a distance of 25 meters. The excavated soil came to the areas in between, which were raised to form dams. In addition, the mineral excavated soil improved the fertility of the peatland. The Drömling is often referred to as the land of a thousand trenches, as the canals and trenches are around 560 kilometers long. Most of these trenches come from the Rimpauschen moorland dam cultures, which are estimated to be around 1,300 kilometers long. The characteristic shape of the fields between the trenches can still be seen today. However, many of them are no longer used for agriculture because they are located in nature reserves . Willow bushes often grow in the trenches.
From 1900 until today
In the mid-1930s there was another phase of amelioration by the Reich Labor Service . The organization's barrack camps existed in Ränen , Jahrstedt , Kunrau , Röwitz , Köckte , Rätzlingen , Mannhausen and Oebisfelde . With the construction of the Mittelland Canal at this time, numerous inlet structures were built in order to be able to use the canal as a flood relief. After the border was drawn in 1945, especially after the tightening of the border regime in 1952, the Drömling was no longer drained jointly. This sometimes caused problems with flood protection.
After the reclamation of the Drömling had been in the foreground for around 200 years, the idea of nature conservation came into play in the 20th century. In 1934, H. Dathe first examined the flora in the Jahrstedt area. In the early 1950s, the Haldensleben biologist Bruno Weber undertook several exploratory trips through the Drömling. In the 1960s, later than in Lower Saxony, the first protected areas were designated in what was then the GDR. The southern Drömling was declared a landscape protection area in 1967 . In 1978 the approximately 35 hectare nature reserve Jeggauer Moor was established to protect the local subatlantic flora. Another year later, the GDR's first otter protection area was designated. However, it was unsuccessful because the water maintenance was faulty. In 1979 the first nature reserve was created in the Lower Saxony part of the Drömling.
In 1981 and 1982 in the eastern part of the Drömling in the landscape protection area, two protected areas for breeding birds that are endangered. Since mineral fertilization was still permitted there and hunting was not restricted, this project also had only a minor effect. On October 17, 1984, the Kulturbund Haldensleben founded the Drömling Association . With his help, the expansion of the ears could be prevented in 1986. On September 18, 1989, the nature reserve Breitenroder-Oebisfelder Drömling was established , which had an area of 432 hectares.
Cooperation with the responsible authorities in Lower Saxony began as early as autumn 1989. A joint catalog of requirements was drawn up. The County Council of the then district Magdeburg pointed out the entire eastern Drömling as a conservation area on February 14 1990th In addition to the nature reserves, other protected areas have been designated. On March 16, 1990, the GDR People's Chamber decided to declare the eastern Drömling a nature reserve. The area was completely divided into protection zones in three stages, and the Kämkerhorst nature conservation station was established in southern Drömling. On September 12, 1990, shortly before the end of the GDR, the GDR declared Ministers to Saxony-Anhalt's part of Drömling as part of the National Park program for Drömling Nature Park .
On June 3, 1993, the state government of Saxony-Anhalt submitted an application to UNESCO to designate the Drömling as a UNESCO biosphere reserve .
In the 1990s, The Stork Foundation initiated the first project - Storks for our children to protect the white storks in the Drömling.
In 2005, the Ohre-Drömling nature reserve, around 103 km² in size, was established in the eastern part . It consists of the parts Nördlicher Drömling and Südlicher Drömling and represents an extension of the previously existing nature reserves. In 2018 the NSG Südlicher Drömling was created in the Helmstedt district. It includes the former NSG Allerauenwald im Drömling and borders on the nature reserves Ohre-Drömling and Wendschotter and Vorsfelder Drömling .
Infrastructure
traffic
Although the Drömling is hardly populated, it is crossed by several traffic routes. The Mittelland Canal crosses the area in an east-west direction. The Wolfsburg – Stendal railway line and the Hanover – Berlin high-speed line, as well as the Bundesstraße 188, run almost parallel to it. The Oebisfelde – Magdeburg railway runs partly on the southwestern edge of the Drömling. When traveling on the Salzwedel – Oebisfelde railway line, which has been closed since 2002 , one drove directly past total reservations. The section between Rüsten and Grafhorst on federal road 244 is also located in Drömling and is occasionally closed due to spring floods . In addition, some state roads and other roads lead through the Drömling. In large areas in the interior, about west of the Oebisfelde – Klötze state road , there are only farm roads .
See also
literature
- Heinz Frenkler: The Drömling. In: Nature reserves in the Gifhorn-Wolfsburg area , Großkopf-Verlag, Wolfsburg 1986, ISBN 3-929464-00-4 .
- Helmut Maigatter: Land of a Thousand Trenches - From the story of the Drömling. 2nd edition 1997, printed in Helmstedt, without ISBN.
- Nature conservation in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, special issue: The Drömling Nature Park. State Office for Environmental Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Nature Conservation Department, Halle 1993, ISSN 0940-6638
- Ernst Andreas Friedrich : Natural monuments of Lower Saxony. Hanover 1980. ISBN 3-7842-0227-6 .
- Axel Hindemith: Drömling was fatal to the enemy. In: Wolfsburger Nachrichten of July 6 and July 13, 1987.
- Gustav Palis, Bernhard Peitschner: The Drömling, from the moor to the cultural landscape. Horb am Neckar 1998, ISBN 3-89570-368-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.naturpark-droemling.de/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=2 , accessed on August 14, 2008
- ↑ BMU press release
- ^ Ordinance on the Drömling Biosphere Reserve in Saxony-Anhalt. (PDF), accessed on September 4, 2019
- ↑ Description of the LSG Drömling in Saxony-Anhalt in the Official Journal May 2016 (PDF), accessed on April 7, 2018
- ↑ Ordinance from 1966 at helmstedt.de (PDF), accessed on April 8, 2018
- ↑ LSG WOB 00011 , accessed on December 5, 2015
- ↑ List of NSG and LSG in Lower Saxony (PDF), accessed on September 22, 2014
- ↑ Nature protection: Drömling Nature Park becomes a biosphere reserve. Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 25, 2019, accessed on August 25, 2020 .
- ^ Samuel Walther: Singularia Magdeburgica . in which von der Ohra, from the great Holtze Droemling and rulers lying around. Part VII. Seidel and Scheidhauer, Magdeburg and Leipzig 1737, p. 16 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Nature conservation in Saxony-Anhalt, special issue 1993: Der Naturpark Drömling , p. 8, State Office for Environmental Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Nature Conservation Department, Halle 1993
