WWF

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World Wide Fund For Nature
(WWF)
logo
legal form Foundation, endowment
founding 1961
founder Julian Huxley, Peter Markham Scott, Yolanda Farr, Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld, Philip Mountbatten (Duke of Edinburgh), Edward Max Nicholson, Guy Mountfort, Godfrey A. Rockefeller
Seat Gland , Switzerland ( coordinates: 46 ° 25 '1.8 "  N , 6 ° 16' 15.4"  O ; CH1903:  510 227  /  141 316 )
main emphasis Nature and environmental protection
people Pavan Sukhdev (President), Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (Honorary President)
sales 656.6 million euros (2014)
Employees 6,200
Volunteers over 5 million
Website wwf.panda.org

The WWF ( World Wide Fund For Nature , until 1986 World Wildlife Fund ) is a foundation under Swiss law with its seat in Gland , Canton of Vaud . It was founded in 1961 and is one of the largest international nature and environmental protection organizations . The heraldic animal of the WWF is the giant panda . The WWF is committed to the preservation of the earth's biological diversity , the sustainable use of natural resources and the containment of environmental pollution and harmful consumer behavior.

The organization has its own offices in over 80 countries and is supported by over five million people. Since WWF was founded, US $ 11.5 billion has been invested in over 13,000 projects worldwide. The WWF is mainly financed through donations. WWF has helped found many other organizations and initiatives, including the Forest Stewardship Council and the Marine Stewardship Council .

history

Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands , first President of the WWF, at an event in aid of the organization in May 1976
Peter Markham Scott , first Vice President of WWF (1954)

In the 1960s , nature and environmental protection moved more into the focus of the public . Preserving the natural environment was part of social change in Europe and North America, but not limited to the industrialized countries. Although the IUCN, the world's first global nature and environmental protection organization, had already been established in 1948 , the organization had not established itself as desired with a broad public. Against this background, the idea arose to create a new organization that would work in an uncomplicated way and should work for nature and environmental protection. The concept was first formulated in 1960 in a letter to the editor from Victor Stolan for the daily newspaper The Observer . An article by Julian Huxley had previously appeared there on the subject of species extinction in Africa.

Huxley then arranged a personal meeting between Stolan and Max Nicholson , Director General of the British Nature Conservation Agency . This eventually became the driving force behind the founding of the WWF. His central argument was that the existing nature and environmental protection organizations would develop meaningful projects, but could not implement them due to a lack of funds. Huxley held discussions with numerous potential supporters and finally developed a concrete plan for the establishment of the WWF. It was sent to 20 environmentalists in Belgium, France, Great Britain, Thailand, Sweden, the United States, Switzerland, Sudan and South Africa. Subsequently, between April and September 1961, nine meetings took place on the premises of the British Nature Conservation Agency.

The members of the so-called “London Planning Group” decided, among other things, that a panda should symbolize the WWF. In addition, the Zurich lawyer Hans Hüssy was hired to ensure the charitable status and thus the tax exemption of the foundation under Swiss law from the start . The actual founding date of the WWF marked the certification of the foundation on September 11, 1961 in Zurich. The first donation was a guinea, which was about a pound. The WWF was led by an international board of trustees in which environmentalists from several European countries and North America were represented. Most of the board of trustees came from the IUCN network. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands was the first President of the WWF, but the position did not include any executive role. Peter Scott was elected the organization's first vice president .

Critics such as Wilfried Huismann note that the founding of the WWF was based on deeply racist motives from British colonialists. The concerns that the founders were concerned about the natural areas of Africa were directly linked to the abolition of the colonial administrations. The indigenous inhabitants of the large national parks were considered filthy and their traditional economies, which coexisted with wildlife for centuries or millennia, were now perceived as a threat by Europeans. What all the founders had in common was that they were enthusiastic big game hunters who planned the national parks as tourist destinations.

After the founding of the WWF, numerous national sections emerged in the 1960s, including WWF Germany , WWF Austria and WWF Switzerland . Usually one third of the donations were invested in local projects, while two thirds went to WWF International. In order to secure the financing of the WWF, Anton Rupert and Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld started the initiative The 1001: A Nature Trust in 1970 . The goal of the two environmentalists was to attract 1,001 wealthy people who would donate US $ 10,000 and thus build up a wealth of assets for the WWF. The sum was reached within three years. In total, the WWF spent around 32 million Swiss francs on projects in 59 countries in the first ten years of its existence.

In the beginning, the WWF was committed to the protection of species and in particular to flagship species of the charismatic megafauna. In addition, he supported projects of other organizations. The WWF's approach changed decisively in the 1970s: Instead of spontaneously providing help to individual projects, the focus shifted to measures for entire eco-zones or animal species. One of the first global campaigns of the WWF was "Operation Tiger": Among other things, new protection zones were set up in India, so that the tiger was considered saved at the end of the decade. In 1975 the WWF began to work on a global level for the preservation of the tropical rainforest , especially in Central and West Africa , Southeast Asia and Latin America . In addition to the tiger and rainforest, whaling, the giant panda and the connection between environmental protection and development aid were among the central themes of WWF in the 1980s.

In the 1990s, WWF participated in the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) project. The certification of sustainable raw materials should make it easier for end consumers to buy environmentally friendly products. In 1998 the WWF published the first “Living Planet Report”: The report describes the state of the environment on a global level as well as the impact of humans on nature. The report is still published every two years and is one of the leading scientific publications in its field. The Earth Hour is one of the more recent campaigns of the WWF with a global reach . Since 2007 or 2010, the lights have been switched off for 60 minutes in individual households, building complexes or entire countries in order to reduce CO 2 emissions and to remind people of climate change .

Holdings

As can already be seen above, the WWF has contributed to numerous founding of other organizations and initiatives in its history. He is partly organizationally involved or partly exerts influence on related organizations. The following is a compilation without claiming to be exhaustive:

  • The Aquaculture Stewardship Council is an association founded by WWF that stands for sustainable fish farming in aquaculture. The WWF initiated a dialogue on the topic in 2004, from which the organization emerged in 2009. There are tilapia, pangasius and salmon products with the ASC seal available on the market.
  • Doing the nuclear phase-out yourself is an alliance of environmental and consumer organizations that was initiated in 2006 and, in addition to the WWF, supports Greenpeace and BUND , for example . The alliance wants to encourage consumers to purchase more green electricity.
  • The European Movement Germany claims to be the largest civil society network for Europe in Germany. WWF Germany is one of the more than 200 members.
  • The Environment and Development Forum was founded in 1992 after the UN Conference on Environment and Development. It “coordinates the activities of German non-governmental organizations in international political processes on sustainable development”. WWF Germany is a member of the organization.
  • “Enjoy us” is an initiative of WWF Germany, Welthungerhilfe and other partners. Your goal is to curb food waste. The initiative became known, for example, through campaigns such as the “Meal Saver Brunch”.
  • The International Task Force Sustainable Tourism of the United Nations Environment Program is an initiative to support sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism worldwide. For example, UNEP and WWF are committed to protecting coral reefs off the Indonesian island of Bali .
  • The Climate Alliance Germany is an alliance of non-governmental organizations such as WWF, BUND or Greenpeace and representatives of the Protestant and Catholic Church. It started its work in 2007 and campaigned for an effective climate policy.
  • The Marine Stewardship Council was founded in 1997 by WWF and Unilever . It is committed to sustainable fishing and awards the (MSC) seal for fish products, which is widely found on canned fish, in fresh fish counters and in frozen fish, according to criteria of environmental compatibility.
  • The round table for palm oil was launched in 2004 by the WWF. Members are mainly manufacturers and retailers who voluntarily do more for nature conservation and human rights than is required by law. For example, in the production of palm oil, certain pesticides are not used and no protected rainforest is cut down.
  • The soy round table was founded in 2006. Its aim is to "reduce the negative environmental impact of the soy boom by setting minimum requirements and to improve the social conditions for workers". Representatives of companies and environmental protection organizations such as WWF jointly set minimum standards for the sustainable production and trade in soybeans .
  • TRAFFIC ( "Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce") is a joint program of WWF and the World Conservation Union IUCN. It was founded in 1976 to ensure that "trade in wild animal and plant species and their products only takes place in a sustainable manner, is in accordance with national and international agreements and laws and does not lead to the extinction of species".

Logo and brand

The WWF logo has changed four times in the past few years.

The WWF logo shows the giant panda in black and white with the words “WWF” underneath. The bear "Chi Chi", who was born in 1957 and sold from China to the London Zoo a year later, served as a template . The bear was originally intended for the USA, but a trade embargo by the United States against China prevented imports. Gerald Watterson made several sketches of "Chi Chi" during a visit to the London Zoo, from which Peter Markham Scott eventually developed the WWF logo. He simplified the representation of the she-bear by depicting individual limbs as simple black surfaces and rounding off the outline of the figure.

From 1961 until today, the WWF logo has been revised four times. It is used globally by all WWF organizations, making the panda the iconic symbol for the “WWF” brand. The logo and the name of the WWF are internationally protected trademarks . The organization grants licenses to selected companies that are allowed to use the brand for their own products. The WWF uses the license fees to finance nature conservation projects. In German-speaking countries, for example, such an agreement exists between WWF Germany and the retailer EDEKA as well as WWF Austria and IKEA .

The official name of the WWF was initially "World Wildlife Fund". In 1986, on the occasion of its 25th anniversary, it was decided to change the name to "World Wide Fund For Nature". The organization wanted to make it clear that the focus of interest is not just on wild animals and plants, but on nature as a whole. The new name has also been adopted by the national sections, with the exception of the foundations in the United States and Canada. The reason for this were differences between WWF-USA and the Swiss foundation that had existed since the early 1980s. It was not until 2001 that the decision was made to use “WWF” as the name for all organizations globally.

In 2002 the nature and environmental protection organization won a lawsuit over the designation "WWF", so that the World Wrestling Federation had to rename itself to "World Wrestling Entertainment" (WWE).

Goals and implementation

Claude Martin , former director general of WWF
Balloon with WWF logo over León in Mexico (2013)

According to the statutes, the purpose of WWF is to preserve the natural environment and ecological processes worldwide. The organization's field of activity extends to “ fauna and flora , the landscape, water, soil, air and other natural resources”, with a special focus on the essential ecological processes and genetic diversity of species . Former director general of WWF, Claude Martin , described WWF's goals as follows:

"Our objectives have never been clearer - slow climate change, reduce toxics in the environment, protect our oceans and fresh waters, stop deforestation, and save species."

"Our goals have never been clearer - slowing climate change, reducing toxins in the environment, protecting our seas and waters, stopping forest dieback and preserving species."

- Claude Martin : WWF in the new millennium. Accessed January 27, 2016 .

While the WWF focused primarily on wild animals and plants in the first few years, the organization has been committed to all of nature since the 1980s. In contrast to other nature and environmental protection organizations, the focus of the WWF was less on high-profile individual actions or active member groups, but rather on financial and personal support for large, long-term conservation projects.

According to its own statements, the WWF wants to shape a future in which humans and nature live in harmony with one another. To this end, the WWF is committed to the development of nature reserves worldwide, to the long-term preservation of endangered natural landscapes and the protection of threatened animal and plant species . With concrete solutions, the organization wants to show how an ecological life for people in a living nature is possible. In addition, the WWF has an influence on politics and the economy. In the course of its history, the WWF, which sees itself as a “partner to business”, has been supported by large companies. In his opinion, cooperation with companies is necessary in order to successfully protect nature and the environment.

The WWF has declared the goal of permanently ensuring the integrity of the most outstanding places in the world by 2050 ("2050 Biodiversity Goal"). In addition, by 2050 the aim is to bring mankind's ecological footprint to a level that the earth can cope with. The natural resources of our planet should be distributed fairly (“2050 Footprint Goal”).

successes

The rescue of the tiger on the Indian subcontinent can be regarded as one of the greatest successes of the WWF.

The engagement of the WWF has benefited countless endangered species and various natural regions since it was founded. Sections of the local population often also benefited from the investments, for example in research projects or ranger units.

A focus of the WWF has been the protection of elephants and rhinos in Africa since the founding years . Since 1962, more than 40 million euros in funding have been used to protect African rhinos. In addition, numerous projects for the protection of elephants were funded. This aid helped to stabilize the population of African elephants and to preserve both rhino species in the wild. While the white rhinoceros and black rhinoceros are largely extinct in the north of their historical distribution area, larger populations have been preserved in eastern and particularly southern Africa and in the past partially increased again. The WWF contributed to these successes in species protection.

One of the greatest successes of the WWF was the stabilization of the Bengal tiger population through Project Tiger , which the WWF started in 1972 together with the Indian government under Indira Gandhi. The tiger population on the Indian subcontinent increased in the following years from around 2,000 to around 3,000 animals. Today the Bengal tiger is by far the largest population of the tiger in the wild. With the help of the WWF, the population of the even more threatened Amur tiger could be stabilized and increased. In 2015, for example, a 1.2 million hectare area in Russia on the border with China was declared a national park. The WWF played a decisive role in this with the support of the Federal Environment Ministry .

The WWF has been fighting successfully for years to protect the Pantanal from potentially environmentally hazardous water and road construction measures. It is one of the largest and most biodiverse natural paradises in South America. In particular, the controversial construction project for the Paraguay-Paraná-Hidrovia waterway has so far been prevented by the activities of the WWF.

The fact that the giant panda - the heraldic animal of the WWF - has survived in the wild to this day is due not least to the efforts of the WWF. This example also shows the imperfection of many protective efforts. Since April 2016 the species has only been classified as endangered ("vulnerable").

The diverse activities of WWF in Africa , for example, have contributed to the establishment of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area . It is the largest nature reserve on the continent.

Campaigns

Action by WWF on the occasion of the Earth Hour (2012) in Berlin
Control post in
Juruena , supported by WWF (2013)
WWF Amazon Day in front of Cologne Cathedral (2015)

Since its inception, WWF has launched a number of global initiatives to protect significant protected areas or threatened species . According to its own statement, the WWF would like to use its funds more effectively by concentrating on selected regions and species . As a rule, global initiatives determined the work of the WWF and its national sections for several years. The following initiatives were identified on the WWF's international website in mid-2015:

  • Amazon : The WWF repeatedly addressed the risk that large parts of the Amazon basin could become a savannah by 2030. The rainforest is threatened by both slash and burn and natural forest fires , which has unforeseeable consequences for the environment. Because of this, the WWF founded the “Living Amazon Initiative”, which defines measures to protect the Amazon in its entirety. For example, WWF advocates effective protection for the governments of neighboring countries.
  • Arctic : Since 1992 the WWF has been involved in a global initiative for greater protection of the Arctic. This applies above all to the protection of threatened species whose habitat is changing due to rising temperatures and melting pack ice . These include in particular the polar bears . The WWF also deals with the dangers of tourism in the Arctic, for example. The WWF and its sections maintain their own offices in all adjoining states - with the exception of Iceland .
  • Borneo : The island has a high level of biodiversity. Around 1,200 species of larger animals live there, including orangutans . In 2007 the WWF initiated the "Heart of Borneo Initiative". This is a declaration by the states of Indonesia , Malaysia and Brunei to protect the largest Asian rainforest.
  • China : Due to the growth of the Chinese economy, WWF is looking into the impact on the environment. The organization has had an office in Hong Kong since 1981, and a branch in Beijing was added in 1991 . Among other things, the WWF has repeatedly warned that the spread of the western lifestyle in China could damage the environment in the long term. In this context, observers spoke of "overexploitation of nature" caused by a strong demand for raw materials and energy. The WWF also tries to protect the giant panda , the organization's heraldic animal, and the tiger, for example .
  • Fisheries : WWF advocates sustainable fishing worldwide. This particularly affects the Arctic, the Indian Ocean , the Pacific , the waters around the South Cone and other international waters. For years, the WWF has primarily criticized the overfishing of the seas and calls for consideration for endangered fish species.
  • Himalaya : The mountain range extends over 2,500 kilometers over Bhutan , China , India and Nepal . Since the Himalayas have a great diversity of species and have a significant influence on the weather in Asia, the WWF is committed to protecting nature and the environment in the region. In 2007, the WWF listed the Himalayan glaciers in the UN climate report as one of the ten regions that are most at risk from climate change. The focus of WWF's work is particularly on the Eastern Himalayas.
  • Climate change : It is the declared aim of the WWF to limit the warming of the earth to 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to the year 1850. The WWF is committed to developing the economy so that its CO 2 emissions are reduced to an absolute minimum by 2050. The WWF emphasized again and again that climate change is already exacerbating natural disasters in terms of both frequency and dimension. In addition to higher energy efficiency, WWF supports the production of green electricity worldwide . In 2015, the WWF started an online course on the topic on iversity .
  • Congo Basin : The WWF describes the region as the "green heart" of the African continent. There is the world's second largest rainforest after the Amazon. However, between 1990 and 2000, around 91,000 square kilometers were lost. The WWF would like to help stop this development. In addition to his own measures, he supports the work of the FSC in the region, for example . The WWF also campaigns for endangered animal species in the Congo Basin, for example the mountain gorilla lives there .
  • Coral triangle : The marine area extends over six million square kilometers. According to the WWF, over three quarters of all corals - many turtles - and thousands of fish species live there . Various factors threaten the Coral Triangle, for example the WWF warned in 2001 that the Great Barrier Reef was contaminated with pesticides . Here, for example, the WWF promotes sustainable fishing. He also helps set up and finance new protected areas.
  • East Africa : The coast of the East Africa region runs for 4,500 kilometers from Somalia in the north to South Africa in the south. The population of the neighboring countries will double by 2030, which is why the WWF is concerned with the effects on the environment. For example, in 2009 it was warned that the Serengeti could dry up. This would put around 1.3 million ungulates such as wildebeest or antelope directly at risk. 15 percent of the species that live along the East African coast are unique in the world.
  • Tiger : The WWF has been committed to protecting tigers since it was founded. He initiated the international tiger protection conference in Moscow in 2010 . It was decided there to increase the number of wild tigers by 100 percent by 2022. Otherwise, the tiger could be extinct by then, according to the WWF.
  • Economy : The nature and environmental protection organization works with large companies to promote the environmentally friendly production of food and any other product. This particularly applies to wood and paper , palm oil , cotton , biofuels , aquaculture and fishing , sugar cane , soy and cattle . In 2009 the WWF started the global “Market Transformation Initiative”, which aims in particular to make the production and sale of soft raw materials environmentally friendly.

Cooperation with companies, in particular, has repeatedly brought criticism to the WWF. Representatives of the organization defend themselves against allegations of economic proximity with the argument that demonstrations alone are not enough. There has to be someone there who “challenges companies”, said the board of directors of WWF Germany , for example . The Swiss publicist and journalist Alex Reichmuth ruled in 2012 in the Weltwoche that the criticism of the WWF was aiming nowhere. "Natural areas can only be preserved together with the economy", stated Reichmuth. Regardless of the debates about the work of the WWF, it is largely rated positively internationally. In 2012, for example, the magazine “The Global Journal” voted WWF 23rd of the 100 best NGOs . It was the best placed nature and environmental protection organization.

Protected areas
Regions in which WWF Germany is active worldwide.

The WWF names areas around the world that it believes deserve special protection. There are currently 35 so-called “priority places”. The WWF is not active everywhere there itself, but also does not necessarily limit its work to these areas. At the end of the 1990s, the WWF published a "World Map of Life" under the title Global 200 . This is a list of key ecological regions in which a substantial part of the earth's biological diversity is located. In 2001, the national WWF section in the United States presented a comparable model of global ecoregions from a conservation point of view. The so-called WWF ecoregions are based on a combination of different biogeographical concepts.

Endangered species

The WWF defines a number of important species that are of particular importance to the ecosystem. In 2015 the following animals and plants belonged to the so-called “priority species”: albatrosses , antelopes , tree kangaroos , cichlids , dolphins , polar bears , elephants , rock kangaroos , ginseng , gonystyle , giant pandas , sharks , cod , cacti , coral , Korea pines , cork trees , leopards , wrasses , paddlefish , meliaceae , apes , rhinos , giant wild sheep , Salmo , turtles , snow leopards , swordfish , coalfish , Marlins , sturgeon , teak trees , tuna , tigers and whales . Although the WWF recognized successes in species protection , the organization repeatedly warned of the greatest species extinction since the disappearance of the dinosaurs. This has an impact on the entire planet.

organization

Yolanda Kakabadse was President of the WWF from 2010 to 2017.

The WWF ("WWF International") leads and coordinates the work of the nature conservation organization worldwide, including the regional offices ("WWF Network"). The statutes were last amended in 2009/2010 and define the main purpose of preserving the natural environment and its ecological processes (“to conserve the natural environment and ecological processes worldwide”). According to the statutes, WWF International collects donations and promotes understanding for nature and environmental protection. The WWF's Code of Conduct makes it clear in the first point that the organization works worldwide, independently, multicultural and non-partisan. According to the statutes, WWF International has the following bodies:

  • WWF International Board ("Foundation Council"): It is composed of twelve trustees and a president and forms the highest body of the organization. The board does voluntary work, appoints and dismisses the Director General and coordinates the strategy of the WWF.
  • WWF Council ("Advisory Board"): It consists of representatives - usually the chairman or president - of all national sections and associated organizations. The Council advises the International Board, particularly on joint projects and campaigns.

In addition to the organs defined in the statutes, there is also "The Assembly" of the managing directors of national sections and associated organizations. Nine representatives of the committee in turn form the so-called "Network Executive Committee". This forms four topic-specific working groups: the “Conservation Committee”, “Global Partnerships Committee”, “Communications and Marketing Committee” and the “Operations and Network Development Committee”. The organizational and programmatic management structure of the WWF was established in its current form in 2009.

In November 2017, Pavan Sukhdev, former head of the Green Economy Initiative of the United Nations Environment Program, was named ninth President of WWF. Director General Marco Lambertini has been responsible for operational performance since May 2014. His predecessor James P. Leape moved to Stanford University as a professor .

Founding members

Industrialists, conservationists and scientists were involved in founding the WWF. These included, for example, Luc Hoffmann , Julian Huxley , Guy Mountfort , Max Nicholson , Peter Markham Scott and Victor Stolan . Most of the members of the Board of Trustees came from the environment of the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN . An "outstanding figure in public life" should be won as the first president. First, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, would take the position. He refused, however, with reference to his other engagements and then supported WWF Great Britain. Instead, Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands was won over to the task after it was made clear that the presidency was not associated with any managerial activity. In June 1962 both princes appeared together for the first time for the WWF as part of an event at the Waldorf Astoria New York .

General Directors

President

Finances

In 2014, the WWF's income amounted to around 656.6 million euros. The vast majority (358 million euros) came from donations and inheritances from natural persons . The public sector accounted for € 120 million, companies € 54 million and trusts and foundations € 48 million. With regular business activities and financial investments , the WWF earned 60 million euros.

In 2014, the WWF spent around 627.7 million euros. Most of the money (337 million euros) went to the international nature and environmental protection projects of the WWF and its sections. 72 million euros were invested in awareness-raising work and 16 million euros in other educational activities. The "Conservation Policy" of the WWF hit with 33 million euros, the Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) with three million euros. Finance and administration accounted for 58 million. The WWF spent 106 million euros on fundraising .

Sections

After the foundation, one of the most important goals of the WWF was to set up national representations. These should both collect donations and make the organization better known. Information and advertising materials were designed from the outset so that they could be translated into other languages ​​without any problems. In the first ten years of its existence, a total of 21 so-called “national appeals” (“national sections”) were created; the first three organizations were set up in Great Britain , the United States and Switzerland in 1961. The individual sections developed different methods for fundraising . The agreements between the WWF and its national sections provided that two thirds of the funds raised should be used for international projects and one third for local environmental protection tasks.

Following the example of the WWF, the national organizations also changed their name from “World Wildlife Fund” to “World Wide Fund For Nature” from 1986, only the sections in the United States and Canada continue to use the name. In addition to the acquisition of funds, it is now the task of the sections to support local nature conservation projects and scientific research and to advise national and international stakeholders on environmental issues. Today the WWF has offices in 31 countries. There are also other regional representations, for example at the European Union or the US government . There are three national sections in German-speaking countries:

WWF Germany

School strike for the climate ( Berlin , 2018).

WWF Germany is a non-profit German foundation under civil law based in Berlin , which was founded in Bonn in 1963 as an association to promote the World Wildlife Fund . WWF Germany formed the fifth national section of the World Wide Fund For Nature. In 1978 the headquarters were relocated from Bonn to Frankfurt am Main , where the first office was located. In 2003 a branch was opened in Berlin, where the headquarters of WWF Germany has been located since 2008. In addition to the offices in Berlin, Frankfurt am Main and Munich , WWF Germany has various branch offices and project offices, for example in Dessau , Hamburg , Husum , Mölln , Stralsund and Weilheim . According to the statutes, WWF Germany has a board of directors, which exercises the management , as well as the foundation board .

WWF Austria

WWF Austria is a non-profit association based in Vienna - Ottakring . The reason for the establishment in 1963 was primarily to protect the Langen Lacke , the largest of 40 salty lakes in Seewinkel in Burgenland , and the surrounding Puszta area . One of the most famous projects of the organization is the settlement of brown bears in the region around the Ötscher in Lower Austria , whose population has meanwhile grown to 25 to 30 animals. In contrast to other national sections of the WWF, which transformed into a foundation in the 1970s, WWF Austria still works as an association today. WWF Austria has the following organs : the delegates 'assembly, the members' forum, the management, the supervisory board , advisory boards and other bodies prescribed by law.

WWF Switzerland

WWF Switzerland is a non-profit foundation based in Zurich , which was launched in 1961 as the third national section of the World Wide Fund For Nature. The head office is in the Zurich district of Aussersihl , there are also branches in French-speaking Switzerland ( Lausanne ) and in the canton of Ticino ( Bellinzona ). The association under Swiss law was initially chosen as the legal form ; it was not until 1972 that it was converted into a foundation following the example of other sections . The highest body of WWF Switzerland is the foundation board , which elects and supervises the management. In contrast to other countries, WWF Switzerland has a federal structure: in addition to the foundation, there are legally independent sections in each canton, which in turn can be divided into regional groups.

criticism

In 1987 the WWF handed over a helicopter to the government of Zimbabwe to fight poaching in the country. The WWF came under fire after it became known that the helicopter was being used for so-called "shoot to kill" activities. People suspected of poaching are specifically shot. According to media reports, almost 60 poachers were killed in this way between February 1987 and April 1989. The deployment of the helicopter turned into a disaster for WWF after the Guardian reported it. In the debate that followed, the conflict between human rights and animal welfare was the main theme. The WWF has been criticized by various development and human rights organizations for its donation to the government of Zimbabwe. The WWF replied in a statement that it was never intended to use the helicopter as a gunship . The American journalist Raymond Bonner contradicted this representation . He pointed out that before the helicopter was handed over there had been heated debates within the WWF about its purpose. In the following years the case led to a rethink at the WWF. In 2002, for example, a representative of WWF Germany declared in connection with “Shoot to kill” that no weapons would be financed in principle.

In the early 1990s it became known that the WWF was involved in Operation Lock . Its purpose was to infiltrate organizations in South Africa that traded ivory and rhinos . The investigation should help prevent illegal business. The private security company KAS Enterprises, for which many former members of the Special Air Service worked, was commissioned to do this . Bernhard Prince of the Netherlands financed the operation on the condition that the WWF did not participate. Some observers believe that a connection between Operation Lock and the WWF was so deliberately concealed. Links between the KAS and the South African secret service became known, in which the destabilization policy of the apartheid regime towards neighboring states played a role.

In 2019, reporters from BuzzFeed again reported massive allegations. WWF members are said to maintain militias. Also equip and train these militias. Militias and rangers with whom the WWF works are said to have led to torture, killings and group rape in various countries in Africa and Asia. These allegations are now being investigated by an external UN commission.

Cooperation with companies

Due to the proximity of the WWF founders to industry, large donations played an important role right from the start. One of the first major donation of 10,000 pounds of WWF received after its founding in 1961, the energy company Royal Dutch Shell . Although the book “ The Silent Spring ” sparked a broad debate about the use of pesticides , the WWF did not take a position in the discussion. According to a report in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, the WWF was silent on the company's advice on the ecological problems of pesticides. From 1977 to 1981, the company's former chairman , John H. Loudon , was president of WWF.

While some observers rate the cooperation of the WWF with companies positively, the organization is accused by others of cooperating too closely with business and political decision-makers and thus no longer fulfilling its actual goals. For example, many nature and environmental protection organizations criticize WWF's participation in the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) because it includes agricultural, chemical and genetic engineering companies as well as raw material traders. In its guidelines, the RTRS decided that genetically modified soy can be labeled as “responsible”, although the WWF or its German section strictly rejects the use of genetically modified organisms. In 2011, for example, the German Nature Conservation Ring asked WWF in a protest letter to leave the RTRS. The association criticized that "the WWF helps the corporations" and other organizations are stabbing in the back. The WWF is being harnessed by various companies, said Greenpeace .

In 2010, Arno Schumann and Wilfried Huismann reported in the documentary "Salmon Fever" about a cooperation between WWF Norway and Marine Harvest , the world's largest producer of farmed salmon . The company donated 100,000 euros annually to the WWF and was allowed to advertise with the organization's logo. According to the documentation, the WWF did not agree on any binding improvements with Marine Harvest. It was first broadcast on Das Erste in March 2010 .

WWF Germany has been cooperating with the Krombacher brewery since 2002 . The company advertised to support WWF projects. For example, in 2011, the “Krombacher Climate Protection Project” financed the preservation and renaturation of tropical peat bog forests on Borneo . In 2008, a court ruled that the advertising with the cooperation was misleading the consumer and is objectionable under competition law. The court took the view, among other things, that the amount of donations from Krombacher to the WWF would not be sufficient to save one square meter of rainforest. Furthermore, critics of the brewery and the WWF accused a lack of transparency in financing and "window dressing". The WWF operates an environmental marketing that is primarily aimed at product sales and less on permanent commitment. However, the Federal Court of Justice lifted the ban on Krombacher's advertising in 2006: In the opinion of the court, companies should generally link their products with advertising for projects in the field of environmental protection. For consumers, the incentive to buy consists in the fact that they can support the advertised projects and their goals by purchasing the goods.

In May 2012 Der Spiegel published a report under the title “Buddy of the Corporations”. The WWF is accused of undermining its own standards. For many, the WWF seems like an “accomplice of corporations”, granting the “license to destroy nature” for donations and small concessions. According to Neues Deutschland , the history of the WWF is also a "history of scandals". Similar allegations of greenwashing can also be found with other organizations and labels in which the WWF is involved. This applies to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) , Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) .

"The pact with the panda"

In June 2011 Das Erste broadcast the documentary “ The pact with the panda - What the WWF is keeping from us ” by Wilfried Huismann . It was a co-production between SWR and WDR . Even before it first aired, the film sparked controversy. Among other things, it is criticized that the WWF sits at round tables for soy (RTRS) and palm oil (RSPO) together with agricultural groups such as Monsanto . Companies with practices that are sometimes harmful to the environment could be sure of the benevolence of environmentalists. The organization is also committed to the spread of genetically modified seeds.

The WWF rejected the allegations in a "fact check" on its website. For example, the round tables are about obtaining concessions from companies that go beyond legal requirements. In addition, the WWF took the position that genetic engineering should be rejected as long as its harmlessness has not been proven. After no agreement could be reached with the SWR and WDR regarding the allegations, the WWF Germany appealed. The legal dispute culminated in the main proceedings in November 2013 . The Cologne Regional Court gave WWF Germany the right on a total of five of the six criticized points. The appeal by WDR and SWR was rejected by the Cologne Higher Regional Court in December 2014, and an appeal was not allowed. This means that the broadcasters are prohibited from repeating the relevant statements from the documentation under threat of punishment. The court judged, among other things, the statements that the WWF received "fees for the green washing of a destructive production" or advocated a "doubling of the area of ​​the Chaco in northern Argentina already used for soy cultivation" as false. The broadcaster and Huismann had not met "the due diligence required by the press ".

"Black Book WWF"

In April 2012, a non-fiction book by Wilfried Huismann was published under the title "Schwarzbuch WWF" in the Gütersloh publishing house , which is part of the Random House publishing group . In it, the author essentially repeated the allegations from "The Pact with the Panda", which is why the taz, for example, called it the "book on the film". The WWF's proximity to industry, its colonial past and lack of transparency and its involvement in ecologically controversial projects are particularly criticized. Huismann describes the cooperation with large corporations as "green indulgence trade". The nature and environmental protection organization is working with the "worst polluters on the planet". The WWF sits on various bodies that give corporations certificates for sustainable production while these are destroying primeval forests and poisoning the environment. The indigenous peoples suffered under the projects for tigers, gorillas and others. They have been driven from their traditional areas.

The public debate about the “WWF Black Book” also hit WWF Germany in particular . He explained that Wilfried Huismann's book contained "a large number of half-true or even false statements". These were either based on inaccurate research or were even deliberately wrong. The WWF expressly denied being "close to industry". The organization is happy about "every constructive suggestion". However, a distinction should be made between the debate about successful nature and environmental protection and “fundamentally false statements” that harm the matter. WWF Germany turned to several booksellers, whereupon Amazon , Weltbild , Libri and other providers voluntarily withdrew the "Black Book WWF" from the program. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung and a spokesman for the FDP parliamentary group criticized the “self-censorship” of the companies mentioned. The German Union of Journalists (DJU) accused WWF of an "unacceptable attempt at legally dubious attempts at intimidation" and expressly supported Huismann, who is a member of the union. Osiander and eBuch kept the book demonstratively in the program and drew attention to it in their own branches. It was also still available through direct sales by the Random House publishing group.

In June 2012, the Cologne Regional Court granted one of 14 requests for injunctive relief from the WWF. This concerned statements by a WWF employee whom Wilfried Huismann had asked for a documentation and not for the book. The relevant position had to be changed in the next edition. The court made it clear that Huismann generally criticized the WWF and did not differentiate between national sections. In July 2012, the Random House publishing group and WWF Germany finally announced that they would settle the dispute over the "Black Book WWF" out of court. The parties agreed to change or delete a total of 21 text passages from the third edition. The corrections were received differently by the media: While the Free Press ruled that the book had been "defused", the Süddeutsche Zeitung declared that the basic statements had not been changed. According to the Frankfurter Rundschau, Huismann supports the thesis that the WWF cooperates too closely with industry, mainly with anecdotes, but the WWF must accept these as an expression of opinion.

Documentation

  • Heinz Sielmann : League of Nations for the Protection of Animals. WWF - portrait of a nature conservation organization. ARD 1983, 45 minutes.
  • Wilfried Huismann , Arno Schumann: Salmon fever . ARD 2010, 43 minutes.
  • Wilfried Huismann: The pact with the panda . ARD 2011, 45 minutes.
  • Rundschau : WWF under attack: When conservationists drive people away. SRF 1 2019, 11 minutes.

literature

  • Alexis Schwarzenbach : WWF - The Biography. 50 years of nature conservation under the sign of the panda bear . Collection Rolf Heyne, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89910-491-2 .
  • Kevin Riemer: Trust in the context of sustainable consumption: With special consideration of bisectoral cooperation of WWF Germany . Academic Publishing Association Munich, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-86924-624-6 .
  • Klaus-Henning Groth: The big book of the WWF - 40 years of nature conservation for and with people . Ed .: WWF Germany. Edition Rasch and Röhring, Steinfurt 2003, ISBN 978-3-934427-37-2 .
  • Wilfried Huismann: Black Book WWF: dark business under the sign of the panda . Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2012, ISBN 978-3-579-06675-2 .

Web links

Commons : WWF  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: WWF  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

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