Smolensk plane crash

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Smolensk plane crash
Katastrofa w Smoleńsku.jpg

Debris from the crashed machine
Accident summary
Accident type CFIT
place Smolensk , Russia 54 ° 49 '26.9 "  N , 32 ° 3' 2.4"  E Coordinates: 54 ° 49 '26.9 "  N , 32 ° 3' 2.4"  ERussiaRussia 
date April 10, 2010
Fatalities 96
Survivors 0
Aircraft
Aircraft type Tupolev Tu-154M
operator Polish Air Force
Mark 101
Departure airport Warsaw Chopin Airport , Warsaw , PolandPolandPoland 
Destination airport Smolensk-North Military Air Base , Smolensk , RussiaRussiaRussia 
Passengers 89
crew 7th
Lists of aviation accidents

The plane crash in Smolensk was an aircraft accident on April 10, 2010, in which a Polish plane crashed in thick fog while approaching the Smolensk-Nord military airfield in the Russian Oblast of Smolensk . In the accident of one of the two government aircraft of the Polish air force, the Tupolev Tu-154 , all 96 occupants were killed. The passengers included Poland's President Lech Kaczyński and his wife Maria Kaczyńska , numerous members of parliament , members of the government, high-ranking officers, church representatives, senior representatives from central authorities and representatives of associations of victims of the Katyn massacre .

Reason and destination of the flight

On April 7, 2010, on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre, the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and the Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk met near the village of Katyn at a joint commemoration ceremony, which Putin had surprisingly proposed in February 2010.

At this commemoration of the two leaders was President of Poland not loaded. On Saturday April 10th, Kaczyński traveled with a delegation to a separate Polish memorial service, which takes place annually in the same place on the occasion of the day of remembrance of the Katyn victims on April 13 in Poland .

Kaczyński was considered a critic of Russian politics and, for example, on the 70th anniversary of the German attack on Poland, at a commemorative event - in the presence of Putin - said that “ Bolshevik Russia” had a “knife stab in the back” (namely by Hitler-Stalin Pact ), because the Red Army marched into eastern Poland on September 17, 1939 , while Polish soldiers were still resisting the German attackers.

This second commemoration was organized by the Polish side of the Council for the Protection of the Remembrance of Struggle and Martyrdom ( Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa ); was intended u. a. the posthumous awarding of medals and state decorations to the victims of the massacre. The plane was supposed to land at the Smolensk-Nord military airfield . From there, it was planned to continue the journey of the passengers to the place of the commemoration about twenty kilometers away .

Course of events

Flight of the crashed plane from Warsaw to Smolensk
Graphic representation of the landing approach

The aircraft took off at 07:27 a.m. CEST (05:27 UTC ) from Warsaw Chopin Airport and crashed at 10:41 a.m. local time (06:41 UTC) in a forest between the town of Pechorsk and the town of Smolensk in western Russia.

About an hour before the accident, a Jakowlew Jak-40 of the Polish government landed with the train of the President and journalists on board without incident, but under already limited visibility (fog, low clouds). After that, the visibility conditions continued to deteriorate. A Russian Ilyushin Il-76 aborted the landing after two attempts and then flew to Moscow-Vnukovo Airport .

When the plane with the delegation of the Polish President on board approached the airfield, there was thick fog . While the Russian air traffic controllers the Polish pilot Captain Arkadiusz Protasiuk and Major Robert Grzywna recommended, Minsk or Vitebsk to fly who decided pilot in command yet, in Smolensk an approach attempt to do.

Despite the lack of visibility, the approach was only canceled at a height of about 30 meters above ground, so that the pilots were no longer able to pull the aircraft up. The plane brushed treetops, hit the ground, broke into several pieces and caught fire. Two of the three flight recorders were recovered on the day of the accident and evaluated by Russian experts. Several copies of the flight recorders were given to the Polish side.

Aircraft and avionics

The Tu-154M government aircraft at Sydney Airport on March 27, 2007

The plane that crashed was a Tupolev Tu-154M of the Polish Air Force with aircraft registration number 101. It was one of two Tu-154Ms in the 36th Special Transport Aviation Regiment ( 36 Specjalny Pułk Lotnictwa Transportowego ). It bore the inscription " Rzeczpospolita Polska " on the left and " Republic of Poland " on the right . The machine with the serial number 90A837, which had completed its first flight on 29 June 1990 was, with three in the rear located engines of the type Soloviev D-30 equipped KU-154-II. The aircraft had completed 5004 flight hours and 1823 take-offs and landings and was completely overhauled in December 2009 at the Aviakor aircraft factory ( Russian ОАО Авиако́р авиационный завод ) in Samara .

The avionics of the machine included an instrument landing system (ILS), which, however, was incompatible with the Russian PRMG system used in Smolensk-Nord . The Russian system was built into the machine when it was delivered, but was removed from Poland. In addition, the aircraft had a Terrain Awareness and Warning System ( TAWS ), which is intended to prevent unintentional approach to the ground (see also Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System ). However, Smolensk-Nord Airport is missing from the associated database, so warnings of premature descent during the landing phase ( Premature Descent Alerts ) are not available there.

Notable casualties

Photo collage of the victims of the aviation accident
Lech Kaczyński with his wife Maria
Passenger list of the flight
Kaczyński's coffins in the presidential palace chapel
Coffin of President Ryszard Kaczorowski
Coffins of the victims of the aviation accident at the airport in Warsaw
Candles in front of the presidential palace

There were seven crew members and 89 passengers on board the machine. In addition to Kaczyński and his wife, they included other Polish politicians and high-ranking representatives of the country. Relatives and relatives of those who died in the Katyn massacre were also on board the plane.

Delegation of the President and representatives of state institutions

Representatives of Parliament

Sejm :

Senate :

Representatives of the armed forces

Representatives of the victims' associations and other passengers

crew

Funeral Services and Aftermath

State mourning was ordered in 23 countries.0
Burial of the Kaczyńskis in Krakow
Burial of the Kaczyńskis at Wawel Castle

Kaczyński's body was transferred to Poland on April 11, 2010. The coffin was laid out in the chapel of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw . Maria Kaczyńska's coffin did not reach Warsaw until two days later due to a more complex identification. The citizens could say goodbye along a motorcade and give their condolences to the coffins . The official funeral services began on April 17, 2010. In the morning at 8:56 a.m., people across the country thought with a minute's silence. A great prayer was held on Piłsudski Square in Warsaw. An altar was set up there, large-scale pictures of all the accident victims were shown in the background, and all the names of the victims were read out individually.

The funeral took place on April 18, 2010 in Kraków's St. Mary's Church . Around 150,000 people watched the ceremony on the market square and in front of large screens on the Błonia meadows and the Łagiewniki sanctuary. Numerous high-ranking politicians from abroad were invited, but some of them had to cancel their visit due to the closure of most European airports . These included Swiss President Doris Leuthard , US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Federal President Horst Köhler and Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle attended the funeral service as representatives of Germany .

The Kaczyński couple were buried in the Wawel Castle in Kraków . Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz , who as Metropolitan is of Krakow over funerals on Wawel Hill, approved the request of the Kaczynski family funeral . The place of burial is controversial in Poland: the Wawel is one of the most important national symbols and was once the political and religious center of the Polish Empire. Critics complained that the former president should not have been buried next to kings and national heroes.

A cross that was erected in front of the presidential palace in memory of the victims was the cause of demonstrations by opponents and supporters of the cross in August 2010. The opponents demanded that the cross should find its place in a church. On September 16, 2010 the cross was first brought to the chapel of the presidential palace and later to the St. Anne's Church.

On November 10, 2010, Archbishop Kazimierz Nycz inaugurated a memorial to the victims in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw . The memorial consists of a white granite block broken in half, with the names of the victims on the break. President Komorowski was among the participants in the ceremony, Jarosław Kaczyński did not attend.

On September 24, 2012, after the exhumation of two female victims of the accident, it was announced that the remains of Anna Walentynowicz and Teresa Walewska-Przyjałkowska had been swapped. The military prosecutor's office ordered the exhumations because new documents they had received from the Russian side made possible misidentification by family members. Previously, the exhumations of three other victims had not revealed any discrepancies. The exhumation of the two women was accompanied by demonstrations with the participation of PiS MPs and allegations that the government only wanted to cover up further traces. The military prosecutor's office announced that it would carry out further exhumations by the end of 2012.

Political reactions

Medvedev and Putin lighting mourning candles
Address by Dmitri Medvedev to the Poles (transcript in Polish )
Chancellor Merkel leaving the Polish embassy in Berlin

The Polish-Russian relationship has been clouded by the Katyn massacre to the present day . The event of 1940 was the greatest taboo in the People's Republic of Poland until 1989 and, on the other hand, a symbol of the mendacity of communist propaganda. In 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev first took a stand by confirming that the murders were committed by the Soviet side. With the presence of Putin, the Katyn memorial event on April 7, 2010 was the first to be attended by a member of the Russian leadership. Putin there generally commemorated the “victims of the Stalinist terror”, which was sometimes bitterly received by the Polish population - in anticipation of a still outstanding apology.

In view of the geographical and contextual connection between the events of the massacre and the aviation accident, some commentators spoke of the "Curse of Katyn". Initial reactions from the people, including Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Lech Wałęsa , compared the consequences of the plane crash with the murders of 1940, since "the political elite have died again". Critical voices pointed out that the new, partial loss of political leadership shows only limited analogies to the massacre at the time and that this comparison should not be overused out of respect for the victims of the murder. In 1940 there were around 22,000 people who were deliberately murdered. From 1945 the reconstruction of Poland took place under these extremely difficult conditions. Today's Poland is not facing such a new beginning. Despite the tragedy, the official business could be filled immediately with deputies; the political and economic situation remained stable.

A constant concern of Kaczyński was not to let the common history fall into oblivion: In relation to the National Socialist German Reich , the symbol for this was the Warsaw Uprising , in relation to the Stalinist Soviet Union it was the Katyn massacre .

In the tense relationship between Russia and Poland, the then Russian President Dmitri Medvedev reacted immediately to the accident and began a day of state mourning. He also announced that he had set up a commission of inquiry into the aircraft accident chaired by Prime Minister Putin ; He also commissioned the Ministers for Civil Protection and Transport, Sergei Schoigu and Igor Levitin, to personally inspect the scene of the accident. The Russian General Prosecutor's Office opened an investigation.

Worldwide heads of state and government expressed their condolences . Poland's Prime Minister Donald Tusk announced an emergency meeting and a week-long state mourning was ordered for the entire country . In Warsaw, thousands of mourners gathered to lay flowers in front of the presidential palace and to pray together. The Polish public prosecutor's office began its own investigations to clarify the cause of the accident.

Aircraft accident investigations

Composition of the investigation committee

Russian President Dmitri Medvedev set up a government commission on April 10, 2010 to determine the cause of the accident, headed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin . The technical sub-commission was headed by Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov .

The aircraft accident investigation according to the rules of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was carried out by specialists from the Russian-dominated Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK). In some cases, experts from the Polish Aircraft Accident Investigation Authority ( Komisja Badania Wypadków Lotniczych Lotnictwa Państwowego ) were involved in the investigation .

Other working groups were tasked with identifying the victims and carrying out a criminal investigation.

Investigation results

On May 19, 2010, the Russian investigation commission published a preliminary investigation report. An explosion or fire on board could be ruled out. The engines were intact until the accident.

According to the MAK , the aircraft had initial contact with trees 1050 meters in front of the runway and 40 to 45 meters to the left of the final approach line. 200 meters further on, the aircraft hit another tree with its left wing, rolled to the left due to loss of lift on one side and hit the ground in a supine position, completely destroying it. The debris field extended to the area 350 to 400 meters in front of the runway and 150 meters to the left of the final approach line.

On June 1, 2010, the Polish Ministry of the Interior published a copy of the flight recorder's recordings in the cockpit on its website . The evaluation showed that there was no fire on board, no engine problems, no dropouts in on-board navigation and no terrorist attack.

Investigation report of the MAK

The preliminary investigation report of the MAK was sent to the Polish authority responsible for aircraft accident investigations in October 2010. In December it sent back around 150 pages of comments to Russia. According to Polish information, the Polish accredited experts who were supposed to accompany the investigations had been withheld from numerous important pieces of evidence. Polish references to errors by the air traffic controllers and the sometimes poor technical condition of the airport equipment as well as a lack of information about the disaster management and the course of the rescue operation were classified as unimportant. The final report was presented to the public in Moscow on January 12, 2011.

The investigation report states that the immediate cause of the accident was that the crew did not make a timely decision to approach an alternate airfield , although they were informed that the permissible weather minimum in Smolensk was clearly undercut, and that, without any view of the earth, they significantly undercut the minimum descent altitude without referring to the TAWS warnings react. Therefore, controlled flight into terrain destroyed the aircraft and caused the death of the occupants. The commission concludes from flight psychological studies that the presence of the Commander in Chief of the Polish Air Force Andrzej Błasik in the cockpit put the commander under psychological pressure to attempt a landing approach in spite of unreasonable risks. Significant deficiencies in the organization of flight operations and in flight preparation by the crew are named as systemic causes . In addition to the inadequate preparation and training of the crew, MAK chairwoman Tatjana Anodina pointed out that chief of protocol Mariusz Kazana and Lieutenant General Andrzej Błasik had visited the cockpit before the approach, which would have increased the pressure on the pilots to assign “under inappropriate conditions” land. In the blood of the commander of the Polish Air Force Błasik, 0.6 per thousand alcohol was found. The Russian investigators did not see any misconduct by the air traffic controllers.

The Russian report was heavily criticized by Poland. Jarosław Kaczyński , the brother of the deceased president, said the portrayal was “a mockery of Poland”. Prime Minister Donald Tusk called the report incomplete because it did not take Polish comments into account. Poland does not question the most important findings of the MAK.

The Polish Interior Minister Jerzy Miller said at the press conference on January 18, 2011 that the Polish side did not want to gloss over the mistakes made by the pilots, but that much was missing from the MAK report.

In the last two minutes before the accident, the air traffic controllers had confirmed to the pilot six times that they were on the correct course and at the correct altitude to the runway. In reality, the deviation was 130 meters in height and 80 meters to the side. Given the poor visibility, the machine had no chance of hitting the runway with this information. At the same time, the navigator on board had overlooked the fact that there was a long valley depression in the approach lane, which caused an incorrect assessment of the current altitude and ultimately a delayed decision to abort the approach at the critical moment.

According to the Polish experts, the air traffic controllers should have asked the pilots to pull up the plane about eleven seconds before they happened.

The Russian investigation report, on the other hand, indicates that air traffic control only released the approach attempt requested by the crew up to a height of 100 meters above ground and did not issue a landing clearance. Due to the regulations of the Russian Aviation Manual for international flights, the responsibility for safety lies exclusively with the crew, who were informed that the weather minimums were not reached.

After the Polish publications with hitherto unknown sound and film material from Smolensk, the Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK) then published the complete shorthand of the conversations of the Russian air traffic controllers from the tower on January 18, 2011 in Moscow, pointing to a tense, chaotic atmosphere and a direct pressure on the pilots. The Russian government wanted to avoid the impression that it had banned President Kaczyński from visiting Katyn.

Polish investigation report

The Polish Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission ( Komisja Badania Wypadków Lotniczych Lotnictwa Państwowego - KBWLLP ) presented its final report on the causes of the accident on July 29, 2011. From then on, the media wrote briefly from the "Miller Commission Report" with reference to the client, Interior Minister Jerzy Miller.

Accordingly, falling below the minimum decision height with too high a rate of descent in bad weather conditions without visual contact with the ground and the delayed termination of the landing approach were the causes of the accident (p. 318). Further circumstances that contributed to the accident are cited: The pilots had used a wrong altimeter ( radio altimeter instead of the barometric altimeter ) during the approach , which did not measure the height above the runway but above the ground. The TAWS failed to respond to the “pull up” instruction . An attempt was made to abort the approach in automatic mode, although the technical requirements at the airport were not met. The (Russian) approach control had confirmed to the crew the correct position of the aircraft in relation to the runway and the glide slope , although the aircraft was actually outside the permissible tolerances. The approach control also failed to prompt the crew to abort the approach. Inadequate training, inadequate coordination within the crew, inadequate flight preparation, inadequate composition of the crew and various other organizational deficiencies are named as factors involved. On pages 300–314, the commission found over 160 individual deficiencies in connection with the unfortunate flight.

In contrast to the Russian report, the Polish investigators believe that the accident is partly due to errors on the part of the Russian side. In addition to the errors mentioned by the Russian approach control, it was also found that the runway was poorly lit and the safety zone in front of the runway was insufficiently cleared of trees and bushes.

The presence of third parties in the cockpit is not an issue in the report. Occasional communication between passengers and the crew is documented, but no connections are made between the presence of high-ranking people and the accident. This, too, is a striking contrast to the Russian report.

The Polish Defense Minister Bogdan Klich came following the methods described in the report defects back in connection with the plane crash in Smolensk.

On January 16, 2012, at a press conference, the Polish Military Prosecutor presented the results of the investigation by the Institute for Judicial Analyzes in Krakow ( Instytut Ekspertyz Sądowych im. Prof. Jana Sehna ), in which it was proven, on the basis of a renewed examination of the flight recorders' records, that General Błasik The voice attributed in the MAK report is the voice of the second pilot Major Robert Grzyvna. So there is no evidence of Błasik's presence in the cockpit. The Russian investigation report had taken Błasik's presence for granted, as his body had been found near the cockpit. In addition, after a new investigation on behalf of the Polish public prosecutor's office, Błasik was not drunk, but sober.

On April 15, 2015, the TVN24 news channel announced that the investigative journalists learned from the military prosecutor's report that the members of the pilot's crew did not have sufficient experience with the Tu-154M aircraft. Only the first pilot had a rudimentary knowledge of Russian. Their credentials were forged. In October 2015, the Military Prosecutor's Office reiterated that “wrong behavior by the crew” was the reason for the accident. A little later, the military prosecutor's office was dissolved by the new defense minister Antoni Macierewicz , and the investigation was transferred to the civilian prosecutor's office.

Stroke theories

Shortly after the accident, assumptions were made (especially from national conservative circles) that the aircraft accident could have been an assassination attempt on President Kaczyński. It was speculated, for example, that the Russian side had disrupted the navigation system or that the aircraft had been brought down by laser beams or an electromagnetic pulse . The view that the aircraft was deliberately destroyed has persisted in the followers of the PiS (“Law and Justice”) and its close circles to this day. A film that was recorded with a smartphone shortly after the accident at the scene of the accident and was soon shown on YouTube caused a sensation . The approximately one and a half minute long film shows the destroyed wreck of the Tu-154, sirens and screams can be heard. Conspiracy theorists , including Antoni Macierewicz and Zbigniew Girzyński , believe they can hear gunshots in the film and recognize the silhouettes of Russians executing the survivors of the disaster. The film quickly emerged in numerous edited versions, which were intended to draw attention to the supposed shots and executors. However, the Polish domestic secret service ABW and scientists were unable to verify this. Minister Macierewicz also said one day in front of the cameras that the Russians had kidnapped three surviving passengers in an unknown direction, but could not give their names.

As a result of the doubts about the official version of the events, a parliamentary group was founded in July 2010 by PiS members of parliament, chaired by Antoni Macierewicz , to investigate and clear up the aircraft accident. The group presented an investigation report on August 10, 2012. In this, not only was the government held jointly responsible for the disaster for the reasons mentioned above, but also based on investigations by Polish scientists living abroad who were called in as independent experts, alleged that the accident did not take place like this as the official version states. Rather, an attack is to be assumed, since the aircraft was shaken by two explosions before the impact. The report is essentially based on a report published in April 2012 by the Australian company Analytical Service Company Ltd. of the Polish exile Grzegorz Szuladziński, after the publication of which Antoni Macierewicz spoke of a "cold-blooded murder" and an accomplishment of the Tusk government and Jarosław Kaczyński compared the plane disaster with the attacks of September 11, 2001 and attributed it to possibly Polish authors. Journalist Tomasz Machała, who works for TVN24 and the weekly magazines Wprost and Newsweek Polska, among others, questioned the credibility of the “Szuladziński Report” and pointed out that Analytical Service Company Ltd. had their seat in a private house and was run by Szuladziński and his wife as a two-person business with a share capital of two Australian dollars, which was taken as an indication of the lack of seriousness of the expertise.

Between 2010 and 2014, the parliamentary group under Antoni Macierewicz disseminated many, often contradicting, theories about the causes of the disaster, such as artificial fog, a cloud of helium, one or more explosive charges in the fuselage, a shutdown of all on-board systems controlled by the earth, etc. The collision with a birch that led to the loss of the left wing was violently denied. In October 2013, one of Macierewicz's experts caused a stir when he had to admit that he had never actually seen a Russian document he had quoted, that there was no evidence of its existence and that he was only with one on a broadcast on the national Catholic channel Trwam an ordinary sheet of paper.

The version that it was an assassination attempt entered the canon of the political right in Poland. In liberal and left-wing circles these theories were ridiculed as the "Smolensk Religion" ( religia smoleńska ). Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski called Macierewicz, because of his vehement dissemination of an attack theory in April 2012, a “hysteric and bungler who incites Poles and Russians and our two countries against each other”, and reminded that even President Kaczyński had little confidence in Macierewicz's work.

On October 27, 2012, the on-board technician Remigiusz Mus was found hanged. In 2010, Mus landed in a Polish Yak-40 with journalists on board in Smolensk one hour before the presidential plane. He is said to have testified in interrogations that he heard explosions before the accident.

On March 27, 2015, the Polish Military Prosecutor's Office published a report that did not confirm the assassination theories. According to this report, the main culprit for the accident is the Polish pilots who flew too low in the fog, as well as two Russian airport employees who are said to have not closed Smolensk Airport despite the fog.

On April 7, 2015, a message appeared on the commercial radio broadcaster RMF FM that new facts were discovered due to the evaluation of a new, eight times higher resolution transfer of the audio recording from the flight recorder with a content expanded by 1/3.

Resumption of investigation

The new Polish President Andrzej Duda , who has been in office since August 6, 2015, called for a re-investigation of the cause of the accident in November 2015. In a letter to the participants in a conference on the aircraft accident, he said that the Miller Commission's report was only about "hypotheses that do not stand up to a confrontation with facts". The investigation must therefore be regarded as "not completed". The conference was attended by scientists and journalists who had been appointed by Antoni Macierewicz, who has meanwhile been appointed Minister of Defense, to present evidence for the thesis that only “explosions inside the structure” could be the cause of the accident. A few days later, the Home Office took the Miller Commission report off the Internet.

On October 30, 2012 , Cezary Gmyz published an article in the daily newspaper " Rzeczpospolita " with the controversial claim that the aircraft accident near Smolensk was caused by an explosive attack with trinitrotoluene .

On February 4, 2016, the Defense Minister of the PiS government, Antoni Macierewicz, appointed a new commission with up to 60 members under the leadership of Wacław Berczyński. Bogdan Gajewski and Kazimierz Nowaczyk were appointed as Berczyński's representatives. The commission has eighteen members. The first public appearance of all commissioners took place on September 15, 2016 in the Ministry of National Defense. The journalists could hear the statements of individual commissioners but could not ask any questions.

On November 14, 2016, the Polish public prosecutor began the exhumation of victims of the aircraft accident, including a. to finally establish the identity of the victims, because the results of the autopsy carried out in Russia immediately after the disaster were called into question. However, Polish relatives spoke out against the planned exhumation of the victims. That these should be taken from their graves is "ruthless and cruel", quoted the Polish radio from the appeal to government and church representatives. More than 200 relatives of the victims signed it. When the bodies of Lech and Maria Kaczyński were examined again in November 2016, typical traffic accidents were found to have broken bones, but no traces of an explosive.

The Deputy Public Prosecutor General Marek Pasionek announced on April 3, 2017 that proceedings would be initiated against two Russian air traffic controllers and their immediate superiors for deliberately causing an air traffic accident. Deputy Interior Minister Jarosław Zieliński claimed that Russian air traffic controllers acted in parallel with a bomb that exploded on board the plane. The opposition Civic Platform (PO) criticized the statements as propaganda motivated by domestic politics, since the Polish judiciary had no chance of capturing the three Russian officers.

On the 7th anniversary of the disaster, April 10, 2017, a press conference of the Berczyński Commission took place. A 40-minute television film was presented that repeated all previous attack theories. An aerosol bomb was named as an explosive device . On April 20, 2017, the chairman of the Berczyński Commission, Wacław Berczyński, ended his work in the Commission after some controversial statements. His successor was Kazimierz Nowaczyk.

Since the still rotating central engine fell into the passenger cabin during the disaster, the bodies of many victims were torn, which made it difficult to identify the body parts. The corpses were placed in closed coffins in Moscow, some parts of the corpses being mixed up. On June 2, 2017 it was reported: “In November 2016, at the instigation of Kaczynski's twin brother Jaroslaw, the powerful head of the PiS, the exhumation of the victims began. ... Parts of two other corpses were discovered in Lech Kaczynski's coffin. ”Nine corpses were completely exchanged. In a coffin lay the upper body of one person with the lower body of another. One widow said that Russia's handling of the corpses was "sloppy at best, malicious at worst."

On January 11, 2018, Macierewicz, who had been recalled as Minister of Defense four days earlier, took over the management of the commission after Kazimierz Nowaczyk. In April 2018, the Macierewicz Commission presented a first interim report. Accordingly, the aircraft was destroyed by two explosions during the approach. The commission invalidated the Miller Commission's report. The opposition Citizens' Platform (PO) stated that the report of the Macierewicz Commission contained "lies and false data".

Effects on Polish politics

According to Article 131 of the Polish Constitution, the President of the Parliament, Bronisław Komorowski, assumed the authority of the President until a new President was elected. On July 4, 2010 he was elected as the new president . Among the victims were two candidates for the upcoming presidential elections: In addition to incumbent Kaczyński, the Social Democrat Jerzy Szmajdziński , who was supposed to run for the SLD .

The victims of the aircraft accident also included two vice-presidents and twelve other members of the Sejm, as well as a vice-president and two other members of the Polish Senate . Many of the victims, even if they did not belong to the PiS , were, like Kaczyński, nationally conservative.

The former Polish President Lech Wałęsa criticized the fact that so many important personalities had flown on one plane at the same time and called for rules to prevent this in the future. The regulations that existed up to this point state that the President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament may not travel on the same aircraft.

According to press reports, the Polish intelligence services feared that some of the victims had been carrying secret documents with them and that these had been recovered from the rubble by the Russian side. Defense Minister Bogdan Klich denies this possibility.

The plane disaster led to an even greater polarization of political life in Poland. While opposition leader Jarosław Kaczyński, as a candidate for the presidency, struck conciliatory tones in the subsequent elections and called for an end to the “Polish-Polish war”, after his narrow defeat, a sharp conflict began again between the government and opposition camps over the interpretation of the plane disaster. The PiS and affiliated national conservative forces accused the Tusk government of being jointly responsible for the accident, as President Kaczyński was not invited to the memorial service on April 7th, which meant that a separate commemorative event on April 10th was only possible. In addition, the assumption was expressed that the Russian authorities had something to cover up and that the disaster had therefore not really been cleared up; the Tusk government was accused of being too lenient with the Russian side in this regard.

The government and the new President Bronisław Komorowski have been denied legitimacy to rule Poland on several occasions. Jarosław Kaczyński was absent from Komorowski's swearing-in on the grounds that this was not a democracy holiday for him, as Komorowski had become president due to the death of his brother. Kaczyński had previously said that Komorowski had been elected by the people “by mistake”. The national-conservative spectrum, which, in the opinion of political scientists, already has a tendency towards conspiracy theories and polarization, took the plane disaster and the alleged involvement of the Tusk government as an opportunity to use the previously known rhetoric of the “right” or “true” Poland (national conservative and religious circles) and "traitors" (the Tusk government and the citizens' platform). The expulsion of moderate PiS members, including Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska and Paweł Poncyliusz , the architects of Jarosław Kaczyński's unexpectedly successful election campaign, as well as the splitting off of more moderate groups under the names of Polska Jest Najważniejsza and Solidarna Polska soon accelerated the radicalization of the PiS and Solidarna Polska saw slide. At a rally to mark the second anniversary of the air disaster, which took place in front of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw and was organized by the right-wing Gazeta Polska , Jarosław Kaczyński announced himself as “the true Prime Minister of Poland” and affirmed his intention to create a “cleansed from dark forces and corrupt clans. Fourth Republic ”.

When it became known in September 2012 through the results of exhumations that the remains of Anna Walentynowicz and Teresa Walewska-Przyjałkowska had been swapped, Jarosław Kaczyński assigned the responsibility for this to then Minister of Health Ewa Kopacz, Prime Minister Tusk and President Komorowski, as they were sealed After their return to Poland, coffins had not been opened and no autopsies of the victims had been carried out, and urged them to leave politics.

filming

In 2012, the accident was re-enacted as the tenth episode of season 12 as Death of the President in English and as Der Crash of the Polish President in German on the Canadian television series Mayday - Alarm im Cockpit .

Also in 2012 a documentary was made under the title "Anatomia upadku" (Anatomy of a Fall) directed by Anita Gargas, in which Antoni Macierewicz's theory of attack is represented.

In the period from 2013 to 2015, a feature film “Smoleńsk” was shot under the direction of Antoni Krauze. The film premiere was at the Warsaw Opera in September 2016. Krauze stated that the script was based on the results of the Macierewicz Commission that Lech Kaczyński had been "punished" for his intervention in favor of the Georgians in the 2008 Caucasus War .

“Smoleńsk” was presented on January 6, 2017 in the Babylon cinema in Berlin by the Club of Polish Failures .

References

swell

Web links

Commons : Smolensk Air Accident  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : funeral of Lech Kaczyński  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Polish President dies in plane crash  - news
 Wikinews: Speculation about cause of the crash of the presidential machine  - message
 Wikinews: Final report on the plane crash of President Kaczyński's plane presented  - news

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lista pasażerów i załogi samolotu TU-154. April 10, 2010, Retrieved April 16, 2010 (Polish).
  2. ^ A b David Kaminski-Morrow: Polish president killed in Tu-154 crash. Flightglobal, April 10, 2010, accessed April 10, 2010 .
  3. ↑ Lista pasażerów i załogi samolotu TU-154. Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, accessed December 27, 2010 (Polish).
  4. ↑ Lista ofiar: prezydenckim Tu-154 leciały najważniejsze osoby w państwie. Gazeta Wyborcza , accessed December 27, 2010 (Polish).
  5. ^ A b Poland's President Kaczynski dies in a plane crash. In: derStandard.at of April 10, 2010
  6. ↑ a b Passenger list on the website of the President of the Republic of Poland (Polish), accessed on April 10, 2010
  7. ↑ Felix Ackermann: Crash at Katyn: Poland freezes in grief. In: Zeit Online . April 10, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Putin and Tusk commemorate the Katyn mass murder. ( Memento from April 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de from April 7, 2010
  9. ↑ Uchwała Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 listopada 2007 r. w sprawie ustanowienia Dnia Pamięci Ofiar Zbrodni Katyńskiej (German decision of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland of November 14, 2007 establishing the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Katyn Massacre ). In: Monitor Polski No. 87 poz. 944. November 20, 2007, accessed on December 29, 2014 ( Document (PDF; 17 kB) ).
  10. ↑ The term was first used in this context by the British newspaper The Times on September 18, 1939, cf. Wojciech Roszkowski : Najnowsza historia Polski 1914-1945. Świat Książki, Warszawa 2003, ISBN 83-7311-991-4 , pp. 344–354
  11. ↑ a b Katyn is today. Interview with Cordula Kalmbach, historian from the University of Freiburg, who is doing her doctorate on the Polish culture of remembrance, zeit.de
  12. ^ Commemorative events for the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre. Official funding portal of the Republic of Poland, accessed on April 12, 2010
  13. ↑ О ходе и предварительных результатах расследования катастрофы самолета Ту-154 бортовой номер 101. MAK (Russian Aviation Safety Authority), May 19, 2010, accessed on May 23, 2010 (Russian).
  14. ↑ Dziennikarze do Smoleńska lecieli for także kłopotami. Gazeta Wyborcza , April 13, 2010, archived from the original on May 25, 2012 ; Retrieved April 10, 2010 (Polish).
  15. ↑ Escaped Death: Polish journalists meant to be on Lech Kaczynski crashed plane. Russia Today , April 13, 2010, accessed April 10, 2010 .
  16. ↑ Диспетчер аэродрома "Северный": Самолет президента Польши заходил на посадку один раз. In: Komsomolskaya Pravda . April 11, 2010, Retrieved April 13, 2010 (Russian).
  17. ↑ Poland's president died in a plane crash. Thomson Reuters, April 10, 2010, accessed April 10, 2010 .
  18. ^ N-tv news, April 10, 2010, 6 p.m.
  19. ↑ see:
  20. ↑ Intergovernmental Aviation Committee: Final Report ( Memento of October 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), p. 101, p. 98
  21. ↑ Air crash near Smolensk
  22. ↑ Agnieszka Lichnerowicz u. a .: Prezydent Lech Kaczyński nie żyje. Katastrofa samolotu w Smoleńsku [RELACJA]. In: Gazeta Wyborcza. April 10, 2010, archived from the original on April 14, 2010 ; accessed on December 27, 2014 (original website no longer available).
  23. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report of the accident involving the Tupolev 154M, Smolensk Airport in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
  24. ↑ Kaczynski's pilot ignored all warnings. Der Standard , April 12, 2010
  25. ↑ Prezydencki Tu-154M godziny miał wylatane 5004 wykonał, ładowania 1,823th Gazeta.pl, April 10, 2010, archived from the original on April 13, 2010 ; Retrieved April 10, 2010 (Polish).
  26. ↑ Landing systems' incompatibility may have caused the crash - military analyst. Russia Today April 10, 2010; Archived from the original on April 13, 2010 ; accessed on April 11, 2010 (English).
  27. ↑ Device spurs questions in Polish crash. USA TODAY, April 14, 2010, accessed April 18, 2010 .
  28. ↑ TAWS Airport Database. (PDF; 588 kB) (No longer available online.) Universal Avionics Systems Corporation, archived from the original on July 17, 2011 ; accessed on April 18, 2010 (English).
  29. ↑ Universal Avionics Service Letter. (PDF; 23 kB) Universal Avionics Systems Corporation, archived from the original on December 12, 2011 ; accessed on April 18, 2010 (English).
  30. ↑ Various countries: World leaders to attend late Polish president's funeral ceremony. (English)
  31. ↑ Romania: April 18, zi de doliu naţional pentru victimele accidentului din Polonia. (Romanian), German: On April 18, there is state mourning for the victims of the accident in Poland
  32. ↑ Our nation is united in the face of such a drama. In: BZ Berlin. April 12, 2010, accessed July 31, 2011 .
  33. ↑ Belarus: Лукашенко объявил 6 часов типа траура в связи с похоронами в Польше , German: Lukashenko announces a 6-hour state mourning in Poland during the funeral.
  34. ^ Coffin transferred to Warsaw: Poland pays Kaczynski last respects. In: Spiegel Online. April 11, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  35. ↑ Photo gallery: The photos of the dead hang behind the altar. In: Spiegel Online. April 11, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  36. ^ State funeral in Poland: Medvedev lays roses on Kaczynski's coffin. In: Spiegel Online. April 18, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  37. ^ National mourning for the president: Poland bows to Lech Kaczynski. In: Spiegel Online. April 17, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  38. ↑ Merkel and Obama cancel their participation in the funeral service. In: Stern. April 17, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  39. ^ Coffins of the presidential couple arrived in Cracow. In: Focus Online. April 18, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  40. ↑ Konrad Schuller: Kaczynski burial: A place among kings. In: FAZ . April 15, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  41. ↑ Wawel Castle: Kaczyński is supposed to find rest next to kings. In: The world . April 14, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  42. ↑ Tomb at Wawel Castle: Kaczynski is buried next to kings. In: Der Spiegel. April 13, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  43. ↑ The dispute about the cross intensifies again. , Polskie Radio, August 10, 2010
  44. ↑ Tysiące osób demonstrowało przed Pałacem; “Było gorąco”. , Wirtualna Polska, August 10, 2010
  45. ↑ 155 dni pod krzyżem - kalendarium. , Gazeta Wyborcza, September 16, 2010, p. 3
  46. ↑ Na Powązkach odsłonili pomnik. Apel Racewicz. , Dziennik, November 10, 2010
  47. ↑ Znów spór o Smoleńsk , Gazeta Wyborcza, September 27, 2012
  48. ↑ Tomasz Tokarz: Cisza w służbie cenzury. "Kultura i Historia". ISSN  1642-9826
  49. ^ Esther B. Fein: Upheaval in the East; Gorbachev Hands Over Katyn Papers. In: New York Times . April 14, 1990, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  50. ↑ Poland and the curse of Katyn "The death [...] after the plane crash near Katyn is a bitter irony of history. They were all on their way to the place where Poland had already lost its elite. "
  51. ^ National Tragedy , Part Two and Death Before Katyn. - faz.net
  52. ↑ Dmitry Medvedev was briefed on the crash of Tu-154 airplane near Smolensk. Website of the President of the Russian Federation, accessed April 12, 2010
  53. ^ Mourning for Kaczynski unites Poland and Russia. Focus, April 11, 2010, accessed April 11, 2010 .
  54. ↑ World leaders pay tribute to Polish leader. CNN , April 10, 2010, accessed April 10, 2010 .
  55. ↑ Poland's president died in a plane crash. Reuters, April 10, 2010, accessed April 10, 2010 .
  56. ↑ The Polish President's plane crashed in Russia. Official funding portal of the Republic of Poland, accessed on April 12, 2010
  57. ↑ United in grief. Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 11, 2010, archived from the original on April 11, 2010 ; Retrieved April 11, 2010 .
  58. ↑ Kaczynski's plane hit trees far from runway - IAC. In: RIA Novosti . April 16, 2010, accessed April 17, 2010 .
  59. ^ Putin arrives at scene of Kaczynski plane crash. In: RIA Novosti. April 10, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  60. ↑ Press Service Announcements. Government of the Russian Federation ( Memento from April 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  61. ↑ Working Day, Government of the Russian Federation ( Memento of October 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  62. ↑ a b c d e General, everything is going well. FAZ.NET of January 21, 2011
  63. ↑ О ходе и предварительных результатах расследования катастрофы самолета Ту-154 бортокьных бортовой номер 101. Межгосударственный авиационный комитет from May 19, 2010 (Russian)
  64. ↑ Neither engine failure nor fire on board before the crash near Smolensk. In: RIA Novosti. April 13, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  65. ↑ Kaczynski's plane hit trees far from runway - IAC. In: RIA Novosti. April 13, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  66. ↑ Transkrypcja rozmów załogi samolotu Tu-154 M. Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, from June 1, 2010 (Russian, Polish)
  67. ↑ Benjamin Bidder: Crash of the Kaczynski machine "Pull up, pull up!" Spiegel Online, May 20, 2010, accessed on June 9, 2010 .
  68. ↑ Komisja Badania Wypadków Lotniczych Lotnictwa Państwowego: Uwagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jako: państwa rejestracji i państwa operatora do projektu Raportu końcowego for badania wypadku samolotu Tu-154M nr boczny 101 który wydarzył się w dniu 10 kwietnia 2010 r opracowanego przez Międzypaństwowy Komitet Lotniczy MAK. . ( Memento of March 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 16.1 MB) December 19, 2010 (Polish)
  69. ^ Poland rejects Russia's report on the Smolensk air disaster as inadequate. In: RIA Novosti. December 17, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  70. ↑ Komisja Badania Wypadków Lotniczych Lotnictwa Państwowego: Uwagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jako: państwa rejestracji i państwa operatora do projektu Raportu końcowego for badania wypadku samolotu Tu-154M nr boczny 101 który wydarzył się w dniu 10 kwietnia 2010 r opracowanego przez Międzypaństwowy Komitet Lotniczy MAK. . ( Memento of March 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 16.1 MB) December 19, 2010, pp. 5–25 (Polish)
  71. ↑ a b c d e Thomas Urban: Deadly mistakes in the tower. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. January 20, 2011, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  72. ↑ Komisja Badania Wypadków Lotniczych Lotnictwa Państwowego: Uwagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jako: państwa rejestracji i państwa operatora do projektu Raportu końcowego for badania wypadku samolotu Tu-154M nr boczny 101 który wydarzył się w dniu 10 kwietnia 2010 r opracowanego przez Międzypaństwowy Komitet Lotniczy MAK. . ( Memento of March 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 16.1 MB) December 19, 2010, point 1.15, pp. 56–60 (Polish)
  73. ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau: Poles doubt Russian crash report.
  74. ↑ Stefan Dietrich: Plane crash from Smolensk: Two versions. In: FAZ . January 12, 2011, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  75. ↑ Intergovernmental Aviation Committee: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFinal_Report_Tu-154M_tail_number_101%2C_Republic_of_Poland.pdf&page=1 , p. 182
  76. ↑ Intergovernmental Aviation Committee: Final Report ( Memento of October 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), p. 183
  77. ↑ a b cf. Russian crash report outrags Kaczynski brother. at Spiegel Online , January 12, 2011
  78. ↑ Die Zeit: Poland rejects sole guilt. January 13, 2011
  79. ↑ a b Course of the accident in Polish. In: the daily newspaper . January 19, 2011, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  80. ↑ taz: Unclear signals from the tower. January 19, 2011
  81. ↑ Transkrypcja rozmów załogi samolotu Tu-154 M. Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, June 1, 2010, pp. 35–37 (Russian, Polish)
  82. ↑ Transkrypcja rozmów załogi samolotu Tu-154 M. Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, June 1, 2010, pp. 37-39 (Russian, Polish)
  83. ↑ Intergovernmental Aviation Committee: Final Report ( Memento of October 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), p. 12, p. 115
  84. ↑ Chaos in the Tower of Smolensk. Der Tagesspiegel, January 19, 2011
  85. ↑ Polskie Radio: Chaos in the Tower - new facts about the Smolensk disaster. ( Memento from January 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) from January 18, 2011
  86. ^ Voice of Russia: Crash of the Polish presidential plane: All conversations with Tower published. from January 19, 2011
  87. ↑ The Standard: Poland accuses air traffic controllers of "many mistakes". January 18, 2011
  88. ^ Poland: Discussions on Russian Smolensk Final Report. January 19, 2011
  89. ↑ Final Report from the examination of the aviation accident no 192/2010/11 involving the Tu-154M airplane, tail number 101, which occurred on April 10th, 2010 in the area of ​​the SMOLENSK NORTH airfield. (PDF; 8.8 MB) Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents, July 29, 2011, archived from the original on September 6, 2012 ; Retrieved August 11, 2011 .
  90. ^ Smolensk plane crash: Polish Defense Minister resigns. FAZ.NET, July 29, 2011, accessed on August 2, 2011 .
  91. ↑ Gen. Błasika never było w kabinie? Nowe ustalenia. ( Memento of January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Newsweek Polska, January 13, 2012, in Polish
  92. ↑ Smolensk: Russian 'psychological pressure' claim unfounded? Warsaw Business Journal, January 16, 2012, archived from the original on February 5, 2012 ; Retrieved April 10, 2012 .
  93. ↑ onet.pl accessed on April 3, 2014
  94. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from April 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  95. ↑ http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17767584,Falszowano_papiery_pilotow_z_36__Pulku_Lotniczego.html
  96. ↑ Submission and Atonement , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 25, 2016, p. 3.
  97. ↑ a b Katastrofa. Smoleńsk. Teorie spiskowe. Współczesna, April 15, 2010, accessed September 27, 2012 .
  98. ↑ Katastrofa samolotu w Smoleńsku - film amatorski on YouTube , Nowa Trybuna Opolska
  99. ↑ SMOLEŃSK STRZAŁY WIDOCZNE SYLWETKI !!!! on YouTube
  100. ↑ Straszny movie spod Smoleńska. Gazeta Wyborcza, May 13, 2010, accessed September 28, 2012 .
  101. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from December 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  102. ↑ Zespół Parlamentarny ds. Zbadania Przyczyn Katastrofy Tu-154M z dnia 10 kwietnia 2010 r .: 28 miesięcy po Smoleńsku, Sierpień 2012 ( memento of October 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  103. ↑ Macierewicz: Jeśli to nie był zamach, to co? niezalezna.pl, April 14, 2012, accessed on September 28, 2012 .
  104. ↑ Kaczynski: Smoleńsk jak atak na WTC. Żródło zamachów mogło być w Polsce. Gazeta Wyborcza, April 16, 2012, accessed September 28, 2012 .
  105. ↑ Australijski ekspert Antoniego Macierewicza: Company for Zona w mieszkaniu za 2 dolary . Retrieved September 28, 2012 .
  106. ↑ Prof. Jacek Rońda w TV Trwam: blefowałem ( memento of March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) wiadomosci.onet.pl, October 17, 2013.
  107. ↑ Paweł Dunin-Wąsowicz, Literatura pękła , in: Polityka , April 4, 2018, p. 72.
  108. ↑ With wyciszony bedzie trwał. Rozmowa z prof. Wojciechem Bursztą, in: Polityka , April 4, 2018, p. 15.
  109. ↑ Sikorski: Macierewicz to histeryk i partacz. April 20, 2012, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  110. ^ Gerhard Gnauck: Was Lech Kaczynski's death an assassination after all? In: The world . October 30, 2012, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  111. ↑ Crash in Smolensk: assassination thesis not confirmed on faz.net
  112. ↑ Newsweek Polska, April 7, 2015 ( Memento of April 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  113. ↑ GW: Andrzej Duda kwestionuje raporty onet.pl, November 16, 2015.
  114. ↑ Strona z raportem o katastrofie smolenskiej zablokowana wprost.pl, November 24, 2015.
  115. ^ Macierewicz powołał podkomisję smoleńską. "Oni polegli pod Smoleńskiem. Czekają na prawdę" accessed on February 4, 2016
  116. ^ Public prosecutor confirms the exhumations of Smolensk victims . Polskie radio . Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  117. ↑ Konferencja o stanie śledztwa dotyczącego katastrofy samolotu Tu-154M . ( Memento from September 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Prokuratura Krajowa
  118. ↑ Prokuratura Krajowa o konieczności wykonania ekshumacji. ( Memento from November 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  119. ↑ tagesschau.de: Poland: Relatives against the exhumation of the victims of Smolensk. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved October 24, 2016 .
  120. ↑ Prokuratura stawia nowe zarzuty kontrolerom lotu i wszczyna śledztwo ws. zdrady dyplomatycznej.
  121. ↑ PiS już like, jak połączyć winę kontrolerów lotu z teorią zamachu. "Nie ma sprzeczności" gazeta.pl , April 4, 2017.
  122. ^ Prokuratura: w Smoleńsku był zamach. Kiedy przyjdzie pora na zarzuty dla Putina? onet.pl , April 3, 2017.
  123. ↑ Resignation of Dr. Berczyński Gazeta Wyborcza April 20, 2017
  124. ↑ Foreign body parts in Kaczynski's coffin: “Schlampig oder malwillig” orf.at, June 2, 2017, accessed June 3, 2017.
  125. ↑ Report techniczny podkomisji smoleńskiej: samolot został zniszczony przez dwie eksplozje , onet.pl , April 11, 2018.
  126. ↑ Corinna Nohn: The “Elite of the Nation”. Süddeutsche Zeitung, April 10, 2010, archived from the original on April 11, 2010 ; Retrieved April 11, 2010 .
  127. ↑ No evidence of pressure on pilots . derstandard.at, April 13, 2010, accessed on April 16, 2010 .
  128. ↑ Dietrich Alexander: In search of the scapegoat. In: The world . April 13, 2010, accessed December 27, 2014 .
  129. ↑ Language problem is said to have caused the crash . derstandard.at, April 13, 2010, accessed on April 16, 2010 .
  130. ↑ a b Gerhard Gnauck: Plane crash, presidential election - and more? A review of the last six months in Poland. (PDF; 2.33 MB) In: Poland-Analyzes No. 75 , September 21, 2010, pp. 2–5 , accessed on December 27, 2014 .
  131. ↑ Kaczyński: To zaprzysiężenie jest wynikiem śmierci mego brata? Gazeta Wyborcza, April 14, 2012, accessed September 28, 2012 .
  132. ↑ See Loew, Peter Oliver: enemies, enemies everywhere. Psychogram of a problem in Poland, in: Eastern Europe 11–12 / 2006, pp. 33–52, as well as Huterer, Andrea: Kampf der Rechts und Gerechten. The political rhetoric of the Kaczyńskis, in: Osteuropa 11–12 / 2006, pp. 53–68.
  133. ↑ Wiec przed Pałacem Prezydenckim: “Tu jest Polska!” Wp.pl, April 11, 2012, accessed on September 28, 2012 .
  134. ↑ Kaczynski: scandal. Odpowiedzialni: Tusk, Kopacz, Komorowski. Gazeta Wyborcza, September 26, 2012, accessed September 28, 2012 .
  135. ↑ film anity Gargas for większą widownią niż "Śmierć prezydenta". Wirtualnemedia.pl, accessed on April 28, 2013 .
  136. ↑ Florian Hassel: Ordained Conspiracy , in: Süddeutsche Zeitung , September 9, 2016
  137. ^ Premiera filmu "Smoleńsk" w marcu gazeta.pl, November 19, 2015.
  138. ^ German premiere Der Tagesspiegel January 5, 2017
  139. ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau January 7, 2017

Remarks

  1. ^ National mourning was ordered for:
    9 days: Poland; 4 days: Lithuania; 3 days: Brazil; 2 days: Czech Republic; 1 day: Bulgaria, Germany (on April 18, 2010), Estonia, Georgia, Canada, Cape Verde, Croatia, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, Hungary; also in Belarus (6 hours?, not marked, uncertain sources)