Natural fiber

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Natural fibers are all fibers that come from natural sources such as plants, animals or minerals and can be used directly without further chemical conversion reactions. They are to be distinguished from man-made fibers that are synthetically produced. No natural fibers are regenerated fibers based on cellulose as a material made from renewable raw materials (e.g. viscose from wood or bamboo). The relatively short wood fibers are also often considered separately. Natural fibers can be of organic (vegetable or animal) or inorganic (mineral) origin.

Vegetable fibers

(see also article fiber plant )

Plant fibers can be of different origins and accordingly have diverse properties. Plant fibers occur as vascular bundles in the stem or trunk or pseudo- trunk , the bark ( e.g. as bast fiber ) and as seed extensions.

Open cotton boll with cotton fibers
Hemp fibers
Drying abaca fibers

The following list shows the different plant fibers (the abbreviations in brackets indicate the valid abbreviations according to DIN 60001-1). The list shows the variety of natural vegetable fibers, even if only some of them are used on a large scale.

  • Bast fibers
    • Bamboo fiber
    • Nettle , see also fiber nettle Urtica dioica , Urtica dioica L. convar. fibra
    • Allo-fiber (Himalayan nettle, Nilghirinessel) Girardinia diversifolia (Syn .: Urtica heterophylla )
    • Siberian hemp nettle Urtica cannabina
    • Hemp fiber (HA) Cannabis sativa
    • Jute (JU) Corchorus capsularis , C. olitorius
    • Congojute (Urena, Cardillo, Aramina) Urena lobata , Urena sinuata
    • Kenaf (gumbo hemp, hibiscus hemp, gambah hemp, Siamjute, Bimlijute, ambari hemp) Hibiscus cannabinus
    • Perini fiber Hibiscus radiatus (Syn .: Canhamo braziliensis Perini )
    • Linen (LI) from the common flax Linum usitatissimum
    • Biennial flax Linum bienne (Syn .: Linum angustifolium )
    • Hop Humulus lupulus
    • Wicker Salix viminalis
    • Ramie (RA) (Chinese grass) Boehmeria nivea , B. nivea var. Tenacissima
    • Sunn hemp (sun hemp , East Indian hemp) Crotalaria jụncea
    • Kuba-, Mauritius fiber (Cajun, Cajum) Furcraea hexapetala (Syn .: Furcraea cahum , Syn .: F. cubensis ), Furcraea foetida (Syn .: F. gigantea )
    • Indian hemp, Apocynum cannabium , A. venetum
    • Hemp palm Trachycarpus spp. , Chinese hemp palm Trachycarpus fortunei
    • Bow hemp (Oldupai, East African wild sisal) Sansevieria hyacinthoides , S. ehrenbergii , S. longiflora (Florida Bowstring), S. roxburghiana , S. senegambica
    • Dunchi, Dunchee Sesbania bispinosa (Syn .: S. aculeate ), S. cannabina
    • African dwarf palm (Crin d'Afrique, Crin Végétal) (herbal horse hair, horsehair) Chamaerops humilis
    • Stick palm Rhapis excelsa (Crin Végétal)
    • Needle palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Crin Végétal)
    • Saw palmetto Serenoa repens (Crin Végétal)
    • Lotus silk Nelumbo nucifera (Syn .: Nelumbium speciosum , Syn .: Nymphaea nelumbo )
    • Luffa Luffa aegyptiaca from the fibrous interior of the ripe fruit.
    • Baobab trees Adansonia spp.
    • Rosella ( Rosella hemp, Siamjute, Kenaf, Javajute) Hibiscus sabdariffa (Syn .: Hibiscus digitatus )
    • Juta Pauliste Hibiscus kitaibelifolius
    • Broom of broom Cytisus scoparius and Spanish broom (Spanish Broom) Spartium junceum
    • Peat fiber is (Bérandine- or Béraudine) of the age-old, in the bog mummified remnant of the wool sheath grass Eriophorum vaginatum
    • Ichu-Gras Stipa-Ichu (Syn .: Jarava Ichu ) and Iru Ichu (Syn .: Stipa Pungens )
    • Pampas grass Cortaderia selloana (Syn .: Gynerium roseum , Syn .: Cortaderia quilla )
    • Chillihua Festuca dolicophylla
    • Chusquea scandens bamboo species
    • Seagrass Neptune grass Posidonia oceanica , common seaweed Zostera marina , giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera
    • Forest wool Vegetable flannel made from Scots pine (Pine Wool) was also called forest wool.
    • Gampi Daphne sikokiana , paper mulberry tree Broussonetia papyrifera , Japanese paper mulberry Broussonetia kazinoki , Edgeworthia chrysantha (Syn .: Edgeworthia papyrifera ) (Kozo), Commelina communis (Tsuyukusa) (Yuu), are used for Japanese paper .
    • Sandalwood tree Santalum album , Santalum spp. is used for Xuan paper.
    • Cattail bast Thypha latifolia , Th. Angustifolia , Th. Minima
    • Akon -Bast (Yercum)
    • Raffia -bast made from leaf segments of the raffia palm .
    • Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides (Crin Végétal)
    • Sida (Queensland hemp, Cuba jute) Sida rhombifolia
    • Bactris (Crin Végétal) Bactris tomentosa , Bactris setosa (Tucum, Tecum)
    • Bauhinia Bauhinia racemosa , Bauhinia variegata
    • Cactus, Katkus fiber (from the Himalaya)
    • Calotropis Calotropis procera (Syn .: Asclepias procera , A. gigantea )
    • Isora Helicteres Isora
    • Thick-stemmed water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes
    • Halfagras Stipa tenacissima (Crin Végétal)
    • Esparto grass Lygeum spartum
    • Dombeya spp.
    • Doum fiber Hyphaene thebaica
    • Tremor grass sedge (alpine grass, sea grass sedge, forest hair, foin frisé) Carex brizoides
    • Diss Gras (Stramma, Rope Grass, Mauritanian Grass) Ampelodesmos mauritanicus
    • Black millet (Besensorgho, Broom Corn, Dari, Durrakorn) Sorghum bicolor also as rice straw re.
    • Wheat Triticum , Einkorn (Glicken, Kleiner Spelz) Triticum monococcum
    • Black Creeper Ichnocarpus frutescens
    • Bowltube Iris macrosiphon
    • Kieki Freycinetia banksii
    • Lagetta (Lacebark) Lagetta lagetto (Syn .: L. lintearia )
    • Hoheria spp. (Lacebark, Ribbonwood)
    • Brachychiton spp.
    • Velam Vachellia leucophloea
    • Coyote Willow (Sandbar Willow) Salix exigua
    • Pulu ("Hapui ili", Golden Moss) Cibotium glaucum , C. barometz , C. menziesii , C. charmisoi
    • Okra (Ladies Fingers, Gumbo, Ochro)
    • Pīngao Ficinia spiralis
    • Kauka "Ti-Kauka" Cordyline australis , Cordyline indivisia
    • Rice paper tree Tetrapanax papyrifer , Tibetan rice paper tree Merrilliopanax alpinus is used for rice paper .
    • Paper birch Betula papyrifera , Himalayan birch (Indian Paper Birch) Betula utilis are used for birch bark paper .
    • Zamandoque Hesperaloe funifera
    • Zada Buack Abutilon longicuspe , A. mauritianum , A. angulatum
    • Acacia Acacia spp.
    • Sterculia spp. (Elephant Rope Tree) Sterculia villosa , Sterculia africana , Sterculia mhosya , Sterculia rogersii
    • Trema (Charcoal Tree, Pigeon Wood) Trema orientalis (Syn .: Sponia wightii )
    • Kydia Kydia calycina
    • Couratari Cariniana legalis (Syn .: Couratari legalis )
    • Ichibi (Abutilon hemp, Chinese jute) Velvet poplar or Linden- leaved Mallow Abutilon theophrasti (Syn .: Abutilon Avicennae )
    • Camel's Foot Climber Bauhinia vahlii (Syn .: Phanera vahlii )
    • Malinjo, Melinjo Gnetum gnemon
    • Punga (Bolo Bolo, Guaxima) Clappertonia ficifolia
    • Devil's Cotton or Indian Flax Abroma augustum
    • Polompon Thespesia lampas , Thespesia populnea
    • Red mulberry Morus rubra , black mulberry Morus nigra , white mulberry Morus alba the bark is used to make paper → Amatl , Xuan paper
    • Tsuru-mume-modoki round-leaved tree shrike Celastrus orbiculatus (Syn .: Celastrus articulatus )
    • Mukuge Straucheibisch Hibiscus syriacus
    • Chinese Parasol (Wutong, Aogiri) Firmiana simplex (Syn .: Firminia platanifolia )
    • Kudzu Pueraria montana
    • Koakaso Boehmeria spicata
    • California Chia Salvia columbariae
    • Irakusa Chinese Wisteria Wisteria sinensis
    • Wawla (Indian elm, Jungle Cork Tree) Holoptelea integrifolia
    • Jicama yam bean Pachyrhizus erosus (Syn .: Dolchios bulbosus )
    • Maho Tree-shaped poplar Lavatera arborea (Syn .: Malva arborea , Syn .: Malva eriocalyx )
    • Meliotus White Sweet Clover Melilotus albus (Syn .: Melilotus leucantha )
    • Yamabudo Rust- red grapevine Vitis coignetiae
    • Daphne Daphne odora (Syn .: Daphne japonica , Syn .: Daphne pseudomezereum )
    • Japanese nettle Urtica thunbergiana
    • Shina noki winter linden Tilia cordata var.japonica
    • Rameta Lasiosiphon speciosus
    • Upas tree Antiaris toxicaria
    • Seyal acacia Vachellia seyal
    • Vetiver Vetiveria zizanioides
    • Triumfett (Punga, Carapicho) Triumfetta semitriloba , Tr. lappula , Tr. Althaeoides
    • Skunkbush, Squawbush, Rhus trilobata
    • Stipa Stipa tenacissima , St. spartea
    • Proboscidea
    • Spawning herbs Potamogeton
    • Fremontodendron
    • Bracken, Pteridium aquilinum
    • Hoopvine (Black Basket, Pabello) Trichostigma octandrum
    • Sabai Grass Eulaliopsis binata (Syn .: Ischaemum augustifolium )
    • Rice root comes from various plants, Italian rice root bearded grass Bothriochloa ischaemum , golden beard Chrysopogon gryllus , Mexican rice root (Zacatón grass) Muhlenbergia macroura and Muhlenbergia robusta
    • Tapa cloth (Capa) of paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera , (Pacific Banyan or coca) Ficus prolixa , breadfruit Artocarpus altilis , nettle plants Urticaceae , Straucheibisch Hibiscus syriacus
    • Bark Cloth (Mutuba) Ficus natalensis
    • Ficus Ficus cotinifolia , Ficus pertusa (Syn .: Ficus padifolia ), Ficus citrifolia (Syn .: Ficus laevigata ), Ficus lapathifolia , Ficus maxima (Syn .: Ficus mexicana ) (Syn .: Ficus radula ), Ficus crocata (Syn .: Ficus yucatanensis ), Ficus obtusifolia (Syn .: Ficus bonplandiana ) (Syn .: Ficus involuta ) as well as Ficus glabrata (Syn .: Ficus insipidia ) and Ficus petiolaris for Amatl paper
    • Papyrus Cyperus papyrus
    • Pteroceltis tatarinowii is the main raw material for Xuan paper
    • Linden Tilia and Oak Quercus , the long fibers were used as material for making baskets , mats and cords .
    • Pine Pinus , black poplar Populus nigra , white willow Salix alba , from which so-called “Chip Straw” was produced in the past and hats and bonnets were woven from them.
  • Hard fibers The leaf fibers and coconut fibers are also referred to as hard fibers by trade and the textile industry .
    • Abacá (Manila hemp), hard fiber, made from the leaves of a fiber banana Musa textilis (Syn .: Musa mindanensis )
    • Musa ( Manila hemp ) Musa basjoo , Musa × alinsanaya , Ensete ventricosum (Syn .: Musa uluguruensis ), Musa × paradisiaca (Syn. M. sapentium )
    • Piña Ananas Ananas sativa, A. semiseratus , A. sagaria (Syn .: Bromelia silvestris ), Bromelia karatas , B. pinguin (Syn .: B. fastuosa ) (Sinamai), Hechtia argentea (Syn .: Bromelia argentea )
    • Caroá Neoglaziovia variegata
    • Curauá and pineapple as well as Curauá and Caroá belong to the bromeliad family . Their use for fiber production is less well known and is now mostly a by-product of the cultivation for the production of the fruit.
    • Henequen (Mexican sisal) Agave fourcroydes (Syn .: A. saxi ), A. letonae (Salvador Henequen, -Sisal)
    • Macambira Bromelia laciniosa
    • New Zealand flax (Muka, Harakeke) Phormium tenax , (Wharariki) Phormium colensoi (Syn .: Phormium cookianum )
    • Sisal (SI) from the leaves of the agave sisalana , agave lechuguilla and agave cantala as well as hybrid 11648 . In addition to the sisal agave, there are a number of other fiber-producing species from the agave family. a. belong to the genus of the agave family Furcraea , for example Mauritian hemp Furcraea foetida . The use of the terms hemp and flax for fiber plants, which are not actually related to them, is common (see examples above) and can easily lead to confusion.
    • Fiber , Istle (Ixtle), Tampicofibre are made into brushes, brooms and wipers. Bromelia pinguin (Syn .: B. fastuosa ), Ananas sagaria (Syn .: Ananas silvestris ) and from agaves Agave xylonacantha , A. Striata (Syn .: A. falcata ), A. lurida are further distinguished:
    • Agave Agave geminiflora , A. aurea , A. ovatifolia (syn. A. wislizeni ), A. angustifolia (syn .: A. rubescens ), A. schidigera (syn .: A. vestita ), other agva species also provide fibers but the Yield is low.
    • false sisal agave decipiens
    • Cantala, Agave cantala , Agave americana
    • Istle (Pita, Floja) Aechmea magdalenae , Yucca treculiana (Syn .: Palma Pita )
    • Dasylirion graminifolium , D. glaucophylium , D. texanum (Sotol)
    • Pita (Zambara) made from agave Agave americana (Mexican Maguey, English Century Plant)
    • Guapilla Agave striata (Syn .: Agave falcata )
    • Caraguara Bromelia pinguin (Sinamai), B. Serra (Syn .: Rhodostachys argentina )
    • Niquivil Furcraea niquivilensis
    • Yaray Sabal causiarum
    • Corojo Acrocomia crispa
    • Raffia Raphia vinefera, R. taedigera, R. farinifera , R. hookeri
    • Piassava (Kitul) Attalea funifera , Chiquichiqui Leopoldinia piassaba , Raphia vinefera ; Piassava is also known as (Arenga Arenga pinnata ), (Chambira Astrocaryum chambira , A. aculeatissimum ), Madagascar palms ( Pachypodium lamerei , Dypsis fibrosa ) and (Caryota Caryota urens ), as well as (dwarf palms Chamaerops humilis ).
    • Caryota (Black Fiber, Kittul, Kuttul) (Crin Végétal) Fishtail Palms Caryota urens, C. mittis
    • Yucca (Soapweed), Yucca gloriosa , Y. glauca , Y. schidigera , Y. filifera (Syn .: Y. australis). (Palma Istle) Yucca carnerosana , Y. treculiana (Palma Pita)
    • Aloe Aloe fibrosa
    • Nolina elephant foot Beaucarnea recurvata (Syn .: Nolina recurvata ), Nolina microcarpa , Nolina texana
    • Crested Palms Corypha
    • Tururi, Ubuçu Manicaria, Manicaria saccifera , Manicaria saccifera
    • Palmyra palm ( Borassus flabellifer ) ( Bassine )
    • Arenga , sugar palm Arenga pinnata (Syn .: A. saccharifera ); Gemuti, Gumati, Gomuti (Crin Végétal)
    • Date Palms Phoenix (Crin Végétal)
    • Toquilla Carludovica palmata Panama hats are made from its leaves
    • The Talipot palm is used to extract Buntal and Baku straw, which is then processed into straw hats.
    • Coconut (CC) from the pericarp of the fruit coconut Cocos nucifera , (Syn .: C. cupuliformis ), (Syn .: C. stupposa ) (Crin Végétal)
    • Pandanus (screw palm, umbrella tree, walking tree) Pandanus utilis , Pandanus tectorius
    • Palmetto (Cabbage-, Sabal-Palmetto) Sabal palmetto
    • Broom palm Coccohrinax argentea (Syn .: Thrinax argentea )
    • Moriche (Buriti) Mauritia flexuosa
    • Opuntia opuntia galapagos
    • Chambira Astrocaryum chambira , A. aculeatissimum
    • Tucum (Tecum) Astrocaryum vulgare
    • Fique (Cabuya) Furcraea andina , F. hexapetala (Syn .: F. macrophylla ), (Bordo de Oro) F. cabuyan (Syn .: F. castilla ), F. foetida (Syn .: F. gigantea )
    • Australian Livingston palm Livistona australis
    • Turu (Kumbu, Bacaba) Oenocarpus bacaba
    • Açaí Euterpe oleracea
    • Bayal Desmoncus spp.
    • Mocora (Black Palm) Astrocaryum standleyanum
    • Awarra Astrocaryum segregatum
    • African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis
    • Cocoa tree Theobroma cacao
    • Coco de Mono nuts of paradise Lecythis spp.
  • Other fibers

In addition, various rush grasses Juncus , ( common rush Schoenoplectus lacustris ), split bamboo and other plants are used as fiber. Also Rattan although it from the called fiber stem axis is obtained Calamus palm.

Fibers of animal origin

Sheep wool
Silk cocoons
Natural silk

In animals, the hair follicles form fibers that are present in the form of hair or fur . Exceptions are silk fibers from the cocoon Chrysalis silkworms as well as others from secretions fibers formed as the spider silk or the Byssusfasern . Fibers that can be used in textiles are:

  • Wool and fine animal hair → top hair
    • Wool from sheep (WO) Ovis gmelini aries is usually obtained by annual shearing and is also known as new wool (WV).
    • Alpaca Vicugna pacos , Lama Lama , Vikunja Vicugna vicugna , the crossbreeds (Huarizo, Paco-Vikunja) and Guanaco Lama guanicoe are the hair of the lama species of the same name or sheep camels. The hair is fine, soft, shiny and not very frizzy.
    • Angora (WA) (hair of the angora rabbit) Orchitolagus cuniculus are very fine, smooth and very light. As they absorb water vapor well, fabrics made from angora are very warming.
    • Camel hair (WK) Camelidae is the downy hair of camels, the animals shed it annually. It's very fine, soft, and slightly curled and beige-brown.
    • Cashmere (WS) phenotype Capra aegagrus hircus is obtained by combing out and sorting the downy or guard hair of the cashmere goat . This hair is as fine as the finest merino wool, and cashmere clothing is therefore fine, soft, light and shiny.
    • Mohair (WM) refers to the hair of the angora or mohair goat Capra aegagrus hircus . They are long, slightly curly, and shiny. Their color is white and they hardly felt.
    • Pygora is a cross between an Angora goat and an African “Pygmy goat”. Cashgora is a cross between an angora and cashmere goat.
    • Cashwool from "Romanov sheep" is similar to merino wool
    • Quiviut is the very fine undercoat of the musk ox Ovibos moschatus .
    • Cervelt is the very rare undercoat of the New Zealand red deer Cervus elphus .
    • Bison wool Bos bison is a very fine wool similar to cashmere.
    • Yak Bos mutus is a cashmere-like wool of fine quality.
    • Possum trichosurus ; the possum hair is mixed with merino wool and results in a light, fine, very insulating wool quality . It is mainly produced in New Zealand.
    • Yangir (wild Kashmir) from the Siberian ibex Capra sibirica .
    • Chinchilla hair Chinchilla chinchilla , Chinchilla lanigera is mixed with beaver hair and made into exclusive fur felt hats, it is also mixed with wool and cashmere.
    • Mink hair Mustrela lutreola , Neovison vison is mixed with wool or cashmere, can also be mixed with beaver hair to make fur felt hats , it is also mixed with wool and cashmere.
    • Beaver hair Castor fiber , Castor canadensis is processed into fur felt, mixed or pure, is also processed into artist's brushes.
    • Rabbit hair Leporidae , Kanin (ordinary rabbit hair) is processed into fur felt, mixed or pure.
    • Nutria hair Myocastor coypus is processed into fur felt, mixed or pure.
    • Shahtoosh from the Tibetan antelope ( Tschiru ) Pantholops hodgsonii is a very fine wool that is processed into luxurious shawls.
    • Hair from the calibration, Gray Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris , Sciurus carolinensis , Marder Mustelidae , Siberian weasel ( Siberian Weasel ) Mustela sibirica , Iltis Putorius and Zobel Martens zibelina be processed into artist brushes.
    • Dog hair Canidae is processed into wool under the name "Chiengora".
  • Coarse animal hair
    • Cattle hair Bos primigenius taurus is processed into upholstery fillings.
    • Ox hair is similar to horsehair
    • Horsehair Equus ferus caballus is very coarse and was previously used as upholstery and filling material in seating furniture and for mattresses, it is still woven into horsehair inserts for men's tailoring → reinforcement (tailoring) . Is also suitable for paint brushes and brushes as well as brooms.
    • Goat hair Capra aegagrus hircus
    • Badger hair Meles meles are made into brushes and shaving brushes.
    • Pig bristles Sus scrofa domestica , wild boar bristles Sus scrofa are made into brushes and shaving brushes.
    • Reindeer wool Rangifer tarandus is used as filling material for upholstered furniture, mattresses and lifebuoys.
  • Silk
    • Mulberry silk (SE) (cultured silk) is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm of the mulberry spinner Bombyx Mori .
    • Tussah silk (ST) (wild silk) is obtained from cocoons collected from trees and bushes, the wild Japanese Antheraea yamamai and Chinese Antheraea pernyi oak silk moth , as well as from other butterflies of the genus Antheraea ( Antheraea mylitta , A. roylei , A. proyeli , A. . paphia ). Since the butterfly has mostly hatched here, the fibers are shorter and cannot be unwound. A breeding of the Tussah spinners has not yet been successful.
    • Mugaseide (Assamseide) is a gold-colored wild silk from India from the Mugaseidenspinner ( Antheraea assama ).
    • Eriaseide (Eri-, Meghalayaseide) (breeding silk) from moth Samia cynthia ricini (eats Ricinusblätter ), very short fiber can only Schappe be used.
    • Anapheseide (nest silk) (wild silk) of the African butterfly Anaphe panda (Syn .: A. infracta ), Anaphe moloneyi (Syn .: Epanaphe moloneyi ), very short fiber, can only be used as a schappe .
    • African wild silk of the African moth ( Gonometa postica , G. rufobrunnea ).
    • Yamamai silk (tensan silk) (wild silk) from the Japanese oak silk moth Antheraea yamamai .
    • Ahimsa silk comes from India and comes from Eri and Tussah moth cocoons.
    • Fagara silk (wild silk) from the atlas moth Attacus atlas .
    • Circula silk (wild silk) from the Asian butterfly Circula trifenestrata .
    • Koische Silk a silk that was used in antiquity, from the moth Pachypasa otus .
    • Shell silk (byssus) from the noble pen shell Pinna nobilis
    • Spider silk ( from silk spiders ) Nephila

Mineral natural fibers

Amphibole asbestos fibers ( SEM image)

In addition to natural plant and animal fibers, there are some mineral fibers that, since they occur naturally, also count as natural fibers.

analysis

The most common analyzes of natural fibers consist of a visual and haptic assessment, followed by a burn test and an examination in a light microscope (or electron microscope ). The elemental composition of the natural fibers can be determined through an elemental analysis. The respective biological origin of the animal and plant natural fibers can be proven by determining the DNA still contained in the raw material by polymerase chain reaction , or the proteins by ELISA , Western Blot or MALDI-TOF .

The material properties of natural fibers are determined in the same way as for fibers in general. The different mechanical properties, such as elasticity , tensile , compressive , flexural , buckling and shear strength are determined with quantitative measurements in appropriate clamping devices. The anisotropy of the properties of fibers due to aligned molecular chains and the synergy of several twisted fibers can also be determined in this way.

use

Traditional natural fiber products are textiles (clothing and household linen) and ropes, ropes, nets and cloths for shipping. New areas of application for natural fibers are technical nonwovens and fabrics for natural insulation materials , special papers or natural fiber-reinforced plastics .

The use of natural fibers in fiber composites is becoming increasingly important. Natural fiber-reinforced plastics are used in particular in the automotive and furniture industries. In addition, there are innovative special applications such as household appliances, cosmetic articles, writing implements, cases, urns and grinding wheels.

Market situation

Germany

Clothing is the main sector in which natural fibers are used
Natural insulation block made from hemp fibers
Inner door trim made of hemp fiber reinforced plastic (matrix polyethylene PE)

The market for natural fibers in Germany is mainly characterized by imports of intermediate and finished products, while domestic production only accounts for a negligibly small proportion. A textile production chain only exists to a very limited extent in Germany.

With the exception of hemp , flax and fiber nettle , no fiber plants are grown in Germany . With 800 to 2,000 hectares per year and a production of 1,200 to 3,000 t per year, the hemp cultivation makes up the largest share. Flax is grown on around 50 ha, the production volume is around 50 t and the cultivation of nettle fibers takes place on 265–300 ha and results in 100 to 200 t of nettle fibers. Sheep and other animal wool are also used. In the recovery of the natural fibers are also scrapings , which is fed as a raw material both in material as in energy uses.

Most of the natural fibers available in Germany are made available through foreign trade; the total amount of plant fibers produced in Germany is a maximum of 3,000 t. The largest amount of imported fibers is cotton with a total amount of around 200,000 t per year, in addition there are jute imports amounting to 13,000 t and imports of other exotic plant fibers such as abacá, kenaf, ramie, coconut and sisal amounting to a total of about 12,000 t. Around 7,000 t of flax and around 1,000 t of hemp fibers are also imported (net). The total amount as well as an amount of around 20,000 to 40,000 t of yarn waste and recycled cotton that is wasted in production processes is used entirely for material use; energy use occurs at most when the end products are disposed of.

Most of the natural fibers are processed in the textile industry. The production route takes place via yarns and fabrics to the finished textiles, whereby there are large flows of goods in foreign trade at all levels. As on the fiber level, cotton also makes up the largest proportion of imported goods in the area of ​​products; around 35,000 t of cotton yarn and a total of only around 2,000 t of other yarns are imported annually. About 8,000 tons of jute are imported as fabric, a very large proportion of which is used as a carrier material in the production of linoleum (total production about 40 million m 2 per year).

The so-called non-wovens (non-woven textiles), which include non-woven fleeces and felts , also represent a large market . Around 64,000 t of natural fibers are used in this form per year in the automotive industry for door panels, headliners, seat cushions and other components. These are 12,200 tons of flax fibers, 5,000 tons of exotic fibers and 1,800 tons of hemp fibers, as well as 45,000 tons of cotton fibers (mainly shredded cotton), which are used in the interior of cars and, above all, in the composite materials of the driver's cabs of trucks, plus 27,000 tons of wood fibers so that a total of 90,000 t results. About 1 to 1.3 million m 2 of natural insulation materials are used, around 48% of which are wood fiber, 32% cellulose, 9% flax and hemp fiber, 4% sheep's wool and 7% other insulation materials. A very special and successful niche application in Germany is cress growing fleeces, of which around 125 to 160 tons are produced per year on the basis of hemp and flax fibers in roughly equal proportions.

Special papers represent a relatively large market, whereby in Germany around 35,000 t of so-called “other fibrous materials” are used in addition to wood and cellulose pulp (VDP 2008). According to other sources, the amount of natural fibers is given as around 20,000 t. The special papers with natural fibers include, above all, papers for food applications (tea bags, coffee pods), cigarette papers and technical filters. The production of natural fiber-reinforced plastics in injection molding and extrusion represents only a very small part of the use of natural fibers. Less than 1,000 t are currently used here per year.

world

The following table shows the world production of natural fibers according to the FAO .

World production of individual natural fibers (2005)
fiber  Production 
(in million t )
cotton    25.00
jute    2.90
Wool    1.20
coconut    1.00
Flax fiber    1.00
Jute-like fibers including kenaf    0.40
Sisal fiber and henequen    0.38
ramie    0.28
silk    0.15
Abacá    0.10
hemp    0.09
Exotic animal fibers    0.03

See also

literature

  • Amar K. Mohanty, Manjusri Misra, Lawrence T. Drzal (Eds.): Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Ranton FL, 2005, ISBN 0-8493-1741-X .
  • Anton Schenek: Natural fiber lexicon. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-87150-638-9 .
  • Carol Ekarius, Deborah Robson: The Fleece & Fiber Sourcebook: More Than 200 Fibers, from Animal to Spun Yarn. Storey Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60342-711-1 .
  • Robert R. Franck (Ed.): Bast and other plant fibers. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, England, 2005, ISBN 1-85573-684-5 .
  • Herbert M. Ulrich: Handbook of the chemical investigation of textile fibers: Volume 1, Springer, Vienna 1954, ISBN 978-3-211-80358-5 .
  • Herbert M. Ulrich: Handbook of the chemical investigation of textile fibers: Volume 2, Springer, 1956, ISBN 978-3-7091-7866-9 .
  • J. Merritt Matthews, Walter Anderau, HE Fierz-David: The textile fibers: their physical, chemical and microscopic properties. Springer-Verlag, 1928, ISBN 978-3-642-91077-7 .
  • Sascha Peters: Material Revolution 2: New Sustainable and Multi-Purpose Materials for Design and Architecture. Birkhäuser Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-03821-001-6 .
  • M. Brink, EG Achigan-Dako: Fibers. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 16, PROTA, 2012, ISBN 978-92-9081-481-8 .
  • J. Gordon Cook: Handbook of Textile Fibers: Natural Fibers. Vol. 1, Fifth Edition, Woodhead Publishing, 1984, ISBN 978-1-85573-484-5 (reprint).

Web links

Individual evidence

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