Schmalenbach (Halver)

Schmalenbach City of Halver Coordinates: 51 ° 11 ′ 35 "  N , 7 ° 28 ′ 14"  E
Height :	364 m above sea level NN
Postal code :	58553
Area code :	02355
Location of Schmalenbach in Halver

Schmalenbach is a place in the Sauerland and the name of a family resident there.

Location and geography

The Schmalenbach settlement is located west of the city of Halver . The main town is at an altitude of 364 meters above sea ​​level on the federal road 229 . The house to the east of the farm is the house where Eugen Schmalenbach was born .

history

Early Middle Ages - Prehistory

Like other monasteries, the St. Gereon Monastery in Cologne established a large manor in the border area between the Franks and Saxony towards the end of the Saxon Wars (770 to 800) . This included a number of Fronhöfe, including Curtis Eichhofen (= Stieneichhofen ), which was important for the Schmalenbach settlement . It can be assumed that the serfs were mainly Saxons ( Westphalia ), who were forced under manorial rule. Usually all people belonging to the manorial rule lived on the Fronhöfe and were, as part of the "Familia", unfree.

High Middle Ages

After 950, dependent farmers from the Eickhof were loaned with land. A farmer was given permission to settle his clan (curia = gentile assembly) by the narrow brook and clear land. This farmer had enough to earn to not only contribute to his own family, but also (and primarily) to maintain the manor.
With the growth of the monetary economy, the obligations to the manor were converted into long-term leases with fixed amounts, which, thanks to monetary devaluation, developed in favor of the full farmers. In the Bergisch-Mark region, there is talk of pension rule. For the full farmers, there was, as it were, the development of sub-ownership of their farms. Members of the family who were not entitled to inheritance were provided with subordinates / Kotten as far as possible or released into an uncertain future. The peasantry of St. Gereon and thus also the court of the Schmalenbach did not belong politically to the parish of Halver and were run by a school elected by the peasantry. A Gerlach von Schmalenbach can be proven in 1410 for the Schultenamt of the Oberhof Eichhofen. Its tasks included the collection of the obligations of the serfs and the lower jurisdiction. It can be assumed that this office was certified in practice or hereditary and tied to the court.

Reformation - Thirty Years War

After the Diet of Worms (1521) , the stormy years of the Reformation began. In the parish of Halver, as in many other places in Germany, there were probably tumultuous events. The events around Halver were described around two hundred years later in such a way that “a ... roaming people, called goats, invaded part of the country here” “and almost all of the best houses, especially those on the great road and common passages, were in Set on fire ". “In the years from 1560 to 1570, pastor Johann Piepenstock tried to work in favor of the Reformation in Halver. In 1583 he adopted the Protestant Lutheran religion and from then on the church at Halver was Protestant. ”
On September 9, 1588, Eichhofen was given to the Brandenburg knight Hermann v. Edelkirchen sold for 2000 thalers. This ended the fiefdom of the St. Gereon Abbey over Eichhofen. The Schmalenbach court went into the feudal relationship of the v. Edelkirch over. Since the v. Edelkirch were already Protestant at this point in time, one can assume that the Schmalenbach ev.-luth. were. Also at this point in time, the Eichhofen peasantry and thus also the Schmalenbachs transferred to the parish of Halver.
In 1598 the prelude to the Thirty Years' War began for the Schmalenbachs, as for many others in the region. That year, under Admiral Francisco de Mendoza , the Spaniards took winter quarters in the county of Mark to forestall an occupation by the Dutch. “The whole long winter, the people and the country suffered terribly from the hard pressure of this occupation.” Due to this occupation regime, the Schmalenbach farm was abandoned by its residents that winter. Probably the remnants of the narrow brook clan found themselves next to other refugees on the Edelkirchen free estate and sought protection there.The knight Christian von Edelkirchen zu Hersfeld (as well as a number of other knights in the area) announced to Duke Johann Wilhelm (Jülich-Kleve-Berg) the Allegiance and considered it more important to offer his people the necessary protection in this danger. In 1632, the Margrave of Brandenburg Georg Wilhelm (Brandenburg) decreed that the proper land maintenance would be passed on to the riflemen. Rifle companies were formed in the parishes of the Altena office. For the Halveraner this means above all recognition of their previous resistance and legitimacy.
During the war, the Schmalenbach farm, as far as it was possible, was managed by a small family association from Edelkirchen. Even during the war there were almost certainly attempts at reconstruction, as well as looting and destruction. Because the peasantry in the parish had organized itself to such an extent and the situation had changed to such an extent that not every passing crowd and their entourage could dare to put the peasantry under pressure, the reconstruction activities towards the end of the war were more targeted and more successful.
It may be that the Grafschaft Mark got through the war relatively well compared to other regions such as Pomerania, Thuringia and the Palatinate. In a nutshell, one can ask whether the Schmalenbachs viewed their situation as comparatively favorable, given the expulsion from the court, lodged Spanish troops and "storages, passages and appraisals by Dutch, Swedish, league, Hessian and other troops" that they were The plague, had to compensate for crop failures and felt the tax pressure of the authorities.

Modern times

After the occupation troops had left the county of Mark in 1649, more targeted thought could be given to the expansion of the farm. While the whole family had to work during the war, after the war the farm was divided into two parts. The farmers at that time were Johan and Gertrud zur Schmalenbach (the son of Wilhelm Schmalenbach) as well as Heinrich the Elder and Dorothea zur Schmalenbach.
In the years after 1648 Brandenburg was not yet able to assert itself as a state in the Mark. The actual occupation was slow because the estates tried to prevent it. Above all, they relied on the unity of the old Duchy of Jülich-Kleve. This left scope for the establishment of the farms around Halver, thus also the court of the Schmalenbach, as relatively free (contribuable = unrestricted taxable) farms.
When the canton system for the recruitment of soldiers was introduced under Friedrich Wilhelm I (Prussia) in 1733, the Prussian state intervened on the farms, including the Schmalenbach. The result was a dramatic migration to the Bergisch region. Economically, under Friedrich Wilhelm I (Prussia) and Friedrich II (Prussia) the farms were squeezed out and were barely viable. Johann Henrich Schmalenbach probably evaded an imminent recruitment by marriage in the Bergisch region (uncertain cantonist ). After the Seven Years' War there was a period of almost thirty years of calm in the Mark, during which the region around Halver in particular experienced a considerable economic upturn. The promised freedom of the cantons and a general pardon for deserters and emigrants made a significant contribution to this. The emigrants returned in droves, including Johan Henrich. His son Johann Christoph Schmalenbach took over the Schmalenbach estate through marriage. Father and son brought the relationships into the business as far as Wuppertal and attracted skilled workers. A network of hardware production (clocks, files, drills, building hardware, ...) was established west of Halver. The Schmalenbachsche Gut played a part in this economic upswing through prestressing and supply services as well as trading in coal, pig iron in purchasing and iron goods in commission sales. During this time, the main building was built in the form of a Low German hall house.

industrialization

The French period (1806 to 1813) then finally eliminated the feudal relationships over the narrow brook estate and created freedom of trade. But both excessive taxation and reckless conscription for military service weighed heavily on the population. After the abolition of the continental blockade and the end of the wars of liberation after 1815, a flood of English steel poured out onto the German market. It was 40–60% cheaper than the German one. The German iron industry, like the one in Brandenburg, was initially unable to cope with this onslaught and fell into a serious crisis. Poverty and drunkenness took on terrifying proportions around Halver in the 1820s, and it took decades to catch up. The Prussian state responded to this crisis with a state reforestation program, among other things. Johann Christoph Schmalenbach and his son Hermann Henrich Schmalenbach were involved in this program with reforestation in the area around Halver. In the middle of the 19th century, the economic basis of the narrow brook estate was the haulage company. The haulage had to be stopped after the traffic-related development of Halver by the railroad (1888). Attempts to get back on their feet economically by setting up a steam forge failed due to inheritance disputes, the economic situation and the fact that the property was cut off in terms of traffic. The farm was auctioned off in 1898. The Schmalenbachs of this farm then emigrated to Posen.

In 1818 28 people lived in the village. According to the table of localities and distances in the government district of Arnsberg , Schmalenbach was categorized as a farm and in 1838 had a population of 29, all of whom were Protestant. The place belonged to the Eickhöfener peasantry within the mayor's office Halver and owned five houses and six agricultural buildings.

The municipality encyclopedia for the province of Westphalia from 1887 gives a number of 63 residents who lived in six houses.

politics

Schmalenbach is a district of Halver.

Coat of arms of the Schmalenbach

Coat of arms of the Schmalenbach

Blazon : in the row a wr bar in three rows and eight places, over the whole a narrow, wavy w. Sloping beam. Helmet: closed flight to the right, the front wing with w. Lily, the back one with pentagonal r. Star occupied. Blankets: wr "

The Schmalenbach family

The oldest known name bearer is Girlaco de Smalenbecke from Halver. He is mentioned in a document of the St. Gereon Abbey in Cologne from August 16, 1410 and in the treasury books of the Grafschaft Mark on August 16, 1486. On February 13, 1427 he worked as a "bystander" and "judge finder" in the legal dispute of Reichsmarschall Haupt von Pappenheim against Konrad von Freiberg for election in front of the free chair in Lüdenscheid.

For more namesake see under Schmalenbach .

swell

1. ^ Alfred Jung : Halver and Schalksmühle. Investigation and thoughts on the settlement history of the Halver Office, an old parish in the Saxon-Franconian border area. Friends of Altena Castle, Altena 1978 ( Altenaer contributions. Works on the history and local history of the former county Mark 13, ISSN  0516-8260 ).
2. ↑ The origin of the Schmalenbach farm goes back to the establishment of the St. Gereon Monastery in Cologne. This is supported by an entry in the monastery record book, which refers to the Schmalenbach farm as Unterhof (curia) of the Oberhof (curtis) Eichhofen (= Steineichhofen) belonging to the monastery. See: “Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle - investigations and thoughts on the settlement history of the Halver office, an old parish in the Saxon-Franconian border area. 1st edition. Altena: Zeitungsverlag Altena GmbH, 1978 (Altenaer Articles, Volume 13). - S. 230–231 “
   The proximity to the Oberhof (approx. 2000 m), the favorable spring basin location, which is coveted for settlement, and the usual naming also speak in favor of founding the Unterhof of the Oberhof Eichhofen during the first clearing period (900 to 1300). Place names -berg, -bach, -feld, -becke) during the first medieval clearing period.
3. ↑ Hans-Werner Goetz: ">> Villications << der Grundherren" in: Das Mittelalter - A reading book on German history 800-1500. - P. 34.
4. ↑ Of particular importance for the region is that the Saxon farmers were essentially able to maintain their gentile constitution. The legal structure of this constitution, in particular the inheritance law , was later adopted into the Mark law. The existing free property of Franconian colonists retained their Franconian law.
   See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle,… - p. 190.
   Despite the separation of the County of Altena from the County of Berg in 1165, the Franconian possessions and free farmers remained under the control of Count von Berg.
   See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle ... - p. 49.
5. ↑ See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle ... - p. 203.
6. ↑ See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle ... - p. 123.
7. ↑ The money economy, the rural exodus and the development of an agricultural market (in Halver) led to the loosening of the lordly relations between the (full) peasantry and the rulers.
8. ↑ See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle… - pp. 249-252.
9. ↑ See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle ... - p. 230.
10. ↑ See also: “Grundherrschaft und Dorf” in: Propylaea - History of Germany 1250 to 1490. - Berlin 1985. - p. 84.
11. ↑ Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle,… - pp. 279–280.
12. ↑ Erich Halverscheid, "Halverscheider als Active Church Masters". - http://www.halverscheid.org/website/web10/10-1.html
13. ↑ "And in the" Grafschaft Mark "(areas on the Hellweg, on the Ruhr and in the Sauerland) the evangelical communities had to take care of the leadership of their church themselves, because the sovereign let them largely go, but refused the Reformation." in >> Church history (Westphalian) <<. -
14. ↑ "Also in 1570 the noble churches are mentioned in the Brandenburg knighthood index" See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - ... p. 153.
15. ↑ second mention of Hermann v. Edelkirchen See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - ... p. 171.
16. ↑ See also the reference to the St. Gereon Abbey in: Jung, Alfred: Halver und Schalksmühle, ... - p. 154.
17. ↑ Obviously, the sale of Eichhofen is the sale of a manor. Thus the feudal relationship of the Schmalenbach court went to the v. Noble churches over. The assumption is also supported by the fact that after the Thirty Years War, direct relatives of the Schmalenbach in Edelkirch can be proven. "Hermann zur Schmalenbach" born approx. 1635, death 1704 at the age of 69 in Halver / Edelkirchen in Thurck Genealogy
18. ↑ “In 1583 the v. Precious churches to the ev. Faith about “in Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 154.
19. ↑ See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle, ... - p. 250.
20. ↑ Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle, ... - p. 281.
21. ↑ For the years 1599, 1645 and 1654 the court is listed as indebted to the church. There is a news gap for the years 1599 to 1633. The Schmalenbach farm is said to have been given up as a result of the Spanish-Dutch War (around 1568 to 1648). In 1599 Admiral Mendoza occupied the region with his troops and "depressed" the population very much. See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle,… - pp. 285–286.
22. ↑ In the genealogy of the family, Schmalenbach can be traced back to noble churches for this time.
23. ↑ That noble houses were used as relatively safe retreats can be proven by the following source. “In the years 1630–1640, the service (in the parish of Halver) of the >> insolent << war system and the >> militia << could only be held very irregularly. Since larger gatherings were avoided, people gathered from time to time in aristocratic houses or in forests. ”Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle,… - p. 284.
24. ↑ See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle, ... - p. 283.
25. ↑ This protection community was obviously so effective that the Rottmeister of the later Halveraner rifle companies came from noble churches. See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 154.
26. ↑ In 1609, the county of Mark fell provisionally when the United Duchies of Jülich-Kleve-Berg were divided, and in 1666 when the inheritance was compared to Brandenburg. The Brandenburg side could initially only maintain its rule where Dutch garrisons had remained. "With the commitment of the Dutch colonel Gent by the Brandenburg governor Schwarzenberg in 1624," Brandenburg began "to defend its young western provinces militarily independently". See also: Stefan's honorary award “The Thirty Years War in the Duchy of Berg and its neighboring regions”. - Verlagdruckerei Schmidt GmbH, Neustadt an der Aisch (2002). - p. 78 and: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 154.
27. ↑ An example of peasant resistance from the Westerwald is Marco von Müller's “The life of a mercenary in the Thirty Years War (1618–1648)” http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~telehist/MvM/magisterarbeit(1.2.2005 ) .pdf . - pp. 40–41 to be found. In principle, the peasant resistance in the region around Halver could have looked similar.
28. ↑ Only Wilhelm Schmalenbach (birth of son 1630) and Heinrich zur Schmalenbach (birth of first son 1635) are verifiable for the war years. It can be assumed that they are brothers or close relatives. See also: http://www.turck-ahnenforschung.de/
29. ↑ From 1633 information on the existence of the farm is available again. See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle,… - pp. 285–286.
30. ↑ “Again and again the farmers had to flee into the woods with their cattle. The fields were hardly tilled, buildings were ruined. Where there were still seeds available, they were trampled underfoot by rotting. Interest and taxes could not be paid, and indebtedness increased. In the years 1632 to 1644 no church accounts could be drawn up. The situation was so unbearable that the elector, with a decree of September 9, 1635, allowed the subjects to unite to expel the Hessians and Swedes from village to village, parish to parish, town to town. “Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle , ... - p. 284.
31. ↑ The peasant groups and thus also the Schmalenbachs were organized in the Halveraner Schützen until well after the war. A pattern roll of the Halveraner Schützengilde from 1676 has been preserved and contains 148 names. Johan zur Schmalenbach and Heinrich zur Schmalenbach were therefore active in this rifle guild. See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - pp. 290-293.
32. ↑ In the immission protocol of the judge at Halver Peter Grüter from February 7, 1645 the debts from taxes and other dues of the farms around Halver are listed. Here under “4. Johan zur Schmalenbeck guilty 12 Rtlr. 8 Schilling Capital, 4 Rtlr. 4 pieces Interest (interest), I Malter Herrnhaber, on costs 2 Rtlr., Together 22 Rtlr. 25 Stüffer ”listed. Schmidt, Ferdinand: The courtyards in the parish of Halver at the end of the Thirty Years War , in "Süderland", No. 10 from 1932, p. 8 ff.
33. ↑ See also: Ed .: Stefan Ehrenpreis “The Thirty Years War in the Duchy of Berg and its Neighboring Regions”. - Verlagdruckerei Schmidt GmbH, Neustadt an der Aisch (2002). - p. 246.
34. ↑ See also: Ed .: Stefan Ehrenpreis “The Thirty Years War in the Duchy of Berg and its Neighboring Regions”. - Verlagdruckerei Schmidt GmbH, Neustadt an der Aisch (2002). - pp. 185-186.
35. ↑ See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 283.
36. ↑ See: http://www.turck-ahnenforschung.de/individual.php?pid=I9887&ged=TURCK.ged
37. ↑ See: http://www.turck-ahnenforschung.de/individual.php?pid=I6948&ged=TURCK.ged
38. ↑ In 1652 Johan zur Schmalenbach is listed in a list of donations with two Reichstaler, while Hinderich zur Schmalenbach donated only half a Reichstaler, the same as Johan Vahlfeldt zur Schmalenbeck. See also: http://www.otto-enneper.de/images/Band-16%20_Orgelliste.pdf
39. ↑ See also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 292.
40. ↑ See: Jülich-Klevischer Succession Controversy # Brandenburg prevails
41. ↑ Willi Timm: Cadastre of contributory goods in the county of Mark 1705, Münster 1980, p. 244.
42. ↑ Alfred Jung speaks of a partial depopulation in favor of the Duchy of Berg. See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 293.
43. ↑ Johann Henrich Schmalenbach - I2411 - Personal Information - Welcome - PhpGedView
44. ↑ See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 295.
45. ↑ See: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle. - p. 296.
46. ↑ Johann Christoph Schmalenbach - I2407 - Personal information - Welcome - PhpGedView
47. ↑ bergischeuhren.de
48. ↑ See: "The history of commercial activity and industry in the communities Halver and Schalksmühle" - Alfred Jung. - (1978) Lüdenscheid Volume III. - p. 171.
49. ↑ see also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle, - investigations and thoughts on the settlement history of the Halver office, an old parish in the Saxon-Franconian border area. 1st edition. Altena: Zeitungsverlag Altena GmbH, 1978 (Altenaer Articles, Volume 13). - p. 297.
50. ↑ Alfred Jung "The history of commercial activity and industry in the communities of Halver and Schalksmühl". - Lüdenscheid (1978). - p. 27.
51. ↑ Burkhard Dietz: Economic growth and lack of wood in the Bergisch-Mark industrial area before industrialization . - http://www.lrz.de/~rpf/hardenstein/DIETZ.HTM  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
52. ↑ Hermann Henrich Schmalenbach - I2400 - Personal Information - Welcome - PhpGedView
53. ↑ oral information from Helene Garrels, b. Schmalenbach, granddaughter of Hermann Henrich Schmalenbach
54. ↑ see also: Jung, Alfred: Halver and Schalksmühle, - investigations and thoughts on the settlement history of the Halver office, an old parish in the Saxon-Franconian border area. 1st edition. Altena: Zeitungsverlag Altena GmbH, 1978 (Altenaer Articles, Volume 13). - p. 237.
55. ↑ Johann Georg von Viebahn : Local and distance table of the government district Arnsberg, arranged according to the existing state division, with details of the earlier areas and offices, the parish and school districts and topographical information. Ritter, Arnsberg 1841.
56. ↑ Royal Statistical Bureau (Prussia) (ed.): Community encyclopedia for the province of Westphalia, based on the materials of the census of December 1, 1885 and other official sources, (community encyclopedia for the Kingdom of Prussia, Volume X), Berlin 1887.
57. ↑ Der Reidemeister, history sheets for Lüdenscheid city and country, No. 68, 1978.