International peace trip

Logo of the 30th International Peace Tour

Logo for the peace trip 1987

The Internationale Friedensfahrt also international long-distance journey for peace ( Polish Wyścig Pokoju as well as Czech. Závod Míru or internationally customary French Course de la Paix ) was a stage race in Central Europe and, until the political upheaval in the former Eastern Bloc states in 1989, the most important amateur bicycle race internationally . With a few exceptions, Berlin , Prague and Warsaw were alternately starting, stage or destination locations every year. The last race so far was held in 2006 through Germany , Austria and the Czech Republic , after it was not included in the then new UCI Protour in 2005 and had not taken place for the first time since the first edition due to financial and organizational problems.

A new edition of the race was planned for 2014 from May 1st to May 6th. The peace ride was classified under category 2.2 in the UCI's international racing calendar , but the plan was abandoned by the organizer, former Czechoslovak racing driver Jozef Regec . Instead, four one-day races were registered in the UCI Europe Tour 2014 racing calendar .

history

Poster of the Peace Trip 1955

2nd stage of the Friedensfahrt 1960 , May 5th: The two first place winners received a Czechoslovak moped type Jawa 555 “Pionyr” and a Polish moped type Komar 230 (in German “Mücke”). Left: Täve Schur , Pl. 2, GDR, right: Albert Coven, Belgium, Pl. 1

The idea for the race had independently the sportswriter en Karel TOCL from Prague and Zygmunt Weiss from Warsaw in 1947. Both wanted to organize a stage race between the two cities and both wanted their city should aim tour. This conflict gave rise to the idea of ​​holding two races in parallel in 1948. The peace voyage was first held in 1948 and initially took place between Warsaw and Prague . The organizers were the daily newspapers Rudé právo from Prague and Trybuna Ludu from Warsaw. From 1952 the race was also taken to East Berlin and then connected the capitals of the three participating countries Poland , Czechoslovakia and GDR in alternating routes in May . The daily newspaper Neues Deutschland was the organizer for the GDR . The official symbol for the peace journey was Pablo Picasso's white dove of peace .

Because of the political situation in Czechoslovakia , the 1969 Peace Tour was only held in Poland and the GDR. The first German stage winner was Bernhard Trefflich from the GDR team on May 9, 1953, on the 8th stage from Berlin to Görlitz .

The future road cycling world champion Täve Schur became the first overall winner for the GDR in 1955. A year later, a team from West Germany competed for the first time . The future national coach Peter Weibel won the first stage for the Federal Republic in 1976.

Until the fall of the Berlin Wall and the peaceful revolution in 1989, the Peace Tour was known as the “ Tour de France of the East” and was as popular there as it was in Western Europe. The peace voyage was largely dominated by the state amateurs of the Central and Eastern European countries. The also participating Western European national teams could only start with young drivers who did not have professional status.

The 1986 peace drive started in Kiev. The city is only 100 kilometers from the nuclear power plant in Pripyat , where shortly before Chernobyl nuclear disaster had occurred, removed. Out of 19 registered teams, 9, including almost all registered western teams, canceled their participation. GDR athletes, including the eventual winner Olaf Ludwig, were forced to take part.

The year 1989 represented a decisive turning point for the tour. The amateur status lost its importance within a very short time and was finally abolished entirely. The peace drive got into crisis. In the mid-1990s it was transformed into a professional race and had established itself in the calendar of the UCI World Cycling Federation as a middle category 2.2 race. It continued through the classic participating countries Poland , the Czech Republic or Slovakia and Germany , but only rarely touched their capitals.

The most successful participant is Steffen Wesemann , who won the Peace Trip five times between 1992 and 2003. Uwe Ampler each achieved four successes (three times for the GDR, once for the Polish team "Mroz") and the Pole Ryszard Szurkowski . The two-time winner Gustav-Adolf Schur , called "Täve", was elected by far the most popular athlete in the GDR after 1989.

The Czech Cycling Federation has had the rights to the name "Course de la Paix" since 2004, which means that it is also primarily responsible for running the race. With the non-inclusion of the race in the newly created highest cycling class UCI ProTour 2005, the position of the event deteriorated. Financial and organizational problems - in particular the separation between the main Czech organizer, Pavel Doležel, and his German marketing partners and the resulting loss of important German sponsors - led in spring 2005 to the fact that the peace trip was initially postponed and finally canceled. The race was resumed in 2006 with a total of eight stages, which were held on the territories of Austria (start), the Czech Republic and Germany (finish) from May 13th to 20th. For the first time Austria was the host country.

The 59th edition of the Peace Tour in 2007 was canceled. The main reason was the withdrawal of the main sponsor Škoda Auto , who initially secured funding of 500,000 euros, but withdrew it in November 2006. The Czech association then announced that it had not found a new partner. Since then there has been no peace trip.

Ratings

Since its debut in 1948 , the yellow jersey for the leading driver in the overall individual classification and the blue jersey for the best team have been awarded at the International Peace Tour. Over time, more categories were introduced, represented by different jerseys. The prerequisite for overall victory in each of these ratings was completing the entire tour in accordance with the regulations. If a driver was in the lead in several ratings at the same time, the following ranking applied to the jersey selection:

1. Overall rating - individual
2. Most versatile driver
3. Most active driver / best sprinter
4. Best climber
5. Best point driver

Overall rating - individual

Yellow jersey
from 1948

The criterion for the overall individual ranking is the sum of all times from the individual stages and the prologue (except for the team time trial), with the driver with the lowest overall time leading the ranking. In the event of a tie, the lower total of the placements in the stages completed so far is decisive (until 1986 identical to the ranking of the driver with the best points ). If there is no difference here either, the larger number of better places - compared to first place - is decisive. If there is a tie here, too, the better placement on the last completed stage decides.

The total time is made up of the following components:

• the sum of the driving times measured on the stages (except team time trials)
• Until 1981 five, three and one second (s) credit for a podium position per stage (except prologue and team time trials)
• from 1982 ten, six and three seconds credit for a podium position per stage (except prologue and team time trial)
• in the final ten, six and three seconds credit for the top three of the final ratings Aktivster driver , Best climber and point best driver
• If necessary, additional penalty time due to improper behavior (usually imposed if other drivers or spectators are at risk)

Steffen Wesemann (Germany) wore the yellow jersey a total of five times at the end of the tour, making him the sole record holder. With 49 stages, the four-time overall winner Ryszard Szurkowski (POL) had the yellow jersey for the longest time.

Overall ranking - team

No jerseys were awarded

1948–1950

White jersey

1951

Blue shirt

1952–1989

Blue jersey
only symbolically
from 1990

The category of the best team has existed from the start. If there were no jerseys at the beginning, the winners were given white jerseys in 1951. For the next 38 years, the color blue marked the leading team in the team classification. Since 1990, the jerseys have only been given symbolically to the winning team at the end of every Peace Tour.

The criterion is the sum of the stage team times, with the team with the lowest total time leading the ranking. In the event of a tie, the lower sum of the places of the top three drivers in the overall individual ranking decides for the teams concerned. If there is no difference here either, the best placed driver of all the teams concerned in the overall individual ranking will be decisive.

The total time is made up of the following components:

• the sum of the driving times measured on the individual stages including the prologue (without time credits) of the top three drivers of each team
• the time achieved in the team time trial, measured against the fourth driver

With a total of 20 overall successes, the selection of the USSR is the undisputed record winner in this category, which also held the top position for the longest with 218 stages. Since the approval of professional racing teams in 1996, the T-Mobile team has been able to triumph most often with a total of four overall wins.

Best climber (from 1956)

No jerseys were awarded
1956–1968

Pink jersey
1969-1971

Green jersey
1972-1997

Dotted jersey
from 1998

The rating for the best mountain rider was introduced in 1956, initially without a jersey. From 1969, the best placed in this category was awarded the pink jersey. From 1972 the jersey color was changed to green and kept for the next 25 years. With the change of categories and the introduction of the green jersey for the best sprinter in 1998, the dotted jersey will be awarded to the best climber from now on .

The criterion for this category is the sum of all points from mountain ratings, with the driver with the highest number of points leading the rating. In the event of a tie, the better placement in the overall individual ranking is decisive.

The awarding of points consists of the following components:

• seven, five, three, two and one point (s) for the top five for climbs of category I (elevations of at least 5 km in length and a difference in altitude of at least 250 m)
• five, three and one point (s) for the first three places on climbs of category II (elevations with less than 250 m difference in altitude)

At the end of the tour, three drivers were able to secure three wins in the Best Mountain Driver category . Sergei Suchorutschenkow (URS) set the record in 1984, which was then equalized by Uwe Ampler (GDR) and Jaroslav Bílek (ČSSR). With 21 stages, Ryszard Szurkowski (POL) and Uwe Ampler were most often in the top position in the mountain classification.

Most active driver / best sprinter (from 1962)

Purple jersey
Most active driver
1962–1997

Green jersey
Best Sprinter
from 1998

The rating for the most active driver was introduced in 1962 and represented by the purple jersey. With the change in 1998, the category was changed to Best Sprinter and the jersey color to green.

The criterion is the sum of all points from premium spurts and advances, the driver with the highest number of points leading the ranking. In the event of a tie, the better placement in the overall individual ranking is decisive.

The awarding of points consists of the following components:

• three, two and one point (s) for the top three in premium sprints
• three points for each outlier or each participant in a group of up to ten drivers with a lead of at least 1:30 minutes ahead of the next-placed driver. An additional point is awarded for every further half a minute that has been started

The record winner in this category is Olaf Ludwig , who, starting exclusively for the GDR, was able to call the most active driver's violet jersey his own at the end of eight tours . With 55 stages, the native of Gera had the jersey for the longest time.

Best young driver (from 1989)

black and white striped jersey
1989

White jersey

from 1990

The rating for the best young driver was introduced in 1989. While a black and white striped jersey was donated in the first year, the leader in this ranking will receive the white jersey from 1990 onwards. The criterion for this category was the placement of drivers under the age of 21 in the overall individual ranking. In 1998 the age limit was raised to 23 years, since 2003 the maximum age is 25 years.

Torsten Hiekmann (Germany) wore the jersey of the best young rider with ten stages the longest.

Best driver on points (1978–1997)

White shirt
1978–1989

Dotted jersey
1990–1997

The ranking for the driver with the best points was introduced in 1978 and was represented by the white jersey until 1989. From 1990, the leader of this category wore a white jersey with red dots, as the previous jersey was from now on reserved for the best young drivers. In 1998 the category of the driver with the best points was abolished and the dotted jersey was transferred to the ranking of the best mountain driver .

The criterion was the sum of all points from the individual stage ratings. Until 1986 the points corresponded to the respective stage position, the driver with the lowest number of points led the ranking. From 1987 onwards, the awarding of points was adapted to the regulations of the International Amateur Cycling Federation ( FIAC) , so that from then on the rider with the highest number of points led the ranking. In the event of a tie, the better placement in the overall individual ranking was decided.

The awarding of points consisted of the following components:

• 25, 20, 16, 14, 12 points for the top five in a stage with a mass start, from sixth to 15th place ten to one point (s) were awarded
• ten to one point (s) for the ten first placed in the prologue or individual time trial

The record winner in this category is Olaf Ludwig , who, starting exclusively for the GDR, was able to win the final ranking for the driver with the best points six times . With 47 stages, Ludwig had the jersey in his possession the longest.

Most versatile driver (1980–1995)

Pink shirt
1980-1995

The pink jersey for the most versatile driver was awarded from 1980 to 1995. The criterion was the point total of the three categories of the most active rider , the best mountain rider and the most points the driver , the driver with the highest score led it to the vote. In the event of a tie, the better placement in the overall individual ranking was decided.

The awarding of points consisted of the following components:

• the sum of all points from premium spurts and advances
• the sum of all points from mountain ratings
• ten to one point (s) for the top ten finishers in each stage (except for team time trials)

The record winner in this category is Olaf Ludwig , who, starting exclusively for the GDR, was able to win the final ranking of the most versatile driver eight times . With 75 stages, Ludwig had the jersey in his possession the longest.

Peace Drive Fanfare

In the early 1950s, the GDR radio was looking for a suitable fanfare for reporting on the Friedensfahrt and chose the radio production by the composer Paul Noack-Ihlenfeld . The fanfare was played at the beginning of the radio broadcast as well as at all award ceremonies and soon established itself as the distinctive melody of the Peace Tour. Later it became a general symbol of cycling in the GDR and was an essential part of mass sports movements (“ Little Peace Ride ”, “ Child and Youth Partakiade ”). The peace drive fanfare was also associated with the successes of the multiple peace drive winner and sports idol Täve Schur and was probably the best known and most popular fanfare in the GDR.

Course de la Paix cycling museum

Stylization of the Little Peace Tour on an Olympia stamp of the GDR from 1976

In the municipality of Kleinmühlingen near Calbe (Saale) is the only Peace Museum, the Course de la Paix cycling museum . The initiator of this facility is Horst Schäfer. The foundation stone for the new museum was laid on May 21, 2005, as the rooms in which it was housed no longer offered enough space for the many exhibits. The sponsoring association is supported by former cycling greats, including Täve Schur and, until his death, also by Klaus Ampler. On November 24, 2007, the Friedensfahrt Museum opened its doors to the public.

The overall winner from 1948 to 1961

winner

Amateurs / elite

1977

1987

1987: Start of the 156 drivers for the 40th Peace Tour in Berlin

2006: Start of the 6th stage of the 58th Peace Tour in Dippoldiswalde

In a few years short prologue and epilogue stages were carried out (P and E, Stages column )

No.	year	route	length	Stages			Individual winner	Team winner
				P	Number	E.
01	1948	Warsaw - Prague	1104 km		07th		August Prosenik	Poland
	1948	Prague – Warsaw	0842 km		05		Aleksandar Zorić	Poland
02	1949	Prague – Warsaw	1259 km		08th		Jan Veselý	France 2
03	1950	Warsaw – Prague	1539 km		09		Willy Emborg	Czechoslovakia
04th	1951	Prague – Warsaw	1544 km		09		Kaj Allan Olsen	Czechoslovakia
05	1952	Warsaw - Berlin - Prague	2135 km		12		Ian Steel	United Kingdom
06th	1953	Bratislava – Berlin – Warsaw	2231 km		12		Christian Pedersen	GDR
07th	1954	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2051 km		13		Eluf Dalgaard	Czechoslovakia
08th	1955	Prague – Berlin – Warsaw	2214 km		13		Gustav-Adolf Schur	Czechoslovakia
09	1956	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2212 km		12		Stanislaw Królak	USSR
10	1957	Prague – Berlin – Warsaw	2220 km		12		Nentscho Christow	GDR
11	1958	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2210 km		12		Piet ladies	USSR
12	1959	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	2057 km		13		Gustav-Adolf Schur	USSR
13	1960	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	2290 km		13		Erich Hagen	GDR
14th	1961	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2435 km		13		Yuri Melichow	USSR
15th	1962	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	2407 km		14th		Gainan Saidchushin	USSR
16	1963	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	2568 km		15th		Klaus Ampler	GDR
17th	1964	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2246 km		14th		Jan Smolík	GDR
18th	1965	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	2318 km		15th		Gennady Lebedev	USSR
19th	1966	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	2340 km		15th		Bernard Guyot	USSR
20th	1967	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2307 km		16		Marcel Maes	Poland
21st	1968	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	2352 km		14th		Axel Peschel	Poland
22nd	1969	Warsaw – Berlin	2036 km		15th		Jean-Pierre Danguillaume	GDR
23	1970	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	1976 km		15th		Ryszard Szurkowski	Poland
24	1971	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	1895 km		14th		Ryszard Szurkowski	USSR
25th	1972	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	2025 km		14th		Vlastimil Moravec	USSR
26th	1973	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	2076 km	P	16	E.	Ryszard Szurkowski	Poland
27	1974	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	1806 km		14th		Stanislaw Szozda	Poland
28	1975	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	1915 km	P	13		Ryszard Szurkowski	USSR
29	1976	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	1974 km	P	14th		Hans-Joachim Hartnick	USSR
30th	1977	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	1648 km		13		Aavo Pikkuus	USSR
31	1978	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	1796 km	P	12		Alexander Awerin	USSR
32	1979	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	1942 km	P	14th		Sergei Sukhoruchenkov	USSR
33	1980	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	2095 km	P	14th		Yuri Barinov	USSR
34	1981	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	1887 km	P	14th		Shachid Sagretdinov	USSR
35	1982	Prague – Warsaw – Berlin	1941 km	P	12		Olaf Ludwig	GDR
36	1983	Warsaw – Berlin – Prague	1899 km	P	12		Falk Boden	GDR
37	1984	Berlin – Prague – Warsaw	1689 km	P	11		Sergei Sukhoruchenkov	USSR
38	1985	Prague - Moscow - Warsaw - Berlin	1712 km	P	12		Lech Piasecki	USSR
39	1986	Kiev - Warsaw - Berlin - Prague	2138 km	P	15th		Olaf Ludwig	USSR
40	1987	Berlin - Prague - Warsaw	1987 km	P	14th		Uwe Ampler	GDR
41	1988	Bratislava - Katowice - Berlin	2008 km	P	13		Uwe Ampler	USSR
42	1989	Warsaw - Berlin - Prague	1927 km		12		Uwe Ampler	GDR
43	1990	Berlin - Slušovice - Bielsko-Biała	1595 km	P	11		Ján Svorada	Czechoslovakia
44	1991	Prague - Warsaw	1261 km	P	09		Viktor Ryaksinsky	Poland
45	1992	Berlin - Karpacz - Mladá Boleslav	1348 km	P	09		Steffen Wesemann	Germany
46	1993	Tábor - Nový Bor	1342 km	P	09		Jaroslav Bílek	Czech Republic
47	1994	Tábor - Trutnov	1354 km	P	09		Jens Voigt	Czech Republic
48	1995	České Budějovice - Oberwiesenthal - Brno	1379 km	P	10		Pavel Padrnos	Poland
49	1996	Brno - Żywiec - Leipzig	1703 km	P	10		Steffen Wesemann	Team Telekom
50	1997	Potsdam - Żywiec - Brno	1629 km	P	10		Steffen Wesemann	Team Telekom
51	1998	Poznań - Karlovy Vary - Erfurt	1591 km		10		Uwe Ampler	Mróz
52	1999	Znojmo - Polkowice - Magdeburg	1613 km		10		Steffen Wesemann	Mróz
53	2000	Hanover - Kudowa-Zdrój - Prague	1608 km		10		Piotr Wadecki	Team Nürnberger
54	2001	Łódź - Plzeň - Potsdam	1611 km		10		Jacob Piil	Team Telekom
55	2002	České Budějovice - Chemnitz - Warsaw	1470 km		10		Ondřej Sosenka	Mróz
56	2003	Olomouc - Wałbrzych - Erfurt	1552 km		09		Steffen Wesemann	CCC Polsat
57	2004	Brussels - Wrocław - Prague	1580 km		09		Michele Scarponi	T-Mobile team
58	2006	Linz - Karlovy Vary - Hanover	1296 km		08th		Giampaolo Cheula	Unibet.com

U23

The U23 event ran until 2016 under the name Course de la Paix U23 / Závod Míru U23 . The event has been running under Grand Prix Priessnitz spa since 2017 .

• 2019 Andreas Leknessund 
• 2018 Tadej Pogačar 
• 2017 Bjorg Lambrecht 
• 2016 David Gaudu 
• 2015 Gregor Mühlberger
• 2014 Samuel Spokes
• 2013 Toms Skujiņš

Juniors

The junior competition runs under the name Course de la Paix Junior .

• 2019 Hugo Toumire 
• 2018 Remco Evenepoel 
• 2017 Idar Andersen 
• 2016 Christopher Blevins 
• 2015 Brandon McNulty 
• 2014 Magnus Klaris 
• 2013 Mads Pedersen 
• 2012 Niklas Eg 
• 2011 Magnus Cort Nielsen 
• 2010 Yevgeny Shalunov 
• 2009 Łukasz Wiśniowski 
• 2008 Michał Kwiatkowski 
• 2007 Michał Kwiatkowski 
• 2006 Martin Hačecký 
• 2005 Tanel Kangert 
• 2004 Roman Kreuziger 
• 2003 Peter Velits 
• 2002 Peter Velits 
• 2001 Sven Krauss 
• 2000 Piotr Mazur 
• 1999 Fabian Cancellara 
• 1998 Michal Mourecek 
• 1997 Christian Werner 
• 1996 Denis Bondarenko 
• 1995 Denis Menshov 
• 1994 Dmitrij Parfimovic 
• 1993 Janek Ermal 
• 1992 Petr Herman 
• 1991 Jiří Pospíšil 
• 1990 Danilo Klaar 
• 1989 Petr Cirkl 
• 1988 František Trkal 
• 1987 Luboš Pekárek 
• 1986 Miroslav Lipták 
• 1985 Leonid Lebedev 
• 1984 Ondrej Glajza 
• 1983 Roman Kreuziger 
• 1982 Christian Jager 
• 1981 Berndt Pfister 
• 1980 Vladimír Kozárek 
• 1979 Alberto Molinari 
• 1978 Falk Boden 
• 1977 Alessandro Paganessi 
• 1976 Jiří Korouš 
• 1975 Ivan Romanov 
• 1974 Vladimir Sapovalov 
• 1965 Fritz Germin 

literature

• Klaus Huhn : The History of the Peace Tour. 2001, ISBN 3-933544-52-1 .
• Cobblestones and asphalt. Radio feature of the MDR . 1 CD. Pool Music and Media, 1998, 4260031180232.
• The story of the peace journey. Sportverlag, Berlin 1954, anthology (director: Brigitte Roszak)
• Hagen Boßdorf: History of the Peace Journey. VHS video. 1997, ISBN 3-328-00770-9 .
• Täve Schur (Ed.): Friedensfahrt. Spotless-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-928999-47-8 .
• Manfred Hönel: 100 Highlights Peace Tour. 1997, ISBN 3-328-00717-2 .
• Klaus Huhn: Every time in May. 1987, ISBN 3-328-00177-8 .
• Tilo Köhler: The favorite drove Kowalit: Täve Schur and the peace trip. 1997, ISBN 3-378-01015-0 .
• Adolf Klimanschewsky: Warsaw, Berlin, Prague. An experience report from the Peace Trip in 1952. Sportverlag, Berlin 1953.
• Author collective: Friedensfahrt . Sportverlag, Berlin, 1962.
• Back then in the GDR. 3 CDs, 2001, BMG 743218855023 (including the Friedensfahrt fanfare).
• Rainer Sprehe: Everything rower? A Wessi on a peace journey. Covadonga, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 978-3-936973-70-9 .
• Herbert Kronfeld: Between start and finish. Sportverlag, Berlin, 1957.
• Horst Schubert: Whispering stages. Sports publishing house, Berlin, 1956.
• Horst Schubert and a .: Every year in May. Sportverlag, Berlin, 1957.
• VII. International Peace Tour . Folk Art Publishing House Reichenbach, 1955.
• Egon Lemke: giants of the pedals. Young World Publishing House, Berlin, 1958 .
• Klaus Ullrich: Smart minds - quick legs. Sportverlag, Berlin, 1963.
• Andreas Ciesielski: The miracle of Warsaw , Scheunen-Verlag, Kückenshagen, 2005, ISBN 3-934301-83-5 .

Web links

Commons : Friedensfahrt  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Peace Museum in Kleinmühlingen
• History of the peace ride on cycling4fans.de

statistics

• friedensfahrt-info.de: history, statistics, stage details
• Peace trip on memoire-du-cyclisme.eu
• Statistics on the Peace Tour at fred-moellendorf.de
• Friedensfahrt (U23) in the database of ProCyclingStats.com
• Peace Ride (Juniors) in the ProCyclingStats.com database

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Wolfgang Brylla: The peace journey is back. January 16, 2014, accessed January 16, 2014 . 
2. ↑ radsport-news.com from March 8, 2014: Peace ride will not be revived
3. ↑ Manfred Hönel, Olaf Ludwig: 100 Highlights Peace Trip . Sportverlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-328-00717-2 , p. 7 .
4. ↑ Maik Märtin: 50 years of Course de la Paix . Agency Construct, Leipzig 1998, p. 71 .
5. ↑ Klaus Schroeder : The SED state. History and structures of the GDR 1949–1990. completely revised and greatly expanded new edition. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2013, ISBN 978-3-412-21109-7 , p. 673.