Chrysi Avgi
| Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος Χρυσή Αυγή Völkischer Bund Golden Dawn / Dawn |
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| Party leader | Nikolaos Michaloliakos |
| founding | November 1, 1993 |
| Headquarters | Athens |
| newspaper | Chrysi Avgi |
| Alignment |
Neo-Nazism right - wing extremism |
| Colours) | Red, black, white |
| Parliament seats |
0/300 |
| MEPs |
0/21 |
| EP Group | non-attached |
| Website | www.xrisiavgi.com |
Chrysi Avgi ( Greek Χρυσή Αυγή [ xriˈsi avˈʝi ], "golden dawn" or "golden dawn") is a neo-fascist party in Greece . It was founded in 1985 in the context of the newspaper of the same name, which has been published since 1980; it has been registered as a party since 1993 and was represented in the Greek parliament from 2012 to 2019. The chairman of Chrysi Avgi is Nikolaos Michaloliakos .
Ideology and followers
ideology
Chrysi Avgi's positions include territorial claims on neighboring states and a policy against immigrants . The party takes the position that the Greek economy should recover through oil drilling. Polemical language is used against other parties. In this regard, there is talk of theft and corruption , especially with regard to the austerity program imposed by the Troika . In addition, the party makes mood against LGBT . The party discriminates against groups of people on the basis of skin color or sexual orientation and denies them universal rights, according to Associate Professor of Political Science Vassiliki Georgiadou from Pantion University of Athens . Members of the party would worship the former dictator Ioannis Metaxas .
There are regular public gatherings of thousands of Chrysi Avgi supporters, mostly on the anniversary of a deceased national hero or as a protest around former Greek territories (e.g. the annual protest " IMIA '96", in which against the Turkish government and the Turkish state protests as Turkey claims some smaller Greek islands or to commemorate the fall of Constantinople ).
In an interview with Die Welt , Theodoros Koudounas and MP Ioannis Vouldis say the party is aiming for a revolution and a new civilization. For this purpose, “only people of pure Greek blood” should have the right to vote if one day the “Golden Dawn” comes to power. There is a long way to go until then, because they would not form a coalition with anyone and they wanted an absolute majority. In addition, the educational system is to be changed in order to transform Greece's youth into "a true nation". At present the Greeks are "just a people, not a nation - because a nation has a vision". Therefore, history teaching should be revolutionized, ancient Greek would become a compulsory subject.
Charis Kousoumbris, a former party member, wrote the book Confession of a Chrysi Avgi member ( Η εξομολόγηση ενός Χρυσαυγίτη ). In it he wrote that he had been instructed to read Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf and the writings of Joseph Goebbels before he had become a full member of the party. He was injured in fights with political rivals and was forced to use violence against his friends because their views did not agree with the Führer. The Turner Diaries by William Luther Pierce have also been promoted by the party. Dimitri Psarras, author of Chrysi Avgi Black Book , said: “These people were violent long before they became members of parliament. It's not a neo-fascist or extreme right-wing movement. It is the only organization in Greece that loves Hitlerism and reads Alfred Rosenberg or Goebbels. For them, violence is the message of their politics ”.
On August 25, 2012, Nikolaos Michaloliakos gave a speech to supporters of Chrysi Avgi. They held torches and sang a Greek translation of the Horst Wessel song . The gathered also shouted " Blood and Honor ", whereupon they called Michaloliakos " Stormtroopers ". The Horst Wessel song has also been played at other party events. According to the party, there is a difference to the Hitler salute and the official salute of the party, which is supposedly "classic Dorian ".
Youth organization
The youthful followers of the Chrysi Avgi ("Antepithesi") have regular meetings, for example the festival of the Greek youth under the motto "Nationalism means resistance". The party tries to establish workshops and history lessons for children in which it promotes “national awareness” and “Greek ideals”. Chrysi Avgi worked with the National Alliance from the USA to publish the magazine Resistance Hellas-Antepithesi . Gangs are being formed in various schools to bully foreign students and their parents, said Nicodemos Maina Kinyua, editor of Asante magazine . In November 2012, a brawl broke out between Albanian and Greek students at a school on the island of Crete over a Facebook event promoting a Chrysí Avgí gathering - two students were hospitalized. In the same school there had been a fight earlier because of Nazi slogans on a board. In many secondary schools, the party dominates the student councils. In addition, the Galazia Stratia (Blue Army), which was founded by nationalist hooligans , has a strong connection with Chrysi Avgi. The supporters and members of Chrysi Avgi also include numerous members of the Greek NSBM scene, including all members of the band Der Stürmer , Aithir from Legion of Doom and Giorgos “Kaiadas” Germenis from Naer Mataron . The NSBM band Bannerwar has shown a meander on their album To Honor Fatherland ("To honor [the] fatherland") . On the cover of the album Aima ke Timi ("Blood and Honor") by the NSBM band Wolfnacht there is also a meander and a rising sun. On July 23, 2012, Artemis Matthaiopoulos was also elected as a member of parliament for the city of Serres , who is also the front man of the Nazi punk band Pogrom. The band's songs include titles such as Μίλα Ελληνικά ή Ψόφα (“Speak Greek or die”), Auschwitz , which has anti-Semitic content, or Ροκ για την Πατρίδα (“Rock for the Fatherland”), which incites against foreigners.
Women's organization
The party tries to be interesting for women and therefore offers free self-defense courses for women. The “White Women's Front” ( Greek Μέτωπο Γυναικών , “women 's front” , without reference to “white”) has no political positions of its own and, like the party itself, campaigns against feminism and for motherhood as the highest good .
Voters
In the northern and western parts of the city bordering the city center of Athens , there is a particularly high proportion of Chrysi Avgi voters. In the past few years, these districts were characterized by “undesirable social developments”. But the party was also successful in more affluent areas. While only 0.29% of the population (fewer than 20,000 voters) voted for the party in the 2009 elections, in May 2012 it was almost 7%, i.e. more than 440,000 people.
She apparently achieved above-average election results among police officers, because in the polling stations where the police voted, she achieved 17 to 25 percent in the parliamentary elections in June 2012. In the black book Chrysi Avgi , Dimitris Psarras writes of an osmosis between police officers and employees at private security services or the bouncer scene that is busy in the nightclub area. The newspaper The Guardian reported on allegations of assault by the police against demonstrators who were arrested following an anti-fascist demonstration. The Guardian also reported that police recommended victims of violence to contact Chrysi Avgi. In September 2013, at least four leading police officers were transferred because they had contacts with Chrysi Avgi and were partly involved in the party. Two other police officers were arrested in the course of a wave of searches against Chrysi Avgi in September 2013. 10 police officers had a direct connection to the party.
The number of Chrysi Avgi's party offices rose by leaps and bounds in 2012 and in October 2012 was around 60 in all of Greece. According to polls , the party was 12% in autumn 2012, which would have made it the third most popular party in the country at that time.
A poll commissioned by To Vima newspaper found that 67.5 percent of Greeks are in favor of banning the party.
The singer Notis Sfakianakis is a supporter of Chrysi Avgi.
Election results
In the local elections in November 2010, Chrysi Avgi obtained 5.3% of the vote in Athens and won her first mandate with a seat on the city council. Afterwards, Chrysi Avgi members showed a Nazi salute on the balconies in several party offices . In the parliamentary election on May 6, 2012 , which was dominated by the financial and economic crisis , Chrysi Avgi was able to overcome the three percent hurdle for the first time and enter the Greek parliament . She received 6.97% of the vote and thus 21 seats in parliament. In the parliamentary elections on June 17, 2012 , the party lost only slightly, winning 6.92% of the vote and 18 seats. In the 2014 European elections , the party received 9.3% of the vote and was third in Greece. In the general election on January 25, 2015 , the party won 6.3% of the vote and 17 seats in parliament. The party suffered a significant setback in the 2019 European elections when it lost almost half of its voters. The elections to the Greek parliament on July 7, 2019 also ended in defeat. Chrysi Avgi failed because of the three percent hurdle and no longer entered parliament.
Propaganda and agitation
After several anti-fascist demonstrations, in 2009 Chrysi Avgi filed charges against 80 members of left-wing parties, alliances and migrant associations as well as other activists. The party tries again and again to spread the impression that it cares for law and order: In September 2012 the rumor was spread that concerned citizens had turned to Chrysi Avgi about a corrupt doctor. Its members then went to the University Hospital Patras and beat up the doctor in front of patients undisturbed. Neither a concerned doctor was found, nor had anyone seen right-wing extremists in the hospital. When doubts about the truth of the story were expressed, the party followed suit, blaming immigrant visits to hospitals for grievances.
Despite the party's anti-Christian stance, alliance with the Greek Orthodox Church , which is privileged as the state church in Greece, is repeatedly sought in vain ; a theater performance by a church group was canceled after supporters of Chrysi Avgi wanted to show their presence there.
The party made headlines in the election campaign as its officials showed the Nazi salute , which is not forbidden in Greece . " When asked about this , the party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos said it was an ancient Greek greeting to honor the dawn and the god Apollo ."
During the swearing-in on June 28, 2012 in parliament, all 18 members of the Chrysi Avgi parliament demonstratively raised their right arm and clenched their hand into a fist.
Actions and violent rioting
The supporters of the Chrysi Avgi try to enforce their views not only through parliamentary channels, but also through violent excesses. In the last few years alone, since the euro crisis , the party has been accused of attacking migrants in more than 300 cases.
Early phase
Antonios Androutsopoulos, (also "Periandros"), then the right hand of Nikolaos Michaloliakos, attacked several activists from the left spectrum on June 16, 1998, after a rally by the Chrysi Avgi in front of an Athens courthouse, who were at their own rally in front of the building had participated. The attackers used wooden sticks, and one of the victims was Dimitris Kousouris, who survived the incident seriously injured. Androutsopoulos turned himself in in 2005 after the unsuccessful participation of the Ethniki Ypiresia Pliroforion .
In Thessaloniki and Athens , after the soccer match between Albania and Greece in September 2004, which ended 2-1, several celebrating Albanians were seriously injured by supporters of Chrysi Avgi.
Since 2008
In 2008 party members threw grenades at an immigrant center in Athens.
In May 2011, violent xenophobic riots broke out in the Agios Pandeleimon district of Athens during a demonstration organized by Chrysi Avgi.
In September 2011, an Afghan asylum seeker was attacked by a group in Athens. Themis Skordeli, who ran for Chrysi Avgi, is said to have been among them. The trial has been postponed several times. Skordeli is part of an Athens “anti-migrant patrol”.
Since 2012
In March 2012, the party announced that it was in favor of landmines in the Evros region. In addition, special forces are to be deployed against the high level of illegal immigration , which can open fire on the refugees at any time .
In April 2012, the journalist Xenia Kounalaki published an article in the daily Kathimerini entitled Banality of Evil . There she advised not to enter into a dialogue with the party and to exclude and ban the party from all media. Five days later, the journalist's entire résumé and the threat of an assassination attempt appeared on the Chrysi Avgi website. The nameless author added the addition "Come time, come advice, come assassination!"
On May 10, 2012, after a number of complaints , WordPress took the Chrysi Avgi website, which had previously served as the homepage, offline. The official reason given was that the party had violated the site's guidelines. The party moved its website to a different server a few days later.
The party's spokesman, Ilias Kasidiaris , caused a scandal in a live broadcast in June 2012 when he attacked the two parliamentarians Liana Kanelli and Rena Dourou and hit one of them several times. To calm Kasidiaris down, some helpers locked him up in a room on the TV station. However, the 31-year-old former soldier of a special unit of the Greek armed forces broke the door and fled. The police started their search for him and the public prosecutor immediately issued an arrest warrant. There is already a case against Kassidiaris for illegal possession of weapons and complicity in a robbery. The party refused to condemn Kasidiaris' derailment. Kanelli attacked first, the party said instead, calling for a condemnation of the previously fallen insults. Kassidiaris sued the TV station ANT1 , the two women and another interviewee of the talk show .
In July 2012, the party proposed creating a blood bank for Greek citizens only, calling on Greeks to donate their blood only to Greeks who would need help. In September 2012, members of the party set up several booths in central squares in Athens to promote blood "donating for Greeks only". Kasidiaris also joined the party's call - but the Association of Greek Hospital Doctors objected to the proposal, stating that all people would get blood, even if they were not Greek.
In August 2012, a few dozen supporters of the party fought against the police in the Greek port city of Corinth . The riots were directed against the accommodation of 300 migrants in barracks in the city. Also in August, the day after a 19-year-old Iraqi was attacked by five unknown men on motorcycles and died as a result, there was an incendiary attack on an office of Chrysi Avgi in Athens. According to the authorities, no one was injured. Ilias Kasidiaris threatened to return with hundreds of sympathizers.
On August 19, 2012, 32-year-old Hassan Mekki, a migrant from Sudan, was attacked with iron bars by party sympathizers in Athens. They abused Mekki and severely injured his back.
Also in August 2012, party sympathizers attacked a mosque in Piraeus with smoke bombs .
In September 2012 there were violent attacks on market sellers with alleged immigrant backgrounds in Rafina by members of the Chrysi Avgi, before the MPs Giorgos “Kaiadas” Germenis and Panagiotis Iliopoulos controlled sales licenses . Germenis tried to justify the action with hindsight: “We went for a walk around the bazaar and listened to the problems of the small sellers of goods and we noticed that some illegal immigrants were trying to sell their things without proper license. We informed the police and then we did what Chyri Avgi had to do ”. Yiorgos Christopoulos, the mayor of Rafina, pointed out that the sellers had sales licenses. The chief of the police station in Rafina has now been suspended, and an internal investigation is to determine why the police did not intervene.
In September 2012 MP Kostas Barbarousis also led a group of thugs to an immigrant market in the small town of Mesolongi . Barbarousis was seen on several video recordings during these attacks. Then he had declared: “We have put things in order here today”. Barbarousis' official bodyguard , a police officer, was also identified as an attacker on video. The police leadership then canceled the personal protection of all 18 members of the parliamentary group , which they are entitled to as elected representatives, the supreme court has demanded the lifting of the political immunity of the three parliamentarians involved. Barbarousis' immunity was lifted by parliament in October 2012.
In October 2012, members of the Chrysi Avgi and their supporters, along with conservative religious leaders, tried to storm a theater performance of the play Corpus Christi , which criticizes Christianity and is by Terrence McNally , in the Hytirio Theater. Christos Pappas , member of the Chrysi Avgi MP, got into a police bus unhindered during the protest and freed a demonstrator who had been captured by the police himself. In addition to Pappas, who has now been sued by the police, MPs Ilias Panagiotaros and Germenis also took part in the protest. The police used tear gas. Panagiotaros is accused of threatening the actors in the play with the words: "Your time will come". Director Laertis Vassiliou reported death threats and daily phone calls that he and his mother received. The party's press spokesman, Ilias Kasidiaris , said that the Chrysi Avgi would intervene by force "whenever the religious sentiments and collective history of the Greeks were insulted". During the protests, according to his own account, the journalist of Lifo Magazin s Manolis Vamvounis was beaten by demonstrators. As the Greek online newspaper E kathimerini reported, the high Orthodox cleric Metropolitan Pavlos Ioannou in Siatista in northern Greece has also received threatening phone calls. An employee of his had received the anonymous message that they would "burn this communist". In addition, further complaints and threats were received from alleged supporters of the right-wing extremists. Metropolitan Pavlos had described the party as "uncivilized" and declared that the riot "had nothing to do with ancient Greek culture or the Gospel".
October 2012 it was also announced that the party, after the opening of soup kitchens and food kitchens in public places only for Greeks, is planning to set up its own employment agency, which will only provide jobs to Greeks. People in need should identify themselves with the light blue, Greek identity card .
Also in October 2012, MPs from Chrysi Avgi interrupted a session of parliament by calling Ioannis Maniatis of PASOK and other MPs “thieves, swindlers and asses” before leaving the room. This was preceded by several insults and a discussion about the so-called Lagarde list.
In October 2012, MP Panagiotaros also asked Interior Minister Evripidis Stylianidis to produce precise statistics on children with a migration background . Already during the election in June 2012 he said: "If Chrysi Avgi is elected to parliament, it will query the occupancy figures of hospitals and kindergartens by country of origin in order to throw out all illegal immigrants and their children".
In addition to lifting Barbarousis' immunity, the Greek parliament also voted in October 2012 to lift the immunity of the three MPs Panagiotis Iliopoulos, Giorgos Germenis and Ilias Kasidiaris.
In October 2012, Iliopoulos asked the University of the Aegean how many students were foreigners and how many were Greeks in the bedrooms of the university.
That same month, during an ongoing debate in Parliament, Kasidiaris read passages from the anti-Semitic forgery Protocols of the Elders of Zion .
In November 2012, SKAI reporter Michael Tezari was attacked by alleged members of the Chrysi Avgi while he was reporting on demonstrations against immigrants. According to the Internet newspaper Ekathimerini , 12 people were arrested in the Agios Pandeleimon neighborhood . Terazi was surrounded by a group while trying to report on his cell phone and was hit on the head. His cell phone and press card were stolen.
After hundreds of complaints, Facebook blocked the profiles of some MPs and party members of the Chrysi Avgi in November 2012, because their online presence was classified by Facebook as “non-conforming, racist, glorifying violence and fascist”. The party responded by filing a criminal complaint with the Internet Crime Police Department.
At the end of November 2012, during a meeting of Chrysi Avgi on the island of Crete, MP Pappas unfurled the flag of the Greek military dictatorship , as evidenced by video material available to the authorities in Heraklion . MEP Ilias Kasidiaris also threatened counter-demonstrators with death.
In December 2012, two MPs from Chrysi Avgi tried to get into parliament armed. This happened the same week after security measures in Parliament were tightened on the initiative of Vangelis Meimarakis . Eight of the party's eighteen elected members of parliament hold firearms licenses.
At the end of December 2012, Dimitris Stratoulis, member of parliament and the Synaspismos Rizospastikis Aristeras (SYRIZA) party, was attacked by three suspected members of Chrysi Avgi during a football match in the Olympic Stadium.
Shortly after Christmas 2012, the video portal YouTube blocked a video in which the party only wished Greeks a Merry Christmas and at the same time expressed wishes for how it imagines Athens. According to YouTube, the video promotes racist ideas. In June 2013, the video portal blocked Ilias Kasidiaris's channel.
Since 2013
In January 2013, 30 supporters of the party attacked the car of the Turkish diplomat İlhan Şener in Kavala .
Eleni Zaroulia , the wife of Nikolaos Michaloliakos , also a member of parliament and on the European Commission for Equality and Non-Discrimination, called immigrants “ subhumans ” in an ongoing parliamentary session , who would transmit all kinds of diseases. In January 2013, several members of the European Parliament protested against this.
On January 17, 2013, a 27-year-old Pakistani man was killed by two men in Athens. During the house searches of the alleged perpetrators, knives and flyers of the party were found. The two perpetrators were sentenced to life imprisonment.
In February 2013, the director of a hospital in Tripoli was forced to resign after allowing party members to inspect nurses' papers to see if they were illegal. Four Bulgarian nurses also had to leave the hospital. Two months later there was another incident in a hospital in Kalamata , in which Member of Parliament Dimitris Koukoutsis participated. There were also arguments in the hospital with Roma , who had a young man treated there who had previously been the victim of a racist attack.
Regarding a Holocaust memorial day , the party's MP, Ioannis Lagos, said it was unacceptable to commemorate this event in detail and ignore the Greek national heroes.
In March 2013 the Kanal 4 News published a video by Konstantinos Georgousis, which shows the member Alexandros Plomaritis, how he makes the statement, to process migrants into soap and to want to make lampshades out of their skin.
At the end of March 2013, 500 supporters of the party gathered in front of the TV channel Mega TV to protest against the broadcast of a Turkish series on Greek Independence Day . At the end of the event, MPs Kasidiaris, Pappas and Panagiotaros threw eggs and yogurt at the building and burned a Turkish flag. Pappas also urinated at the entrance of the building, the newspaper Ta Nea reported.
In April 2013, the Council of Europe expressed concern about the increasing violence against migrants in Greece following the Chrysi Avgi election successes.
On May 6, 2013, a 14-year-old Afghan was injured by three attackers with a broken beer bottle. They seriously injured the boy's face, which had to be stitched with 300 stitches. The alleged perpetrators wore Chrysi Avgi T-shirts.
Also in May 2013, a member of the party who was not known by name was asked by a police officer with a gun in the passenger seat of his car to remove it.
In July 2013 Chrysi Avgi member Dimitris Koukoutsis insulted SYRIZA party members as “masked murderers” who would “burn Athens down”. After further cursing, he offered individual members of the party a brawl.
Some members of the party tried to show solidarity with the Greek working class. In August 2013 there was a visit to Perama, a working-class neighborhood in Piraeus.
In September 2013, 50 members of Chrysi Avgi attacked members of the communist party KKE in Athens. The attackers wore helmets, crowbars and clubs. 9 members of the KKE were rushed to hospital with serious injuries.
In February 2014, party and parliamentary member Michalis Arvanitis greeted supporters of the party with the Hitler salute at an event.
In March 2014, party and parliamentary member Chrysovalantis Alexopoulos left the party and wrote a statement to the Greek parliament. Since then, he has been an independent member of parliament.
Attack on the Mayor of Athens
In April 2013 MP Giorgos Germenis injured a 12-year-old girl while attempting to attack the incumbent Mayor of Athens Giorgos Kaminis . Germenis is also charged with trying to draw a gun. This was preceded by violent clashes over the party's food spending in Syntagma Square , which was only to be distributed to Greek citizens.
Murder of the musician Pavlos Fyssas
In September 2013, the left-wing activist and hip-hop musician Pavlos Fyssas (Killah P) was stabbed to death by Giorgos Roupakias, a member of Chrysi Avgi , during clashes in the Athens suburb of Keratsini . Previously, 15 members of Chrysi Avgi had been attacked. The mayor of Keratsini, a suburb of Piraeus and Athens, Loukas Tzannis, confirmed the involvement of other members of the Chrysi Avgi in the incident. The chief physician of the neurosurgical clinic, Papanikolaou, said that the victim's wounds indicated the perpetrator's intention to kill. The incumbent minister for public order and civil protection Nikos Dendias ordered that all 18 MPs of the Chrysi Avgi and the local party offices be withdrawn from public protection. He also announced that ongoing proceedings against members of the party should be accelerated. After the incident, there were major protests against the party in Greece.
On November 1, 2013, Manolis Kapelonis and Giorgos Fountoulis, two members of Chrysi Avgi, were shot dead by strangers, apparently as an “act of revenge” for the killing of Fyssas. The People's Fighting Revolutionary Forces , a previously unknown group of Greek left-wing extremists, confessed to the act.
In January 2014, investigative authorities reported thousands of photos and hundreds of videos showing members of the party posing with the Nazi salute or weapons. In this context, a photo of Roupakias also appeared.
On February 2, 2014, supporters of the party devastated the memorial erected for Fyssas in the Athens suburb of Keratsini .
Alleged formation of a criminal organization
On September 28, 2013, the party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos, party spokesman Ilias Kasidiaris , several other MPs and other leading members of the party were arrested on charges of forming a criminal organization , as well as a police officer who is said to have been present at the murder of Fyssas and one Policewoman who is accused of informing the party about ongoing investigations and of having set up an arsenal of weapons in her house, about whose address she gave false information to her employer. A total of over 30 arrest warrants are said to have been issued, which were carried out by an anti-terrorist unit . The judiciary is investigating manslaughter, bodily harm, extortion, bomb attacks and money laundering. 20 MPs and party officials of the party were arrested. The investigation affects 31 members of the party, including nine members of the Greek parliament. Pre- trial detention was ordered against the party chairman Michaloliakos and the MP Giannis Lagos ; three MPs, including party spokesman Kasidiaris, have been released for the time being. The party leader Michaloliakos remained in custody, as did the MPs Christos Pappas and Giannis Lagos, who were taken to the maximum security prison Korydallos in Athens. After a change in the law on October 23, 2013, the party no longer receives state funding due to the charge. At the end of October 2,000 supporters of the party gathered and demonstrated for the release of the detained party members. In January 2014, Giorgos Germenis, Panagiotis Iliopoulos and Efstathios Boukouras were taken into custody. They are accused of holding key roles in a criminal organization that is held responsible for numerous attacks on migrants. In early February 2014, 3,000 supporters of the party protested for Michaloliakos' release. In March 2014, parliamentary immunity was lifted for three of the party's MPs. The trial against 73 members of the party began in June 2015.
Establishment of the "substitute party" Ethniki Avgi
At the beginning of January 2014 the Chrysi Avgi presented a newly founded party Ethniki Avgi ( Greek Εθνική Αυγή , National Dawn ), which should take action if the Chrysi Avgi is banned as a criminal organization. The statutes of the Ethniki Avgi, which were deposited with the responsible attorney general at the Areopagus , are largely identical to those of the Chrysi Avgi, but there are no clauses that could be interpreted as indicators of criminal objectives. The logo of the new party presented on the Chrysi Avgi website shows the first letter Epsilon surrounded by a meander ribbon.
Foreign policy
European politics
Chrysi Avgi is a member of the Alliance for Peace and Freedom . As a result, Chrysi Avgi maintains good contacts with the NPD or the French Renouveau français . Furthermore, the Chrysi Avgi relies on its good relationship with the Serbian nationalists. The Chrysi Avgi is therefore committed to a Serbian Kosovo and a Greater Serbian Empire . The aim of the cooperation between the Chrysi Avgi and the Serbian National Formation is to create a Greater Serbian Empire, which extends to Greece, and a Greater Greek Empire , which extends to the east and to parts of the Italian coast. As a result, Chrysi Avgi is pursuing a tough policy against Macedonia, which emerged from Yugoslavia . In the dispute over the name Macedonia , Chrysi Avgi is of the opinion that there is only one Greek Macedonia. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania are to be dissolved and Greece and Serbia are to be incorporated, so that borders between Greece and Serbia are created.
Chrysi Avgi is also radically anti-Turkish. In the Cyprus conflict , Chrysi Avgi advocates a Greek Cyprus . The ELAM party has been operating in Cyprus since 2008, which is very similar to Chrysi Avgi in terms of its organizational structure and agitation.
In May 2014, the Supreme Court in Greece approved the party for the 2014 European elections . The party won more than nine percent in the election, giving it 3 seats in the European Parliament. Lampros Fountoulis, the father of a former Chrysi Avgi member who was shot and killed, is among the MPs.
Great Britain
The New Dawn party appeared in London in November 2013 and expressed its solidarity with Chrysi Avgi and its goals. Nick Griffin from the British National Party is also in contact with Chrysi Avgi.
Hungary
In October 2013, various former Jobbik party members founded the Magyar Hajnal (“Hungarian Dawn”) party because, in their opinion, Jobbik was not radical enough. Magyar Hajnal has the Chrysi Avgi as a model and states that he wants to cooperate with all nationalist organizations that are not regarded as allies of Jobbik. The party also announced that it would compete with Jobbik in the 2014 parliamentary elections.
Italy
In November 2012 it became known that the Alba Dorata party (Chrysi Avgi Italy) had been founded by a former member of the Forza Nuova , Alessandro Gardossi. Gardossi plans to contact Italian right-wing extremist movements and parties, such as the CasaPound . An office of the party was opened in Trieste . The party already has supporters in several Italian regions, Gardossi said. Party seats have been established in the Lombard cities of Milan , Brescia , Mantua , Varese and Lodi . The group wants to transform Lombardy into an autonomous region.
Germany
In Germany there was always an exchange with the local scene. In 2005 and 2007 Nick Giohalas, who also sings in the band Der Stürmer , spoke at the “ Festival of the Nations ” organized by the NPD and related to the Blood and Honor network . At the invitation of the NPD, a delegation from Chrysi Avgí took part in an event to commemorate February 13, 1945 in Dresden in 2011 . At the end of January 2013, the Greek Reporter reported that the party was trying to set up an office in Nuremberg and pointed to a relevant website. The Greek community in Nuremberg strongly criticized this project and recalled the Nuremberg Race Laws . Various Greek associations in the city jointly formulated a public commitment against “racist slogans, intolerant messages and the stirring up of xenophobia, division and fears”. As early as November 2012, Greeks living in Germany and Germans of Greek descent signed the manifesto Nothing golden about this dawn . They wanted to position themselves against the Chrysi Avgi. The signatories include Maria Ketikidou , Adam Bousdoukos , Kostas Papanastasiou and Mark Terkessidis . There is also a link to the Ring Nationaler Frauen , a sub-organization of the NPD, on the website of the German branch of the party . Already in November 2012 it is under the direction of the network outside South a meeting of Ernst Zündel have given and representatives of the Golden Dawn. In February 2012, the newspaper To Vima published pictures on its website showing leading politicians of Chrysi Avgi with the Nuremberg city council of the right-wing extremist citizens' initiative Ausländerstopp , Sebastian Schmaus . The Bavarian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution did not want to comment specifically on the incidents, but confirmed the contacts with the Bavarian neo-Nazi scene. Sigrid Skarpelis-Sperk , President of the Association of German-Greek Societies , told the Guardian that the German authorities should be alarmed about this development. The party itself denied contacts "to foreign political organizations" on its website. At the same time she announced that she wanted to organize cells in all countries where there was a Greek diaspora . Nevertheless, German constitutional protection officials confirmed that there had been a meeting between members of the party and the right-wing extremist association "Bund Frankenland" in Fürth in mid-February 2013 . In November 2013, 25 members of the Free Network South demonstrated in Fürth to express their solidarity with Chrysi Avgi. A few days later, members of the Free Network South in Aachen , after a soccer game, showed a solidarity banner. In January 2014, members of the Free Network South also attended a demonstration by the party in Athens. In September 2014, Udo Voigt took part in a vigil in front of the Greek embassy in Brussels to demonstrate for the release of the detained members of Chrysi Avgi. In January 2016 there was a physical confrontation between German neo-Nazis, who had traveled to Athens at the invitation of the party, and Greek anti-fascists.
Activities outside of Europe
In September 2012, Chrysi Avgi opened an office in New York (USA) , accompanied by protests . The party collects food and medicine for Greeks there. There were similar collection campaigns in Melbourne (Australia) and Montreal (Canada), where an office was also opened.
Spin-offs
Patriotiki Symmachia
The Patriotic Alliance (PATRI.S) was founded on April 21, 2004. Founding members included the former XA party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and the former European parliamentarian Spyridon Zournatzis (formerly Ethniki Politiki Enosis , EPEN), but also members of the Laikos Orthodoxos Synagermos (LA.OS).
PATRI.S participated in the 2004 European elections and in the local elections in Athens in 2006 without winning seats.
PATRI.S was seen in anti-fascist circles as a mere renaming of the XA. The activities of PATRI.S were at least partially supported by the XA. After the XA ended this support, the party disbanded in 2007.
Greek People's Patriotic Union
The Greek People's Patriotic Union was founded in May 2015 by, among others, Christos Rigas, a leading member of the XA in western Greece . The abbreviation of the party is LEPEN, with which the party wants to establish the relationship with Jean-Marie and Marine Le Pen from the French Front National (FN). The party logo is similar to that of the FN.
At the European level, Rigas first worked with the Coalition pour la Vie et la Famille , and later with the Alliance for Peace and Freedom .
In December 2017, LEPEN became part of the Ethniko Metopo (National Front).
Election results
| year | be right | proportion of | Mandates | space |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 4,537 | 0.1% |
0/300 |
14th |
| 2000 | - | - |
0/300 |
- |
| 2004 | - | - |
0/300 |
- |
| 2007 | - | - |
0/300 |
- |
| 2009 | 19,636 | 0.3% |
0/300 |
10. |
| 2012 (May) | 440.966 | 7.0% |
21/300 |
5. |
| 2012 (June) | 426.025 | 6.9% |
18/300 |
5. |
| 2015 (January) | 388.387 | 6.3% |
17/300 |
3. |
| 2015 (September) | 379,581 | 7.0% |
18/300 |
3. |
| 2019 | 165.709 | 2.9% |
0/300 |
7th |
| year | be right | proportion of | Mandates | space |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | 7,242 | 0.1% |
0/25 |
19th |
| 1999 | - | - |
0/25 |
- |
| 2004 | - | - |
0/24 |
- |
| 2009 | 23,566 | 0.5% |
0/22 |
12. |
| 2014 | 536.913 | 9.4% |
3/21 |
3. |
| 2019 | 275,822 | 4.9% |
2/21 |
5. |
See also
literature
- Manfred Ertel : "Murderous gang". In: Der Spiegel . No. 16/2013, p. 90 f.
- Δημήτρης Ψαρράς (Dimitris Psarras): Η μαύρη βίβλος της Χρυσής Αυγής (I mavri vivlos tis Chrysis Avgis; "Black Book Chrysi Avgi") . Πόλις, 2012, ISBN 978-960-435-375-0 (Greek).
- Dimitris Psarras: Neo- Fascists in Greece. The party Chrysi Avgi. Laika-Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-944233-07-9
- Friends and helpers , preprint in the Young World , January 20, 2014
- Dimitris Psarras: Neo- Fascists in Greece. The party Chrysi Avgi. Laika-Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-944233-07-9
- Dimitris Psarras: Neo-Nazi mobilization in the course of the crisis. The rise of the Nazi Golden Dawn party in Greece. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, September 2013 ( PDF )
- Χάρης Κουσουμβρής (Charis Kousoumbris): ξ εξομολόγηση ενός Χρυσαυγίτη (I exomologisi enos Chrysiavgiti; "Confession of a Chrysi Avgi member").
- John Malamatinas: Golden Dawn. Neofascism on Olympus. Unrast, Münster 2014, ISBN 978-3-89771-547-9
Movie
- Dichotomus ; Filippos Balabanos; Peter James; 2013
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Michael Martens: ominous dawn. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 1, 2012.
- ↑ a b Threatened by Greece's fascists. In: Spiegel Online , May 1, 2012.
- ↑ Neo-Nazis ask for blood. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , July 13, 2012.
- ↑ Report: Golden Dawn, 1980–2012. The neonazis' road to parliament ( Memento of October 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) borderlinereports.net of October 25, 2012
- ^ Neo-Nazis in the Greek parliament monde-diplomatique.de of June 13, 2012.
- ↑ "'Ερχεται η σειρά σας ..." lifo.gr of September 12, 2012 (Greek).
- ↑ "The genealogy of violence" ekathimerini.com of January 7, 2013
- ↑ Greece: Secretive far-right party taps into Greeks' anger, fear ( Memento from June 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) from April 25, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn Wants Dictator Metaxas' statue in Kefalonia greece.greekreporter.com from September 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Ίμια 2013 - Μνήμη Ηρώων" newsnow.gr from February 2, 2013.
- ↑ "Thousands of Greeks join far-right Golden Dawn rally" euronews.com of February 3, 2013
- ↑ "Golden dawn vows to put a Greek flag on disputed Kardak islets" hurriyetdailynews.com of February 3, 2013.
- ↑ Hundreds of neo-Nazis march with torches through Athens neue-deutschland.de from May 2013.
- ^ Right to vote only for purebred Greeks , welt.de of May 2, 2012.
- ^ "Only the beginning: neo-Nazi leader" theaustralian.com.au of May 8, 2012.
- ↑ "Violent and xenophobic, the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn enters Parliament" ( Memento from March 6, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) 4wfca.com from May 7, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn brings wave of violence theaustralian.com of November 12, 2012
- ↑ Greece's Golden Dawn isn't a political party - it's more like a criminal gang , guardian.co.uk of September 4, 2012.
- ↑ "Greece's Golden Dawn Party Plays Nazi Anthem 'Keep The Banner Flying' Outside Central Athens Offices" ( Memento of the original from August 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. huffingtonpost.com July 24, 2013.
- ↑ "Go away, you're not a Greek!" Tagesanzeiger.ch from March 19, 2013.
- ↑ Right-wing extremists give Greek national lessons dradio.de from April 2, 2013
- ↑ Golden Dawn Recruiting Schoolchildren greece.greekreporter.com of February 27, 2013
- ↑ Far-right Golden Dawn launches child indoctrination euronews.com of February 27, 2013
- ↑ Golden Dawn vows to continue 'national awareness' tutorials for children ekathimerini.com from February 27, 2013.
- ↑ Fascism in the home of democracy ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) kroowsey.tumblr.com from May 12, 2012.
- ^ "Greek Schools Are 'Fertile Ground For Neo-Nazis" business insider dated December 6, 2012.
- ↑ Twilight in every corner in jungle-world.com from February 21, 2013, accessed on February 25, 2013.
- ^ Neo-Nazis in the Greek parliament monde-diplomatique.de of June 13, 2012.
- ↑ Greece's neo-fascists are on the rise… and now they're going into schools: How Golden Dawn is nurturing the next generation independent.co.uk of February 2, 2013.
- ↑ BLOOD & HONOR (Croatia) Answered by Jarl von Hagall (2006). 2006, accessed June 27, 2012 .
- ↑ Interview for NECHRIST E-ZINE answered by C.Wolf (2006). 2006, accessed June 27, 2012 .
- ^ Decibel magazine Answered by Jarl von Hagall (2006). 2006, accessed June 27, 2012 .
- ↑ THE STORMER zine (Ita) 2005 Answered by Jarl von Hagall. 2005, accessed June 27, 2012 .
- ^ Christian Dornbusch, Hans-Peter Killguss: Unheilige Alliances . Black Metal between Satanism, Paganism and Neo-Nazism. Unrast Verlag , Münster 2005, ISBN 3-89771-817-0 , p. 235 .
- ↑ Tο «καρέ» της Χρυσής Αυγής: Ο φυγάς, ο «πιστός», ο παραστάτης και ο «εγέρθητος». iefumerida, June 9, 2012, accessed June 9, 2012 .
- ↑ Fascist, Satanist and politician by profession. In: The Standard . May 16, 2012, accessed June 7, 2012 .
- ^ "Golden Dawn and Black Metal" ( Memento from August 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) ethniko.net from June 19, 2012
- ^ Greek Jewish Community Protests Against Far-Right MP, Former Member of Band Praising Nazis greece.greekreporter.com of July 27, 2012.
- ↑ Greece welcomes newest MP: A 'Nazi punk' musician. Ynetnews , July 26, 2012, accessed February 6, 2015 .
- ↑ 'Nazi punk' is Greece's newest MP thetimes.co.uk from July 26, 2012.
- ↑ Max Fisher: Pogrom Punk: The Greek neo-Nazi rock bands boosting Golden Dawn's rise. The Washington Post , October 29, 2012, accessed February 6, 2015 .
- ↑ “Blood and Honor”: The Greek White Women's Front ( Memento from October 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) mkarakoulaki.com from October 16, 2012.
- ↑ The rise of Golden Dawn is a sign of Greek lawlessness guardian.co.uk of June 14, 2012
- ^ The neo-Nazi party Chrysi Avgi in Greece: Everything but golden ( Memento from November 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) br.de from November 19, 2012
- ↑ Schwabinggrad Ballet: The Gap in the Social. taz , June 24, 2012, accessed June 24, 2012 .
- ↑ radiobubble: Did one in two Greek policemen really vote for Golden Dawn? news.radiobubble.gr, June 19, 2012, accessed January 31, 2013 .
- ^ A b Paul Mason: Alarm at Greek police 'collusion' with far-right Golden Dawn. In: BBC News , October 17, 2012 (English).
- ^ Greek anti-fascist protesters 'tortured by police' after Golden Dawn clash guardian.co.uk on October 9, 2012
- ↑ Greek police send crime victims to neo-Nazi 'protectors' guardian.co.uk of September 28, 2012
- ↑ Senior Greek police chiefs replaced over links to far right Golden Dawn party independent.co.uk of 23 September 2013
- ↑ Video: Demonstrations against the party “Golden Dawn” ( Memento from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de from September 25, 2013.
- ^ Greek police arrest leader, lawmakers of far-right Golden Dawn reuters.com of September 28, 2013.
- ^ Greek Police Say 10 Officers Have Links to Golden Dawn nytimes.com, October 30, 2013.
- ↑ You Should Be Scared For Every Immigrant Living In Greece businessinsider.com of October 18, 2012.
- ↑ Facebook blocks Greek neo-Nazis: Chrysi Avgi, however, files a lawsuit at heise.de from November 12, 2012.
- ↑ Greek Singer, Sfakianakis: “Golden Dawn Will Save Greece” greece.greekreporter.com of November 22, 2013.
- ^ Neo-Nazis in the Greek parliament monde-diplomatique.de of June 13, 2012.
- ↑ European elections: This is how the federal states voted faz.net on May 26, 2014.
- ↑ Greek elections: Jail fails to deter far-right Golden Dawn bbc.com of January 26, 2015.
- ↑ "Slogans like 'Kill the Jewish Rat' are spreading"
- ↑ Τη δράση της Χρυσής Αυγής στα νοσοκομεία καταγγέλλει ο Φοιτητικός Σύλλογος Ιατρικής Πάτρας .
- ↑ During A Violent Incident At A Greek Theater, An Elected Official Went On An Unimaginably Vile Rant businessinsider.com of October 11, 2012
- ^ Protest by Golden Dawn, religious groups cancels theater premiere ekathimerini.com from October 14, 2012.
- ↑ Wassilis Aswestopoulos: Greece: Initiator of a Facebook page arrested for blasphemy Heise online , September 25, 2012.
- ↑ A delicate blasphemy case in Greece aljazeera.com of October 16, 2012.
- ↑ With Hitler salute and malice: Fascists in the Athens Parliament ( Memento from September 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) N24.de from May 6, 2012.
- ^ The rise of Greece's Golden Dawn washingtonpost.com
- ↑ Golden Dawn MP Christos Pappas surrenders to Greek police theguardian.com of September 29, 2013.
- ↑ Let's get done with the system that breeds fascism - An interview with Dimitris Kousouris reinform.nl of October 2, 2012.
- ↑ Report: Golden Dawn, 1980–2012. The neonazis' road to parliament ( Memento of October 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) borderlinereports.net of October 25, 2012.
- ↑ Greece's Alpha Kappa Movement Takes On Golden Dawn inthesetimes.com of February 21, 2013.
- ↑ Natalie Weeks: Greek Police Detain 24 in Athens Immigrant Clash After Murder. Bloomberg , May 11, 2011, accessed June 11, 2011 .
- ↑ Racist beating trial postponed ekathimerini.com from May 23, 2012
- ^ Europe's New Fascists nytimes.com of November 18, 2012.
- ↑ Rightwing extremists want mines on Evros border ( Memento from August 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) athensnews.gr from March 28, 2012.
- ↑ Press freedom alarm over Greek party's treatment of journalists guardian.co.uk of May 8, 2012.
- ↑ WordPress blocks Chrysi Avgi's website in Greece. In: Greece Blog , May 11, 2012.
- ↑ Chrysi Avgi website , last accessed on October 16, 2012.
- ^ Greek nationalist blames the victims of the beatings Welt.de of June 9, 2012
- ↑ Live in TV talk: Greek Nazi beat up politician ( Memento from June 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) News.de from June 8, 2012.
- ^ TV beating attack: Greek neo-Nazi Kasidiaris reports his victims ( Memento from August 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times from June 11, 2012.
- ↑ Doctors slam Golden Dawn's all-Greek blood bank as insane Digitaljournal.com of July 14, 2012.
- ↑ Hate crimes increase, extreme right strengthens as Greece economy sinks worldnews.nbcnews.com of October 22, 2012.
- ↑ Doctors slam Golden Dawn's all-Greek blood bank as insane greece.greekreporter.com of September 14, 2012.
- ↑ The SA as a model: Greece's right-wing extremists hunt foreigners Tagesspiegel.de of August 28, 2012.
- ↑ Greece Golden Dawn Attack: Anti-Immigrant Party Office Firebombed. ( Memento of January 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Huffington Post , August 31, 2012 (English).
- ↑ Gerd Höhler : The SA provides the model. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , August 28, 2012.
- ↑ Greece's Migrant Class In: Reuters , December 5, 2012.
- ↑ Hassan Mekki: Violence beyond racism ( Memento of 19 May 2014 Internet Archive ) In: UNHCR , 7 December 2012 found.
- ↑ Flares thrown into makeshift mosque near Piraeus ekathimerini.com from August 11, 2012.
- ↑ Members of Golden Dawn attacked a mosque in Piraeus grreporter.info of August 10, 2012.
- ↑ Parliament votes to lift immunity of three Golden Dawn MPs ekathimerini.com of October 24, 2012.
- ↑ Greece's Golden Dawn attack market vendors Euronews of September 9, 2012.
- ↑ Foreign vendors had licenses, mayor says ( Memento from September 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) athensnews.gr from September 10, 2012.
- ^ Chrysi Avgi Raids On Street Vendors Shock And Spark Outcry keeptalkinggreece.com of September 10, 2012.
- ↑ Greek right-wing extremist for attack on immigrants in court derstandard.at on October 17, 2012
- ↑ Golden Dawn MP's Former Bodyguard Arrested greece.greekreporter.com of September 24, 2013
- ↑ Assaults against immigrants: Greece's fascists must fear for their immunity ( Memento from September 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ftd.de from September 20, 2012
- ↑ Golden Dawn MPs to face charges for attacking migrant vendors digitaljournal.com of September 15, 2012.
- ↑ Lawmakers End Golden Dawn Member's Immunity greece.greekreporter.com of October 18, 2012.
- ↑ During A Violent Incident At A Greek Theater, An Elected Official Went On An Unimaginably Vile Rant businessinsider.com of October 11, 2012
- ^ Protest by Golden Dawn, religious groups cancels theater premiere ekathimerini.com from October 14, 2012.
- ↑ Police Arrest Golden Dawn MP for Theater Protest greece.greekreporter.com of October 12, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn MP charged over play protest ekathimerini.com of October 14, 2012.
- ↑ Greek bishop threatened by right-wing extremists derstandard.at from October 22, 2012.
- ^ The rise of Greece's Golden Dawn washingtonpost.com
- ^ Greece: neo-Nazi party plans employment agency ( Memento from October 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) european-circle.de from October 5, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn rage, hurl insults, in Greek Parliament (video) digitaljournal.com of October 6, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn Targets Immigrant Children greece.greekreporter.com of October 11, 2012
- ^ Greek Parliament lifts immunity of 3 far-right lawmakers ( Memento of October 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) washingtonpost.com of October 24, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn asks university to provide student nationality information ekathimerini.com of October 24, 2012.
- ↑ Federica Matteoni: Only for real Greeks. Jungle World 46, November 15, 2012.
- ↑ Greek reporter attacked by Golden Dawn digitaljournal.com of November 6, 2012.
- ↑ Facebook censors Golden Dawn members digitaljournal.com from November 13, 2012
- ↑ Facebook blocks Greek neo-Nazis: Chrysi Avgi, however, files a lawsuit at heise.de from November 12, 2012.
- ↑ Police ask Cretan prosecutors to look into Golden Dawn MP's actions ekathimerini.com of November 26, 2012.
- ^ Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn MPs Caught in Greek Parliament Armed with Guns ibtimes.co.uk December 6, 2012
- ^ Sara Gates: Golden Dawn MPs Ejected From Greek Parliament After Trying To Enter Building Armed With Guns. In: The Huffington Post . December 12, 2012, accessed January 20, 2013 .
- ↑ BBC report links Golden Dawn to attack on SYRIZA MP ekathimerini.com of December 22, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn Members Attack Syriza MP at Football Match ibtimes.co.uk on December 17, 2012.
- ↑ YouTube Removes Golden Dawn Xmas Video greece.greekreporter.com from December 28, 2012.
- ↑ You Tube Deletes Golden Dawn Broadcast greece.greekreporter.com of June 21, 2013.
- ^ Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Supporters Attack Turkish Consul General Ilhan Sener , ibtimes.co.uk of January 11, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn MP Sits at Non-Discrimination Committee of Council of Europe , keeptalkinggreece.com, October 1, 2012.
- ↑ 'Immigrants Sub-Humans' says neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Female MP as Police Collusion Row Intensifies , ibtimes.co.uk of October 19, 2012.
- ↑ Golden Dawn Gets EU Human Rights Seat , greece.greekreporter.com of January 23, 2013.
- ↑ Two Greeks charged with Pakistani immigrant's murder , dawn.com, January 19, 2013.
- ↑ Suspected neo-nazis get life for murdering pakistani man , tribune.com.pk, April 15, 2013.
- ↑ Murdered while cycling to work: Golden Dawn members on trial for killing 27 year old Shehzad Luqman f ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) thepressproject.net from January 8, 2013.
- ^ Greek hospital manager dismissed after 'collaborating' with Golden Dawn , hurriyetdailynews of February 11, 2013.
- ↑ Hospital director removed after allowing Golden Dawn to check personal nurses , ekathimerini.com of February 11, 2013.
- ^ Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Thugs Clash with Roma in Kalamata Hospital Raid ibtimes.co.uk of April 10, 2013.
- ↑ http://www.enetenglish.gr/?i=news.en.article&id=589 enetenglish.gr of April 9, 2013.
- ↑ Greece's Golden Dawn: Holocaust Memorial Day 'Unacceptable' , israelnationalnews.com of February 19, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn film: Greek police probe neo-Nazi hate speech , channel4.com, March 6, 2013.
- ↑ Members of Golden Dawn Attack Mega TV , greece.greekreporter.com from March 26, 2013.
- ↑ Greece must curb hate crime and combat impunity ( Memento of October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Council of Europe , April 16, 2013
- ^ Three hundred stitches , sueddeutsche.de of May 17, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn MP With Gun In Parliament greece.greekreporter.com of May 20, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn MP's Threaten SYRIZA Deputies , greece.greekreporter.com, July 18, 2013.
- ↑ Fascist Golden Dawn makes visit to Greek shipyards , wsws.org of August 14, 2013.
- ^ Greeks protest against Golden Dawn attack on Communists , theguardian.com of September 13, 2013.
- ^ Protests in Greece follow violent attack on communist group , independent.co.uk of September 17, 2013.
- ↑ Police probe officer standing for Golden Dawn in polls , ekathimerini.com of February 24, 2014.
- ↑ Crisis for Golden Dawn as MP leaves, claiming ignorance of criminal activities , theguardian.com of March 17, 2014.
- ↑ Far-right Golden Dawn MP Giorgos Germenis hits 12-year-old girl in attack on Athens mayor Giorgos Kaminis over Greek-only food handout , independent.co.uk on May 2, 2013.
- ^ Tear Golden Dawn MP 'swung at mayor of Athens but hit 12-year-old girl instead' , guardian.co.uk of May 2, 2013.
- ^ Tear Gas Stops Golden Dawn Food Handout , greece.greekreporter.com, May 2, 2013.
- ^ Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn MP Assaults Athens Mayor in Food Handout Row , ibtimes.co.uk, May 2, 2013.
- ↑ Athens mayor makes stand as sentiment turns against Golden Dawn , ft.com of May 2, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn's 'Greeks only' soup kitchen ends in chaos , telegraph.co.uk of May 2, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn Continues Its Message of Hate , thedailybeast.com, May 3, 2013.
- ^ A b Benjamin Schulz: Head of the Greek neo-Nazi party is in custody. In: Spiegel Online , October 3, 2013.
- ^ "Golden Dawn": Greek police arrest right-wing extremists. In: Der Spiegel online, September 28, 2013.
- ↑ Greece: Neo-Nazi kills left-wing activists , neue-deutschland.de of September 18, 2013.
- ^ Murder of left activist shocked Greece , süddeutsche.de of September 18, 2013.
- ↑ Greece: Golden Dawn Neo-Nazi Accused of Athens Murder of Rapper KillahP ibtimes.co.uk of September 18, 2013.
- ↑ Greek Golden Dawn member arrested over murder of leftwing hip-hop artist theguardian.com from September 18, 2013.
- ↑ Επιμελητής του νοσοκομείου Νίκαιας: «Αυτοί που σκότωσαν χθες, έκαναν προπόνηση .
- ↑ Anti-terror services take action against right-wing extremists sueddeutsche.de from September 20, 2013.
- ↑ Wave of protests after Greek 'neo-Nazi' killing bbc.co.uk from September 19, 2013.
- ↑ “Did a white man have to die before you listened to us?” Sueddeutsche.de of December 31, 2013.
- ↑ Greece: Left-wing extremists confess to the murder of “Dawn” supporters , at Spiegel Online .
- ↑ Golden Dawn photos shock Greece , theguardian.com of January 17, 2014.
- ↑ Chryssi Avgi prepares for a party ban , nzz.ch of February 4, 2014.
- ↑ Head of the neo-Nazi party arrested ( memento from October 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de from September 28, 2013.
- ↑ Greece newspaper of September 28, 2013 ( Memento of October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Wassilis Aswetopoulos: Chrysi Avgi classified as a criminal organization! , Telepolis , September 29, 2013
- ^ Rather a criminal organization than a party ( memento from October 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de from September 28, 2013.
- ↑ Greece takes action against neo-Nazis , stern.de of September 29, 2013.
- ^ Greek neo-Nazi chief remains in custody ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de from October 3, 2013
- ↑ No more money for the Golden Dawn ( memento from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de from October 23, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn arrests: 'The government should have acted long ago' In: The Daily Telegraph October 5, 2013 (English).
- ↑ Leader of Greece's far-right Golden Dawn jailed before trial , reuters.com of October 3, 2013.
- ↑ Greek parliament strips immunity of lawmakers from neo-Nazi Golden Dawn , dw.de of October 16, 2013.
- ↑ No more money for the Golden Dawn ( memento from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de from October 23, 2013.
- ↑ Golden Dawn rally demands release of jailed party leader , ft.com, October 27, 2013.
- ↑ Two Golden Dawn MPs imprisoned in Greece , aljazeera.com of January 12, 2014.
- ↑ Υποπτοι για τέλεση νέων αδικημάτων Γερμενής και Ηλιόπουλος iefimerida.gr of January 12, 2014.
- ↑ Golden Dawn in Greece taz.de of January 12, 2014.
- ^ Another neo-Nazi politician arrested , Süddeutsche from January 15, 2014.
- ↑ Prohibition and new founding? ( Memento from February 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de from February 2, 2014.
- ↑ Immunity Lifted for Three Golden Dawn MPs greece.greekreporter.com of March 13, 2014.
- ↑ Golden Dawn leader and MPs to stand trial, Greek court officials say , theguardian.com, February 4, 2015.
- ↑ Why the Golden Dawn is a Neo-Nazi Party , huffingtonpost.co.uk, June 23, 2015.
- ^ Die Welt from February 2, 2014: "Golden Dawn operates as a new Nazi party" welt.de
- ↑ Greece newspaper of February 3, 2014: Greece's neo-Nazis found alternative party: 'National Dawn' ( Memento of February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Ta Nea from February 5, 2014: "Εθνική Αυγή: Καταστατικό-πρόκληση από τη Χρυσή Αυγή" Ethniki Avgi: Statute a provocation by the Chrysi Avgi (Greek) tanea.gr .
- ^ Cyprus's Golden Dawn marches zeit.de from March 30, 2013.
- ↑ Cyprus' Golden Dawn wing confident of success aljazeera.com from November 7, 2013.
- ↑ Greece's Golden Dawn given European election go-ahead , ft.com of May 12, 2014
- ↑ emergency exit left , jungle-world.com of May 28, 2014.
- ↑ Greece votes 3 MPs from Greece's Golden Dawn into Brussels , telegraph.co.uk from May 26, 2014.
- ↑ The Golden Dawn has a British Fan Club , vice.com, November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Just what Greece didn't need: BNP leader Nick Griffin seeks Golden Dawn alliance , independent.co.uk of January 10, 2014.
- ^ A b Right-wing extremists in Hungary found a party. In: Small newspaper . October 29, 2013, archived from the original on January 1, 2014 .
- ↑ New party for the right-most of the right. In: Courier . October 30, 2013, accessed February 11, 2014 .
- ↑ Golden Dawn Lands in Italy as Race Attacks Increase in Athens , ibtimes.co.uk of November 12, 2012.
- ^ Right-wing radical Greek Chrysi Avgi party expands to Italy , German Economic News , November 15, 2012.
- ↑ a b Christoph Twickel: German Greeks make mobile. In: Spiegel Online , November 7, 2012.
- ^ SPD: No place in Jena for Nazis .
- ↑ A small request from LINKE: Activities of the neo-fascist Greek party Golden Dawn in Germany (PDF; 59 kB) dip21.bundestag.de of March 18, 2013.
- ^ Nuremberg Greeks Denounce Golden Dawn eu.greekreporter.com of January 28, 2013
- ^ The right-wing extremist Greek party "Chrysi Avgi" makes contact with neo-Nazis in Bavaria. In: Der Spiegel , February 3, 2013.
- ↑ tz.de : Neo-Nazi connections from Athens to Munich , accessed on March 25, 2014.
- ^ Neo-Nazi party "Chrysi Avgi" worries the community of nordbayern.de on February 5, 2013.
- ↑ Manifesto: Nothing golden about this dawn todikomasoxi
- ^ Nuremberg as a center for Greek Nazis , nordbayern.de from February 1, 2013.
- ^ German and Greek Nazis hand in hand in the tradition of the NSDAP endstation-rechts-bayern.de of December 11, 2012.
- ↑ Γερμανοί νεοναζί στο ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο , tovima.gr of February 8, 2013.
- ^ Greek Nazis in Bavaria active sueddeutsche.de from February 3, 2013.
- ^ The Athens-Nuremberg axis fr-online.de of February 8, 2013.
- ↑ David Crossland: 'Golden Dawn' Fosters Ties with German Neo-Nazis. In: Spiegel Online , February 4, 2013 (English).
- ↑ a b Greek Nazis deny contacts with the local scene. Nordbayern.de , February 5, 2013.
- ^ Fears in Germany as Golden Dawn moves in from Greece In: The Guardian , February 5, 2013.
- ↑ Greece's neo-Nazi Golden Dawn goes global with political ambitions In: The Guardian, April 1, 2013.
- ↑ Wirt no longer lets neo-Nazis into the house nordbayern.de from February 26, 2013
- ↑ Brown like-minded people traveling In: Nordbayern.de, February 22, 2013
- ↑ Spontaneous demo of the FNS in Fürth turns into a flop! endstation-rechts-bayern.de from November 3, 2013.
- ^ Neo-Nazi birthday in Aachen: Football, drinking, beating publikative.org of November 6, 2013.
- ^ Franconian neo-Nazis support the Nazi rally in Greece blog.zeit.de of February 3, 2014.
- ↑ NPD-MEP Udo Voigt takes part in a solidarity rally in Brussels ( memento from October 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) udovoigt.de from September 25, 2014.
- ↑ German neo-Nazis fight with Greek antifa welt.de from January 29, 2016.
- ↑ Rebecca Henely: want Officials neo-Nazi set out of Astoria. In: timesledger.com , October 11, 2012 (English).
- ↑ Andy Dabilis: Golden Dawn Opens New York Office. In: usa.greekreporter.com , September 23, 2012 (English).
- ^ Katerina Nikolas: Greece's Golden Dawn opens Canadian branch in Montreal. In: digitaljournal.com , October 4, 2012 (English).
- ↑ iospress.gr
- ↑ vice.com
- ↑ akromolio.gr
- ^ Greek-Canadians Film Captures Golden Dawn canada.greekreporter.com, April 5, 2013
