Culture of Argentina
The culture of Argentina is as varied as the geography of the country and the mix of different ethnic groups. Modern Argentine culture was mainly influenced by European immigration , even if the influences of the indigenous people of South America and African roots cannot be denied in the field of music and art .
Buenos Aires and other cities are characterized by a mixture of European architectural styles from the last 200 years. In older settlements and individual older city quarters, however, there are also those from the colonial era, remnants of the country's Spanish past. In addition to numerous museums, cinemas and galleries in the urban centers, there are still traditional establishments such as literary bars or bars with live music of various genres.
literature
Main article : Argentine literature
One of the first known works of Argentine literature and formative for the identity of the South American country is the two-part poem El Gaucho Martín Fierro (Part 1: 1872) and La vuelta de Martín Fierro (Part 2: 1879) by José Hernández .
Argentina's most successful authors of the 20th and early 21st centuries are the four Cervantes Prize winners Jorge Luis Borges , Adolfo Bioy Casares , Ernesto Sabato , Juan Gelman as well as Julio Cortázar and sisters Victoria and Silvina Ocampo . Bioy Casares wrote some works in collaboration with Borges. Cortázar lived temporarily in exile in Europe during the reign of Juan Domingo Perón . Borges also had difficulties with Peronism and celebrated its fall in 1955, later he was disappointed by the military dictatorship. Both Borges and Cortázar died abroad: Borges in Geneva in 1986 and Cortázar in Paris in 1984 .
The Argentine comic is best represented by "Mafalda" by Quino (Joaquín Lavado). Soon after it was first published, the comic became an Argentine icon and is known in other countries as well. The comic series shows the world's problems through the eyes of a little girl, Mafalda, and her friends and relatives.
In a survey on the cultural habits of Argentinians in 2004, more than half (52%) said they had not read a book in the past year. Among those who picked up a book in 2006 were internationally known novels such as Da Vinci Code , Harry Potter and The Alchemist at the top of the hit list. The national epic Martín Fierro made it to place 5, the Bible took first place.
See also : List of Argentine Writers
theatre
The history of the Argentine theater goes back to the comedy theater "La Ranchería", which was founded in 1783 by the viceroy Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo . In 1804 the Teatro Coliseo was opened in Buenos Aires. It still exists today, making it the oldest still-existing stage in the country. The theater scene also suffered under the presidency of Juan Manuel de Rosas , but gained momentum again during the economic boom towards the end of the 19th century. The opening of the Teatro Colón in 1857 was a kind of spark for the Argentine theater. In addition to opera productions, it is also used for spoken theater and concerts. When Antonio Petalardo opened the Teatro Ópera in 1871 , it inspired others to do the same.
The murder of the “traveling singer” Juan Moreira in 1874 made him one of the dramatists' heroes. The crime, which had all the elements of tragedy, inspired Eduardo Gutiérrez to write his play Juan Moreira in 1884 . In the years that followed, gauchos became a source of inspiration for Argentine theater. Spanish literature adopted the gaucho character when the Spanish theater producer María Guerrero and her company moved to Argentina in 1897. They made the Teatro Odeón the most important stage in Argentina and in 1921 the country got a national theater with the Teatro Cervantes .
The wave of European immigration triggered a cultural change in the Argentine theater. Florencio Sánchez , one of the pioneers of professional theater in Argentina and Uruguay , was also the main proponent of this new direction. Local color became the main inspiration for playwrights such as Roberto Arlt , Gregorio de Laferrère , Armando Discépolo and Roberto Payró in the 1920s and 1930s. At the same time there was a revival of amateur theater. The Teatro Independiente movement created a counterweight to professional theater and inspired a new generation of young playwrights such as Copi , Agustín Cuzzani , Osvaldo Dragún and Carlos Gorostiza .
Gorostiza and other playwrights also popularized the "Realistic Theater" from 1950, a genre that was developed by Ricardo Halac and Roberto Cossa , among others .
After 1960 the "absurd theater" developed, a direction for which Griselda Gambaro and Eduardo Pavlovsky , among others, stand. This also gave rise to the grotesque pieces by Julio Mauricio and Roberto Cossa, whose piece La Nona , which was later made into a film, had cult status in 1977.
The last dictatorship in Argentina, starting in 1976, represented the greatest challenge for the Argentine theater scene since the de Rosas era in the mid-19th century. Numerous actors, playwrights and technicians emigrated after Videla came to power . Around 1980, the repression of artists eased somewhat and the author Osvaldo Dragún mobilized colleagues to prepare an abandoned factory for the improvisational theater Teatro Abierto in 1981 . However, this success was dampened by the bomb attack on the "Teatro Picadero".
In 1983 the country returned to democracy with a general election. Established authors and directors such as Roberto Cossa, Lito Cruz , Carlos Gorostiza and Pepe Soriano as well as younger playwrights such as Luis Agostoni , Carlos María Alsina , Eduardo Rovner and Rafael Spregelburd came back and resumed their work.
In Buenos Aires alone, over 80 productions are shown every weekend, including works by the above-mentioned authors or local productions of international works. Musicals and comedic works are also popular, e.g. B. those of the satirist Enrique Pinti , the storyteller Luis Landriscina and the musical cabaret Les Luthiers .
The performance show by De La Guarda , which featured a mixture of dance, acrobatics, theater and music, was also internationally known in the early 2000s .
Movie
Main article: Film in Argentina
The Argentine cinema has a long tradition and is an important part of the Argentine culture as well as one of the most important film industries in the Spanish-speaking world. More than 2,500 works have been produced since the dawn of Argentine film.
The first film screening in Buenos Aires took place in 1896, just a year after the "debut" in Paris. In the same year three short films were made showing the sights of the city; a few months later the short film La bandera argentina was made . The Argentine artists were enthusiastic about the new medium. Topics came from Argentine history and literature, e.g. B. from the national hero epic Martín Fierro. Towards the end of the 1920s, tango was also often included. With the invention of the sound film, such films increased.
The first sound film was made in 1930. With an average production of 42 films per year, Argentina was one of the leading film industries; Even back then, not only were entertainment films made, but the focus was on political and socially critical topics. When Perón took office , censorship and pressure from the Catholic Church increased, while American films grew in popularity. Television, which arrived in Argentina in 1951, also reduced interest in cinema. In 1957, the "Instituto Nacional de Cinematografía" was founded, whose task, among other things, was to finance films.
From the late 1950s onwards, the quality and international attention of Argentine cinema increased. Fernando “Pino” Solanas is a director of this time who is still active today. The “Ciné Vérité” from France also influenced Argentine filmmakers. The truce (La tregua) by Sergio Renán was for an Oscar nomination. From around 1965 to the early 1970s, however, many sex comedies were also produced and shocked the audience with a previously unseen amount of bare skin. The military dictatorship from 1976 onwards again led to censorship, which is why Argentine filmmakers turned to light-hearted, happy subjects. One of the most famous works of this time is “La nona” (The Grandmother).
With the decline in censorship and finally the return of democracy, issues such as corruption and impunity were denounced and the recent past dealt with. Some of the most famous works include The Official Story of Luis Puenzo and South - Sur of Solanas.
In the 1990s, the “New Cinema” emerged, and films such as A Place in This World (Un lugar en el mundo) were nominated for an Oscar. Another classic is pizza, birra, faso . Other recent Oscar-nominated films have been The Bride's Son and El Aura . XXY received a prize at the Cannes Film Festival from Lucía Puenzo .
In 2010, the Argentine film In Your Eyes (El secreto de sus ojos) won the Oscar for best non-English language film, among other awards. The film was written and directed by Juan José Campanella (and La Historia Oficial (Luis Puenzo) in 1985).
music
Main articles : Argentine music , Argentine rock and pop music
The Tango Argentino often shapes the image of Argentina abroad. While outside of Argentina tango is usually associated with music and dance, for Argentinians the lyrics are just as important. Tango songs are a special form of poetry in Argentina and often contain words or phrases in Lunfardo , a local slang. Tango received a new impetus with the compositions of Astor Piazzolla , who redefined the music of Carlos Gardel .
Folk music and folk dancing are popular in rural Argentina and are a mix of different native and European styles. Examples are the Chamamé from Mesopotamia and the Chacarera from Santiago del Estero .
Rock music has been widely appreciated since the 1970s. First in the 1970s and then again from 1985 and in the early 1990s, local rock and pop music is very popular and new bands like Soda Stereo and Sumo, as well as composers like Charly García and Fito Páez are major exponents of national culture. Argentine rock and pop paved the way for other styles, e.g. B. Ska , Techno , Eurodance , Electronica and the different directions of cumbia .
Jazz is still popular in Argentina and can be heard at various jazz festivals that have been held more or less regularly in different locations since the 1990s. One of the more famous festivals is the Buenos Aires Jazz Festival , which has been held annually since 2002 on the initiative of the city government.
A number of Argentine rock and jazz musicians became well-known film music composers. The Big Band -Leader Lalo Schifrin became internationally known after 1966, the theme for " Mission: Impossible " composer. Emilio Kauderer has been writing film music for Argentinian cinema since the 1970s and created a. a. also the music for the US film “Friends & Lovers”. Gustavo Santaolalla , who received an Oscar in 2006 and 2007, is regarded as the most successful film composer .
European classical music is also popular in Argentina. The Teatro Colón with its Philharmonic Orchestra in Buenos Aires is one of the best opera houses in the world. Musicians like Martha Argerich , Sol Gabetta , the conductor Daniel Barenboim and classical composers like Alberto Ginastera are internationally renowned. Most of the larger cities and also many of the smaller ones have concert halls, philharmonic orchestras and chamber music ensembles. One of the best-known ensembles is the Camerata Bariloche , which was founded in 1967 by Alberto Lysy .
dance
Just like tango music, tango dance is very popular in Argentina and also has a long tradition, which has been cultivated again in recent years in Buenos Aires, but also in other Argentinian cities. Dance evenings take place in numerous milongas (tango dance halls) such as the Salon Canning and in many cafés in the capital, e.g. B. in Café Tortoni more or less tourist performances are shown. The historic Cafe de los Angelitos will reopen on June 19, 2007 after more than 20 years with the show "El Tango" under the direction of Luis Pereyra .
The dance originated towards the end of the 19th century when European immigrants drove their loneliness away with waitresses or prostitutes in the cafes. The so-called “better” circles initially rejected the new dance as vulgar, it came to Europe via Paris and returned to Buenos Aires around 1913, where it was finally recognized.
The traditional folk dances of the country include the Chacarera, the Zamba / Samba and the Carnavalito , collectively also called Folklórico.
Classical ballet is also popular, and opera houses such as the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires have their own companies. Well-known ballet dancers from Argentina are u. a. Julio Bocca , Maximiliano Guerra , Marianela Nuñez , Iñaki Urlezaga and Paloma Herrera , who also perform abroad. Well-known companies that are not tied to the theater are u. a. the Ballet Argentino founded by Bocca, the Ballet del Mercosur and Ballet Concierto. The troops El Descueve, Grupo Krapp and Compania Contenido Bruto represent an experimental mixture of dance and theater.
Painting and sculpture
Argentine painters and sculptors have a rich past, dating both before and after the emergence of modern Argentina in the second half of the 19th century.
Although the area that now makes up Argentina was under ice during the last Ice Age and is therefore less productive in an archaeological sense than the territories of its neighbors, prehistoric rock art can be found in caves throughout the country. However, the legacy of native art is more modest than e.g. B. in Peru .
Shortly after its independence in 1816, European landscape painters began exploring the vast Argentine landscape. Carlos Morel became the first influential Argentine painter in the 1830s, and the naive portraits taken from everyday life made Prilidiano Pueyrredón one of the few successful artists from Argentina in those early days.
However, artistic creation in Argentina only really got going after the end of the de Rosas dictatorship. Immigrants like Eduardo Schiaffino , Eduardo Sívori , Reynaldo Giudici and Ernesto de la Cárcova left a legacy that has influenced the country's art to this day.
The Impressionism reached the Argentine artist until 1900 and did not have such a large number of followers in Europe, although quite influential artists such as Martín Malharro , Ramón Silva and Fernando Fader inspired. Impressionism was followed by realism and aestheticism , both in painting and in sculpture. A well-known representative of this era is the sculptor Lola Mora .
As Lola Mora was before she fell out of favor in “better” society, monumental sculptors were in great demand from 1900, especially by city administrations and wealthy families who vied with one another for the most moving mausoleum for their deceased. Although French and Italian sculptors were preferred, the soulful monuments and memorials made the locals Erminio Blotta and Rogelio Yrurtia immortal. Not as realistic as the works of some “Belle Epoque” predecessors, the subtle impressionist works of Yrurtia inspired Argentine students like Antonio Pujía , whose internationally renowned female torsos surprise the viewer with their bizarre and surrealistic notes.
Both an intellectual and an artistic union, the painters Antonio Berni , Lino Enea Spilimbergo and Juan Carlos Castagnino were friends and colleagues. Together they also worked on masterpieces such as the ceiling frescoes in the Galerías Pacífico in Buenos Aires in 1933 .
Similar to Mexico , murals were very popular among Argentine artists. Among the first to use their gloomy surroundings as a canvas was Benito Quinquela Martín , whose Cubist murals in La Boca from the 1920s and 1930s became historic monuments. Lithographs only became popular in Argentina after they were known elsewhere. Artists like Adolfo Bellocq used this medium to portray the harsh working conditions in Argentina's growing industrial sector in the 1920s and 1930s. Bellocq's work also had an international impact on other artists.
The avant-garde in culturally conservative Argentina, futurists and cubists such as Xul Solar and Emilio Pettoruti had about as large a following as the less abstract and more sentimental portrait and landscape painters, e. B. Raul Soldi .
Traditionally abstract artists such as Luis Barragán, Romulo Macció , Eduardo Mac Entyre , Luís Noé and Luis Seoane also existed with equal appeal alongside conceptual artists such as Pérez Celis , Gyula Kosice , a member of the Argentine Movimiento Madí and Marta Minujín , one of Andy Warhol's most respected companions .
The emergence of avant-garde genres in Argentina also spawned constructivism , including Anselmo Piccoli and León Ferrari , the latter one of the world's leading artists in its art genre. In the 1960s and 1970s, many of these painters' abstract motifs found their way into advertising and were even used for company logos.
The Argentinians' fondness for naïve art and simple ceramics, due to their sentimental character, should not be ignored. Since the days of Prilidiano Pueyrredón, artists like Cándido López have captured the absurdity of war, Susana Aguirre and Aniko Szabó the peculiarities of everyday life and Gato Fría's childhood memories. The ironic descriptions of the gaucho life by illustrator Florencio Molina Campos have survived to this day as collector's items.
In order to present Argentine and Latin American art to the public, the art collector Eduardo Costantini made a large part of his collection available and in 1998 began building the first major institution in Buenos Aires that specializes in works by Latin American artists. The MALBA Museum, supported by the Constantini Foundation , opened three years later, in 2001. Other important museums in the country, in which the aforementioned artists are shown, are the Museum of Fine Arts in Buenos Aires , the private Colección Fortabat and the Museum for Modern art San Telmo .
architecture
Main article: Architecture in Argentina
Examples of architecture in Argentina go back almost to the turn of the first millennium: In the province of Jujuy , in northwest Argentina, the Tilcara Indians built the pre-Columbian fortress Pucará de Tilcara about 900 years ago .
From the colonial period from 1580, mainly religious buildings and settlements of the Jesuits in the province of Misiones have been preserved. B. San Ignacio Miní , northeast of Posadas . The Alta Gracia Mission in the province of Cordoba has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, along with four other sites in the province. Also of note is the Manzana de los Jesuitas , a complex in the center of Córdoba that also includes two churches and a college.
Many adobe churches can be seen in the area around the Quebrada de Humahuaca gorge . The churches that still exist are mostly reconstructions of churches from the 17th and 18th centuries that were destroyed by earthquakes. Also Salta is known for its Spanish colonial architecture. This includes B. the 16th century Carmelite convent Convento de San Bernardo. One of the oldest buildings in Buenos Aires is the Cabildo , which was completed in the 18th century and served as the first seat of government after the independence of Buenos Aires in 1810.
With the economic boom at the end of the 19th century, boulevards, public buildings and private houses were built in the big cities, preferably based on the Paris model. B. the Avenida Alvear , the Palacio Ferreyra in the Louis XVI style or the Palacio San Martín . The congress palace from 1906, on the other hand, is reminiscent of the Capitol with its dome. Art Nouveau was also adopted by Europe. One example of this is the Hotel Chile in Buenos Aires.
From the 1920s, high-rise architecture found its way into Argentina. The first building of this type was the Palacio Barolo , which was the tallest building in Buenos Aires for twelve years. From the 1950s, the Banco de Londres deserves a special mention, an attempt to combat the increasing facelessness in architecture.
A recent major project is the revitalization of the long fallow harbor area of Puerto Madero . The old warehouses have been converted into restaurants and offices, and the area has been upgraded with high-rise apartment buildings and museums such as the Colección Fortabat.
At the beginning of the last century, the Palacio Barolo with its 100 meters high and the beacon on the roof, which could be seen as far as Montevideo , was still a sensation, but in Buenos Aires it is now rising higher and higher: for 2011, a 250 meters is opening high hotel building planned.
See also: Structures in Buenos Aires , List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina
language
Argentina Office language is Spanish (here usually called "Castellano"). There are many variations of Spanish in Argentina, and each province has its own accent.
" Río-de-la-Plata-Spanish " is the variant spoken in all cities near the Río de la Plata . It is characterized by the use of "vos" instead of "tú" (" Voseo ") and a pronounced Yeísmo / Žeísmo / Šeísmo with the [ʎ] and [j] as [ʒ] (Žeísmo) and [ʃ] ( Šeísmo) is spoken.
Some immigrant groups kept their languages to protect their identities. Italian , German , English and French are also spoken in Argentina . The Welsh community in Patagonia occasionally holds Eisteddfods , and the descendants of Basques , Arabs and Ukrainians sometimes maintain their native languages. In the recent past, more and more Chinese and South Koreans have moved here . They live in the bigger cities like Buenos Aires and Rosario and speak to each other in their own languages. Some groups also have newspapers in their mother tongue. For the German, the Argentinisches Tageblatt is the best known medium.
Most Argentines understand simply spoken Italian and Portuguese because of their similarity to Spanish .
There are also 23 indigenous languages spoken in different parts of the country, including Quechua , Mapuche , Guaraní , Toba, and Wichí .
religion
The majority of Argentines belong to the Roman Catholic Church. According to various studies, around 90% described themselves as Catholic in the past. The church itself estimates religious affiliation at only 70%. A nationwide survey supported this estimate: According to it, 76% said they belonged to the Catholic faith. The Report on International Religious Freedom 2017 lists 71% Catholics for Argentina.
The Protestant churches , which have been able to gain a foothold since the 1980s, include around 9–11% of the Argentine population. The Protestant congregations also include Pentecostal congregations and other traditional Protestant denominations .
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), estimated to be more than 330,000 (making it the seventh largest Mormon congregation in the world), are also present.
Argentina is also home to the largest Jewish community in South America, although it has been in decline since the 1960s. It currently has around 250,000 - 300,000 members. The Argentine Jewish community was the third largest (after the US and the USSR ) after World War II when it had around 400,000 members. Since then, due to the appeal of Israel and economic and cultural pressures, many have left the country. However, the current situation in Israel has caused a slight reversal since 2003.
About 1.5% of the population belongs to Islam , that is 450,000 to 600,000 people in absolute terms. 93% of them are Sunnis . Buenos Aires is also the location for one of the largest mosques in Latin America, the King Fahd Mosque .
About 11% of Argentines are non-religious. This number includes those who believe in God but not religion, agnostics (4%), and atheists (5%). Only 24% of all believers regularly attend church services and only among Protestants does the majority regularly attend church.
According to the Argentine Constitution , the Argentine government should support the Roman Catholic Faith and until 1994 it was a requirement that the President and his deputy belong to the Catholic Church. Catholicism continues to influence government and legislation to this day. Public opinion is against the status of the Catholic Church in Argentina as the sole recipient of public funds (only one in three supports this), but the majority approves the use of taxpayers' money for religious social and welfare work, for the maintenance of church buildings and for religious instruction in the schools.
kitchen
Main articles : Argentine cuisine , viticulture in Argentina
The Argentinean cuisine is strongly influenced by the European one. Due to the influence of Italian , Spanish and French cuisine , it can be described as a variant of Mediterranean cuisine. Argentina is known for the asado , meat grilled over charcoal (mainly beef) and offal. There are restaurants that specialize exclusively in Asados ("Parrilla") and many other restaurants also have Asado on their menus.
Argentinians consume large amounts of beef. Although meat became expensive for many during the last economic crisis, it is still comparatively inexpensive in relation to its quality. Meat exports are usually regulated and the EU has introduced quotas for imports of frozen meat that cannot be exceeded.
Traditional dishes in rural Argentina such as B. Locro are known since the pre-Columbian times . Locro is made from corn , beans, and pumpkin and is traditionally eaten on national holidays in many places. Another traditional dish is the empanada , a semicircular piece of dough with various fillings (including minced meat, olives, hard-boiled egg, potato cubes, ham, cheese and many other variations). It is baked or fried.
Italian cuisine standards such as pizza and pasta are prevalent. The simple pizza with tomatoes, cheese and ham is popular, but there are many other combinations. Pasta dishes are also very popular, either plain with butter or oil or accompanied by tomato or bechamel-based sauces.
Among the Argentine sweets, the most famous is Dulce de leche . It is a caramel-like, dark brown cream made from milk and sugar that is used for cakes, as a spread at breakfast and as a dessert sauce. It is also used as a filling for “ alfajores ” and “facturas”. Alfajores are round biscuits with a chocolate coating and a filling. Factura is a collective term for sweet baked goods, which also includes croissants and donuts .
Argentina is also famous for its wines, mainly reds from the Mendoza province , where the climatic conditions are ideal for viticulture.
Another typical Argentine drink is bitter mate tea , also known as "yerba mate". It is valued for its stimulating and hunger-relieving effects.
Sports
Sport is a popular leisure activity in Argentina. Fútbol ( soccer ) is more of a national passion than a game. Argentina won the men's soccer world championship in 1978 and 1986 and the gold medal in men's soccer at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics . Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi are some of the most famous players and some of the best of their time.
Other popular sports are tennis , rugby in the form of rugby union and hockey . In Basketball Men Argentina also won a gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games. The legendary Formula 1 driver Juan Manuel Fangio comes from Argentina.
Wealthy Argentines, influenced by English customs, are interested, either passively or actively, in golf and polo , a sport in which Argentina dominates internationally. In the recent past, the internationally known polo player Adolfo Cambiaso tried to open up polo to a wider audience, among other things by introducing football traditions, e.g. B. cheering for goals or waving flags. When Cambiaso distributed tickets for the Argentine Open to fans of his favorite soccer club CA Nueva Chicago a few years ago , it met with criticism, especially from more traditional polo fans.
The official national sport , however, is pato , in German "duck", although it is rarely played.
More than half of the population practices one sport or is otherwise physically active. In one study, a third of respondents said they played soccer, one in four visits a gym and almost as many like to ride a bike. Almost half also like to go for a walk or wallop (multiple answers possible).
See also : Soccer in Argentina , Polo in Argentina
leisure
One study found that visiting friends and relatives is the main leisure activity for almost 80% of Argentines . Team sports and attending sporting events are also widespread. Younger people like to dance, while older people prefer to eat out. Almost 97% of Argentine households owned a television in 2004 and each Argentine watched an average of 3.4 hours a day. Films were the most popular, followed by broadcasts of sporting events and so-called telenovelas .
Folk festivals and festivals on local holidays are attended by an average of 4 out of 10 Argentines, with large differences depending on where they live. In the Buenos Aires region (AMBA), for example, just under 20% go to such events, while it is 57.8% in the NEA region. So-called. Peñas are visited by 13%, almost half go to festivals in their district or village, and around a quarter go to church festivals.
An example of conviviality can be seen on the Día del Amigo , the "Friend's Day" on July 20th. This day has its origins in Argentina and has become so popular in recent years, especially among the younger ones, that the entertainment centers in the cities (bars, discos, cinemas, etc.) are as full until dawn as they usually are on Christmas and New Year's Eve.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Reading habits of the Argentines ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Survey of theatergoers ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Luis Fajardo: Cuáles son las marcas país más valiosas de America Latina . March 9, 2018 ( bbc.com [accessed May 18, 2019]).
- ↑ website of Café de los Angelitos ( Memento of the original from February 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ La Nación , Argentine daily newspaper, Café de los Angelitos (Spanish)
- ↑ Review of Café de los Angelitos - El Tango Virginia Kirst: New opening of the Café de los Angelitos, Argentinisches Tageblatt, page 5. April 7, 2007 ( memento of the original from July 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c U.S. Department of State. International Religious Freedom Report 2006
- ^ Marita Carballo. Valores culturales al cambio del milenio ( ISBN 950-794-064-2 ). Quoted in La Nación , May 8, 2005
- ↑ a b c d e Argentina. In: United States Department of State. Retrieved May 18, 2019 (American English).
- ↑ a b c Encuesta CONICET sobre creencias (PDF; 678 kB)
- ↑ Number of Mormons in Argentina ( Memento of the original from October 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Clarin
- ↑ a b Survey on leisure activities ( Memento of the original dated December 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Television habits ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Survey on festival habits ( memento of the original from December 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Sistema Nacional de Consumos Culturales - Report on a national statistical study of cultural customs in 2004, repeated in 2006
- Culture of Argentina