List of heads of state 1815
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Viceroy and Ottoman Pasha: Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848)
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Egwala Seyon (1801–1818)
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Burundi
- King: Ntare IV. Rugamba (approx. 1796 – approx. 1850)
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Morocco ( Alawid Dynasty)
- Sultan: Mulai Sulaiman (1792–1822)
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Tunisia ( Husainid dynasty)
- Sultan: Mahmud Bey (1814-1824)
America
North America
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Mexico (controversial)
- Viceroy Félix María Calleja del Rey (1813–1816)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President James Madison (1809-1817)
Central America
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Haiti (controversial)
- Ruler: King Heinrich I (1806–1820)
South America
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Brazil
- Queen Maria I (1815-1816), therefore incapacitated for her Prince Regent Johann
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Chile (controversial, occupied by Spain)
- Head of State and Government: (vacant)
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New Granada (controversial, today Colombia )
- Spanish governor and captain general: Francisco Montalvo y Ambulodi (1813–1816)
- Head of State and Government:
- Chairman of the Triumvirate Custodio García Rovira (1814–28 March 1815)
- President of the Triumvirate José Miguel Pey de Andrade (March 28 - July 28, 1815)
- Chairman of the Triumvirate Manuel Rodríguez Torices (July 28 - November 15, 1815)
- President Camilo Clemente Torres Tenorio (November 15, 1815–1816)
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Paraguay (controversial)
- Head of State and Government: Consul Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (1814–1840)
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Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : José Fernando Abascál y Sousa (1806–1816)
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Río de la Plata (controversial, now Argentina )
- Head of State and Government:
- Chief Director Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1814–9 January 1815)
- Chief Director Carlos María de Alvear (January 9th - April 15th, 1815)
- Chief Director Juan José Viamonte (April 18 - April 20, 1815)
- Chief Director Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (April 20, 1815–1816)
- Head of State and Government:
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Venezuela
- Head of State or Government:?
Asia
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Abu Dhabi
- Sheikh: Shakhbut bin Dhiyab (1793-1816)
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Afghanistan
- King : Mahmud Shah (1801–1803) (1809–1818)
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China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Jia Qing (1796-1820)
Australia and Oceania
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Hawaii
- King: Kamehameha I (1795–1819)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
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French ruler :
- King of France: Louis XVIII. (1814– March 1, 1815)
- Emperor of the French: Napoléon I (March 1 - June 22, 1815)
- King of France: Louis XVIII. (June 22, 1815-1824)
- Bishop of Urgell : Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros (1797–1816)
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French ruler :
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Co-princes :
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Berg (on June 8th in Prussia)
- Ruler: (vacant)
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Denmark
- King : Friedrich VI. (1808–1839) (1808–1814 King of Norway)
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German Confederation (from June 8th)
- Austria : Emperor Franz I (1792–1835)
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Prussia
- King : Friedrich Wilhelm III. (1797–1840) (1797–1806 Elector of Brandenburg)
- Anhalt-Bernburg : Duke Alexius Friedrich Christian (1796–1834)
- Anhalt-Dessau : Duke Leopold III. (1751-1817)
- Anhalt-Köthen : Duke Ludwig August (1812–1818)
- Baden : Grand Duke Karl Ludwig Friedrich (1811–1818)
- Bavaria : King Maximilian I (1799–1825) elector until 1805
- Braunschweig (restituted on June 8th) Duke: Karl II. (June 16, 1815–1831)
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Bremen (restituted as Free City on June 8th)
- Mayor : Mayor Georg Gröning (1815–1821)
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Frankfurt (restituted as Free City on June 8th)
- Mayor: (vacant)
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Hamburg (restituted as Free City on June 8th)
- Mayor Daniel Lienau ( 1798–1811 , 1813–1816), Friedrich von Graffen ( 1801–1811 , March 18, 1813–1820), Wilhelm Amsinck ( 1802–1811 , 1813–1831), Johann Arnold Heise ( 1807–1811 , 1813–1834)
- Hessen-Darmstadt : Grand Duke Ludwig I (1790–1830)
- Hessen-Kassel (restituted on June 8th)
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Hanover (restituted on June 8th)
- Ruler: King George III. (1815-1820, incapacitated )
- Regent: Crown Prince Georg August Friedrich (1811–1830)
- Hohenzollern-Hechingen : Prince Friedrich (1810–1838)
- Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen : Prince Anton Aloys (1785–1831)
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Holstein and Lauenburg (restituted on June 8th)
- Ruler: Duke Friedrich VI. , King of Denmark (1808 / 1815–1839)
- Liechtenstein : Prince Johann I Josef (1805–1836)
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lip
- Ruler: Prince Leopold II (1800-1851, under guardianship )
- Regent: Princess Pauline zur Lippe (1802-1820)
- Lübeck (restituted as a Free City on June 8th)
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Luxembourg (founded June 8th)
- Ruler: Grand Duke Wilhelm I , King of the Netherlands (June 8, 1815–1840)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin : Duke Friedrich Franz I (1785–1837, from June 8 as Grand Duke )
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz : Duke Karl II. (1794–1816, from June 8 as Grand Duke )
- Nassau : Duke Friedrich August (1806–1816)
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Oldenburg (restituted on June 8th)
- Ruler: Administrator Peter Friedrich Ludwig ( 1785–1810 , 1815–1829)
- Reuss older line : Prince : Heinrich XIII. (1800-1817)
- Reuss-Schleiz : Prince?
- Reuss-Lobenstein : Prince?
- Reuss-Ebersdorf : Prince?
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Saxony : King Friedrich August I (1763–1827)
- Ruler: Elector Wilhelm I ( 1785–1806 , June 8, 1815–1821)
- Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld : Duke Ernst I (1806–1826)
- Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg : Duke August (1804–1822)
- Saxony-Hildburghausen : Duke Friedrich (1780–1826)
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Ruler: Duke Bernhard II (1803–1866, under guardianship )
- Regent: Duchess Louise Eleonore zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1803–1822)
- Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach : Duke Carl August (1758–1828, from June 8 as Grand Duke )
- Schaumburg-Lippe : Prince Georg Wilhelm (1787–1860)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt : Prince Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen : Prince Günther Friedrich Karl I (1794–1835)
- Waldeck-Pyrmont : Prince Georg II. (1813–1845)
- Württemberg : King Friedrich I (1797–1816) Duke 1797–1806, King 1806–1816
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Frankfurt (on June 8th in Hessen-Kassel, Bavaria and Prussia)
- Ruler: (vacant)
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France
- Ruler:
- King: Louis XVIII. (1814– March 1, 1815)
- Emperor : Napoléon I (March 1 - June 22, 1815)
- King: Louis XVIII. (June 22, 1815-1824)
- Ruler:
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Hohengeroldseck (annexed by Austria )
- Ruler: Prince Philipp von der Leyen (1806–1815)
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Isenburg-Birstein (on June 9th in Hanover)
- Ruler: Prince Carl (1803–1814)
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Italian states
- Papal States
- Lombardy-Veneto (personal union with Austria 1815–1859 / 66)
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Lucca
- Duchess: Maria Luisa (1815–1824) did not take office until 1817
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Massa and Carrara
- Duchess : Maria Beatrice (1790–1829)
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Modena and Reggio
- Duke : Francis IV (1814–1846)
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Naples
- King : Joachim Murat (1808–1815)
- King: Ferdinand IV. (1759-1806) (1815-1816)
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Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
- Duchess : Marie-Louise (1814–1847)
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San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Lodovico Belluzzi , Maria Giuseppe Malpeli (October 1, 1814– April 1, 1815)
- Capitani Reggenti: Giuseppe Mercuri , Pier Vincenzo Giannini (April 1, 1815– October 1, 1815)
- Capitani Reggenti: Francesco Maria Belluzzi , Filippo Filippi (October 1, 1815– April 1, 1816)
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Sardinia
- King : Victor Emanuel I (1802–1821)
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Sicily
- Ferdinand III. (1759-1816)
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Tuscany
- Grand Duke : Ferdinand III. (1790-1801) (1814-1824)
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Krakow (established May 3rd)
- Mayor:?
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Monaco
- Prince : Honoré IV. (1814-1819)
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Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince-Bishop (Vladika) : Petar I. Petrović-Njegoš (1782–1830)
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Netherlands (founded June 8th)
- Ruler: King Wilhelm I (March 16, 1815–1840)
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Mahmud II. (1808–1839)
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Portugal
- Queen : Maria I (1777–1816) (incapacitated in 1792) (1815–1816 Queen of Brazil)
- Regent: Johann Duke of Braganza (1792–1816) (1816–1826 King of Portugal, 1815–1816 Regent of Brazil, 1816–1822 King of Brazil)
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Prussia
- King : Friedrich Wilhelm III. (1797–1840) (1797–1806 Elector of Brandenburg)
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Russia
- Emperor : Alexander I (1801-1825)
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Salm-Kyrburg (annexed by?)
- Ruler: ?
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Salm-Salm (annexed by?)
- Ruler: ?
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Sweden
- King : Charles XIII. (1809–1818) (1814–1818 King of Norway)
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Spain
- King : Ferdinand VII ( 1808 , 1813–1833)
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United Kingdom
- Head of State:
- King George III (1801–1820, incapacitated since 1811) (1760–1801 King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1760–1806 Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1814–1820 King of Hanover)
- Regent: Georg, Prince of Wales (1811–1820) (1820–1830 King of the United Kingdom, 1820–1830 King of Hanover)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1812–1827)
- Head of State:
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Ioannis Georgios Karatzas (1812–1818)
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Westphalen (on June 8th in Hanover and Hessen-Kassel)
- Ruler: (vacant)
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Würzburg (on June 8th in Bavaria)
- Ruler: (vacant)