Olympic oak

As Olympic oak trees are oaks referred to the winners and winners of the 1936 Summer Olympics were awarded in addition to the gold medal.

In the sporting disciplines, 130 gold medals were awarded as many Olympic oaks to victorious individual athletes and teams; in addition, there were eleven medals and oaks in the Olympic art competitions . Some of these Olympic oaks were planted in their countries after the winners returned and have been preserved to this day.

Javelin thrower Tilly Fleischer with her Olympic oak at the 1936 Olympic Games

history

At the Olympic Summer Games in Berlin in 1936, every winner of a certain discipline received a gold medal, a certificate, an oak wreath and a 50 to 70 centimeter year-old seedling from a German pedunculate oak ("Quercus pedunculata"). This was in a brown ceramic pot with the inscription "Waxes for the honor of victory - calls for further action" . During the games 130 gold medals were awarded in 19 different sports with 129 disciplines, with the art competitions a further eleven gold medals were awarded, which resulted in a total of 141 gold medal winners (also in team competitions only one oak was awarded per team).

A Zehlendorf gardener named Hermann Rothe had the idea for the campaign, which is still unique to this day, and who also provided for a "convenient to use box [...] with precise instructions for maintenance". The organizing committee saw it as a "beautiful symbol of German character, German strength, German strength and German hospitality" and agreed.

symbolism

The symbolism of the Olympic oaks, the locations of which are only known for a few specimens, can be perceived ambiguously: On the one hand, the ruling National Socialists successfully misused the games as a propaganda forum in order to present themselves positively at home and abroad (including the symbolism of the oak for “German character, German power and strength and German hospitality” and gave these oaks the name Hitler's tree in English-speaking countries ), on the other hand, the oak was awarded to the “honor of victory” and should, with its long-term presence, be given to the successful Olympians recall.

Rabbi Marvin Hier , the director and founder of the Simon Wiesenthal Center , said that he and his organization had no objection to these Olympic trees as long as they were not misused as places of worship for Hitler or National Socialism: “It depends what is on the badge. But I wouldn't want to have the tree felled if it was planted for an Olympic champion. "

In the run-up to the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney , the Australian Olympic swimming champion from 1964 , Kevin Berry , suggested that the handover of tree saplings should also be practiced in Sydney: "I wished I had been given such a memento from my victory in 1964." Freely translated: “I would have liked such a memento of my victory in 1964.” ) It was reminiscent of the mysticism and tradition originally associated with the oak, but wanted to give the symbolism a different content: “We are continually being told to plant more trees and if only a few seedlings make it into the ground after an Olympic Games then we will be making a contribution to the greening of our planet. ”(loosely translated: “ We are regularly told to plant more trees, if only a few If seedlings are planted after the Olympic Games, we contribute to the greening of our planet. ” ) However, his suggestion was not accepted.

Locations and whereabouts of individual oaks

Egypt

2 gold medals; the whereabouts of the two oaks is unclear.

• Anwar Mesbah which won weightlifting in lightweight and Khadr Sayed El Touni in middleweight . There is no information as to whether their oaks reached Egypt or whether they were planted.

Argentina

2 gold medals; an oak (of which there are now several offshoots) is in Buenos Aires ; the whereabouts of the second oak is unclear.

• Argentine polo team: At the suggestion of Juan Diego "Jack" Nelson y Duggan (1891–1985), a gold medal winner of the polo team at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , the oak of the 1936 victorious Argentine polo team on the Campo Argentino de Polo in the Palermo district of the capital Buenos Aires planted between two playing fields.

Fifty years later, in 1986, one offshoot of this oak was given to the last two remaining members of the 1936 polo team, Roberto Cavanagh (1914–2002) and Luis Duggan (1906–1987). There are said to be further offshoots of this oak in Argentina that polo fans there have pulled from acorns of the tree.

British India

1 gold medal; the whereabouts of the oak are unclear.

• The Indian men's national hockey team won - after 1928 and 1932 - their third gold medal in a row. The player Mirza Nasiruddin Masud described the handover of the oak to the captain Dhyan Chand Singh with the words: “Opposite the boxes of honor we marched into the stadium and Dhyan Chand received a 28 inch from a blonde German girl on behalf of the team and the country high oak in a special pot, which was decorated with the Olympic bell. "

Germany

38 gold medals; There are oaks in Berlin , Frankfurt am Main (replaced), Freyburg an der Unstrut , Gladbeck , Hamburg , Cologne , Mannheim , Munich , Warendorf , Wuppertal , ...; the whereabouts of some oaks is unclear.

• The oak was planted on the island of Kälberwerder in Berlin , which the two men with the helmsman ( Dieter Arend , Herbert Adamski and Gerhard Gustmann ) of the rowing club at Wannsee had received.
• The oak that Tilly Fleischer received for her victory in the javelin was planted on the left side of the main entrance of the Waldstadion in Frankfurt am Main . After the tree had to be felled, Tilly Fleischer planted the current successor oak in November 1998. A sign reminds of the Olympic victory.
• The two oaks for the team victories in gymnastics for men (won by Alfred Schwarzmann , Konrad Frey , Matthias Volz , Willi Stadel , Franz Beckert , Walter Steffens , Innozenz Stangl and Ernst Winter ) and for women (won by Gertrud Meyer , Erna Bürger , Käte Sohnemann , Isolde Frölian , Anita Bärwirth , Paula Pöhlsen , Friedl Iby and Julie Schmitt ) were planted on the grave of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in the courtyard of his former home in Freyburg an der Unstrut .
• Willy Kaiser , flyweight Olympic champion in boxing , planted his Olympic oak after his return from captivity in 1949 at the Gladbeck stadium in Gladbeck . In 1993 a memorial plaque was placed at the foot of the oak.
• The Olympic oak of hammer thrower Karl Hein is on his private property in Hamburg - Alsterdorf .
• Toni Merkens was an Olympic champion in the track bike sprint . His oak was planted by himself at the bicycle stadium in Cologne .
• The oak that the four-man with helmsman ( Hans Maier , Walter Volle , Ernst Gaber , Paul Söllner and Fritz Bauer ) received for his Olympic victory is in the garden of the clubhouse of the Mannheim rowing club Amicitia in Mannheim .
• The Olympic oak that the discus thrower Gisela Mauermayer received was planted on September 3, 1936 in the oak grove of the Old Botanical Garden in Munich .
• In equestrian sport, the German athletes won all six gold medals that were awarded: Heinz Pollay won the individual evaluation in dressage and the team evaluation together with Friedrich Gerhard and Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski , Ludwig Stubbendorff won the individual evaluation and together with Rudolf Lippert and Konrad von Wangenheim also the team competition in the military and Kurt Hasse was successful in jumping both in the individual and in the team with Marten von Barnekow and Heinz Brandt . All six oaks were first planted on the grounds of the Reichswehr Cavalry School in Hanover and later transferred to the Army Riding School in Krampnitz near Potsdam . One of the trees was repositioned on the tournament site of the Federal Competence Center of the German Olympic Committee for Equestrian (DOKR) in Warendorf .
• Herbert Runge is the only German heavyweight Olympic champion in boxing to date. His Olympic oak is located on the southeast side of the stadium at the zoo in Wuppertal , where it is the only oak in a birch and beech forest. A plaque on the fence that separates the forest from the stadium's guest area commemorates the deceased boxer.

Estonia

2 gold medals; two oak trees in Tallinn that no longer exist today.

• Kristjan Palusalu won both the gold medal in freestyle wrestling and that in the Greco-Roman style, each in the highest weight class. He was the only Estonian Olympic champion in 1936. Palusalu was celebrated as a national hero on his return to Estonia. Numerous oak trees have been planted across the country in his honor. The oak seedlings from Berlin were planted on August 23, 1936 in the Kadrioru stadium in Tallinn . Both trees fell victim to World War II .

Finland

8 gold medals; an oak did not survive the journey; the whereabouts of an oak in Helsinki is unclear; the oaks in Kerava , Tali / Helsinki, Viipuri and Tervalampi / Vihti died ; the one in Lapua is still there today; in Joutseno there is an offshoot of an Olympic oak.

• Gunnar Höckert was the Olympic champion in the 5000 meter run . Its oak was near the then under construction, especially in the Olympic Stadium in Helsinki planted. No further information is available and it is believed that this oak died.
• Volmari Iso-Hollo won the 3,000 meter obstacle race in 1936 and planted his oak tree in his garden in Kerava . In the early 1950s, this oak died.
• Lauri Koskela won the Greco-Roman style ; his oak was planted in the garden of Lapua Town Hall and still stands there today.
• Kustaa Pihlajamäki won freestyle wrestling ; his oak was planted in Helsinki in the park of the Talin kartano (Tali mansion) in the Tali district to the west of Helsinki , but perished in the winter of 1940.
• Ilmari Salminen was an Olympic champion in the 10,000 meter run . His oak did not survive the trip back to Finland. In its place, another oak was planted in the courtyard of Salminen's house, which was still there in 1994.
• Sten Suvio , Olympic welterweight boxing champion , and Aleksanteri Saarvala , high bar gymnast and first Finnish gymnast to win a gold medal, brought their oaks back in a box that is still in the holdings of the Sports Museum of Finland. The two oaks were planted in 1937 in the center of Viipuri, Finland (now Russia). Their existence was still reported in 1942, but it is believed that they were destroyed during World War II. Before that, Finnish troops are said to have taken a sapling of the Suvio oak with them on June 20, 1944 and planted it in front of a school in their hometown of Joutseno , where it still stands today. There is a memorial plaque on a granite block in front of her.
• Urho Karhumäki's novel Avoveteen ( Eng . In Free Water ) was awarded the gold medal in Berlin in 1936 in the discipline of Epic Works . His oak was planted by his house in the village of Tervalampi, Vihti parish . Today only a stump remains of the tree, which is next to Karhumäki's grave.

France

7 gold medals; the whereabouts of five oaks is unclear; one is said to be in Saint-Etienne and another in Pantin .

• Louis Hostin won the light heavyweight lift. There are only very sketchy and extremely contradicting statements about his Olympic oak. It is mentioned that his hometown of Saint-Étienne presented him with an oak in his honor (it is not mentioned whether this was the oak that the hostess brought with her). Today the tree is said to be in the Parc de l'Europe there, after it - according to the city magazine of Saint-Étienne in 1996 - was first planted with a plaque on Place Marengo . In 1939 the oak is said to have been found on the grave of a German soldier in the local cemetery in Montmartre , then the mayor of Aurec-sur-Loire , a suburb of Saint-Étienne, planted it on his private property before giving it to the city of Saint in 1945 -Étienne would have transferred.

Photography
Émile Poilvé with his Olympic oak
( please note copyrights )

• Émile Poilvé was Olympic champion in freestyle wrestling (middleweight). There are photos of him with his Olympic oak, which is said to be in the Stade l'ASPP in Pantin today .

The whereabouts of the Olympic oaks of the following gold medalists is unclear:

• Robert Charpentier won the individual road race in cycling.
• Robert Charpentier, Jean Goujon , Guy Lapébie , Roger Le Nizerhy were the winners in the 4000 m team pursuit .
• Robert Charpentier, Robert Dorgebray and Guy Lapébie won the team classification of the road bike race.
• Jean Despeaux won the gold medal in boxing (middleweight).
• Roger Michelot won the gold medal in boxing (lightweight).

Italy

9 gold medals; the whereabouts of most oaks is unclear.

• As a sculptor, Farpi Vignoli was the winner in the round sculptures category .
• Ulderico Sergo won the gold medal in boxing ( bantamweight ).
• Trebisonda "Ondina" Valla won the women's 80-meter hurdles . The oak of Trebisonda Valla (Ondina Valla) stood in front of the Stadio Renato Dall'Ara stadium in Bologna . The oak probably died and was replaced while the Valla was still alive († 2006) and in their presence by another, perhaps by Sara Simeoni [2] This source from La Repubblica denotes the exact location near (behind) the Curva Andrea Costa des Stadium and has more details.
• Giorgio Bocchino , Giulio Gaudini , Gioacchino Guaragna , Gustavo Marzi , Manlio Di Rosa and Ciro Verratti won the team championship in foil fencing .
• Giancarlo Brusati , Giancarlo Cornaggia Medici , Edoardo Mangiarotti , Alfredo Pezzana , Saverio Ragno and Franco Riccardi won the team ranking in epee fencing .
  • The two oaks of the epee and foil team evaluation were probably planted near the Capitol (Rome) near the Senator's Palace. The exact location was the Giardino Ara dei Caduti Fascisti near Via Fori Imperiali. One has already been received, the second also seems to be in bad condition. The memorial stones are still there, but have probably become illegible.
• In addition to the team classification, Franco Riccardi also won the individual epee competition.
• Bruno Bianchi , Luigi De Manincor , Domenico Mordini , Enrico Poggi , Luigi Poggi and Giovanni Reggio won the sailing competition in the 8 m class.
• Giuseppe Baldo , Sergio Bertoni , Carlo Biagi , Giulio Capelli , Alfredo Foni , Annibale Frossi , Francesco Gabriotti , Ugo Locatelli , Libero Marchini , Alfonso Negro , Achille Piccini , Pietro Rava , Luigi Scarabello and Bruno Venturini won the football tournament.

Japan

6 gold medals; the whereabouts of all oaks is unclear.

Canada

1 gold medal; the whereabouts of the oak are unclear.

• Francis "Frank" Amyot (1904–1962) won Canada's only gold medal in 1936 in the single-canoe over 1000 meters. His victory was remarkable in two ways: First, the Canadian officials had refused to pay for his trip to Germany, but his rowing club, the Britannia Boating Club , had raised the money for the trip through a campaign; on the other hand, Amyot had trained and raced in a different type of boat in Canada than the one used in Berlin for the Olympic races.

In 2008 the journalism professor Klaus Pohle of German origin went in search of the oak. By searching microfilmed newspapers in 1936, he found that there had been a reception at Stanley Lewis, then Mayor of Ottawa on September 10, 1936, during which Amyot handed the oak seedling over to the mayor who oversaw the oak in town Ottawa wanted to plant. Despite intensive research in city archives, at rowing clubs and in the city parks there, Pohle found no further information and came to the conclusion: “One gold medal, one tree. But all record of it seems to have been lost. "

New Zealand

Lovelock Oak in the grounds of Timaru Boys High School , Timaru, New Zealand

1 gold medal; the oak is in the New Zealand port city of Timaru .

• John Edward “Jack” Lovelock won the 1,500 meter race. He did not return to New Zealand himself, but friends took away the sapling that was planted in 1941 on the grounds of Timaru Boys High School . The Lovelock Oak is still there today and has been declared a national treasure; it is the Olympic oak furthest from Berlin. Every year, students collect the acorns in order to grow new seedlings. A statue of Lovelock was erected near the oak in 2002.

Netherlands

6 gold medals; two oaks stood in Rotterdam ; the whereabouts of the remaining oaks is still unclear.

• Hendrika Mastenbroek won two gold medals; the two trees were of her in the zoo of Rotterdam planted. Both burned to death in the May 1940 bombing of Rotterdam .
• Daan Kagchelland won a gold medal in sailing . His oak was planted in front of the headquarters of the Rotterdamse Zeilvereniging , from where it however disappeared. It was probably cut down and burned.
• The oaks of two Dutch swimmers were planted in front of the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium , where they still stand today.

Norway

1 gold medal; the whereabouts of the oak are unclear.

• Willy Mads Henry Røgeberg won the gold medal in the small bore.

Turkey

1 gold medal; the whereabouts of the oak are unclear.

• Yaşar Erkan became the first Turkish (featherweight) wrestler to win a gold medal at the 1936 Olympic Games. The handover of the oak has been documented, but nothing is known about its whereabouts.

United States of America

24 gold medals; Oaks in Cleveland (probably two), Columbus (probably two), Fort Collins (a second generation oak), Los Angeles (two, one of which is probably), Stillwater (Oklahoma) (felled),…; the whereabouts of the other oaks is unclear.

• Cornelius Johnson , Olympic high jump champion , who died of pneumonia ten years later at the age of 32, planted the oak in the courtyard of his parents' house in Koreatown , west of Los Angeles (the house no longer belongs to the Johnson family). The Los Angeles subdivision of Dr. Carter G. Woodson's Association for the Study of African American Life and History is considering applying for landmark protection for this oak tree as it is part of Los Angeles' Black History .
• Frank Lewis , Olympic champion in wrestling, had given his oak tree to Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma . In 1990 the tree was badly damaged by a lightning strike and felled.
• Pole vault winner Earle Meadows reported in an interview that his Olympic oak died on the way home.
• Glenn Morris , Olympic champion and Olympic record and world record holder in the decathlon , presented his Olympic oak to Charles A. Lory, then President of the Colorado Agricultural College (now Colorado State University , at a "Presentation of Oak" CSU); Morris had studied at this college in Fort Collins from 1930 to 1935 . The oak was supposed to be planted on campus, but later what happened to it couldn't be traced. The college had no record of a planting operation, and no oak later could be found anywhere on campus.

On May 10, 2010, a new "second generation" oak was planted in a ceremony in honor of Glenn Morris on the CSU campus. One of the initiators was Don Holst, coach of the US decathlon team at the 1968 Summer Olympics and amateur Olympic historian, who was present at the ceremony. Holst had identified the positions of the other American Olympic oaks, collected acorns and raised saplings, which he had previously distributed to friends and sports enthusiasts and planted in other sites connected with the Olympic history of the United States. Another seedling was planted in Simla, Colorado , where Morris went to school.

• Jesse Owens won four gold medals and four oaks. It is no longer possible to determine where these were planted. A number of locations claim to be Owen's oaks:
  • Frank Rhodes High School in Cleveland , where Owens trained, is considered a likely location.
  • Another oak is said to have been in front of Jesse Owen's mother's house in Cleveland and was felled when the house was demolished in the 1960s.
  • The University of Southern California in Los Angeles is the location of the oak of the 4 by 100 meter relay in which Owens ran.
  • Another oak is said to be located at Ohio State University in Columbus , where Owens attended college .
  • There is an oak tree next to the State Library of Ohio in Columbus .

United Kingdom

4 gold medals; one oak is in How Hill , another in Bedford until 1978 ; the whereabouts of the other oaks is still unclear.

• Christopher Boardman , winner in a sailing competition, planted his oak on his property in How Hill in the county of Norfolk . The oak is the only one of the four British oaks that has been preserved. Since 2002, the oak (referred to in the British press as Hitler's oak - e.g. Hitler's oak or Hitler's oak ) has been a natural monument under the protection of the How Hill Trust .
• Jack Beresford and Leslie Frank "Dick" Southwood won the gold medal in the double scull in 1936 . Beresford handed the oak over to his previous school, the Bedford School in Bedford , and planted the tree during a ceremony, which was documented in the media with pictures and a short film. Unreferenced communications report that the oak known as Hitler Oak was felled in 1978 when the school was building a new sports hall. Before that, saplings were grown from the oak, which were later planted on the school grounds and in the park. The wood of the felled oak was cut into planks and placed under the supervision of the bursar , Major Donald Mantell. Since then, commemorative plaques for the rowing club for the winners of special races have been made from the wood.
• Even Harold Whitlock , the 1936 gold medal in the 50-km walk took, gave his Olympic oak to his former school, the Hendon Grammar School in London district of Hendon. In 2007 the tree had to be felled because of fungal attack.

See also

• Son Kitei

literature

• James Ross Constandt: The 1936 Olympic Oaks: Where are They Now? , Self-published (1994)

Web links

Commons : Olympic Oak  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Broder-Jürgen Trede: Hitler's Olympic oaks ; in: SPON, online

Individual evidence

1. ↑ In weightlifting (lightweight) both the Austrian Robert Fein and the Egyptian Anwar Misbah received a gold medal with identical performance; no silver medal was awarded in this competition.
2. ↑ Eichbäumchen to the Olympic winners , Deutsche Zeitung, Celje, June 4, 1936, p. 4 No. 45
3. ↑ ^{a b} Hitler's Tree ( Memento from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , canada.com, August 18, 2008
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Jerry Crowe: To protect and preserve a tree rooted in Games , Los Angeles Times, August 20, 2007
5. ↑ ^{a b} Kevin Berry: Seedlings for Sydney. Journal of Olympic History, January 2000, accessed March 4, 2014 . 
6. ↑ Horace A. Laffaye: The Evolution of Polo . McFarland, July 1, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7864-5415-0 , pp. 125-126.
7. ↑ Confirmation upon request at the National Hockey Museum , Dartford, UK, in February 2014
8. ↑ Also in his autobiography Goal! (published by Sport & Pastime , Chennai, 1952) Dhyan Chand does not mention the Olympic oak. After the final on August 15, 1936, the team went on tour through Europe and finally had a week's vacation in London. The team then took a steamboat back to India and arrived in Bombay on September 29th - 6 weeks after the final. The team manager's final report does not mention the Olympic oak either.
9. ↑ Mirza Nasiruddin Masud at The Wisdom Fund
10. ^ Extract from the description by MN Masud
11. ^ Rowing club at Wannsee ( Memento from February 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
12. ^ Eintracht Frankfurt
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Hitler's Olympic oaks "Waxes for the honor of victory". Retrieved March 26, 2014 . 
14. ↑ Cologne sports facilities
15. ↑ Virtual Sports Museum ( Memento from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
16. ↑ City Chronicle Munich 1936
17. ^ Olympic oak and Herbert Runge memorial plaque. Retrieved December 8, 2013 . 
18. ↑ Film report of the Estonian newsreel (To see the video, click on the link Vaata videoklippe .)
19. ↑ Kadrioru staadionile istutatakse olümpiatammed , uudised.err.ee, September 8, 2004
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} This information was communicated by the Arkistoinfo (archive information) department of Suomen Urheiluarkisto (Finnish Sports Archive) in Suomen Urheilumuseosäättö (Sports Museum of Finland) on February 24, 2014 and is also documented here .
21. ↑ Lapua website ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (Finnish)
22. ↑ Finnish mansions: Talin kartano
23. ↑ The position given was: Kesolantie 32, Joutseno, Finland.
24. ↑ plaque by Sten Suvios Olympic Oak
25. ↑ Free German translation: "Olympic oak - Sten Suvio won a gold medal at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. An oak sprout was presented to the winner. Suvio's oak was planted on the sports field in the center of Viipuri. In the summer of 1944 it was closed because of the war brought to Joutseno and planted in the courtyard of the primary school. To commemorate the 100th birthday of the gold medal winner on November 25, 2011 (South Karelian Sports Solidarity Association, Joutseno District Association) "
26. ↑ Louis Hostin, le roi de la fonte ( Memento of March 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
27. ↑ Émile Poilvé on quentin-lutte-olympique.wifeo.com
28. ↑ [1] in La Repubblica, online, (Italian)
29. ↑ ^{a b} De honderdste geboortedag van Daan Kagchelland. Geschiedenis 24, March 27, 2014, accessed on August 26, 2014 (Dutch). 
30. ↑ The Norges Olympiske Museum (Olympic Museum of Norway) does not have any records.
31. ^ Cumhuriyet, August 15, 1936
32. ↑ Cecilia Rasmussen: Black History In LA , Los Angeles Times, February 8, 1993
33. ↑ Corsicana Daily, July 16, 1972 : Meadows established an Olympic record in winning the pole vault in Hitler's Berlin. "They crowned me with olive leaves", Meadows says, "and gave each of us a little oak tree 'to cement everlasting friendship.' Mine died on the way home. "
34. ↑ Campus community and public invited to Glenn Morris Olympic Oak Tree Planting Ceremony May 10 , Colorado State University, May 10, 2010
35. ^ Con Marshall: 'Renaissance jock', Don Holst, dies at age 83 , Rapid City Journal, November 5, 2013
36. ^ Terri Frei: Glenn Morris: An Olympic Hero rooted in Colorado , The Denver Post, May 11, 2010
37. ↑ Mhari Saito: Jesse Owens' Legacy, And Hitler's Oak Trees; in: NPR of July 27, 2011, online
38. ^ 'Hitler's oak' at How Hill in Ludham cut back; in: BBC of April 12, 2013, online
39. ↑ Prize for gold medal winners: British save Olympic oak given away by Hitler; in: SPON, online
40. ^ Robin Scott-Elliot: Chris Hoy thrilled to be flag-bearer for Team GB at opening ceremony , The Independent, July 24, 2012
41. ↑ Official Reports, 1936 Olympics, p. 1130
42. ^ British Universities Film & Video Council: Sport: Reported by Alan Howland: Sport: Reported by Alan Howland: The Olympic Echo : Jack Beresford presents oak tree to his Bedford School. (released: October 12, 1936)
43. ↑ Hear the Boat Sing
44. ↑ Pole Vault Power
45. ^ Letters to the Sports Editor by Martin Humphrys, Chairman Thames Regional Rowing Council and Former Master in Charge of Rowing, Bedford School, The Telegraph, September 22, 2006
46. ↑ Bill Mallon: Book Review (p. 44)