Atlantic hurricane season 2021

Atlantic hurricane season 2021

All the storms of the season
Formation of the first storm	May 22, 2021
Dissolution of the last storm	Continuous season
Tropical lows	12th
Storms	12th
Hurricanes	5
Severe hurricanes ( Cat. 3+ )	2
Total number of victims	93
Total damage	~?
Atlantic hurricane season 2019 , 2020 , 2021 , 2022 , 2023

The Atlantic hurricane season 2021 officially begins on June 1, 2021 and also officially ends on November 30, 2021. During this period, most hurricanes usually form in the northern Atlantic Ocean , as only at this time suitable conditions such as a warmed ocean , humid air and there is little wind shear , which allows the formation of tropical cyclones. Since the beginning of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , the National Hurricane Center (NHC) has been able to issue warnings about disturbances that do not yet have tropical characteristics, such as tropical cyclogenesishowever, there is high potential and storm or hurricane conditions are expected for inhabited areas within 48 hours. Such systems are considered potential tropical cyclone called ( "potential tropical cyclones").

As of this year, the NHC will start issuing regular Tropical Weather Outlooks on May 15th, two weeks earlier than before. The change came because storms had formed prior to the official start of the hurricane season over the past six years.

Season forecasts

Tropical activity predictions for the 2021 season

source	date	named storms	Hurricanes	severe hurricanes
Average (1991-2020)		14.4	7.2	3.2
highest recorded activity		30th	15th	7th
lowest activity		4th	2 †	0 †
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––
TSR	December 9, 2020	16	7th	3
CSU	April 8, 2021	17th	8th	4th
TSR	April 13, 2021	17th	8th	3
UA	April 13, 2021	18th	8th	4th
NCSU	April 4, 2021	15-18	7-9	2-3
TWC	April 15, 2021	18th	8th	3
TWC	May 13, 2021	19th	8th	4th
* June – November only † last season with this value

Before and during the season, several national weather services and scientific institutes predict how many named storms, hurricanes and severe hurricanes - that is, category 3 and higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale - will form during the season or in a particular one Country impact. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London , the UK Met Office , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Colorado State University (CSU).

The NOAA classifies a seasonal trend as above average, near normal or below average one by comparing the expected figures for named storms, the number of expected hurricanes and the number of severe hurricanes and the expected ACE index with the average values of the comparative period. From 2021, this comparative period will be the 30-year period between 1991 and 2020. According to NOAA and CSU data, 14.4 tropical storms, 7.2 hurricanes and 3.2 major hurricanes formed during this period (previously: 1981-2010: 12.1 tropical storms, 6.4 hurricanes and 2.7 severe hurricanes), and the Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index ranges from 72 to 111.

Roughly speaking, the ACE is a measure of the strength of a tropical or subtropical storm that is multiplied by the duration of its existence. Only the full-fledged storm warnings (every six hours) of a system, in which the wind speed reaches or exceeds 35 knots , are taken into account . NOAA normally only classifies a season as above average, average or below average active in relation to the ACE and only takes into account the actual number of tropical storms, hurricanes and major hurricanes in passing.

Before the start of the season

On December 9, 2020, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), an association of experts in insurance, risk management and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London , published a longer-term forecast that assumed a slightly above-average active season. According to this, TSR expected the formation of 16 named storms, including 7 hurricanes and of which 3 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 127. TSR cited the expected formation of a weak La Niña during the third quarter of 2021 as the determining factor behind the forecast.

The CSU released their first season forecast on April 8, 2021 an above-average season history with 17 named storms, eight hurricanes and four major hurricanes and ACE Index of 150, relying on the improbability of El Niño and warmer than average sea surface temperatures (English: sea surface temperature ; SST) in the subtropical Atlantic. TSR updated its forecast on April 13 to a season with 17 named storms, eight hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, and an ACE of 134. On the same day, the University of Arizona (UA) released its seasonal forecast of above-average hurricane activity with 18 storms, eight hurricanes and four major hurricanes and an ACE value of 137. North Carolina State University (NCSU) made its forecast for the season on April 14th. The NCSU expects an above-average season with 15 to 18 named storms, seven to nine hurricanes and two to three major hurricanes. On May 13, The Weather Company (TWC) published a forecast showing 19 named storms, eight hurricanes, and four major hurricanes.

Season overview

Systems

Tropical storm Ana

Tropical storm
duration	May 22nd - May 24th
intensity	40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1006 hPa

On May 22, 2021, the subtropical storm Ana formed in the Atlantic northeast of Bermuda . This makes the 2021 season the seventh in a row that the first storm occurred before the official start of the hurricane season on June 1. Ana is also considered unique because in May in the North Atlantic there are usually no tropical or subtropical storms. There has not been a single storm in this marine region since at least 1950 that formed before the official start of the season. May storms usually only form in the Gulf of Mexico, the western Caribbean, or the southeast coast of the United States.

On May 23, Ana turned into a tropical storm. A few hours later that same day, Ana weakened to a tropical low. In the early morning of May 24th, the low was declared a post-tropical cyclone.

Tropical Storm Bill

Tropical storm
duration	June 14th - June 15th
intensity	50 kn (95 km / h ) (1 minute) , 998 hPa

On June 14, 2021, tropical deep two formed in the Atlantic off the coast of North Carolina . It was moving in a northeasterly direction at this point. No warnings were issued. Late in the evening of June 14th, the low was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bill. The downgrade to a post-tropical low came in the late evening of June 15.

Tropical storm Claudette

Tropical storm
duration	June 19 - June 22
intensity	40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1004 hPa

On June 17, 2021, the National Hurricane Center began issuing warnings regarding potential Tropical Storm Three. This system, which originated in the Gulf of Mexico, was not initially a fully developed tropical cyclone. A development into a tropical storm was expected. On June 18, the system's wind speed was 35 knots, equivalent to a tropical storm. The system made landfall near New Orleans on June 19, 2021 and was declared Tropical Storm Claudette shortly after it landed. The system then caused heavy rainfall of over 250 liters per square meter over Louisiana and Mississippi . In addition, there was a tidal wave that was locally more than 1.50 meters high and wind damage. In addition, a tornado formed that devastated a trailer park in Alabama. 14 people were killed as a result of the storm, including 9 children who were involved in a mass accident caused by flooded streets.

Subsequently, Claudette, who has since been downgraded to a tropical low overland, moved to North Carolina and from there to the Atlantic Ocean. While it was still on land, the system was upgraded to a tropical storm again. From a meteorological point of view, Claudette is unique because it was only declared a tropical storm after it landed and later intensified again into a storm before returning over water.

On June 22nd, the storm over the Atlantic turned into a low pressure trough.

Tropical storm Danny

Tropical storm
duration	June 28th - June 29th
intensity	40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1009 hPa

Tropical Deep Four formed off the coast of South Carolina on June 28, 2021 . At this point it was moving in a west-northwest direction towards the coast. A tropical storm warning has been issued for parts of South Carolina. A few hours later that day, the low was upgraded to Tropical Storm Danny. On the evening of June 28, the system hit land in South Carolina and then weakened to a tropical low. On June 29th, the system disintegrated overland.

Hurricane Elsa

Category 1 hurricane
duration	June 30th - July 9th
intensity	75 kn (140 km / h ) (1 minute) , 991 hPa

On June 30, 2021, the National Hurricane Center began issuing warnings regarding potential Tropical Storm Five. This system was not yet a fully developed tropical cyclone. On July 1, 2021, the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Elsa. Elsa is the earliest fifth storm on record. He was moving towards the Caribbean. Tropical storm warnings have been issued for Barbados , Martinique , St. Lucia , St. Vincent , the Grenadines , Saba and Sint Eustatius . The tropical storm warning was later extended to the south coast of the Dominican Republic and Haiti .

On July 2, Elsa was upgraded to a hurricane and a hurricane warning issued for Barbados, St. Vincent, the Grenadines and St. Lucia. On the same day, Elsa passed as a Category 1 hurricane near St. Vincent and the Grenadines, which were badly affected by the hurricane. On July 3, when the storm was south of Hispaniola Island, Elsa was downgraded to a tropical storm. A tropical storm warning has been issued for the eastern provinces of Cuba . For parts of Hispaniola and Jamaica, 100 to 200 liters of rainfall were forecast, locally up to 375 liters.

Elsa passed close to the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica on July 3rd and 4th, causing damage there with strong winds and heavy rainfall. In the Dominican Republic, two people died on July 3 when two houses collapsed under the load of the wind. There had previously been a death in St. Lucia. In Barbados , more than 1,100 people affected reported damage to buildings and at least 62 homes were completely destroyed. Then Elsa took a slightly weakened course to Cuba . More than 180,000 people were evacuated there before the storm hit, taking shelter in emergency shelters, with relatives and even in mountain caves. Daily precipitation of up to 380 liters of rain per square meter is expected.

Further preparations for the storm were made in Florida . Among other things, the still standing remains of the partially collapsed skyscraper in Surfside near Miami were blown up in a controlled manner in order to avoid a dangerous uncontrolled collapse caused by the storm. The search for further buried subjects had to be temporarily suspended.

On the afternoon of July 5th, Elsa landed in Cuba. Later he capsized a boat coming from Cuba with 22 people on board southeast of Key West , nine of whom were still missing as of July 7th.

After the train over Cuba, during which the storm had temporarily weakened, Elsa reached the Gulf of Mexico , where it began to strengthen again. In addition to wind speeds of tropical storm strength, the storm brought large amounts of rain over the Florida Keys and other parts of Florida . In Miami on the Atlantic coast of Florida, more than 75 liters of rain per square meter fell by the afternoon of July 6th (German time). For Tampa Bay , a hurricane warning was issued in July for the first time since 2008. On his move north, along the west coast of Florida, Elsa temporarily strengthened itself again to a Category 1 hurricane, but was then downgraded to a tropical storm again.

On July 7, the storm hit land in Taylor County , north Florida, near Tallahassee . After this landfall, Elsa moved via Florida, Georgia , South and North Carolina and other east coast states to New York , before it was declared a post-tropical storm on July 9 about 30 km west of Plymouth . The storm brought large amounts of rain, including several subway stations and major roads in New York City were flooded. There were tornado warnings in several states, and 10 people were injured in a possible tornado on a US military base. In Florida, a person was killed by a falling tree.

Even as a post-tropical storm, Elsa still brought heavy rainfall over eastern Canada . In Nova Scotia , there were also more than 50,000 power outages after power lines were damaged by vegetation.

With a train speed of 31 mph (approx. 50 km / h) Elsa also set a new record for the fastest moving hurricane in the tropics.

Tropical storm Fred

Tropical storm
duration	August 11th - August 18th
intensity	55 kn (100 km / h ) (1 minute) , 993 hPa

On August 9, 2021, the National Hurricane Center began issuing reports of a potential tropical cyclone six. On the morning of August 11th (UTC), the NHC named the system Tropical Storm Fred. On the same day, Fred landed in the Dominican Republic . There, 50 to 100 liters of rain per m² were announced, locally up to 150 liters. The storm had previously caused heavy rain in Puerto Rico ; In addition, around 13,000 customers there were affected by a power outage. After the move over Hispaniola , Fred weakened to a tropical low and degenerated into a tropical wave on August 14th. On August 15th it intensified again into a tropical storm. A state of emergency was declared in Florida as a preventive measure .

On August 16, Fred hit land as a strong tropical storm near Cape San Blas in the Florida Panhandle with winds of 100 km / h. The National Hurrican Center warned of life-threatening floods; Rainfalls of 200 liters / m² were expected, locally up to around 300 liters / m². In addition, warnings were given of a storm surge, which in some parts of the coast can reach a height of around 1.5 meters.

After landfall, Fred weakened to the tropical low and moved north via Alabama and Georgia . In addition to heavy rainfall of over 150 liters per square meter, which also led to flooded streets, it also knocked down trees and, according to initial reports, also caused several tornadoes , which, however, caused only minor damage. In total, according to preliminary data, reports of 16 tornadoes have been reported. The greatest amount of rain fell in Vernon, Florida , where more than 280 liters of rainfall were measured.

On August 18, Fred became a post-tropical cyclone over western Pennsylvania .

At least five people died in a flash flood in Cruso , North Carolina that destroyed at least 225 buildings. In this town alone, authorities estimated at least $ 300 million in damage. In Haywood County , a river burst its banks after the remains of Fred brought about 250 liters of rainfall.

Hurricane Grace

Category 3 hurricane
duration	August 13th - August 21st
intensity	110 kn (205 km / h ) (1 minute) , 962 hPa

On August 13, 2021, the National Hurricane Center began issuing reports of a potential tropical cyclone "Seven". On the same day, the government of Antigua and Barbuda issued a storm warning for Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis and Montserrat, and the Dutch government for Saba and Sint Eustatius, the French for St. Martin and St. Barthelmy, and the government of Sint Maarten for Sint Maarten. On the morning of August 14, 2021, "Seven" was upgraded to a tropical storm and named "Grace". Storm warnings were also issued for the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, including Vieques and Culebra. On August 15, 2021, the system south of Puerto Rico weakened to a tropical low.

Among other things, Grace caused heavy rains on Hispaniola , including in the parts of Haiti that had recently been hit by a severe earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2, in which, according to initial estimates, around 1,300 people were killed. A warning was given against large areas of rain of 125 to 250 liters / m², with local values ​​up to approx. 375 liters / m². Since Haiti is heavily deforested, it is particularly prone to mudslides and landslides as a result of heavy rainfall. Around 250 liters of rain per square meter fell in the Dominican Republic, and at least 558 residential buildings were damaged by mudslides and water masses. In Trinidad , one person died as a result of a landslide.

After the train over Haiti, Grace intensified again into a tropical storm on the morning of August 17th on its way to Jamaica and the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula . It was expected that it might hit the Yucatán at hurricane strength. For Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, parts of Cuba and the Yucatán, between 75 and 150 liters of rain per square meter were expected, locally up to 250 liters.

On August 18, Grace landed in Jamaica . In the east of Jamaica there was heavy rainfall and the resulting flooding, overturned trees and fallen power pylons. At Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston , around 250 liters of rain per square meter were measured within 24 hours. It reached hurricane strength a little later and became the second hurricane of the season.

On August 19, 2021, Grace hit land again as a Category 1 hurricane with wind speeds of 130 km / h just south of the Mexican city of Tulum . Then Grace weakened to a tropical storm. The hurricane caused heavy rainfall on the Mexican mainland, and according to initial reports, around 150,000 people in the state of Yucatán were without electricity.

After crossing the peninsula, Grace intensified again into a Category 1 hurricane in the Bay of Campeche. Grace then intensified rapidly , becoming a Category 3 hurricane, making Grace the first major hurricane of the season. As such, Grace hit land near Tecolutla on August 21 with winds of 205 km / h . In parts of Mexico, precipitation between 150 and 300 liters / m² was expected, locally up to 450 liters, plus a storm surge of approx. 2-3 meters in height, which can be accompanied by strong waves. After making landfall, Grace weakened and eventually disintegrated. According to initial reports, at least eight people were killed in Mexico.

Hurricane Henri

Category 1 hurricane
duration	August 15 - August 23
intensity	65 kn (120 km / h ) (1 minute) , 991 hPa

On August 15, the Tropical Deep Eight formed in the Atlantic northeast of Bermuda . On August 16, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Henri. On August 21, the storm intensified on the way to New England as a Category 1 hurricane. The forecast amounts of precipitation were up to 150 liters per square meter, locally 250 liters were also considered possible. The National Hurricane Center warned of flooding. Connecticut declared a state of emergency as a precautionary measure , and parts of New York were also declared a state of emergency, among others. for New York City .

On August 22nd, Henri hit land near Westerly in Rhode Island, somewhat weakened as a tropical storm and accompanied by heavy rain . The landfall happened at the same place where tropical storm Elsa had landed a few weeks earlier. In East Windsor Township, New Jersey , around 200 liters of rainfall were recorded within 24 hours, in Brooklyn around 150 liters per square meter. In New York's Central Park , a new all-time record of 4.45 inches (approx. 113 liters / m²) was set within 4 hours. As a result, numerous streets and subway stations in the greater New York City area were flooded. Power outages affected more than 135,000 customers between New Jersey and Maine.

On August 23, Henri became a post-tropical cyclone, although it continued to generate heavy rains.

Hurricane Ida

This section describes a current event . The information can therefore change quickly.

Category 4 hurricane
duration	August 26th - September 1st
intensity	130 kn (240 km / h ) (1 minute) , 930 hPa

course

Tropical Deep Nine formed south of Cuba on August 26, 2021 . It was expected that the low into a hurricane would intensify and possibly go ashore as such on the US Gulf Coast after a train over Cuba. A few hours later the system strengthened and was declared Tropical Storm Ida. The next day, Ida went through a rapid intensification, intensifying first into a strong tropical storm and finally into a Category 1 hurricane. As such, Ida encountered the island of Isla de la Juventud, which belongs to Cuba, on August 27 and in the late afternoon of the same day with winds of up to 130 km / h on the western tip of the Cuban main island. On August 28, Ida intensified into a Category 2 hurricane.

After the train over Cuba, prognoses saw a further rapid intensification and a landfall in Louisiana near New Orleans as a severe category 4 hurricane the wind shear not too great. The water temperature is very high at 29 and 31 ° C and also extends to great depths, which means that the storm can draw a lot of energy from the sea. In fact, on August 29, shortly before sunrise (local time), according to the National Hurricane Center, it already reached wind speeds of up to 240 km / h, making it the first Category 4 hurricane of this season and approaching Category 5.

About five hours after landfall, the structure of the hurricane was still largely intact at this point

On August 29 at 1655 UTC, 16 years to the day after Hurricane Katrina , Ida hit land near Port Fourchon (Louisiana) as a Category 4 hurricane with wind speeds of 240 km / h. Only four hurricanes in history had higher wind speeds when they landed on the US mainland. Ida is the sixth tropical cyclone to hit the US coast in the 2021 season. Its wind speed was also higher than that of Katrina 16 years earlier. Around 1900 UTC, Ida hit land again southwest of Galliano at 235 km / h. In the hours that followed, Ida only weakened slightly at first. Four hours after first making landfall, Ida was still a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 215 km / h. It wasn't until 2300 UTC, six hours after landfall, that the wind speed fell to 200 km / h and Ida was downgraded to a Category 3 hurricane. Between about 0030 and 0100 UTC, the Eye of the Storm, moving northward, passed the city to the west at a distance of about 60 km from New Orleans.

It was only 15 hours after the landfall that Ida weakened to a tropical storm. The reason that it was able to last as a hurricane for so long is the so-called brown ocean effect , i.e. the fact that Ida mostly moved over warm and swampy land that was washed over by the tidal wave, and therefore continues to gain energy from it could.

Ida as a post-tropical system over the northeastern United States

On August 30 at 1800 UTC, Ida lay over the state of Mississippi and was moving north-northeast, continuing to bring heavy rainfall over the country before being downgraded to tropical low at 2100 UTC. The National Hurricane Center continued to warn of heavy rains caused by the system from Mississippi, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle over the Central Atlantic states to New England . On September 1st, the system became extra-tropical. The remnants of the hurricane caused heavy rains on the US east coast that caused catastrophic flooding in various major cities such as New York City.

Impact on Cuba

A hurricane warning has been issued for western Cuba and Isla de la Juventud. The National Hurricane Center warned of heavy rains in Jamaica , the Cayman Islands, and Cuba , which can produce floods , landslides, and torrential currents. For Jamaica it forecast between 150 and 250 liters of rain per square meter, locally up to approx. 375 liters, on the Cayman Islands and parts of Cuba between 200 and 300 liters, locally up to 500 liters. In Cuba, thousands of people were evacuated as a preventive measure and public transport in Havana ceased operations. Due to the wind speeds, trees were uprooted, among other things, and the electricity went out in some parts of Cuba.

United States

Warnings and preparations for the storm

The National Hurricane Center warned of very heavy rain, a "life-threatening storm surge", catastrophic gusts of wind and very long power outages on the US Gulf Coast . It predicted catastrophic wind damage from the hurricane itself and the possible tornadoes it triggered, as well as rainfall between 250 and 450 liters per square meter, with up to 600 liters per square meter falling locally, which would trigger severe and life-threatening flooding in urban areas and on bodies of water . In Louisiana, a storm surge of up to about 5 meters (16 feet) is also expected. This is in the range of the maximum height that the levee system in New Orleans can handle.

Louisiana declared a state of emergency before Ida's landfall in Cuba . This means, among other things, the mobilization of 5000 soldiers of the National Guard and the possibility of calling for aid from the federal government in Washington. According to President Biden's instructions, FEMA has already brought numerous emergency services, boats and supplies to Louisiana. Furthermore, mobile generators were brought to the disaster area, as a major collapse of the power grid is expected. A compulsory evacuation order was issued for Grand Isle , as well as for parts of Plaquemines Parish and the parts of New Orleans outside the dykes. The Hurricane Hunters machines were also relocated from the base in Biloxi (Mississippi) to a base that was not at risk.

Large amounts of rain had also been announced deep inland. Among other things, the National Hurricane Center warned of 100 to 250 liters of precipitation in Pennsylvania , as well as parts of West Virginia and Maryland and the resulting danger of flash floods . West Virginia declared a state of emergency on August 31, before the arrival of the hurricane, which at that time had already graduated to a tropical low. For some regions of the US east coast and the mid-Atlantic states, in which the soil is already saturated with water by Hurricane Elsa and can therefore hardly absorb water, warnings were given of rain of the century and serious consequences.

Preparations for the hurricane were made more difficult by the tense situation with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States : Both Louisiana and New Orleans experienced a severe COVID-19 outbreak, which caused a sharp increase in the number of infected people, causing hospitals were already close to their capacity limits before the hurricane hit. Due to the large number of inpatients treated with COVID-19, it was also not possible to evacuate the hospitals as a precaution, as there were no vacancies in other parts of Louisiana or in the surrounding states. More than 2,600 people in Louisiana were hospitalized with COVID-19 at the time, with only 41% of the population being fully vaccinated. Officials called on the population not to burden the emergency rooms with additional non-emergencies during the storm. After the rapid advancement of the storm, the center of which moved towards Louisiana's coast at around 15 km / h in the early morning (local time) on August 29, the time for a complete evacuation of New Orleans seemed too short and the fuel at some gas stations went out, the mayor only ordered people to leave the endangered parts of the city outside the dykes. Still, she advised everyone to go to safe places.

The hurricane also threatened the heavily industrialized area between New Orleans and Baton Rouge . is a center of the petroleum processing industry. This is home to dozens of petrochemical plants, various pipelines converge, and it is also home to three of the 15 most important ports in the United States, through which between 55 and 70% of US grain exports, among other things, pass. According to the forecast, it should move directly over oil refineries, chemical plants and the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port , and it threatened around one million residential buildings. Although gasoline became scarce and urgently needed as a result of preparations for the storm, production at the Baton Rouge refinery and other oil processing plants had to be significantly reduced due to the hurricane warning. Oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico has largely ceased. The production of gas was reduced by 94%, the oil production by as much as 96% or 1.74 million barrels / day. The latter corresponds to around 1.5 to 2% of the current world crude oil production. In addition, the Waterford nuclear power plant is located in the threatened area. Due to its low location, this is generally prone to storm surges from severe hurricanes, but forecasts from August 28 indicate that the tidal wave from Ida will not quite reach the power plant - depending on the exact point where the hurricane landed.

effects

Gulf coast

National Guard on a rescue mission after the hurricane

Ida caused severe damage over a large area. A first provisional estimate was based on a clearly double-digit billion loss, the insurance service provider CoreLogic assumed losses of 27 to 40 billion dollars for Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama alone. The governor of Louisiana called the damage "catastrophic" the day after the landfall and said he feared many deaths. At this point in time, the exact extent of the damage was initially unclear in view of the many impassable roads and flooded regions. As of September 4, 13 deaths were known in Louisiana and the surrounding area, and at least 48 other people died on the US east coast as a result of the widespread flooding caused by Ida's foothills.

The hurricane brought enormous amounts of rain and triggered a tidal wave several meters high , which, among other things, caused the Mississippi River to flow upstream for about three hours. Large-scale flooding occurred both from the storm surge and the enormous amounts of rain. At Alliance , people were asked to evacuate after a levee broke. Another dike was flooded. The hurricane tore roofs off houses in Port Fourchon, and hospitals were damaged elsewhere. According to initial reports, the flood protection systems built in New Orleans after Hurricane "Katrina", which cost billions of dollars, withstood Ida, but the city suffered extensive storm damage such as broken windows as well as fallen trees and power poles. On the other hand, the communities in the south and west of the city, which were overrun by the storm, were hit much harder. In some places people waited on the roofs of buildings and waited for rescue. Four days after the storm, some regions were still inaccessible to rescue workers as they remained flooded or debris and trees blocked the roads.

The Grand Isle and the city of Houma with around 33,000 inhabitants were also badly hit. Although Houma is further inland, Ida hit Houma as a Category 4 hurricane. A little later, the particularly strong right eyewall of the hurricane, which was classified in the third category at the time, moved over the Port of South Louisiana, the largest bulk cargo port in the world. The damage there could not be foreseen a day after the move. The Waterford nuclear power station was also hit and sustained minor damage to the non-nuclear part. Due to the large-scale power failure, which also affected the power plant, it was dependent on its own emergency power generators for the necessary reactor cooling. Various chemical companies suffered damage, which in some cases released highly toxic chemicals. Ammonia leaked in an artificial fertilizer factory , a plastics factory released ethylene dichloride after the power failure , a Royal Dutch Shell refinery had a hydrogen leak, and two pipelines carrying isobutane and propylene burst . In addition, the floods and the power outage hindered the inspection of 23 toxic waste landfills in Louisiana for damage by employees of the EPA. In the village of Lafitte , about 30 km south of New Orleans, which was devastated by Ida , the water was more than 3 meters high, and some people were trapped in the attic. The district of Jean Lafitte could not be left, however, as the only bridge was destroyed by a barge that was torn away and floating in the water and the use of a boat was too dangerous due to the strong current.

According to initial reports, more than 1.2 million households in Louisiana and Missouri were without electricity, other estimates put two million affected in Louisiana alone. The power went out in all of New Orleans; Authorities assumed the blackout will last longer as all eight high-voltage lines supplying the city were damaged. The full extent of the damage cannot yet be foreseen. In addition to civil protection, the National Guard and thousands of workers who are supposed to restore the power supply, several hundred rescue experts were also sent to the disaster area. It is anticipated that it could take days to weeks for power to be restored in and around New Orleans. The operator estimated several days to assess the damage to the power grid alone. The blackout has also caused many sewage pumps in New Orleans to be out of order. The drainage pumps, which are supposed to ensure that the water is pumped out of the city, are also affected by the blackout. Here an attempt was made to keep these in operation with emergency power generators. Overall, more than 80% of the population in 14 counties had no electricity. For Jefferson Parish , west of New Orleans , where the airport is located, authorities have estimated that it will take at least six weeks to restore power. Due to the power outages to be expected in the long term, analysts assume a cascade effect of long-term consequences, including for the economy. The longer-term power outages also have health consequences in that the region is high in temperatures and humidity, but air conditioning cannot be operated without electricity. Authorities instructed the population not to return to the region for the time being and to drink a lot.

In New Orleans, the ambulance service was temporarily unable to process operations. The rescue work was hindered by rubble and debris such as torn off roofs and broken electricity pylons as well as fallen trees. In Lafourche Parish , several ventilated COVID-19 patients had to be moved to another floor after a partial power failure. Ventilation had to be done by hand at times. In other hospitals, patients had to be relocated after Ida damaged the roofs.

At Fourchon Port, an oil industry hub where the hurricane landed, there was severe damage from both wind and storm surge. With Port Fourchton cut off after the hurricane, about a sixth of the US oil industry was paralyzed. Oil drilling platforms off the coast also ceased production. After the oil platform evacuations began on August 26th, world market oil prices rose significantly from August 27th, but largely normalized over the course of August 30th. At least nine refineries, which process about 13% of US oil production, either failed or were operating at reduced capacity as a result of the hurricane.

The west side of Lake Pontchartrain received extreme amounts of rain and was also hit by a strong tidal wave. The nearby town of LaPlace with around 33,000 inhabitants was flooded. Hundreds of houses in Braithwaite were flooded after a levee was flooded. Even more distant regions suffered considerable damage from the outer rainbands of the hurricanes. Jackson County, Missouri , received many emergency calls after heavy rains, around 300 buildings, half of which were under water, were cut off from the outside world by flooding.

East coast

Flooded city by Ida in Pennsylvania

Norristown, Pennsylvania

Storm damage in Annapolis, Maryland

On September 2, when Ida was already a post-tropical system, the system caused heavy rains on the east coast, particularly New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. New York City reported the most intense rain on record, at 80 liters in one hour; the previous record was 49 liters in an hour and was set by Hurricane Henri just days earlier. For the first time in history, the National Weather Service (NWS) issued a flash flood warning in New York . In New Jersey , too , subway lines and streets were flooded. In Central Park in New York, around 180 liters of rainfall were measured on September 1, in Newark it was around 210 liters. Such amounts of precipitation are expected in the region only once every 200 to 500 years. This amount of rain hit already saturated soil and rivers had reached their capacity limit, as New York had only experienced two of its 20 wettest hours since records began on August 21, due to Hurricane Henri. Altogether fell on the US east coast sometimes well over 200 liters of rain. For example, in New York some apartments and streets were three feet under water. The power went out in more than 100,000 households, and flight operations at Newark Airport ceased.

Pennsylvania was also badly hit, where initial findings indicate that thousands of water rescues had to be carried out within 24 hours , including in particular the suburbs of Philadelphia . In Philadelphia, tens of thousands of people were also without electricity, a city freeway was flooded, and rivers overflowed their banks and flooded streets. On September 3, two days after the flood, 4.5 million people were still under flood warning on the east coast, particularly in New Jersey.

In addition, tornadoes struck parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Jersey and caused damage there. A tornado in Gloucester County , which destroyed the roofs and facades of houses, had a particularly severe impact . A state of emergency has been declared in various states such as New York and New Jersey. At least 48 people died on the US east coast and the mid-Atlantic states. A total of four main causes for the high number of deaths were identified:

• The extraordinary speed at which the rain fell
• The susceptibility of urban or built-up areas to flooding, as there the water can only drain off poorly
• the fact that there had been other heavy rain events in the region a short time before, which meant that rivers were already at the limit of their capacity
• and climate change, which intensifies heavy rain

Tropical storm Kate

Tropical storm
duration	August 28th - September 1st
intensity	40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1004 hPa

Tropical Low Ten formed in the Atlantic on August 28, 2021. It is expected to develop into a tropical storm. A landfall is not forecast. On August 30th, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Kate. A day later, Kate was downgraded back to Tropical Low. On September 1st at 2100 UTC, Kate became an extra-tropical system.

Tropical storm Julian

Tropical storm
duration	August 29th - August 30th
intensity	50 kn (95 km / h ) (1 minute) , 995 hPa

On August 29, 2021, the Tropical Deep Elf formed in the central Atlantic at about the level of North Carolina. It is expected to develop into a tropical storm. A landfall is not forecast. On the same day, the low intensified into Tropical Storm Julian. At 0300 UTC on August 30, the system became an extratropical storm.

Hurricane Larry

Category 2 hurricane
duration	August 31 -
intensity	85 kn (155 km / h ) (1 minute) , 978 hPa

On August 31, 2021, a tropical wave formed the tropical low of twelve off the coast of Africa. On September 1st it became Tropical Storm Larry. After reaching hurricane strength on September 2, Larry intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on September 3.

Storm names

The list of names below is used for the tropical and subtropical storms that will form in the North Atlantic in 2021 . If names are deleted due to the consequences of individual storms, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) will announce this in spring 2022. The names that have not been deleted will be reused in the 2027 season . This list is the same as the one used during the 2015 season , with the exception of the names Elsa and Julian , who replaced Erika and Joaquin .

• Ana
• Bill
• Claudette
• Danny
• Elsa
• Fred
• Grace
• Henri
• Ida
• Julian
• Kate
• Larry
• (Mindy)
• (Nicholas)
• (Odette)
• (Peter)
• (Rose)
• (Sam)
• (Teresa)
• (Victor)
• (Wanda)

^(*) Names in brackets are not used

If more than 21 named storms form during the season, the additional names are taken from a substitute name list . This practice is new because so far the Greek alphabet has been used in such a case , as happened in 2005 and 2020. This process was terminated after the 2020 season because it had various disadvantages, such as the similarity of the names Zeta, Eta and Theta on the radio.

Season course

This table gives an overview of all tropical low pressure systems in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It states the duration, names, affected land areas, amount of damage and number of victims.

Surname	duration	Top classification	constant wind speeds	Air pressure	affected areas	Damage (USD)	dead	supporting documents
Ana	May 22nd to May 24th	Tropical storm	75 km / h	1006 hPa	Bermuda	0	0
Bill	June 14th to June 15th	Tropical storm	95 km / h	998 hPa		0	0
Claudette	June 19 to June 22	Tropical storm	75 km / h	1004 hPa	Yucatan Peninsula , Louisiana , Alabama , North Carolina	?	14th
Danny	June 28th to June 29th	Tropical storm	75 km / h	1009 hPa	South Carolina , Georgia	?	?
Elsa	July 1st to July 9th	Category 1 hurricane	140 km / h	991 hPa	Eastern Caribbean Islands, Dominican Republic , Haiti , Jamaica , Cuba , Florida	?	4th
Fred	August 11th to August 18th	Tropical storm	100 km / h	993 hPa	Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic , US Gulf Coast	?	5
Grace	August 13th to August 21st	Category 3 hurricane	205 km / h	962 hPa	Hispaniola , Haiti , Cayman Islands , Mexico	?	9
Henri	15th Aug to 23rd August	Category 1 hurricane	120 km / h	991 hPa	Bermuda , East Coast of the United States , New York , New Jersey , New England	?	?
Ida	Aug 26th to September 1st	Category 4 hurricane	240 km / h	930 hPa	Jamaica , Cayman Islands , Cuba , Louisiana , US Gulf Coast, Southeast US, Central Atlantic States , New York , New Jersey , US East Coast , New England	?	61
Kate	28 Aug to 1 September	Tropical storm	75 km / h	1004 hPa		no	no
Julian	28 Aug to 30 Aug	Tropical storm	95 km / h	995 hPa	no	no	no
Larry	Aug. 31 to	Category 1 hurricane	155 km / h	978 hPa		?	?
Season overall
11 systems	since May 22nd		240 km / h	930 hPa		?	93

See also

• Pacific typhoon season 2021
• Pacific hurricane season 2021
• Cyclone season in the North Indian 2021
• Cyclone seasons in the Southwest Indicator : 2020–21 , 2021–22
• Australian cyclone seasons : 2020-21 , 2021-22
• South Pacific Cyclone Seasons : 2020-21 , 2021-22

Web links

Commons : Atlantic Hurricane Season 2021  - Pictures, Videos and Audio Files Collection

• National Hurricane Center website
• National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
• Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product

supporting documents

1. ↑ Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2017 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. May 23, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} National Hurricane Center: Atlantic hurricane best track (Hurdat) ( English ) Hurricane Research Division. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. April 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
3. ↑ Greg Allen: Hurricane Forecasts Will Start Earlier In 2021 . NPR . February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season ( English ) In: Climate Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 22, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Marc Saunders, Adam Lea: Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2021 ( English ) In: TropicalStormRisk.com . Dept. of Space and Climate Physics, University College London . December 9, 2020. Accessed May 10, 2021.
6. ↑ ^{a b} CSU researchers predicting above-average 2021 Atlantic hurricane season ( English ) Colorado State University. April 8, 2021. Accessed May 10, 2021.
7. ^ ^{A b} Marc Saunders, Adam Lea: April Forecast Update for North Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2021 ( English ) In: TropicalStormRisk.com . Dept. of Space and Climate Physics, University College London . April 13, 2021. Accessed May 10, 2021.
8. ^ ^{A b} Kyle Davis, Xubin Zeng: Forecast of the 2021 Hurricane Activities over the North Atlantic ( English ) Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona. April 13, 2021. Accessed May 10, 2021.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Tracy Peake: 2021 Hurricane Season Will Be Active, NC State Researchers Predict ( English ) North Carolina State University. April 14, 2021. Accessed May 13, 2021.
10. ↑ Jonathan Belles, Jonathan Erdman: 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season Expected to Be More Active Than Normal, The Weather Company Outlook Says ( English ) In: Hurricane Central . The Weather Channel. April 15, 2021. Accessed May 13, 2021.
11. ↑ ^{a b} Jonathan Belles, Jonathan Erdman: 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season Storm Numbers Increase in Our Latest Outlook ( English ) In: Hurricane Central . The Weather Channel. May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
12. ↑ NOAA's Atlantic Hurricane Season Classifications ( English ) In: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . National Hurricane Center. May 22, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
13. ^ ^{A b} Ana forms in the Atlantic, becoming the first named storm of the Atlantic hurricane season . In: CNN , May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
14. ^ For seventh straight year, a named storm forms in Atlantic ahead of hurricane season . In: The Washington Post , May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
15. ↑ Tropical Storm Ana Advisory Number 5 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
16. ↑ Tropical Storm Ana Advisory Number 7 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
17. ^ Post-tropical Storm Ana Advisory Number 8 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
18. ^ Tropical Depression Two Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
19. ^ Tropical Storm Bill Advisory Number 3 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
20. ^ Post-Tropical Cyclone Bill Advisory Number 7, National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
21. ↑ Potential Tropical Cyclone Three Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
22. ↑ Potential Tropical Cyclone Three Advisory Number 4 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
23. ^ Tropical Storm Claudette forms over southeast Louisiana . In: Yale Climate Connections , June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
24. ^ Claudette regains tropical storm status, heads out to sea after killing at least 14 in Alabama . In: USA Today , June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
25. ^ Claudette regains tropical storm strength as it departs North Carolina Outer Banks . In: The Washington Post , June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
26. ↑ Remnants Of Claudette Advisory Number 18 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
27. ^ Tropical Depression Four Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
28. ^ Tropical Storm Danny Advisory Number 2 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
29. ^ Danny Makes Landfall Over South Carolina and Weakens Into Tropical Depression . In: The New York Times , June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
30. ^ Remnants Of Danny Advisory Number 4 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
31. ↑ Potential Tropical Cyclone Five Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
32. ^ Tropical Storm Elsa, 5th named storm, forms in Atlantic . In: The Washington Post , July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
33. ↑ BULLETIN Tropical Storm Elsa Intermediate Advisory Number 6A NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL AL052021, accessed July 3, 2021
34. ↑ BULLETIN Tropical Storm Elsa Advisory Number 7 NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL AL052021, accessed July 3, 2021
35. ↑ BULLETIN Hurricane Elsa Special Advisory Number 8 NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL AL052021, accessed July 3, 2021
36. ^ Elsa, First Hurricane of Atlantic Season, Batters Caribbean . In: The New York Times , July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
37. ↑ Tropical Storm Elsa Advisory Number 13 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
38. ↑ Tropical Storm Elsa weakens and slows, but a tropical storm watch is in effect for South Florida . In: CNN , July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
39. ^ Tropical Storm Elsa: Cuba reels as storm moves towards Florida . In: BBC , July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
40. ↑ Because of tropical storm "Elsa": Cuba brings 180,000 people to safety . In: Redaktionsnetzwerk Deutschland , July 5, 2021. Accessed July 5, 2021.
41. ↑ Remnants of the collapsed house in Florida blown up . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 5, 2021. Accessed July 5, 2021.
42. ↑ Tropical Storm Elsa makes landfall in Cuba and forecasted to take aim at Florida next . In: CBS , July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
43. ^ ^{A b} Tropical Storm Elsa Makes landfall in Florida . In: The New York Times , July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
44. ^ Tropical Storm Elsa strengthening as rain and wind begin to lash Florida . In: The Washington Post , July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
45. ↑ Tropical Storm Elsa hitting Florida's west coast with heavy rain and dangerous gusts as it nears landfall . In: CNN , July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
46. ^ Post-Tropical Cyclone Elsa Intermediate Advisory Number 38A . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
47. ^ Tropical Storm Elsa Brings Flooding Threat to New York Area . In: The New York Times , July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
48. ↑ Power returns after Elsa causes thousands of outages in the Maritimes . In: CBC , July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
49. ^ Tropical Storm Elsa moves back over water and forecasted to take aim at Florida next . In: CBS , July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
50. ↑ Potential Tropical Cyclone Six Discussion Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
51. ↑ Potential Tropical Cyclone Six Discussion Number 6 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
52. ↑ Tropical Storm Fred makes landfall in Dominican Republic . In: The Washington Post , August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
53. ↑ Fred is now a tropical depression but may restrengthen before hitting Florida . In: CNN , August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
54. ↑ Florida issues tropical storm warning for Panhandle region as Fred approaches . In: The Guardian , August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
55. ↑ Fred makes landfall along Florida Panhandle as a strong tropical storm . In: The Washington Post , August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
56. ↑ Strengthening Tropical Storm Grace expected to become a hurricane . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
57. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hurricane Grace batters the Caymans, heads for Mexico; Henri a growing concern for northeastern US . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
58. ↑ 5 Dead and 1 Missing in North Carolina Flooding . In: The New York Times , August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
59. ^ Tropical Depression SEVEN Public Advisory . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
60. ^ Tropical Storm Grace Advisory Number 4 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
61. ^ Tropical Depression Grace Discussion Number 10 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
62. ↑ Tropical Depression Grace drenching Haiti days after major earthquake . In: The Washington Post , August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
63. ↑ Grace Restrengthen's Into Tropical Storm After Dumping Heavy Rain on Haiti . In: The New York Times , August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
64. ^ Hurricane Grace Makes Landfall on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, With Dangerous Winds and Storm Surge . In: The New York Times , August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
65. ^ Hurricane Grace Makes landfall in Mexico . In: The New York Times , August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
66. ↑ Remnants of Grace / Forcast Advisory 34 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
67. ↑ Grace makes Landfall as a category 3 hurricane in Mexico . In: CNN , August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
68. ^ Tropical Depression Eight Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
69. ^ Tropical Depression Eight Advisory Number 4 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
70. ^ Henri Upgraded to Hurricane as It Takes Aim at Long Island . In: The New York Times , August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
71. ↑ Northeast USA prepares for Hurricane "Henri" . In: Die Zeit , August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
72. ^ Tropical Storm Henri slides into New England as prodigious rainmaker . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
73. ↑ Live Updates: Tropical Storm Henri Makes landfall in Rhode Island . In: The New York Times , August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
74. ↑ Post Tropical Cyclone Henri Advisory Number 32 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
75. ^ Tropical Depression Nine Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
76. ↑ Tropical Storm Ida Tropical Cyclone Update . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
77. ↑ ^{a b c d} Intensifying Hurricane Ida expected to strike Louisiana Sunday as a major hurricane . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
78. ^ Hurricane Ida Intermediate Advisory Number 9A . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
79. ↑ Hurricane Ida nearing Category 5 strengt with 150 mph winds . WDSU 6, August 29, 2021.
80. ↑ Hurricane Ida Tropical Cyclone Update . National Hurrican Center. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
81. ↑ Catastrophic Hurricane Ida hits Louisiana with 150 mph winds . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
82. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hurricane Ida makes landfall in Louisiana with winds stronger than Katrina's . In: Los Angeles Times , August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
83. ↑ Hurricane Ida Tropical Cyclone Update . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
84. ^ Hurricane Ida Advisory Number 15 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
85. ↑ Hurricane Ida Tropical Cyclone Update . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
86. ↑ Radar image from 0045 UTC = 7.45 h local time on https://www.meteoblue.com/de/region/wetter/satellit/louisiana_usa_4331987
87. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} New Orleans' levees hold against Ida's onslaught, but hurricane leaves major damage . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
88. ^ Tropical Storm Ida Intermediate Advisory Number 18A . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
89. ^ Tropical Depression Ida Advisory Number 19 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
90. ↑ ^{a b} 'Widespread and potentially life-threatening' flooding expected in Northeast US . In: The Washington Post , September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
91. ↑ ^{a b c d} Record rain from Hurricane "Ida" floods New York - the number of deaths in the region around the city rises to 20 . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
92. ^ Tropical Storm Ida Advisory Number 5 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
93. ^ Tropical Storm Ida Forms in the Caribbean . In: The New York Times , August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
94. ↑ 16 years after "Katrina" - New Orleans is preparing for Hurricane "Ida" . In: ZDF today , August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
95. ↑ ^{a b} Dangerous hurricane approaches USA - hospitals too full to evacuate . In: Spiegel Online , August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
96. ↑ Hurricane Ida Intermediate Advisory Number 13 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
97. ↑ ^{a b c} US south coast before Hurricane Louisiana is gearing up for "Ida" . In: Tagesschau.de , August 29, 2021. Accessed August 29, 2021.
98. ↑ Hurricane "Ida" just before category 5 and on the way to New Orleans. August 29, 2021, accessed August 29, 2021 . 
99. ↑ Ida, expected to hit Gulf Coast as a Category 3 hurricane, is a significant threat to New Orleans . In: NBC , August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
100. ↑ Hurricane Ida leaves trail of destruction as road collapse raises death toll to four . In: The Guardian , August 31, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
101. ↑ Hurricane Ida death toll rises to 4 and could continue to rise: Live updates . In: NBC News , August 31, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
102. ^ New Orleans hospitals brace for Hurricane Ida amid Covid-19 surge . In: CNBC , August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
103. ^ New Orleans hospitals prepare for Hurricane Ida while near capacity with COVID-19 cases . In: Axios , August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
104. ↑ Ida strengthens into Category 2 hurricane: Latest forecast . In: ABC News , August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
105. ↑ ^{a b} Intensifying Hurricane Ida a significant threat to key infrastructure . In: Yale Climate Connections , August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
106. ↑ ^{a b} Hurricane hits the US coast at 150 mph . In: Tagesschau.de , August 29, 2021. Accessed August 30, 2021.
107. ↑ derivatives. Accessed August 31, 2021 . 
108. ↑ IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics. Retrieved August 30, 2021 . 
109. ↑ Expert estimate: Hurricane "Ida" causes billions in damage . In: Wirtschaftswoche , September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
110. ^ "Catastrophic Damage" in Louisiana . In: Tagesschau.de , August 30, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
111. ↑ ^{a b} https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/death-toll-from-ida-climbs-above-60-from-louisiana-to-new-england/ Death toll from Ida climbs above 60 from Louisiana to New England. ]. In: Yale Climate Connections , September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
112. ↑ ^{a b} Considerable damage from Hurricane »Ida« - at least one dead . In: Spiegel Online , August 30, 2021. Accessed August 30, 2021.
113. ↑ New Orleans battered by Hurricane Ida as storm claims first victim in Louisiana . In: The Guardian , August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
114. ↑ ORF at / agencies red: "Damage catastrophic": Images of the destruction caused by hurricane "Ida". August 30, 2021, accessed August 31, 2021 . 
115. ↑ ^{a b c} Louisiana gets a first look at the devastation caused by Hurricane Ida . In: The Washington Post , August 31, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
116. ^ Lack of Power Hinders Assessment of Toxic Pollution Caused by Ida . In: The New York Times , September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
117. ↑ ORF at / Agencies red: "Danger not over": "Ida" draws a path through Mississippi. August 30, 2021, accessed August 30, 2021 . 
118. ↑ ^{a b c} Hurricane Ida: up to 2 million without power as New Orleans assesses damage . In: The Guardian , August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
119. ↑ It could be days or weeks before power is restored in New Orleans . In: The Washington Post , August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
120. ↑ This is why oil prices expand their profits. Retrieved August 27, 2021 . 
121. ↑ This is how oil prices react to Hurricane Ida. Retrieved August 30, 2021 . 
122. ↑ Hurricane "Ida": New York reports the heaviest rain since records began. In: Der Spiegel. Retrieved September 2, 2021 . 
123. ↑ ^{a b c} Here’s what made the New York City flooding so devastating . In: The Washington Post , September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
124. ↑ "We have now lost nine New Yorkers to this storm" . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
125. ↑ Philadelphia is inundated by floodwaters as Ida leaves a trail of destruction in the Mid-Atlantic. . In: The New York Times , September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
126. ↑ Millions in the Northeast remain under flood warnings Friday morning . In: CNN , September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
127. ↑ Tropical Depression Ten Forcast / Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
128. ↑ Tropical Storm Kate Tropical Cyclone Update . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
129. ^ Tropical Depression Kate Advisory Number 14 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
130. ↑ Remnants Of Kate Advisory Number 19 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
131. ^ Tropical Depression Eleven Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
132. ^ Tropical Storm Julian Advisory Number 3 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
133. ^ Post-Tropical Cyclone Julian Advisory Number 5 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
134. ^ Tropical Depression Twelve Advisory Number 1 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
135. ^ Hurricane Larry Advisory Number 13 . National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
136. ↑ ^{a b c} Tropical Cyclone Names ( English ) National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
137. ↑ WMO Hurricane Committee retires tropical cyclone names and ends the use of Greek alphabet ( English ) World Meteorological Organization. March 17, 2021. Accessed May 13, 2021.