European Army
Under the idea of a European army (also European army or European army ) is the establishment of armed forces at the level of the European Union , then a European Defense could be assumed.
As early as the early 1950s, the Pleven Plan and the European Defense Community were pursuing specific projects for such a supranational European army, which was initially dropped in favor of the Western European Union as an intergovernmental defense alliance . However, the topic has been discussed again since the beginning of 2000 and is actively promoted, for example, within the framework of permanent structured cooperation . Thanks to the mutual assistance clause in the Lisbon Treaty and the common security and defense policy , within the framework of which joint military missions are regularly carried out, the armed forces of the European Union are already closely interwoven.
history
As a result of the escalation of the Cold War due to the Korean War and an acute fear of a further expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence into Western Europe, Winston Churchill demanded a European army with West German participation in August 1950 . She should work with the US. Churchill had already spoken out in favor of a German defense contribution in March of the same year, so that the advisory assembly of the Council of Europe on August 11, 1950 supported the formation of a European army with German contingents. In the USA, the idea of building a European defense force under the leadership of NATO began to gain acceptance. For the first time on September 11, 1950, the US Secretary of State Dean Acheson spoke out in favor of a common European army with German participation.
Pleven plan
The French Prime Minister René Pleven made a specific proposal in October 1950 to create a European Army under a European Defense Minister or Ministry. This should not be an alliance, but an army consisting of contingents integrated on a unit level. Each state should make a contribution to this army, but still be allowed to maintain its own units. In November 1950, the Bundestag approved a German defense contribution on the basis of the Pleven Plan with the votes of the governing parties . As a consequence of the plan, negotiations on the European Defense Community (EDC) dragged on for four years. In August 1954, however, the French National Assembly took the treaty on the EDC off the agenda, so the Pleven Plan had failed.
The European security and defense policy
With the Maastricht Treaty finally the "security policy" the jurisdiction of the newly established EU was assigned in 1992 explicitly - the albeit only under intergovernmental dominated the second column . The EU worked closely with the Western European Union (WEU) and has now also taken on their Petersberg tasks . Unlike WEU and NATO, however, the EU was not initially a military alliance . H. even in the event of an attack, the member states would not have been obliged to provide mutual assistance. This should address the concerns of the neutral EU Member States such as Ireland , Austria , Sweden and Finland .
In April 2003 representatives from Germany , France , Belgium and Luxembourg met again in order to start a new attempt at a summit to create a European army within the framework of the CSDP . The Eurocorps to be founded could serve as the core for a European intervention force , because in Kosovo the European armies have already proven that they can work well together, but better coordination would be desirable. Spain showed no interest in this, probably so as not to endanger good relations with the USA. Germany attached great importance to the participation of Great Britain , Elmar Brok ( CDU ) explained : “What is disturbing in this current political context is that these are all four countries that were in the anti-wing during the Iraq crisis and it would become Contribute to greater credibility if one or the other country that was in the other camp were there too. ”To create a Eurocorps, you would need money from the European budget to pave the way for this army.
In March 2007, the German Chancellor and EU Council President , Angela Merkel, said : “We have to come closer to a common European army. The European Commission will become more capable of acting, with clearly defined responsibilities. ”Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt also said :“ A European army of 100,000 soldiers would significantly improve European defense readiness and strengthen NATO. In addition, an EU army would save costs because the inefficient division of the Union into national defense markets would finally be overcome. "
The then President of the European Parliament Hans-Gert Pöttering presented a concept for an ever closer synchronization of the European armed forces under the name Synchronized Armed Forces Europe (SAFE) at the Berlin Security Conference in November 2008 .
Lisbon Treaty
With the Treaty of Lisbon , which came into force in 2009, the ESDP was renamed the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). It included several reforms, including better coordination of arms policy and a mutual assistance clause ( Article 42, Paragraph 7 of the EU Treaty), to which the neutral states have now also consented.
At the Munich Security Conference on February 6, 2010, German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle emphasized that Europe needs a common army: “The European Union must live up to its political role as a global actor. It must be able to operate crisis management independently and it must be able to act quickly, flexibly and in a joint network. "
According to a report by the news broadcaster n-tv from January 31, 2014, the German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen is in favor of pooling and sharing the European armies, thus voting for a bundling and thus for a European army.
On March 8, 2015, EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker called for the establishment of a common European army. In this way, Europe could on the one hand react credibly to a threat to peace in a member state or a neighboring EU country, on the other hand, at the same time, due to the organizational and financial advantages, lead to intensive cooperation in the development and purchase of military equipment and bring about considerable savings.
In May 2015, the Austrian ruling party ÖVP decided in its new basic program that a key future question for the EU is the further development towards a defense union with the long-term goal of a common European army. At the same time, party representatives announced that they wanted to maintain Austria's neutrality . This is seen by constitutional experts as incompatible. As the only parliamentary party, only the NEOS are unreservedly committed to the establishment of a European army and the abolition of neutrality.
Permanent structured cooperation
On the occasion of the EU ministerial meeting in Bratislava at the end of September 2016, the idea of an EU army was revived. First, Germany and France spoke out in favor of strengthening the EU as a unit after Brexit . This was followed by further proposals from Italy that provide for a permanent, joint headquarters and EU research funding for military projects as a European defense research program. The British and the three Baltic states showed resistance to the project. Whereby to Art. 42 , para. 6 and Art. 46 at any time of the Lisbon Treaty in the permanent structured cooperation ( english Permanent Structured Cooperation , shortly PESCO ) many of the Member States of the CSDP can freely agree on these wells without hindered by the other Member States To be able to become, only stipulations for the further development of the common defense policy of the entire EU require unanimity.
According to a plan dated November 30, 2016, the European Commission would like to set up an EU defense fund, for which EUR 3.5 billion will be diverted from the EU budget between 2021 and 2027 in order to launch a joint defense strategy . In addition, the Commission is planning to allow the European Investment Bank to finance armaments projects .
The foreign and defense ministers of 25 of the 28 EU countries informed the European Council in November and December 2017 that they would go together in defense in the future. The two EU states Denmark and Malta as well as the still-EU state Great Britain are not included.
Existing cooperation
As part of the common security and defense policy , a number of institutions have already been established that closely link the EU's armed forces. These include the EU Military Committee (EUMC), the EU Military Staff (EUMS) with the civil / military cell, the Committee on the Civil Aspects of Crisis Management, the European Defense Agency , the European Union Satellite Center (EUSC) and the Institute of the European Union for Security Studies (ISS). All states of the European Union participate in the CSDP institutions (some with opt-ins from Norway and opt-outs from Denmark ). The armed forces of this EU-wide agreement are at least 1,500 rotating members of multinational units in the EU battlegroups .
There are also a number of multinational (not EU-wide) armed forces:
- The Euro Corps forms with about 60,000 the nucleus of a standing army. Other brigades from Germany , France , Belgium and Spain join the Franco-German Brigade . Poland is participating with a brigade for training purposes. Other countries are sending personnel to the corp staff and the support brigade, currently Greece , Turkey , Poland, Italy , Romania , Austria and the USA .
- Troops under Operation Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina , EUFOR Tchad / RCA in Chad and EUFOR RD Congo in the Congo are subordinate to the EUFOR operations of the EUMS .
- The EUROMARFOR was founded in 1995 by France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Greece and Turkey send observers. There are currently no troop contingents assigned to the European Navy in peacetime.
- The European Air Group was founded in 1995 as the Franco-British European Air Group (FBEAG) and expanded in 1997. The Netherlands , Belgium , France , Germany , Italy , Spain and Great Britain are currently participating in the European Air Force . In addition, the European Air Transport Command will be commissioned in 2010; the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany are currently involved.
- The European Gendarmerie Force (EGF) is the European military police founded in 2006 by France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. Romania participates, Poland and Lithuania are partners. Turkey sends observers. Germany refused to participate ( barracked police only legally at the state level and so not comparable).
- The 1st German-Dutch Corps was further developed as a NATO Response Force , the brigade is subordinate to other armed forces from the Netherlands , Germany, Belgium, France, Spain, Denmark , Turkey and Norway . 12 countries are represented with additional staff. In times of crisis, more than 30,000 men are subordinate to the EU reaction force ; the standing 1,200 men were increased to 8,500 when the NFOR-4 cycle was taken over.
Finable | Eurocorps | European Gendarmerie Force | European Air Transport Command | European Air Group | European Maritime Force | Movement Coordination Center Europe | Organization of Conjointe de Coopération en Matière d'Armement | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abbreviation | Finable | Eurocorps | EUROGENDFOR, EGF | EATC | EAG | EUROMARFOR, EMF | MCCE | OCCAR |
coat of arms | ||||||||
Armed forces | army | Air Force | marine | overarching | ||||
description | Organization for the further development of the cooperation | corps | Gendarmerie | Command for air refueling and transport aircraft | Cooperation between European air forces | Cooperation between European naval forces | Logistic control center | Organization for cooperation in armaments programs |
founding | 1953 | 1992 | 2006 | 2010 | 1995 | 1995 | 2007 | 1996 |
Seat | Brussels | Strasbourg | Vicenza | Eindhoven | Buckinghamshire | rota | Eindhoven | Bonn |
capacity | - | 60,000 soldiers | 2,300 gendarmes | 220 aircraft | - | - | - | - |
reaction time | - | - | 30 days | - | - | 5 days | - | - |
motto | Reflection serving military action | - | Lex Paciferat | Integrated, Innovative, Effective | Improved capability through interoperability | At sea for peace | - | - |
membership | ||||||||
Belgium | 1953 | 1993 | - | 2010 | 1997 | - | 2007 | 2003 |
Bulgaria | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Denmark | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
Germany | 1956 | 1992 | - | 2010 | 1997 | - | 2007 | 1996 |
Estonia | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
Finland | 2008 | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
France | 1953 | 1992 | 2006 | 2010 | 1995 | 1995 | 2007 | 1996 |
Greece | 1996 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ireland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Italy | 1953 | - | 2006 | 2015 | 1997 | 1995 | 2007 | 1996 |
Croatia | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2011 | - |
Latvia | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
Lithuania | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Luxembourg | 1953 | 1996 | - | 2012 | - | - | 2007 | - |
Malta | 2010 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Netherlands | 1953 | - | 2006 | 2010 | 1997 | - | 2007 | - |
Austria | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2010 | - |
Poland | 2006 | 2016 | 2011 | - | - | - | 2008 | - |
Portugal | 1996 | - | 2006 | - | - | 1995 | 2010 | - |
Romania | 2008 | - | 2009 | - | - | - | 2008 | - |
Sweden | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
Slovakia | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | 2015 | - |
Slovenia | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
Spain | 1990 | 1994 | 2006 | 2014 | 1997 | 1995 | 2007 | 2005 |
Czech Republic | 2012 | - | - | - | - | - | 2010 | - |
Hungary | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2007 | - |
United Kingdom | 1973 | - | - | - | 1995 | - | 2007 | 1996 |
Cyprus | 2008 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
There is also extensive bilateral and multilateral cooperation in armaments .
practicability
A fully integrated EU army that replaces all national armed forces would entail the transfer of considerable sovereign rights to the member states. This would mean handing over budgetary rights over the defense budget, as well as the authority and sovereignty over one's armed forces in the hands of a European institution.
However, there are concepts to gradually integrate and increase the efficiency of the European armies by means of so-called pooling and sharing . For example, the division of labor in military capabilities, international planning, implementation and management of operations or the formation of joint intervention forces could significantly improve defense capabilities.
Pooling
National capabilities are made available by setting up a multinational structure that consolidates these contributions and coordinates their use. Pooling can e.g. B. take place in the development of common devices, in their procurement and later operation.
Sharing
One or more countries provide the partners with an already existing capability or equipment (e.g. transport aircraft) or take on a task for others. In this way, partners can alternately save this ability, which also leads to correspondingly reduced costs. This concept requires detailed agreements so that there is no duplication in any area - a first pillar on the way to comprehensive European coordination.
standardization
The standardization of European military equipment is a cornerstone of any scenario of European cooperation. This alone already has potential that can be quantified to a 30 to 50 percent increase in performance. However, these advantages only arise if not too many national change requests are incorporated. Since the individual member states of the EU are currently developing and building their own trucks, tanks and missiles instead of setting up standardized technical military systems, the costs for this increase considerably. A report from 2015 confirmed that 90 percent of all arms development and 84 percent of all procurement programs within the EU are limited to the national level. As a result, the EU has 17 different types of main battle tanks. Russia has 8 types of main battle tanks, one type is sufficient for the US Army. Europe has 20 types of combat aircraft, the USA only 11, Russia only 9. The number of destroyer and frigate types results in 29 for the EU, 9 for Russia and 4 for the USA.
Evolutionary model
Another option is the creation of an armed force, which is subordinate to the EU and is made up of voluntary Union citizens , which performs tasks that are undisputed and then slowly develops further in the sense of incrementalism . For example, from a volunteer force set up only for undisputed watch and protocol tasks , a kind of permanent EUFOR would develop, which could later be consensually entrusted with slowly growing tasks in Kosovo ( KFOR ) or as part of the rapid reaction force within the EU. This development would be comparable to that of the European Parliament , which began as a supervisory board of the coal and steel union and has developed into a recognized parliament.
Perspectives
The first step on the way to a European army would probably be for the EU states as a whole, or at least in small groups, to show themselves ready to integrate into security policy. This also includes a clear division of responsibilities among the participating states.
A common foreign policy and a common defense budget are effective prerequisites for a real European army. The authority to control the joint armed forces would then have to lie with the European Parliament and be implemented by a European government with corresponding competencies.
A realistic perspective would be if, in addition to a European army, armies with national responsibility would continue to exist, since the large European states will not completely renounce their own sovereignty. Within this scenario, it would still have to be decided on the one hand how large the total strength of all remaining national armies and a common European army should be and on the other hand how one would like to weight this.
advantages
The (partial) unification of the armed forces of the EU states would greatly increase efficiency, improve defense capabilities and significantly reduce costs for the individual countries. For comparison: The number of soldiers in all EU countries at the beginning of the 2000s was 1.9 million, about 150% of the manpower in the US Army . Nevertheless, the defense capability of the European Union is far worse: it is said to be around 15% of the effectiveness of the US armed forces.
A uniform European army would have a completely different economic market power than national and correspondingly small armies in the procurement of armaments, weapon systems, equipment and material. Purchase prices could be depressed and discounts demanded. If the number of weapon systems with the same function is reduced, the costs fall again, since the development costs can then be distributed over higher quantities. The cost advantages through synergies would also be possible in the development, operation, maintenance and repair of weapon systems. In a 2013 report by the European Parliament , the cost of a missing European army is estimated at 26 billion euros annually. A study presented by the CEPS ( Center for European Policy Studies ) in Brussels at the beginning of March 2015 estimates that in view of the intensified threat situation, foregoing a common European army would even cost 130 billion euros a year.
On the other hand, there is the possibility of bundling the common financial resources to enable previously for national budgets to costly projects, such as the development and operation of fleet aircraft carriers , the development of air superiority - fighters of the sixth generation or a very rapid attainment of higher quantities of Main battle tank of the next generation.
Overall, these advantages of an increased price-performance ratio of a European army within the framework of NATO could on the one hand strengthen the security of its members as well as the partnership with the friendly nations.
Armed forces | Military budget | Workforce | Aircraft carrier |
undersea boats |
Frigates / destroyers |
Combat aircraft |
Transport aircraft | Air refueling aircraft | Main battle tank | Armored vehicles | Attack helicopter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Billion euros | % GDP | € per head | Thousand | ‰ population | number | Aircraft | |||||||||
European Union | 182 | 1.5 | 365 | 1,683 | 3.4 | 7th | 200 | 69 | 140 | 2,088 | 603 | 77 | 5,325 | 22,038 | 460 |
United States | 562 | 5.0 | 1,819 | 1,555 | 5.0 | 11 | 1000 | 71 | 99 | 4,000 | 520 | 260 | 6,200 | 27,500 | 1,100 |
Russia | 35 | 3.1 | 248 | 1,027 | 7.3 | 1 | 50 | 66 | 33 | 1,800 | 300 | 20th | 20,000 | 26,000 | 350 |
People's Republic of China | 66 | 1.6 | 47 | 2,285 | 1.6 | 1 | 40 | 65 | 80 | 1,750 | 350 | 25th | 6,500 | 6,000 | 140 |
India | 46 | 2.4 | 38 | 1,325 | 1.1 | 3 | 65 | 16 | 25th | 717 | 236 | 13 | 3,300 | 3,750 | 122 |
Japan | 45 | 1.0 | 354 | 217 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 52 | 250 | 40 | 5 | 800 | 950 | 200 |
Turkey | 16 | 2.2 | 210 | 640 | 8.2 | 0 | 0 | 14th | 16 | 348 | 80 | 7th | 2.126 | 9,710 | 70 |
Advocates
As part of the commemoration celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War , Emmanuel Macron called for the establishment of a “true” European army in early November 2018. He also proposed a common defense budget and doctrine. Chancellor Angela Merkel also spoke out in a speech to the EU Parliament in November 2018 in favor of the idea of a European army: “Old allies are questioning tried and tested connections. [..] A common European army would show the world that there will never be war between European countries again, ”said Merkel.
Votes against
Above all, the United States , under the neoconservative administration of President George W. Bush, spoke out against a European army in 2003 because the United States had lost its defense-political influence over the EU. On November 9, 2018, US President Donald Trump , who always emphasizes his own national interests, described a proposal by French President Emmanuel Macron to form a European army in order to become more independent of the United States in defense policy as "very offensive" . Trump erroneously claimed that Macron had proposed a European army to protect against the United States. However, Macron's alleged quote was misrepresented by the Agence France-Presse agency and then circulated by the media around the world, and thus also reached Trump.
NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg criticized the plans for an independent European defense policy. Admittedly, he welcomed greater European defense efforts. “But that must happen within the NATO framework,” he explained. According to Stoltenberg, European security still depends on American security guarantees. Stoltenberg therefore pleaded for transatlantic unity.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and the Prime Minister of Spain José Aznar also spoke out against such an army during their respective terms in office because of the threat they see of a possible weakening of NATO . The European left had also rejected a European army when they criticized the treaty and the like during the referendums on the EU constitution . a. claimed that he was promoting the militarization of the Union.
Current EU national armed forces
Expenditure and troop strength
The figures come from publications by the European Defense Agency in 2012.
Land Forces
Member country | Main battle tank | Protected vehicle | artillery |
---|---|---|---|
European Union | 7,695 | 18,819 | 9,817 |
Belgium | 226 | 133 | |
Bulgaria | 362 | 681 | 1,035 |
Denmark | 46 | 229 | 56 |
Germany | 815 | 1,774 | 401 |
Estonia | |||
Finland | 128 | 1,080 | 656 |
France | 525 | 2,876 | 638 |
Greece | 1,622 | 2,187 | 1,920 |
Ireland | |||
Italy | 1,176 | 3,145 | 1,446 |
Croatia | 75 | 283 | 127 |
Latvia | |||
Lithuania | |||
Luxembourg | |||
Malta | |||
Netherlands | 16 | 634 | 135 |
Austria | 54 | 364 | 73 |
Poland | 1,675 | 3.110 | 1,580 |
Portugal | 220 | 425 | |
Romania | 857 | 1,272 | 1,273 |
Sweden | |||
Slovakia | 30th | 327 | 68 |
Slovenia | 54 | ||
Spain | 484 | 1.007 | 811 |
Czech Republic | 123 | 501 | 182 |
Hungary | 155 | 597 | 30th |
United Kingdom | 296 | 1,368 | 305 |
Cyprus |
Air Force
(Status: end of 2018)
Warplanes
Member country | Typhoon | tornado | Mirage 2000 | Grip | F-16 | F / A-18 | MiG-29 | MiG-21 | Harrier II | F-35 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 330 | 155 | 179 | 123 | 404 | 146 | 58 | 36 | 28 | 20th | 267 | 1,736 |
Belgium | 52 | 52 | ||||||||||
Bulgaria | 15th | 15th | ||||||||||
Denmark | 44 | 44 | ||||||||||
Germany | 141 | 80 | 221 | |||||||||
Estonia | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Finland | 62 | 62 | ||||||||||
France | 137 | 142 Rafale | 279 | |||||||||
Greece | 42 | 153 | 33 F-4 | 228 | ||||||||
Ireland | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Italy | 94 | 75 | 15th | 11 | 40 AMX | 235 | ||||||
Croatia | 12 | 12 | ||||||||||
Latvia | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Lithuania | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Luxembourg | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Malta | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Netherlands | 68 | 9 | 77 | |||||||||
Austria | 15th | 15th | ||||||||||
Poland | 48 | 31 | 32 Su-22 | 111 | ||||||||
Portugal | 27 | 27 | ||||||||||
Romania | 12 | 24 | 36 | |||||||||
Sweden | 95 | 95 | ||||||||||
Slovakia | 12 | 12 | ||||||||||
Slovenia | No fighter planes | |||||||||||
Spain | 70 | 84 | 13 | 167 | ||||||||
Czech Republic | 14th | 20 L-159A | 34 | |||||||||
Hungary | 14th | 14th | ||||||||||
Cyprus | No fighter planes |
former member countries |
Typhoon | tornado | Mirage 2000 | Grip | F-16 | F / A-18 | MiG-29 | MiG-21 | Harrier II | F-35 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 160 | 16 | 176 |
Air refueling and transportation
Member country |
A330 MRTT |
A310 MRTT |
KC-130 | KC-135 | KC-767 | (K) DC-10 | A400M | C-130 | C-160 | C-27J |
CN-235 / C-295 |
L-410 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 4th | 4th | 12 | 14th | 4th | 1 | 58 | 80 | 36 | 40 | 84 | 12 | 120 | 469 |
Belgium | 10 | 1 A321 3 ERJ-135 / 145 |
14th | |||||||||||
Bulgaria | 2 | 1 An-26 1 PC-12 |
4th | |||||||||||
Denmark | 4th | 4th | ||||||||||||
Germany | 4th | 33 | 15th | 1 A310 | 53 | |||||||||
Estonia | 2 M-28 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Finland | 2 | 3 Learjet 35 6 PC-12NG |
11 | |||||||||||
France | 2 | 2 | 14th | 17th | 16 | 21st | 27 | 3 A310 6 DHC-6 15 TBM 700 |
123 | |||||
Greece | 11 | 8th | 19th | |||||||||||
Ireland | No tank or transport planes | |||||||||||||
Italy | 4th | 4th | 15th | 18th | 3 Do 228 12 P. 180 |
56 | ||||||||
Croatia | No tank or transport planes | |||||||||||||
Latvia | No tank or transport planes | |||||||||||||
Lithuania | 3 | 1 | 4th | |||||||||||
Luxembourg | No tank or transport planes | |||||||||||||
Malta | No tank or transport planes | |||||||||||||
Netherlands | 2 1 | 1 | 4th | 7th | ||||||||||
Austria | 3 | 8 PC-6 | 11 | |||||||||||
Poland | 5 | 23 | 21 M-28 | 49 | ||||||||||
Portugal | 4th | 7th | 11 | |||||||||||
Romania | 3 | 7th | 2 An-26 | 12 | ||||||||||
Sweden | 1 | 5 | 1 Saab 340 1 Sabreliner |
7th | ||||||||||
Slovakia | 2 | 5 | 7th | |||||||||||
Slovenia | 1 | 2 PC-6 | 3 | |||||||||||
Spain | 5 | 8th | 21st | 9 C-212 7 Citation II / V / VII 3 King Air 90 |
53 | |||||||||
Czech Republic | 4th | 5 | 9 | |||||||||||
Hungary | 2 A319 4 An-26 3 Boeing C-17 1 |
9 | ||||||||||||
Cyprus | 1 BN-2 | 1 | ||||||||||||
1 NATO aircraft with national registration and markings. |
former member countries |
A330 MRTT |
A310 MRTT |
KC-130 | KC-135 | KC-767 | (K) DC-10 | A400M | C-130 | C-160 | C-27J |
CN-235 / C-295 |
L-410 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 14th | 20th | 16 | 8 Boeing C-17 5 BAe 125 2 BAe 146 |
65 |
Reconnaissance aircraft and maritime patrol aircraft
Member country | E-3 | P-3 |
CN-235 / C-295 |
King Air | BN-2 | AN-30 | Other | total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 20th | 15th | 16 | 4th | 2 | 3 | 77 | 137 | ||||||
Belgium | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Bulgaria | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Denmark | 3 Challenger 604 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Germany | 8th | 2 Thu-228 | 10 | |||||||||||
Estonia | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Finland | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
France | 4th | 2 C-160 22 Atlantic 2 3 E-2 5 Falcon 20 8 Falcon 50 |
44 | |||||||||||
Greece | 2 C-130 1 CL-415 4 EJR-145 |
7th | ||||||||||||
Ireland | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||
Italy | 1 | 2 ATR 72 2 C-27J 2 G550 |
7th | |||||||||||
Croatia | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Latvia | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Lithuania | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Luxembourg | 16 1 | 16 | ||||||||||||
Malta | 3 | 1 | 4th | |||||||||||
Netherlands | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Austria | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Poland | 5 M-28 | 5 | ||||||||||||
Portugal | 4th | 5 | 9 | |||||||||||
Romania | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Sweden | 2 Gulfstream IV 2 Saab 340 |
4th | ||||||||||||
Slovakia | 1 L-410 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Slovenia | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Spain | 3 | 8th | 5 C-212 2 Falcon 20 |
18th | ||||||||||
Czech Republic | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Hungary | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
Cyprus | No reconnaissance planes or maritime patrols | |||||||||||||
1 NATO aircraft with national registration and markings. |
Member country | E-3 | P-3 |
CN-235 / C-295 |
King Air | BN-2 | AN-30 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 6th | 6th | 11 | 4 Sentinel 3 RC-135 |
30th |
Combat, transport and liaison helicopters
Member country | AH-64 | AW129 | tiger | Wed-24 | AW101 | AW109 | AW139 | CH-47 |
SA316 / 319 |
SA341 / 342 |
SA330 / H215 / H225M |
NH90 | UH-1 |
UH-60 / S-70 |
Wed-8 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 57 | 59 | 127 | 62 | 51 | 60 | 27 | 81 | 60 | 189 | 343 | 271 | 345 | 62 | 126 | 539 | 2,480 |
Belgium | 20th | 3 | 8th | 31 | |||||||||||||
Bulgaria | 2 | 12 | 3 | 2 Bell 206 | 19th | ||||||||||||
Denmark | 14th | 9 | 12 H125 | 35 | |||||||||||||
Germany | 53 | 75 | 29 | 66 CH53 13 H135 15 H145M 22 Lynx 21 Sea King |
294 | ||||||||||||
Estonia | 4 R44 | 4th | |||||||||||||||
Finland | 20th | 7 OH-6 | 27 | ||||||||||||||
France | 56 | 18th | 185 | 212 | 49 | 28 AS365 / 366 16 Lynx |
564 | ||||||||||
Greece | 29 | 24 | 12 | 11 | 101 | 11 | 11 Bell 206 18 Hughes 269 |
217 | |||||||||
Ireland | 6th | 2 H135 | 8th | ||||||||||||||
Italy | 59 | 25th | 20th | 15th | 23 | 62 | 150 | 2 OH-6 31 Bell 206 |
387 | ||||||||
Croatia | 23 | 16 OH-58 | 39 | ||||||||||||||
Latvia | 5 | 5 | |||||||||||||||
Lithuania | 3 | 3 AS365 | 6th | ||||||||||||||
Luxembourg | No attack, transport, or liaison helicopters | ||||||||||||||||
Malta | 3 | 3 | 6th | ||||||||||||||
Netherlands | 28 | 17th | 12 | 20th | 77 | ||||||||||||
Austria | 21st | 23 | 9 | 11 OH-58 | 64 | ||||||||||||
Poland | 30th | 2 | 41 | 64 Mi-2 9 Mi-14 62 W-3 24 SW-4 4 SH-2 |
256 | ||||||||||||
Portugal | 12 | 8th | 5 Lynx | 25th | |||||||||||||
Romania | 7th | 62 | 69 | ||||||||||||||
Sweden | 20th | 17th | 15th | 52 | |||||||||||||
Slovakia | 2 | 13 | 2 Wed-2 | 17th | |||||||||||||
Slovenia | 4th | 8th | 4 Bell 206 | 16 | |||||||||||||
Spain | 18th | 17th | 41 | 9 | 22nd | 14th | 15 H120 14 H135 8 S-76 8 Sea King 5 MD500 |
171 | |||||||||
Czech Republic | 17th | 24 | 2 Wed-2 9 W-3 |
52 | |||||||||||||
Hungary | 2 | 14th | 2 H125 | 18th | |||||||||||||
Cyprus | 11 | 3 | 4th | 2 Bell 206 | 20th |
former member countries |
AH-64 | AW129 | tiger | Wed-24 | AW101 | AW109 | AW139 | CH-47 |
SA316 / 319 |
SA341 / 342 |
SA330 / H215 / H225M |
NH90 | UH-1 |
UH-60 / S-70 |
Wed-8 | Other | total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 49 | 52 | 1 | 54 | 23 | 22nd | 6 AS365 57 AW159 |
264 |
Naval forces
(Status: end of 2019)
Member country |
Fleet Aircraft Carrier / Light Aircraft Carrier |
Amphibious assault ship / helicopter carrier |
Amphibious support ship / landing craft |
destroyer | frigate |
Corvette / FK speedboat |
Patrol boat | Anti-mine vehicle | Submarine with ballistic missiles | Submarine | total | tonnage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 2 | 5 | 24 | 7th | 92 | 54 | 124 | 114 | 4th | 47 | 473 | 1,163,520 |
Belgium | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 10,458 | |||||||
Bulgaria | 4th | 3 | 7th | 14th | 12,449 | |||||||
Denmark | 5 | 13 | 18th | 53,771 | ||||||||
Germany | 10 | 5 | 10 | 6th | 31 | 71,740 | ||||||
Estonia | 3 | 3 | 1,800 | |||||||||
Finland | 4th | 4th | 7th | 15th | 8,860 | |||||||
France | 1 | 3 | 3 | 19th | 17th | 17th | 4th | 5 | 69 | 315.040 | ||
Greece | 9 | 13 | 19th | 10 | 4th | 11 | 66 | 105,515 | ||||
Ireland | 9 | 9 | 15,408 | |||||||||
Italy | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4th | 12 | 10 | 10 | 8th | 49 | 194.084 | ||
Croatia | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 13 | 3,688 | ||||||
Latvia | 5 | 5 | 10 | 3,750 | ||||||||
Lithuania | 4th | 4th | 8th | 5,289 | ||||||||
Luxembourg | No naval forces | |||||||||||
Malta | 2 | 2 | 1,410 | |||||||||
Netherlands | 3 | 6th | 4th | 6th | 4th | 23 | 111.080 | |||||
Austria | No naval forces | |||||||||||
Poland | 5 | 2 | 4th | 1 | 20th | 3 | 35 | 30,430 | ||||
Portugal | 5 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 28,843 | |||||||
Romania | 3 | 7th | 3 | 13 | 24,189 | |||||||
Sweden | 7th | 3 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 18,377 | ||||||
Slovakia | No naval forces | |||||||||||
Slovenia | 1 | 1 | 333 | |||||||||
Spain | 1 | 2 | 11 | 20th | 6th | 3 | 43 | 145,576 | ||||
Czech Republic | No naval forces | |||||||||||
Hungary | No naval forces | |||||||||||
Cyprus | 2 | 2 | 1,430 |
former member countries |
Fleet Aircraft Carrier / Light Aircraft Carrier |
Amphibious assault ship / helicopter carrier |
Amphibious support ship / landing craft |
destroyer | frigate |
Corvette / FK speedboat |
Patrol boat | Anti-mine vehicle | Submarine with ballistic missiles | Submarine | total | tonnage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 2 | 5 | 6th | 13 | 6th | 13 | 4th | 6th | 55 | 458.403 |
(Status: beginning of 2014)
See also
- Common foreign and security policy
- Common security and defense policy
- EUFOR
- EU reaction force
- Synchronized Armed Forces Europe
- Western European Union
- Ghent Initiative
- List of armed forces
literature
- Dietrich, Sascha: The legal basis of the defense policy of the European Union . In: Journal for Foreign Public Law and International Law (ZaöRV), Vol. 66, 2006, pp. 663–697.
- Höfer, Gerd: European Army. Vision and utopia. Merus Verlag, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-939519-34-0
- Hoyer, Werner and Kaldrack, Gerd F. (Ed.): European security and defense policy (ESDP). The way to integrated European armed forces? (Inner Leadership Forum). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2002.
- Kastler, Holger A .: The EU on the way to its own army? The military dimension of the common security and defense policy after the Reform Treaty . In: Forum Recht (FoR) 3, 2009, pp. 83–85.
- Müller-Brandeck-Bocquet, Gisela (Ed.): The Future of the European Foreign, Security and Defense Policy after Enlargement (Würzburger Universitätsschriften zu Geschichte und Politik, 9). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006.
- Schöttli, Thomas: USA and EVG. Truman, Eisenhower and the European Army European Publishing House of Sciences, Frankfurt (Main) 1994, ISBN 3-906752-31-3
- Wosolsobe, Wolfgang: Military policy: The European army - a distant goal? , in: Troop Service , Volume 297, Issue 3, 2007
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rearmament and Pleven Plan ( Memento of December 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ New attempt for European Army ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ EU policy: Merkel calls for a European army . March 23, 2007.
- ^ N-tv news: EU tax and EU army .
- ↑ http://www.ftd.de/politik/europa/:sicherheitskonferenz-westerwelle-will-eine-eu-armee/50070689.html ( Memento from February 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ n-tv news: Should Germany allow itself to be defended by Europe? .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Juncker wants an EU army and a euro finance minister .
- ↑ diepresse.com - "EU Army: Then Brussels decides about life and death"
- ↑ NEOS position paper on neutrality ( memento of the original dated June 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Report in SPIEGEL on the meeting of defense ministers in Bratislava on September 26, 2016
- ↑ tagesschau.de: EU Commission plans defense fund .
- ↑ Markus Becker: 23 EU states found a military union. In: Spiegel Online. November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Together powerful: EU on the way to a defense union .
- ↑ Also includes members outside the EU.
- ↑ a b c d Franz Josef Jung: European army: necessary future vision . March 25, 2014.
- ↑ Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schnell, GenLt a. D .: Budgets and military budgets of the EU member states against the background of the current dramatic financial situation - savings effects and increased efficiency through a European army? ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2011)
- ↑ Philip Gallhöfer: efficiency and effectiveness through defense cooperation: implications within the European Union
- ↑ a b Arming for America? at: zeit.de
- ↑ Andreas Würth: Why not, as has been proven, from simple to difficult? How common European armed forces could begin. Meeting Point Europe , August 27, 2018, accessed on November 22, 2018 .
- ↑ Matthias Dembinski, Dirk Peters: AN ARMY FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION? EUROPEAN POLICY CONCEPTIONS AND DEFENSE POLICY STRUCTURES. (PDF) In: hsfk.de: LEIBNIZ-INSTITUT HESSISCHE STIFTUNG PEACE AND CONFLICT RESEARCH (PRIF), PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FRANKFURT (PRIF). January 2018, accessed December 5, 2018 .
- ^ A b Matthias Dembinski, Dirk Peters: For a European Army. (PDF) In: hans-peter-bartels.de. February 2006, accessed December 5, 2018 .
- ↑ Jürgen Groß, Andreas Weigel: Long-term goal: EUropean army. (PDF) In: ifsh.de: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy. August 29, 2008, accessed December 5, 2018 .
- ↑ Reasons for the European Army (on: zeit.de )
- ↑ Philip Gallhöfer: efficiency and effectiveness through defense cooperation: implications within the European Union . Springer-Verlag, June 26, 2014, ISBN 978-3-658-06359-7 , pp. 73–.
- ^ A b Thomas Straubhaar: Defense: European Army would have many advantages . March 10, 2015.
- ^ Main Ground Combat System
- ^ Charles Heyman: The Armed Forces of the European Union, 2011-2013. Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley 2011, ISBN 978-1-84415-519-4
- ↑ https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/flugzeugtraeger-china-103.html . Northern German Radio. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
- ↑ wikipedia: Merging the numbers from Indian Armed Forces
- ↑ wikipedia: Merging the numbers from Turkish armed forces
- ↑ [1] sueddeutsche.de: Macron calls for "true European army"
- ↑ [2] blick.ch: Macron calls for the formation of a "true European army"
- ↑ Angela Merkel promotes European army. In: Spiegel Online . November 13, 2018, accessed November 13, 2018 .
- ^ A b Summit in Paris: Trump calls Macron's proposal for a European army "offensive" . In: Zeit Online , November 10, 2018.
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Merkel is promoting the European army in the EU Parliament. In: tagesschau.de. November 13, 2018, accessed November 13, 2018 .
- ↑ Lorenz Hemicker: Merkel supports Macron's idea of a European army. In: FAZ.net . November 13, 2018, accessed November 13, 2018 .
- ↑ Europe, USA, NATO (Peace Council) .
- ↑ Donald J. Trump: Tweet. In: Twitter . November 9, 2018, accessed November 14, 2018 .
- ↑ Torsten Teichmann: Reconciling tones in the Élysée Palace. Tagesschau (ARD) , November 10, 2018
- ↑ Jens Stoltenberg: NATO Secretary General criticizes the idea of a European army . Die Zeit online, November 13, 2018
- ↑ Jordan Shilton: Ex-Prime Minister Blair supports the demand for a European army .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Defense Data Portal , Official 2012 defense statistics from the European Defense Agency
- ^ Federal Ministry of Defense : Strength: Military personnel of the Bundeswehr. Bundeswehr, August 5, 2015, accessed on August 15, 2015 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ministry of Defense - Vehicle & Aircraft Holdings within the scope of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty: Annual: 2013 edition , gov.uk, (pp.10- 13), accessed November 28, 2014
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland .
- ↑ Craig Hoyle: World Air Force 2019. Flight International , December 8, 2018, accessed February 1, 2019 .
- ^ Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military aircraft by Country - Worldwide. (PDF) Airbus , April 30, 2020, accessed June 8, 2020 .
- ^ Karl Schwarz: First F-35 in Leeuwarden. In: Flight Revue . November 2, 2019, accessed November 7, 2019 .
- ^ Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military aircraft by Country - Worldwide. Airbus.com , August 31, 2019, accessed October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ AIRBUS A400M PRODUCTION LIST. In: www.abcdlist.nl. June 23, 2020, accessed June 24, 2020 .
- ↑ Patrick Zwerger: LTG 63 celebrates 400,000 flight hours with Transall. Flug Revue, September 25, 2019, accessed on September 26, 2019 .
- ↑ Volker K. Thomalla: The second A330 MRTT for the MMU landed in Eindhoven. In: aerobuzz.de. August 11, 2020, accessed on August 12, 2020 .
- ↑ Bob Fischer: RNLAF has retired their first KDC-10. In: aorubuzz.de. November 4, 2019, accessed December 5, 2019 .
- ↑ 8. Report of the Federal Ministry of Defense on Armaments Matters. (PDF) Federal Ministry of Defense, December 7, 2018, p. 89 , accessed on February 4, 2019 .
- ^ Karl Schwarz: NH90 maintenance at Airbus Helicopters and Elbe Flugzeugwerke. Flug Revue, August 28, 2019, accessed on September 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Thomas Wiegold : First SeaLion delivered for the Navy (but not yet to the Navy). In: Blog: Eyes straight ahead! October 24, 2019, accessed October 25, 2019 .
- ↑ 5. Report of the Federal Ministry of Defense on Armaments Matters. (PDF) April 1, 2017, pp. 111–114 , accessed October 18, 2019 .
- ↑ The Netherlands take over their last NH90. Flug Revue, June 15, 2016, accessed on February 4, 2019 .