Miliarium

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Replica of a find in Gilching with the inscription "AVG MP XXXI" (" Augsburg 31 miles")
The Roman milestone of Wels with the inscription "MP I" ("1 mile")

A miliarium (Greek as a foreign word μιλιάριον miliárion ; plural: miliaria ) was a distance column on a Roman road ( milestone ) in the Roman Empire . Stones of this kind have been around since the 3rd century BC. In the road construction program of Gaius Sempronius Gracchus , they apparently experienced a first high point (Plut. C. Gracchus 7), and they actually reached their peak during the imperial era . But it seems that there were not miliaria on all streets.

General

The stone pillars, taller than a man (sometimes up to three meters high) and with a diameter of 50 to 60 centimeters, were an essential element of location and distance. The distance is given in Roman miles (1000 double steps, "mille passus", "milia passuum", abbreviated MP), which is just under 1.5 km; the Greek equivalent of eight stages is also not uniform.

In Rome , the Miliarium Aureum , the "golden pillar of miles" stood on the Forum Romanum (it was made of bronze, only the inscription, which named the most important roads from Rome and their final destinations, was made of gold letters). In the individual provinces the capital is often the starting point (caput viae) ; so all the milestones found in Raetia count from the provincial capital Augsburg ( Augusta Vindelicorum ) , which suggests that the streets were measured from there. In more developed areas it is also possible to calculate from the central points of individual peoples ( civitates ).

Since the stones were seen by many people, they are of course an excellent means of propaganda . Since Augustus , this "medium" has been reserved for the ruler, although governors are occasionally also named. Over time, regular forms emerged which, in addition to dating, offer a (standardized) reference to the reason for the installation of the stone. In many cases this can be used to fill gaps in the inscription.

From the time of the adoptive emperors , a transfer of responsibility for the maintenance of the roads (cura viarum) to individual communities can be determined. The homogeneity of the series of inscriptions decreases as a result. The starting point for the count on the pillars that were now placed by the parishes was the forum or the city gates of the parish. A correspondence of jurisdiction with the territory of the civitates is not always ascertainable.

Today around 7000–8000 stones from the Imperial Age are known. They are an important source for knowledge of the history and routing of the roads, but also for the general administration of the Reich and the organization of the rulers.

It should be noted, however, that they were often dragged off as building material, and sometimes they were transported far by ship. A reconstruction of Roman routes based on the finds of milestone and leugen stones is only possible in very rare cases.

Leugensteine

Leugenstein from Friedberg, Hesse, installation in the Wetterau Museum

In certain, formerly Celtic areas of the Gallic and Germanic provinces, calculations were not made with miles, but with Leugen , which correspond to 1.5 MP, i.e. about 2.22 km. Therefore one speaks here of Leugenstones. They arose since Trajan times and have been common in these regions since Septimius Severus .

Locations of milestones and league stones

Germany

Baden-Württemberg

  • Friolzheim - The former location was in Friolzheim, it was found in 1934 in a field. Today it is in the lapidarium of the State Museum in Stuttgart. A replica of the Roman Leugenstein stands in front of the tithe barn in Friolzheim and the wine press in Mühlacker. Inscription: Von Portus (= Pforzheim) 5 Leugen .
  • Heidelberg - seven Roman milestones in a cellar and one upright in a nearby well in Heidelberg- Bergheim . The empress inscriptions on the stones range from Elagabal to Valerian and Gallienus. Inscription: 4 Leugen von Lopodunum (= Ladenburg )
  • Isny im Allgäu - milestone found in 1550 as a vault support in a wine cellar of the Isny ​​Abbey, today in the Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart.
  • Köngen ( Grinario ) - from Köngen comes a milestone that was created during the reign of Emperor Hadrian.
  • Ladenburg - a similar collection of stones as in Heidelberg was found in the basement of a building in Ladenburg itself.
  • Offenburg - In the Middle Ages, this Leugenstein was built into the city wall, which is probably why it was split. It was originally located on the Kinzig valley road from Argentoratum ( Strasbourg ) to Raetia. Of the inscription, only the R of "Raetia" remains.
  • Remchingen -Nöttingen - Leugenstein from Remchingen-Nöttingen (M. Aurelius Severus Alexander: 17 Leugen von Aquae (= Baden-Baden )).
  • Sinzheim - Three Leugensteine ​​were found in the Rastatt district, they were dedicated to the emperors M. Aurelius Antoninus, called Caracalla , Severus Alexander and M. Antoninus Gordianus . All indicated the distance with 4 leagues from Aquae (= Baden-Baden ).
  • Sontheim an der Brenz - In 2002 an almost complete milestone was discovered on the Roman road between Sontheim and Bächingen , donated by Emperor Caracalla , and it was broken into two parts with a reference to Faimingen (Latin: Phoebiana ).

Bavaria

  • Aindling - In 1978 a fragment of a milestone with an inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla was found in the parish church of St. Martin. It is now in the State Archaeological Collection.
  • Augsburg - milestone without inscriptions, which stood at the Barfüßer-Tor, which was broken off in 1825.
  • Augsburg-Inningen - milestone without inscriptions, found in 1894, now lost.
  • Burgmannshofen - column drum with inscription for Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta, found in the cemetery in 1811, today in the Museum Augsburg .
  • Burgweinting - the fragment of a milestone was discovered in the local church in 1909 and is now in the Regensburg Museum.
  • Egerdach (Wonneberg) - milestone of the Via Julia (Augsburg-Salzburg) with an inscription for Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta, discovered in 1999 in front of the south door of the St. Margaretha church, now stands in a pavilion next to the church.
  • Ellmosen - a milestone without inscriptions found at Ellmosen is said to have come to Munich in 1812. He is missing today.
  • Epfach - two milestones without inscriptions from Epfach are lost today. One was recovered from the Lech in 1804, the other excavated in a hay barn in 1815.
  • Erlstätt - Erlstätt's milestone , was built into the Erlstätt churchyard wall until 1780. Then erected as the base of a wayside shrine near Kraimoos and only recognized as a milestone in 1840. Inscriptions of the emperors Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta.
  • Gilching - Mile column with broken inscription (for Septimius Severus and Caracalla), found in the 16th century, since 1830 in Munich, where it was destroyed in the museum fire in 1944.
  • Gundelfingen - In 1981, during renovation work in the parish church of St. Martin, a completely preserved milestone with an inscription for Caracalla and a fragment of another were discovered.
  • Herrenchiemsee - marble milestone / Leugenstein - four times inscribed - discovered in 1778 in the Martinskapelle on Herrenchiemsee, discovered again in 1913 in Schalchen near Gstadt, then in the Traunstein local history museum, now in the Bedaium Roman museum in Seebruck . Belonged to Via Julia (Augsburg-Salzburg).
  • Igstetterhof , municipality of Attenfeld - a milestone drum found in 1631, was brought to Mannheim at the instigation of Elector Karl Theodor , today in the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museum.
  • Kaufbeuren - Konrad Peutinger reports on one, Markus Welser of two milestone fragments in 1505 . All are lost today.
  • Kempten (Allgäu) ( Cambodunum )
    • In 1880 a milestone with an inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla was found in Kempten.
    • Another milestone for the same emperors found in Kempten in 1811 is now in the Roman Museum in Augsburg.
  • Kösching ( Germanicum ) - in the Kösching cemetery there was a mile column with a square base and an inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla. Elector Karl Theodor had them brought to Munich in 1760. The limestone column was destroyed in the fire in the Munich Museum in 1944. In 1984, around 1 km from the Kösching parish church, another, fully preserved, 2.20 m high milestone from the year 201 was uncovered directly under the sward.
  • Mittenwald
    • Johannes Aventinus reports on a lost milestone that Emperor Maximilian supposedly had brought to Innsbruck.
    • Milestone of the emperor Julian Apostata made of white marble - discovered in 1996 south of the village near the Roman Brennerstrasse Via Raetia stuck in the gravel, the upper part with five lines of the inscription is missing. It dates from 363 and shows the distance as 85 miles.
    • Milestone of Emperor Decius made of gray mica schist - discovered in 1997 in a meadow south of the town near the Roman Brennerstrasse. Distance is 83 (LXXXIII) miles, but 84 (LXXXIIII) should be assumed, since it is a Roman mile from the Julianstein. Today in the Mittenwald town hall.
  • Nähermittenhausen - Mileage column with remains of 13 lines of inscription, inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla, found in 1971 under the high altar of the church. Today in the castle museum in Neuburg .
  • Nassenfels - four fragments of a milestone with an inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla, today in the State Archaeological Collection.
  • Partenkirchen - another milestone mentioned by Aventinus of the Emperors Caracalla and Geta (erased) is said to have been in Partenkirchen; it has been lost since the 18th century.
  • Rebdorf Abbey - mileage column with inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla, brought to Munich in 1807, destroyed by fire in 1944.
  • Söchtenau - discovered at the Achbrücke in 1807, destroyed in World War II, probably from the years 213 to 217.
  • Sollern - Peter Apian reports on the discovery of a milestone fragment in the local church. The stone was lost before 1833.
  • Türkheim - mileage column without inscription, used as a curbstone in front of the monastery church, now lost.
  • Valley - Milestone for Septimius Severus and Caracalla, found in the 18th century.
  • Goldberg near Türkheim - two fragments of a milestone for Septimius Severus were found in the rubble of the walls of the late antique fort, today in the Mindelheim Museum.
  • Weilheim in Upper Bavaria - according to Aventinus, there is said to have been a milestone in the village that is now lost.
  • Wehringen - fragments of a milestone that were reused as wall supports of a late antique urn grave. Found in 1961 and moved to the State Prehistoric Collection .
  • Wolkertshofen - Milestone with an inscription for Septimius Severus and Caracalla, found in the 16th century, published by Janus Gruterus , then lost. A fragment reappeared in 1929 when a cowshed was demolished and was taken to the museum at Willibaldsburg, but has again been lost.

Hesse

  • Friedberg - the stone was found near Klostergasse in the old town, it originally stood on the road from Nida (today: Frankfurt-Heddernheim ) to Friedberg. The distance to the Civitas main town Nida was exactly ten leagues. Today the stone is in the Wetterau Museum in Friedberg.
  • Wiesbaden ( Aquae Mattiacorum ) - the stone was found near the main train station and is in the Nassau antiquities collection in the Wiesbaden Museum .
  • Mainz-Kastel - In 1896 two Roman milestones were found on the Roman military road that led from the Roman fort in Mainz-Kastel over the eastern slope of the Biebricher Höhe to the fort on the Römerberg. The first, a 2.10 meter high stone pillar, indicates the distance between the two forts: AB AQVAE MATTIACORVM VI MILLE PASSUUM = six Roman miles, according to today's measurements nine kilometers. The second stone gave the same distance with four leagues. A cast of the former stands today across from Wiesbaden Central Station.
  • Kleestadt - the stone was found in the Kleestädter Salzwiesen in 1832, it is in the Hessisches Landesmuseum in Darmstadt , a copy in the Dieburger Kreis- und Stadtmuseum . The line with the indication of the denial number has not survived, presumably it is the stone that was removed from Dieburg four leagues. The "Hohe Straße", a Roman military road that led from the central Roman town of Dieburg to the Stockstadt fort on the Main Limes, goes over the street mill near Schlierbach , where it crosses the Schlierbacher Weg.

North Rhine-Westphalia

Roman milestone from Cologne, found at Luxemburger Strasse. RGM Cologne
  • Brühl , city limits to Hürth , - A milestone was discovered in the lignite opencast mining in 1929, the site is at the former forester's house Villehaus, directly on Luxemburger Strasse, the Roman road Cologne-Trier. The inscription refers to the emperors Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus, the distance to Cologne is given as 6 leagues. It is located in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn .
  • Elsdorf-Esch - In 1997 fragments of a milestone were found on the Roman road between Cologne and Jülich . The inscription is incomplete and refers to the emperors Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus . The also incomplete information on the distance to Cologne was reconstructed according to the location with 13 leagues. In the case of another remnant from this site, it is not clear whether it belongs to the same or a second Leugenstein.
  • Freialdenhoven - A fragment with a badly mutilated inscription was found in 1866 when clearing the Freialdenhovener bush. The stone belonging to the road from Cologne to Tongeren has been lost.
  • Höllen - Only a small part of the inscription has been preserved in a fragment found at the Höllener Mühle about 1700 m north of the Cologne-Jülich road.
  • Cologne - In 1903 a milestone of Constantius I and Maximian was found on Luxemburger Strasse , Römerstrasse Trier – Cologne , at the corner of Greinstrasse . The distance to Cologne is indicated with a leuge. The piece is exhibited in the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne.
  • Marcomagus - On the Roman road from Cologne to Trier. Several stones suspected or proven: The historically documented milestone , which most likely came from the early 3rd century, is controversial . A part of a stone from the time of Emperor Decius was discovered in 1965 and is a copy near the place of discovery. In addition, the round stone is accepted as the milestone base of a second route.
  • Zülpich
    • Found during earthworks in the 1960s on Nideggener Straße (Agrippastraße Cologne – Trier) in the Zülpich district of Hoven . The Leugenstein (16 Leugen for Colonia Agrippinensis ) has been revised several times. The oldest inscription points to Emperor Licinius . The original is now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn , according to other, probably more recent information, in the Museum of Bathing Culture in Zülpich.
      • Replica at the Sophienhöhe near Zülpich-Hoven
      • Replica in the Römerallee roundabout in Zülpich
      • Replica in the roundabout at the Münstertor in Zülpich
    • Milestone, which can be traced back to 1375 in the Kölnstrasse, Grüner Weg junction to Bessenich, disappeared in 1865, can be traced before 1975 at the Kölntor and was rediscovered in the wall of a school in 2014. This came to the Kurkölnische Landesburg Zülpich .

Rhineland-Palatinate

  • Altrip - In the Roman fortress Alta Ripa (high bank) numerous leugen stones were found, they came from other places (2nd and 5th stone from Speyer) and were used as wall stones of the Roman fortress in secondary use.
  • Berg (Palatinate) - Only the base of this Roman milestone on the Roman road from Basel to Mainz has been preserved; it can be found at the end of the village next to Landstrasse 540 (former B 9) . This is the first stone on the Rheinuferstraße on the left bank of the Rhine in German territory.
  • Detzem - The town of Detzem near Trier derives its name from the Latin "ad decimum lapidem", the tenth Leugenstein. In the course of time, the distance from the stone became the place name. Seven milestones and leugen stones were found with nine and eight (previous stone) leugen distance to Trier. Inscriptions of the emperors Caracalla and Constantine have survived.
  • Ehrang / Quint - The situation is similar with the place name of Quint, a few kilometers from Trier, it is derived from “ad quintum lapidem”, the fifth stone of Trier.
  • Hagenbach - In addition to a sawmill, six consecutive Roman leugensteine ​​were found, a reproduction is at the old location in the Bienwald and in the Terra Sigillata Museum in Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ). The original is in the Palatinate History Museum .
  • Jockgrim - The thirteenth Roman milestone of Speyer stood north of the place in the Bienwald.
  • Mutterstadt - The Römerstraße passed the local border, the stone probably stood on the Civitas border between Worms (Borbetomagus) and Speyer (Noviomagus) (8 Leugen von Speyer). Two fragments were found in a well.
  • Neumagen-Dhron (Mosel) - In the district of Neumagen in front of the parish church (opposite the tourist information) the lower part of a Leugenstein; next to it an explanatory board in several languages, all as part of the archaeological circuit of the Roman fort Noviomagus Treverorum.
  • Oggersheim - The stone that had been broken into two pieces was found during construction work on the federal road (7 leagues).
  • Worms - At the intersection of Wollstrasse / Römerstrasse. Presumably placed here secondary, it is said to have been found on the Roman road a little south.

Austria

  • Common barn - In 1998 a milestone was discovered near this location, dating from AD 217/218. Just one year later, a milestone from the year 313 AD came to light at the same site.
  • Innsbruck - a milestone broken into two pieces with a form for Septimius Severus and Caracalla, found at the beginning of the 19th century and brought to Wilten Abbey.
  • Klosterneuburg - Two milestones were dragged into the monastery. One comes from the reign of Emperor Philip Arabs (244–249), the other from Decius (249–251). Their count was based on Vindobona . Another milestone, first mentioned in a document in 1324, is still in situ in the Scheiblingstein district , which is also named after the milestone.
  • Oberranna - near the small fort Oberranna, near the Jochenstein , a now lost milestone was discovered that dated back to the reign of Caracalla.
  • Reith bei Seefeld - shaft of a mileage pillar made of black mica slate without inscription.
  • Schönberg im Stubaital - a fragment of a milestone for Traianus Decius, found before 1756 at the confluence of the Stubai and Silltal, brought to Wilten Abbey, today in the Innsbruck Lapidarium.
  • Schwechat ( Ala Nova ) - In 1843 and 1844, six Roman milestones were found in a fountain on the western edge of the city, which originally stood 21 Roman miles from Carnuntum. The stones were erected within a few years around the middle of the 3rd century.
  • The shaft of a milestone has been found between Seefeld and Scharnitz . It has been considered lost since 1967.
  • St. Kathrein, Municipality of Navis - Milestone fragment, found in 1910 in the local church. Only the remainder of a line has survived from the inscription.
  • Tulln ( Comagena ) - In the Tullner Kirchengasse 10, a nearly two meter high milestone was recovered, which dates to the years 235/239 AD. At the end of the 19th century, near the village of Nitzing, a milestone was rediscovered at the current location on the L120, which is first mentioned in a source from the 14th century. It dates from AD 217/218.
  • Wels - "MP I", in the City Museum of the Minorite Monastery
  • Vienna ( Vindobona ) - the so-called Sankt Marx milestone was found at a location in the 3rd district of Vienna, Sankt Marx , which can no longer be precisely determined . It came from Valerianus Caesar (253-258) and gave the distance to Vindobona as two miles. Five milestones come from the Inzersdorf district, which were recovered in the Wienerberger brickworks in 1841. These include a complete stone set under Emperor Hadrian in AD 143, a stone from the time of Septimius Severus, and a milestone from AD 249 that stated four miles from Vindobona . The same distance was shown by the milestone of Valerianus Caesar belonging to the same find and a stone also made under Valerianus Caesar in 253 AD.
  • Wilten - milestone, found at the monastery, today in Ambras Castle .
  • Wilten-Sonnenberg - Milestone fragment with the inscription of Emperor Julians (363 AD), today in the Ambras court gallery.
  • Zirl - shaft of a milestone with an inscription for Septimius Severus, today in the Innsbruck Lapidarium. Found in August 1835.

Switzerland

  • Amsoldingen - Leugenstein (seven Leugen from Aventicum ), discovered by Theodor Mommsen in the crypt of the church in 1853, today in the courtyard of Thun.
  • Baden AG - Leugenstein (56 Leugen von Aventicum) with a form for Emperor Tacitus, found in a gravel pit in 1851, today in the museum of the bailiff's castle in Baden.
  • Boscéaz , municipality of Orbe VD - Leugenstein fragment with the inscription of Emperor Caracallas, exhibited together with the Roman mosaic found there.
  • Canal d'Entreroches - Milestone fragment with an inscription form for Emperor Hadrian, found while the canal was being built, today in the Ancienne Académie Lausanne.
  • Chavornay VD - a fragment of Leugenstein found in a street wall in the 18th century, today in the Ancienne Académie Lausanne.
  • Colovrex (municipality of Bellevue GE ) - two milestone fragments, both came to the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire in Geneva in 1866 .
  • Coppet - now lost milestone, who probably had a form for Antoninus Pius.
  • Dully - now a lost milestone that served as a fountain in Nyon in the 18th century. Another milestone was found in 1782 at the old bridge at Dully, it is now in the lapidarium of the Nyon Museum.
  • Etoy VD - Milestone fragment, today in the Ancienne Académie Lausanne.
  • Lavigny VD - milestone found in the 18th century with an inscription for Gordianus III, today in the courtyard of the Aubonne castle.
  • Messery - milestone with inscription for Septimius Severus and his sons Caracalla and Geta, today in the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire in Geneva.
  • Montagny-la-Ville - Leugenstein with Caracalla inscription, today in the courtyard of Yverdon.
  • Mumpf - Milestone, found in 1875 between Mumpf and Stein AG , today in the Rheinfelden Museum.
  • Paudex - milestone with inscription for Antoninus Pius, today in the Ancienne Académie Lausanne. From Paudex there is another, now lost, mile column with a fragmentary inscription.
  • Penthalaz - fragment of a pillar found in the 18th century, placed in front of the local church.
  • Prévessin - two milestones with an unknown place of origin now carry the protective roof over the local church gate.
  • Saint-Prex - milestone walled in the road bridge over the Boiron river .
  • Sion - Leugenstein found in 1817 (17 Leugen from Aventicum), today mounted on a Renaissance plinth in the entrance of the town hall.
  • Solothurn – Leugenstein discovered in 1763 in the area of ​​the foundations of the St. Ursen Church, today in the lapidary of the Jesuit Church. Two further fragments were found in Solothurn, one of which is also in the lapidary, the other has been lost.
  • Treycovagnes - longitudinally split Leugenstein with a form for Septimius Severus and his sons Caracalla and Geta, find from the 17th century, today in the courtyard of Yverdon.
  • Unterwil ( Marthalen municipality ) - milestone with inscription for Emperor Trajan, 85 miles, probably counted by Aventicum, today in the National Museum Zurich.
  • Vich VD - A milestone with an inscription for Trebonianus Gallus found 4 km east of Nyon in 1811, today in the Nyon Museum.

South-Tirol

  • Freienfeld - fragment of a milestone shaft, found in 1888, today in the Innsbruck Lapidarium.
  • Rabland - fragment of a milestone with an inscription for Emperor Claudius, found in 1552, today in the Museum of Bolzano.

Southern Europe

Roman milestones have also been found in southern Europe (France, Spain, Portugal and, of course, Italy) and even in North Africa; an example for France is the Alba-la-Romaine milestone .

India

Mughal distance monuments ( Kos-Minar ) can be found in large parts of northern India, ie from Afghanistan to Bengal .

Trivia

swell

The publication of all miliaria is planned as Vol. XVII of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . The following have been published so far (December 2015):

Miliaria Imperii Romani

literature

  • Raymond Chevallier: Les Voies Romaines. Picard, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-7084-0526-8 .
  • Margot Klee: Lifelines of the Empire. Roads in the Roman Empire. Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2307-1 .
  • Anne Kolb : Roman Milestones: State of Research and Problems. In: Regula Frei-Stolba (Hrsg.): Settlement and traffic in the Roman Empire. Roman roads between securing power and shaping the landscape. Files from the colloquium in honor of Prof. HE Herzig on June 28 and 29, 2001 in Bern. Lang, Bern 2004, ISBN 3-03910-030-0 , pp. 135-155.
  • Gerhard Radke: Miliarium. In: KlP 3 (1975) Sp. 1299
  • Michael Rathmann : Milestones. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 10, Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01480-0 , Sp. 161.
  • Michael Rathmann: Investigations on the imperial roads in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. (Bonner yearbooks of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn and the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland, Supplement 55) Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3043-X .
  • Michael Rathmann: The Reichsstraßen of Germania Inferior. Bonner Jahrbücher 204, 2004, 1–45.
  • Gerold Walser : The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia . Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29)

Web links

Commons : Miliaria  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Little Stowasser , z. B. Edition 1957, also cites milliarium or milliaria .
  2. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 40 f.
  3. ↑ Michael Rathmann: Investigations into the imperial roads in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Zabern, Mainz 2003, p. 112 f.
  4. ^ According to Anne Kolb: Roman Milestones: State of Research and Problems. In: Regula Frei-Stolba (Hrsg.): Settlement and traffic in the Roman Empire. Roman roads between securing power and shaping the landscape. Files from the colloquium in honor of Prof. HE Herzig on June 28 and 29, 2001 in Bern. Lang, Bern 2004, ISBN 3-03910-030-0 , pp. 135–155, here: p. 137.
  5. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 39.
  6. ↑ Michael Rathmann: Investigations into the imperial roads in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Zabern, Mainz 2003, p. 118, esp. Note 95; Raymond Chevallier: Les Voies Romaines. Picard, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-7084-0526-8 , p. 161; Hans Ulrich Nuber : On water and on land. The Roman transport network. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , p. 416; Janine Fries-Knoblauch: The Celts. 3000 years of European culture and history. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-17-015921-6 , p. 133; Thomas Lobüscher in Thomas Fischer : The Roman Provinces. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001 p. 210; Helmut Bender: Roman roads and road stations. Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany 13 (writings of the Limes Museum Aalen), Stuttgart 1975, p. 12; Hans-Joachim Schalles : Leuga. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 7, Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-476-01477-0 , Sp. 99-100 .; Thomas Grünewald: Leuga. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 18, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, pp. 298-299 .; Alexander Demandt : The Celts. 7th edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-44798-3 (CH Beck Wissen 2101), p. 95; Margot Klee: Lifelines of the Empire. Roads in the Roman Empire. Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2307-1 , p. 76 f.
  7. ↑ CIL 17-02, 00653
  8. ↑ CIL 13, 9104 , CIL 13, 9105 , CIL 13, 9106 , CIL 13, 9107 , CIL 13, 9108 , CIL 13, 9109 , CIL 13, 9110 , CIL 13, 9111 .
  9. ↑ CIL 3, 5987
  10. ↑ AE 1900, 73
  11. ↑ CIL 13, 9099 , CIL 13, 9100 , CIL 13, 09101 , CIL 13, 9102 , CIL 13, 9103 .
  12. ↑ CIL 13, 09082 ; Leugenstein from Offenburg
  13. ↑ CIL 17-02, 00650
  14. ↑ CIL 13, 09117 , CIL 13, 09118 , CIL 13, 09119
  15. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber, Gabriele Seitz: Caracalla on the Ostalb - a Roman milestone from Sontheim an der Brenz, Heidenheim district. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 2002. Stuttgart, 2003. pp. 107-109.
  16. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00053
  17. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 74 No. 19.
  18. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 74 No. 20.
  19. ↑ CIL 3, 5995
  20. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 82, No. 36.
  21. ↑ AE 1999, 01212 . Franz Patzelt: The Roman milestone of Egerdach , in: Traunsteiner Tagblatt (2001), No. 22; Milestones , Via Julia, accessed December 9, 2018.
  22. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 81 No. 34.
  23. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 77 No. 25.
  24. ↑ CIL 3, 5749 ; HD039561 , Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed December 9, 2018.
  25. ↑ CIL 3, 5990
  26. ↑ AE 1985, 00697 ; Wolfgang Czysz in: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1981 , p. 142.
  27. ↑ 7254 milestone with inscriptions of the emperors Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Julian , image database Ubi Erat Lupa - HD021608 , epigraphic database Heidelberg, accessed on December 9, 2018.
  28. ↑ Milestones , Via Julia, accessed December 9, 2018.
  29. ↑ CIL 3, 5996
  30. ↑ CIL 3, 5993 ; HD039473 , Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed December 9, 2018.
  31. ↑ CIL 3, 11984
  32. ↑ CIL 3, 5992
  33. ↑ CIL 3, 5999
  34. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00070
  35. ↑ CIL 3, 5979
  36. ^ A b c d Karlheinz Dietz / Martin Pietsch: Two new Roman milestones from Mittenwald , in: Mohr, Löwe, Raute 6 (1998), pp. 41–57. Online version .
  37. ↑ HD039462 , Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed December 9, 2018.
  38. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00054
  39. ↑ 6876 Milestone of the Emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla , image database Ubi Erat Lupa - HD004843 , epigraphic database Heidelberg, accessed on December 9, 2018.
  40. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00066
  41. ↑ CIL 3, 5978
  42. ↑ CIL 3, 5997
  43. ↑ HD039568 , Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed December 9, 2018.
  44. ↑ CIL 3, 15211
  45. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 76 No. 23.
  46. ↑ CIL 3, 5991
  47. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00044
  48. ↑ CIL 3, 5986
  49. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00046
  50. ↑ CIL 3, 5998 ; HD039510 , Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed December 9, 2018.
  51. ↑ CIL 13, 9123
  52. ↑ CIL 13, 09126
  53. ↑ CIL 13, 09124
  54. ↑ CIL 13, 09125
  55. ↑ CIL 13, 09121 ; Helmut Castritius , Manfred Clauss , Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). In: Contributions to the research of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 215.
  56. ^ Egon Schallmayer : On the Roman name of Dieburg. In: Germania 59/2, 1981 p. 319.
  57. ↑ CIL 17-2, 00559 ; M. Rathmann, Bonner Jahrb. 204, 2004, 41 No. 26
  58. ^ Wolfgang Gaitzsch : Two milestones from the via Agrippinensis. Archäologie im Rheinland 1997, pp. 82–84; M. Rathmann: Bonner yearbooks. 204, 2004, No. 18-19, pp. 36-38.
  59. ↑ CIL 13.09157 ; M. Rathmann, Bonner Jahrb. 204, 2004, 38 f. No. 21.
  60. ^ Wolfgang Gaitzsch , Christoph B. Rüger : Bonner year books. 188, 1988, No. 7, pp. 426f .; M. Rathmann: Bonner yearbooks. 204, 2004, No. 20, p. 38.
  61. ↑ CIL 13.09154 ; M. Rathmann, Bonner Jahrb. 204, 2004, 40 f. No. 25
  62. ↑ Extensive literature see the article Marcomagus in the sections The notorious Marmagener milestone and Roman highways in the districts of Marmagen and Nettersheim .
  63. ↑ Agrippastraße milestone , Römerstraße adventure space, accessed on December 9, 2018.
  64. ↑ HD014809 , Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed on December 9, 2018.
  65. ↑ a b Joachim Sprothen: Wall in Zülpich. Roman milestone found , Kölner Stadtanzeiger, April 21, 2014, accessed on December 9, 2018.
  66. ↑ Zülpich , Wikivoyage (with photo), accessed on December 9, 2018.
  67. ↑ Roman Milestone Zülpich , rheinland.info, accessed on December 9, 2018.
  68. ↑ The castle in Zülpich and other sights , Justice Club Düren 2014 (with photo), accessed on December 9, 2018.
  69. ↑ CIL 13, 9095 ; CIL 13.9094 ; CIL 13.9093 ; CIL 13, 9092 .
  70. ↑ Heinz Cüppers in H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Hamburg 2002, p. 525; Karl-Josef Gilles: Pölich, Trier-Saarburg district. Roman road. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, ISBN 978-3-923319-73-2 ( publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 35 ) p. 160 f.
  71. ↑ CIL 13.09129 ; CIL 13.09130
  72. ↑ Heinz Cüppers in H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Hamburg 2002, p. 653.
  73. ↑ CIL 17-02, 605 ; CIL 17-02, 606 ; CIL 17-02, 607 ; CIL 17-02, 608 ; CIL 17-02, 609 .
  74. ↑ CIL 13, 9096 .
  75. ↑ Helmut Bernhard in: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Hamburg 2002, p. 488 f.
  76. ^ Mathilde Grünewald: New theses on the Worms city walls . In: Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter NF 8 (2001), pp. 11-44 (19).
  77. ^ Hannsjörg Ubl, The New Milestones and the Noric Limes Road. In: Find reports from Austria 37, 1998, p. 186.
  78. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00077 .
  79. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00078 .
  80. ↑ CIL 3, 5980
  81. ↑ CIL 3, 05753 .
  82. ↑ CIL 3, 05752 .
  83. ↑ a b Harald Hartmann: Two Roman milestones near Tulln. In: haben.at , accessed on May 8, 2020.
  84. ↑ CIL 3, 5755
  85. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 65 No. 6.
  86. ↑ CIL 3, 5989
  87. ^ Ekkehard Weber: The Roman milestones from Austrian Pannonia. ÖJh 49, 1968–1971, p. 121 ff.
  88. ↑ CIL 03, 04641 ; CIL 03, 04642 ; CIL 03, 04643 ; CIL 03, 04644 ; CIL 03, 04645 ; CIL 03, 04646 .
  89. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 65 No. 5.
  90. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 72 No. 14.
  91. ^ H. Stiglitz, in: Find reports from Austria 9, 1966/70, p. 139 f.
  92. ↑ CIL 17-04-01, 00076
  93. ↑ Otto Biack: history of the town of Tulln. 1982, p. 46 f.
  94. ↑ CIL 3, 13534 .
  95. ^ Project "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" (FRE): Milestone Nitzing. In: univie.ac.at , 2014, accessed on June 8, 2020.
  96. ↑ CIL 3, 4647
  97. ↑ CIL 3, 04649
  98. ↑ CIL 3, 04650
  99. ↑ CIL 3, 04651
  100. ↑ CIL 3, 04652
  101. ↑ CIL 3, 04653
  102. ↑ CIL 3, 5981
  103. ↑ CIL 3, 5983
  104. ↑ CIL 3, 5988
  105. ↑ CIL 13, 9070
  106. ↑ CIL 13, 9076
  107. ^ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads in Switzerland. Part 1: The milestones. Kümmerly and Frey Geographischer Verlag, Bern 1967 ( Itinera Romana. Contributions to the street history of the Roman Empire 1), p. 75 No. 36.
  108. ↑ CIL 13, 9065
  109. ↑ CIL 13, 9066
  110. ↑ CIL 12, 5530 ; CIL 12, 5531
  111. ↑ CIL 12, 5533
  112. ↑ CIL 13, 9057
  113. ↑ CIL 13, 9058
  114. ↑ CIL 13, 9060
  115. ↑ CIL 13, 9059
  116. ↑ CIL 12, 5532
  117. ↑ CIL 13, 9068
  118. ↑ CIL 13, 9077
  119. ↑ CIL 13, 9062
  120. ↑ CIL 13, 9063
  121. ↑ CIL 13, 9064
  122. ↑ CIL 17-02, 00134 ; CIL 17-02, 00135
  123. ↑ CIL 13, 9061
  124. ↑ CIL 13, 9071
  125. ↑ CIL 13, 9072
  126. ↑ CIL 13, 9074
  127. ↑ CIL 13, 9073
  128. ↑ CIL 13, 9067
  129. ↑ CIL 13, 9075
  130. ^ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads in Switzerland. Part 1: The milestones. Kümmerly and Frey Geographischer Verlag, Bern 1967 ( Itinera Romana. Contributions to the street history of the Roman Empire 1), p. 90 f.
  131. ↑ CIL 13, 9056
  132. ↑ Gerold Walser: The Roman roads and milestones in Raetia. Württemberg. Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1983. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany, No. 29), p. 73 No. 16.
  133. ↑ CIL 5, 8003