List of heads of state 1549

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Overview
◄◄ | ◄ | 1545 | 1546 | 1547 | 1548 | List of heads of state 1549 | 1550 | 1551 | 1552 | 1553 | ► | ►►
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Africa

( Abdalwadiden ) (in what is now western Algeria, capital Tlemcen )
- Sultan : Ahmad II (1541–1543) (1544–1550)

Adal
- Sultan: Umar Din (1526–1553)

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Claudius (1540–1559)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Dunama VI. (1539–1557)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Ahmad III. (1543–1570)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Leele Fuli Fak (1543–1549)
- Buur-ba Jolof: al-Buri Penda (1549–1566)

Kano
- Emir: Muhammad Kisoki (1509–1565)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Diogo I (1545–1561)

Morocco
- Wattasids (in the north) (conquered by the Saadians in 1549)
  - Sultan : Abu l-Abbas Ahmad (1524–1549)
- Saadier (in the south)
  - Sultan : Muhammad II ash-Shayh (1540–1557)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler: Neshangwe Munembire (around 1530 – around 1550)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Nayil (1533 / 34–1550 / 51)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Ishaq I (1539–1549)
- Ruler: Daoud (1549–1582)

America

Governorate of Brazil
- Governor: Tomé de Sousa (1549–1553)

Inca Empire
- Inca : Sayri Túpac (1544–1561)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Antonio de Mendoza (1535–1550) (1551–1552 Viceroy of Peru)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Pedro de la Gasca (1546–1551)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Jiajing (1521–1567)

India
- Sultanate of Delhi ( Surids )
  - Sultan : Islam Shah Suri (1545–1553)

Japan
- Emperor : Go-Nara (1526–1557)
- Shogun Ashikaga : Ashikaga Yoshiteru (1546-1565)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Myeongjong (1545–1567)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Sultan: Tahmasp I (1524–1576)

Thailand
- King : Maha Chakrapat (1548–1568)

Vietnam
- North ( Mạc dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Tuyên Tông (1546–1561)
- South ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
  - King: Lê Trung Tông (1548–1556)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of Navarre : Henry II (1516–1555)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Francesc de Urríes (1534–1551)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian III. (1534–1559)

England and Ireland
- King : Edward VI. (1547–1553)

France
- King : Heinrich II. (1547–1559)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Charles V (1519–1556) (Emperor from 1520, King of Spain 1516–1556, Archduke of Austria 1519–1521)
- Electorates
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Adolf III. von Schaumburg (1547–1556)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Sebastian von Heusenstamm (1545–1555)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Johann V. von Isenburg (1547–1556)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
  - Brandenburg
    - Elector : Joachim II. Hector (1535–1571)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Elector : Frederick II the Wise (1544–1556)
  - Saxony ( Albertiner )
    - Elector : Moritz (1547–1553)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Otto von Waldburg (1543–1573) (1553–1573 Provost von Ellwangen)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Weigand von Redwitz (1522–1556)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Philipp von Gundelsheim (1527–1553)
  - Brandenburg Monastery (Protestant from 1544)
    - Bishop : Joachim II von Münsterberg-Oels (1545–1560)
  - Archbishopric Bremen
    - Archbishop : Christoph von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1511–1558) (1502–1558 Bishop of Verden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Cristoforo Madruzzo (1542–1578) (1539–1567 Bishop of Trento)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Bishop : Robert III. de Croÿ (1519–1556)
  - Cammin Monastery (Protestant bishops since 1545)
    - Bishop : Bartholomaeus Suawe (1545–1549)
    - Bishop: Martin Weiher (1549–1556)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Hieronymus Meitting (1536–1557)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Lucius Iter (1542–1549)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Moritz von Hutten (1539–1552)
- secular principalities
  - to bathe
    - Baden-Baden
      - Margrave : Philibert (1536–1569) (until 1554 under guardianship)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave: Ernst (1515–1553)
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1508–1550)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1543–1603)
  - Brandenburg-Kulmbach
    - Margrave : Albrecht II. Alcibiades (1527–1554) (until 1541 under the reign of his uncle)
  - Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
    - Principality of Calenberg (-Göttingen)
      - Duke: Erich II. (1540–1584) (until 1546 under the tutelage of his mother)
    - Principality of Grubenhagen
      - Duke: Philip I (1485–1551)
    - Principality of Lüneburg
      - Interim government of the Archbishop of Cologne and the Count of Schaumburg (1546–1555)
    - Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : Heinrich II. (1514–1568)
  - Hanau
    - Hanau-Lichtenberg
      - Count : Philip IV (1538–1590)
    - Hanau-Munzenberg
      - Count : Philip III. (1529–1561)
  - Hesse
    - Landgrave : Philip I the Magnanimous (1509–1567)
  - Hohenzollern
    - Count : Charles I (1525–1576)
  - Jülich-Kleve-Berg
    - Duke : Wilhelm V the Rich (1539–1592)
  - lip
    - Count : Bernhard VIII. (1536–1563)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Charles III. (1545–1608) (until 1559 under guardianship)
      - Regent: Christina of Denmark (1545–1552)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Johann Albrecht I (1547–1556)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Henry V (1503 / 20–1552)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Beilstein
        Count : Johann III. (1513–1561)
      - Nassau-Breda and Orange
        Prince : Wilhelm the Silent (1544–1584)
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Count : William the Rich (1516–1559)
    - walramic line
      - Nassau-Saarbrücken
        Count : Philip II (1545–1554)
      - Nassau-Weilburg
        Count : Philip III. (1523–1559)
      - Nassau-Wiesbaden
        Count : Philipp, the Elder (1511–1558)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Christoph I (1524–1551)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Regent : Anna (1540–1561) (regency for her underage sons)
  - Palatinate (Kurlinie see under Electorates)
    - Pfalz-Neuburg
      - Count Palatine : Ottheinrich (1505–1557) (until 1522 under guardianship)
    - Palatinate-Simmern
      - Count Palatine : Johann II the Younger (1509–1557)
    - Palatinate-Veldenz
      - Count Palatine : Georg Johann I (1544–1592)
    - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
      - Count Palatine : Wolfgang (1532–1569)
  - Pomerania
    - Pomerania-Szczecin
      - Duke : Barnim IX. (1532–1569)
    - Pomerania-Wolgast
      - Duke : Philip I (1532-1560)
  - Saxony ( Ernestiner )
    - Duke : Johann Friedrich I (1547–1554)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg ( Askanier )
    - Duke : Franz I (1543–1581)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Ulrich (1498–1550)

Italian states
- Ferrara , Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Ercole II. D'Este (1534–1559)
- Genoa
  - Doge : Benedetto Gentile Pevere (1547–1549)
  - Doge: Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli (1549–1551)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Paul III. (1534-1549)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain )
  - Duke : Philip II of Spain (1540–1598)
    - Governor : Ferrante I. Gonzaga (1546–1555)
- Mantua and Montferrat ( Gonzaga )
  - Duke : Francesco III. Gonzaga (1540-1550)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Margravine : Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina (1519–1546) (1547–1553)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King: Charles I of Spain (1516–1556)
    - Viceroy : Pedro Álvarez de Toledo (1532–1553)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ottavio Farnese (1547–1586)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Charles III. (1504–1553)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King: Charles I of Spain (1516–1556)
    - Viceroy : Juan de Vega (1547–1557)
- Tuscany
  - Duke : Cosimo I de 'Medici (1537–1574) (from 1569 Grand Duke)
- Urbino
  - Duke : Guidobaldo II. Della Rovere (1538–1574)
- Venice
  - Doge : Francesco Donà (1545–1553)

Order of St. John in Malta
- Grand Master : Juan de Homedes (1536–1553)

Livonia
- Landmeister : Hermann von Brüggenei (1535–1549)
- Landmeister: Johann von der Recke (1549–1551)

Moldova
- Prince : Iliaș II (1546–1551)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Honoré I (1532–1581)

Navarre
- King : Henry II (1517–1555)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566)

Poland
- King : Sigismund II August (1548–1572)

Portugal
- King : Johann III. (1521–1557)

Prussia
- Duke : Albrecht (1525–1568) (1511–1525 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)

Russia
- Tsar : Ivan IV (1533–1584) (Grand Duke until 1547)

Scotland
- Queen : Maria Stuart (1542–1567)

Sweden
- King : Gustav I. Wasa (1523–1560)

Spain
- King : Karl I (1516–1556) (1520–1556 emperor, 1519–1556 Roman-German king, 1519–1521 Archduke of Austria)

Hungary (rule disputed)
- King : Ferdinand I (1526–1564) (1556–1564 Emperor, 1526–1564 King of Bohemia, 1521–1564 Archduke of Austria)
- King: Johann Sigismund Zápolya (1540–1570) (1570–1571 Prince of Transylvania)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Mircea Ciobanul (1545–1552, 1553–1554, 1558–1559 )