History of the city of Wetzlar
The history of the city of Wetzlar is shaped by its time as a Free Imperial City and seat of the Imperial Court of Justice from the Middle Ages to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, as well as by its development into an industrial city from the second half of the 19th century.
The oldest traces of settlement go back to the Bronze Age and the Paleolithic . A larger, up to 7,500 year old ceramic band settlement is documented. Iron has been produced here at least since the Celtic La Tène period and has a 2500-year tradition. Celtic, Germanic and Roman settlements are proven in several places. The history of the city of Wetzlar, which has been documented in writing so far as far as is known, goes back to the Carolingian era. As a free imperial city , Wetzlar rose from the end of the 12th century to around 1350 to become the second largest city in the region after Frankfurt, but became impoverished by the beginning of the 15th century. The city grew again due to the relocation of the Reich Chamber of Commerce (1689 to 1806). It was not until the late industrialization in the 1860s that the city managed to rise again, becoming the seat of numerous medium-sized companies. In the 20th century the city exceeded the population of 50,000 and became a regional center .
Prehistory and early history, early and high Middle Ages
The Wetzlar region was already inhabited in the Paleolithic, the oldest and longest period in prehistory . The most important reason was that one found a favorable climate south of the Westerwald, Rothaargebirge and north of the Taunus and therefore mainly mild westerly winds along the Lahn valley were brought into this basin. The people in the Wetzlar area were also spared the Würm and Vistula ice ages .
Within the Wanendorf desert , southwest of Wetzlar-Dalheim , there was a band ceramic settlement in a former loop of the Lahn , which may be part of a systematic settlement of the Lahn valley. The approximately 12 post houses were each 30 meters long and were protected by a two to three meter wide and 700 to 1000 m long trench and a wall in front. Two independent wells within the 7,000 to 7,500 year old fortification were used to ensure the water supply.
In addition to barrows from the Bronze Age , for example in the Finsterloh Forest on the southern outskirts around the Stoppelberg, the urn field culture can also be found.
Celts, Teutons and Romans
At least since the Celtic La Tène period , decomposition products from the iron ore deposits located there were collected in and around Wetzlar and smelted into wrought iron on site in racing furnaces . The sites are known as roller bearings . Iron processing in and around Wetzlar has a tradition of around 2500 years. There were also pit fields in and around Wetzlar for copper, silver and gold.
There were at least three Celtic settlements in the district of Wetzlar . The ramparts on the Stoppelberg date back to the earlier Iron Age ( Hallstatt D , 650–475 BC), so it could be a fortified hilltop settlement, a so-called castle .
Settlements of Germanic origin are currently being uncovered as part of research excavations in the area of prehistory and early history of the University of Jena . The pit houses were also provided with moats and walls. Some of them date from the time of the birth of Christ and were inhabited for around 1400 years. The ceramic and metal finds indicate a lively contact with the nearby Roman Limes . In Wetzlar, archaeologists found, among other things, a gilded fragment of a 2000 year old Roman, life-size equestrian statue.
In Waldgirmes , directly on the eastern city limits, a civil Roman settlement was under construction (see Roman Forum Lahnau-Waldgirmes ) and there was a Roman military camp in Dorlar . There is a network of paths in and around Wetzlar. The Romans may not retreat completely from this region to the southern Taunus after the battle in the Teutoburg Forest .
The city and its predecessor settlements
The final syllable of the city name -lar (old Franconian hlar / hlari ) refers to a settlement of Celtic origin (see also Goslar , Fritzlar , Dorlar etc.) and is interpreted as a hurdle or scaffolding / frame . Presumably it meant a fence-like fortification of a farm or village. Lar place names are generally not associated with personal names ; the places have a prominent location at the corners of the river mouth and were probably created up to the 3rd century.
At an unknown point in time, Wetzlar acquired the market rights and thus the right to raise market tariffs. Over the years, a market settlement developed on a hill, which later became the cathedral hill with the Marienstift. It was a magnet for traders and craftsmen. When the church was first built before 897, it was then also a possible meeting place for devout Christians.
The church of the Theutbirg in loco qui dicitur Nivora in the Nauborn district was first mentioned in 778, but it was built well before 778. Their remains are still clearly visible today. The church will likely have existed until the turn of the 9th century. The remains of the wall were only discovered in 1927. In addition to bones, some broken vessels from the period between 700 and 780 and an iron ax were found in the associated cemetery.
The old imperial castle Kalsmunt : According to Karl Metz, this castle / palace is said to have been an early Roman foundation. Charlemagne built this castle for Zedler around the year 785 in order to be able to keep the city in check. H. the city already existed at that time. She is said to have been called Carols Mons (Carlmund or Carlmont) by him, the current name has the following meaning: Kals- = Karls and - munt = vassal , d. H. a feudal man of the Franconian court. Other sources consider the name to be pre-Germanic or Celtic, such as: The name Kalsmunt is of Celtic origin and means “barren hill” , meaning useless / fruitless / barren hill. The imperial coins for Wetzlar were minted at the Reichsburg Kalsmunt.
A donation from Ingold to the Lorsch Monastery from the year 832 in the Lorsch Codex (document copy no. 3146) is considered an early first mention . The translation reads: “ In the name of God I, Ingold, set up a foundation in honor of the holy martyr (Nazarius), whose body rests in the Lorsch monastery, where the venerable Adalung holds the office of abbot. ... I am giving in the Gau Logenehe (in Lahngau), in ..., also in Weftifa (Wettifa; Wetz, N.-O.-, am Wetzbach s. Wetzlar / Lahn) a riding court and thirty acres of land. Closed and manufactured. Done in the Lorsch monastery on September 24th in the 19th year (832) of Emperor Ludwig (the Pious). "
Wetzlar can only be recorded as Witlara again over a century later in a document from the year 943, where the Konradin Gebhard dux regni quod a multis Hlotharii dicitur ("Duke of the kingdom, which is called by many that Lothar" is meant the Lotharii Regnum , which later became Lothringen), Count in der Wetterau and from 904 Duke of Lorraine already consecrated a Salvatorkirche (Church of the Redeemer) in 897, which replaced earlier buildings. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Marienstiftes ( Wetzlar Cathedral ), a collegiate monastery , was founded by Gebhard's sons Hermann I , a later Duke of Swabia , and Udo I , Count in the Wetterau.
In the sources, the name of Wetzlars is still changeable for a long time: Wecflar (1290), Weftifa, Wettifa, Wetflaria / Witflaria (1142), Wephlaria, Wetflariensis (1282), Wetphelarium, Wetsflaria, Wetslaria, Wetzflaria, Wetzlaria, (1718).
The city lay with fords through the Lahn and Dill at the intersection of two trade routes, one of which, the historically significant Hohe Straße trade route, led from Antwerp via Cologne and the imperial cities of Wetzlar and Friedberg to Frankfurt am Main . The Weinstrasse (Wagenstrasse) led from Mainz or Frankfurt-Höchst via Usingen and Wetzlar, west past Marburg , to Hildesheim and on towards Bremen or Lübeck .
Presumably, due to the mining of iron ore, there was a Frankish street festival in Wetzlar, which did not belong to the sovereign, but was direct to the empire and which was supposed to secure the fords. One of the first written mentions of mining in the Wetzlar area was that of the Juno mine in Nauborn from the year 780 in the Lorsch Codex , whereby two mines were donated to the Lorsch monastery and a farmer's tithes of iron were given each year.
Late Middle Ages, Free Imperial City, Imperial Court of Justice
Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa set up an imperial bailiwick in Wetzlar area and in 1180 put the citizens of Wetzlar on an equal footing with the citizens of Frankfurt. Wetzlar became a free and imperial city at the same time . To protect the city and to secure the Wetterau as a realm of land, he rebuilt or expanded the existing Reichsburg Kalsmunt high above Wetzlar.
On July 9, 1277, Jews were first mentioned in Wetzlar in an imperial charter . The Teutonic Order settled in the Deutschordenshof in Wetzlar from 1285 to 1809.
In 1286, King Rudolf von Habsburg appointed Count Adolf von Nassau to be the castle captain at Kalsmunt Castle. Adolf kept the office until he was elected King of the Roman-German Empire. As early as 1292 he transferred the office of castle captain to Gottfried von Merenberg .
The false emperor Tile Kolup
In 1285 the false emperor Dietrich Holzschuh called Tile Kolup came to Wetzlar and pretended to be Friedrich II , who had died in Italy in 1250. Coming from Neuss , he went to meet King Rudolf von Habsburg in Frankfurt.
A year earlier, some imperial cities, including Frankfurt, Wetzlar and Friedberg, had defended themselves against a new tax levied by Rudolf von Habsburg. After the king had already defeated the city of Colmar , he moved on via Mainz to the Wetterau . After negotiations, Wetzlar agreed to pay the required tax. The news of the presence of the false emperor in Wetzlar caused Rudolf to move against the city.
The city leaders arrested Tile Kolup and turned him over. Under the torture , he revealed his real name. He was condemned as a magician, heretic and blasphemer and burned the next day in Wetzlar.
Heyday
In the middle of the 14th century the city reached its economic height. The population had grown to around 6,000, twice as many as the nearby imperial city of Friedberg . Only Frankfurt was larger in the region and had around 10,000 inhabitants.
Most of the city fortifications , the remains of which have been preserved, were completed as early as 1250 . The curtain wall was about 1700 meters long and up to 10 meters high. There were five gates and a few smaller gates. The preserved stone Lahn bridge was first mentioned in 1288, later as Loynbrucken .
In addition to the Hospital of the Holy Spirit (mentioned in a document in 1262), the city also attracted new orders, such as the Franciscans who founded a monastery in 1263, the Dominicans , the Carmelites , the Cistercians , the Teutonic Knights, and the Premonstratensian . The gray and blue nuns indicate the presence of numerous beguinage communities in the city.
The trade was spatially segmented according to the product group. There was a separate butter market, plus the fish, grain and iron markets. There were five breweries in the 15th century.
In the 13th century, mining , metallurgy and the iron trade were in bloom in Wetzlar. The pig iron was traded as far as Frankfurt am Main. Ore mines were mentioned on the Kalsmunt , on the Lahnberg ( Eisenberg ) and in what is now Avignon . 1328 was the first altar in Wetzlar Cathedral of St. Barbara , the patron saint of miners, consecrated. There is a statue of Saint Barbara on the Eisenmarktbrunnen in Wetzlar. In 1361, the guild regulations of the Wetzlar master blacksmiths were confirmed by Emperor Karl IV .
Feuds, riots and the city bankruptcy
A fire destroyed parts of the city in 1334. 1349 raged in Wetzlar plague . All Jews were burned alive in a plague pogrom because they were blamed for the plague. At the same time one got rid of many believers.
Decades of feuds with the Counts of Solms , who tried to make Wetzlar a Solms country town, threatened the vital trade routes. This is why Hermannstein Castle was built in the north of Wetzlar to further protect the city. The emperor also tried to protect the imperial city. Especially in the years 1349, 1360, 1364 ( Falkensteiner Feud ), 1373 ( Star Wars ) In February of this year a united army of the Hessian Landgrave, the Counts of Solms and the city of Wetzlar near Wetzlar destroyed an army of the Star League , with a number of leading figures from its ranks captured. Some of them were beheaded in Wetzlar . In 1375 and 1384 there were armed conflicts. Only in 1392 could peace be made with the Counts of Solms.
Annuity letters were issued to raise funds. Because Wetzlar its debt from the annuities could not settle, it came in 1370 to an uprising of the guilds against the hitherto ruling alone aldermen , similar to what happens in other imperial cities. In 1387 the city came under compulsory administration , but was included in the Rhenish-Swabian Association of Cities . The attempt by Johann von Weidbach, known as Henne Haberkorn , to lean against the will of the council and part of the citizenship of the Landgraviate of Hesse ended with his death and the death of another five citizens. In 1417 the Counts of Nassau-Weilburg were granted umbrella and protective rights in the name of the emperor. Thus imperial immediacy was not yet under imperial law, but de facto abolished.
In 1418, Wetzlar stopped paying again, but the creditors did not give up. 1422 imposed King Sigismund the imperial ban and in the same year, the stricter But eight . The city was utterly impoverished. The population had dropped to 2000, but it was still an imperial city .
From the Reformation to the Thirty Years War
The Reformation reached Wetzlar in 1525. In 1544 the city was one of the evangelical imperial estates . The Catholic Marienstift was retained because it was agreed to leave the choir room to the Catholic canons and the nave to the Evangelical Lutheran congregation for services. Calvinist religious refugees from Wallonia moved to Wetzlar in 1586 . The former Franciscan Church (today the Lower Town Church ) was assigned to them. The term Reformed Treppchen for the lower part of the Jäcksburg (Jakobsburg) street still testifies to the presence of the refugees.
In the course of the 16th century, Wetzlar was hit by the plague again , especially in the years 1529 to 1532 and 1536 to 1564. During this time, more than 1100 people fell victim to the plague. Several floods from the Lahn and Dill continued to affect the city.
From 1618 Wetzlar was occupied by Spanish troops and briefly by Tilly's army . Looting in the surrounding area and billeting burdened the residents. In 1631 Swedish troops approached the city, which caused the Spaniards to withdraw. The plague raged again and in 1643 a flood again caused great damage. At the end of the Thirty Years' War the city had only 1500 inhabitants.
The Reich Chamber of Commerce
In 1689 the highest court of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , the Imperial Chamber Court (RKG), was relocated to Wetzlar. The occasion was the devastation of the former seat of the court, Speyer , during the Palatinate War of Succession . The population rose again because members of the court with their families and servants, a total of around 1,000 people, came to the small town. Craftsmen such as book printers , wig and hat makers now found a livelihood, inns, merchants and craftsmen adjusted to the demands of their new customers.
This wealthy class built city palaces in the Baroque and Rococo styles , which today shape the image of the old town alongside the medieval buildings. During the major visit to the Imperial Court of Justice (1767–1776), the constant presence of aristocrats, especially from the high nobility , and wealthy families in the city was so great that it was only surpassed by Regensburg with the Imperial Assembly and the imperial capital Vienna .
The old chamber was used after the departure of the court as a firm to audiences and meetings of the Visitation authority. The so-called New Chamber in the Ducal House , directly opposite, was another station of the court. This building was so badly damaged during World War II that it had to be demolished. Another and final move to the Von Ingelheim'sche Palais , which was vacated at the time, took place. After the court was dissolved (1806) and a further renovation, the palace was used as the main post office.
August Siegfried von Goués wrote in a letter from 1767 entitled “About the Whole of Masonry”: “Wetzlar is a bad city for what it represents in the empire and for the dignity of the people it embraces. But the way of life here is freer and more pleasant than in the rest of Germany that I know. Everything breathes love. You can see women and girls without the men or parents bothering about it. A strange expression is used to describe love. What is called in another place - to make courage to a lady - is called here - to do the button. So a lover is called a button maker ”. (26th letter) - “Here you can find assemblées, concerts, comedies, balls (and redoubts, note * / db) every day. The ladies cheer up the men, and each must have a worshiper, if only for the sake of decency. So in order to be noticed better in company, I also chose a lady to whom I devote my attention. Now I am invited with this lady from morning to midnight, to Dejeuners, Diners, Grand Breziers, Soupers - I cannot remember what the rest of the things are called - in short, I am all day, except when boxes be held, not sir. The spouse of my beauty is meanwhile, as far as his business allows, with an actress. "
Goethe in Wetzlar
From May to September 1772, Johann Wolfgang Goethe was registered as an intern at the Reich Chamber of Commerce , where his father Johann Caspar Goethe , his grandfather Johann Wolfgang Textor and great-grandfather Johann Wolfgang Textor the Elder had already worked . Some of Goethe's direct ancestors on his mother's side came from Wetzlar. Goethe said of Wetzlar himself that the city's condition was not exactly enchanting, but he particularly praised the surrounding area of the free imperial city as an indescribable natural beauty.
He met regularly with young and educated lawyers working there at the Gasthof Zum Kronprinzen for a table of knights , an association similar to the Freemasons . All participants used the pseudonyms' Goethe appeared as' Götz der Redliche '. Among them was Hofrat Johann Christian Kestner . He described Goethe's arrival with the following words: “… a certain Goethe from Frankfurt arrived here, his handling according to Dr. juris, 23 years old, the only son of a very rich father, to look around here - this was his father's intention - in practice, but it was his own to study Homer , Pindar and others and what his genius, his way of thinking and his heart would continue to suggest him for employment ... He has a lot of talents, is ... a person of character, has an extraordinarily lively imagination ... Free of prejudices, he acts as it occurs to him, without worrying about whether others like it ... Everyone He hates coercion ... He is bizarre and has ... various things in his behavior that could make him uncomfortable. But with children, with women and many others it is probably written on…. ” This Kestner was, to his later regret, the fiancé of Charlotte (“ Lotte ”) Buff , his beloved and for him inaccessible Lotte.
Goethe's great aunt Lange from Wetzlar hosted a ball on June 9, 1772 in the hunting lodge in Volpertshausen . It was there that Goethe first met Charlotte Buff when he picked her up for this ball at Kestner's request. She enchanted him both with her outward appearance and her open manner. As described in Werther, he danced with her the whole evening. He was also very impressed how Lotte distracted the party with a game during a thunderstorm. He was particularly impressed by the domestic family life at “Lotte”. A striking and “charming scene” that Goethe was so enthusiastic about took place, contrary to the description in Werther, on the next day, and thus on the day of the ball, in the Buff house in Wetzlar. When Goethe returned to the Deutschordenshof, where the Buff family lived, Lotte was just about to cut bread for her siblings; she had to replace the mother who had died in childbed. He was amazed at the sight of the crowd of children around Lotte cutting bread. Ferdinand Raab immortalized this scene in a painting based on a copper engraving by Wilhelm von Kaulbach , which can be seen in the Lottehaus in Wetzlar. Goethe describes the experience in the Werther with the words:
"What a delight it is for my soul to see her in the company of dear, cheerful children, her eight siblings!"
In the meantime he had fallen hopelessly in love with Lotte, the two often seemed inseparable and saw each other almost every day. Kestner had a serious conversation with him about this. This heralded the end of his time in Wetzlar, and the following morning Goethe had fled to Frankfurt.
This unfortunate romance with Lotte and the suicide of his intern Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem inspired Goethe to write his world-famous epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther , with which he made Wetzlar known worldwide. In November 1772, Goethe returned to Wetzlar for a few days after the tragic death of his friend Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem in order to record details and background information about the events around Jerusalem. His love for Lotte was rekindled on this occasion, which did not make his farewell easier for him. The Lottehaus on Lotte-Straße and the Jerusalemhaus on Schillerplatz are reminiscent of these scenes of world literature .
French Revolution and end of the Free Imperial City
Despite an armistice, French revolutionary troops crossed the Rhine, but they were defeated in the Battle of Wetzlar on June 15, 1796 by the troops of Archduke Karl of Austria . He threw General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan back across the Rhine in the battles of Wetzlar and Uckerodt. The French were able to occupy the city after another advance and set up their headquarters there. The commanding general of the French Western Army Lazare Hoche died on September 19, 1797 in the so-called ducal house and was transported from Wetzlar to Koblenz with a funeral escort.
The French occupied city lost its imperial immediacy in 1803 in the course of mediatization . As the county of Wetzlar , it was subordinated to the Elector of Mainz , Karl Theodor von Dalberg . Together with the principalities of Regensburg and Aschaffenburg , Wetzlar was part of the newly established electoral chancellor state, which, with the Reich Chamber of Commerce in Wetzlar, the Reichstag in Regensburg and the dignity of the Arch Chancellery, held a central position in the imperial structure until 1806.
When Emperor Franz II laid down the imperial crown in 1806, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and with it the Imperial Court of Justice were dissolved. In order to keep the resident lawyers in Wetzlar, Dalberg had a university founded, the Wetzlar School of Law . However, this was dissolved again in 1816.
After the Congress of Vienna , Wetzlar fell to Prussia in 1815 , and in 1822 the city became the seat of the district administrator of the newly created district of Wetzlar .
Wetzlar as a Prussian provincial town
The new district was an isolated exclave of the Prussian Rhine Province about 60 kilometers outside the rest of Prussian territory. The eastern neighbor was the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the Duchy of Nassau bordered the city to the west .
Initially, Wetzlar was a garrison town . The inhabitants of the city, however, lived mainly from agriculture. From 1830 , many residents emigrated because of the oppressive poverty and reactionary Prussian politics.
After the German War in 1866, Prussia occupied the states of Nassau and Kurhessen and merged them in 1868 to form the new province of Hessen-Nassau . Although Wetzlar's western and northern surroundings were now also Prussian, the district remained an exclave of the Rhine Province . It was not until 1932 that the annexation to the Prussian province of Hessen-Nassau was completed. The eastern surrounding area, however, continued to belong to Hesse. With the reorganization of Germany after 1945, Wetzlar and the associated district were assigned to the newly created state of Hesse. The administrative isolation of Wetzlar from its immediate surroundings until the 19th and 20th centuries. Century found its way into the mentality of the inhabitants and into the local identity. A circumstance that became a major obstacle to the Hessian regional reform in the 1970s .
Industrial city
The industrialization was delayed for decades, even though in 1816 there were plans to make the Lahn navigable. In that year Prussia and Nassau signed a contract that provided for the expansion of the Lahn to the state border with Hesse (between Heuchelheim and Kinzenbach). But it was not until October 16, 1844 that a state treaty was concluded between Nassau, the Grand Duchy of Hesse and Prussia, which finally made shipping possible from 1851.
At this time, however, river navigation had lost its importance in favor of the railroad. With the opening of two lines in 1862/1863, the Lahntalbahn , from Koblenz to Wetzlar, and the Dill line (Cologne-Gießener Eisenbahn), which met in Wetzlar, the city found access to raw material and sales markets and thus became a potential industrial location. The Lahn shipping became meaningless.
Nevertheless, it took almost a decade before the conditions for larger industrial settlements were met. The metal industry settled again and in 1872 the Buderus brothers' first blast furnace in Wetzlar was blown, i. H. put into operation. The iron ore ( Roteisenstein ) found in the Lahn-Dill area was processed in the Sophienhütte for over a hundred years . The Berlin-Wetzlar railway , the so-called Kanonenbahn (1880), with the Berlin – Wetzlar – Koblenz – Metz line , initially had a military-strategic background, like many railway constructions. The section via Potsdam southwest of Berlin is still called the Wetzlarer line or Wetzlarer Bahn .
Iron production and processing have a long tradition in Wetzlar with companies such as Buderus, Röchling, Berghütte, Carolinenhütte, Herkules and, as a by-product, industrial cement production . Small and medium-sized enterprises developed into medium-sized industrial companies.
The metal works were joined by companies from the optical and precision engineering industry with a worldwide reputation such as Leitz ( Leica ), Hensoldt ( Zeiss ), Pfeiffer , Philips , Loh , Seibert, Hollmann and many others who made Wetzlar a high-tech location.
Ore mining and metallurgy
The demand for metal increased and the small pits were merged into larger ones ( Raab , Buderus ). After the establishment of the German Customs Association , the Wetzlar ore was transported to Vogelsberg , Alsace , Saar and the Ruhr area . In the urban area alone, eleven new mines were opened between 1830 and 1839. The first puddling and rolling mill in Wetzlar was built in 1841. One could fall back on the newly developed transport routes. On the one hand the Lahn, which brought only a slight relief in dealing with the transport volume because it was not navigable on over 200 days a year, either due to high or low water, and on the other hand, transport by rail.
A mountain school was established in Wetzlar. It was a training institute for the training of private mine officials (head climbers, mine, machine, punch, laundry climbers, foremen, mine accountants, mine separators), sometimes also of sub-officials for fiscal mining and metallurgy.
In 1869 there were 100 mines in operation in the city area alone. The ore and limestone came from Wetzlar, there was enough water, and the coke came by rail from the Ruhr area. However, until 1981, when the Sophienhütte was shut down, it remained the only blast furnace plant. From 1887 ore mines in Wetzlar were gradually shut down, only briefly interrupted by the First World War . They were no longer competitive with foreign ore, which was often extracted in open-cast mining. In 1926 local mining finally came to a standstill.
Wetzlar in the 20th century
Population development
As a result of industrialization in the second half of the 19th century, Wetzlar's population growth accelerated: in 1890 the city had 8144 inhabitants.
In the course of advancing industrialization, the city grew beyond its medieval city limits. In 1903 Niedergirmes was incorporated with its extensive industrial facilities and the station district. During the First World War, about two kilometers southeast of the city center, there was a prisoner- of- war camp of the XVIII. Army corps with over 15,000 prisoners of war from Russia . It was mainly Ukrainian prisoners who were offered better conditions than usual to win their country as a future ally against Russia. The Büblingshausen district developed from the camp .
At the end of the First World War , the population of 15,000 was exceeded. Due to increasing traffic problems, a ring road was built in the west of the old town. The old stone Lahn bridge was relieved by another bridge. In 1925 there were already 16,500. After the Second World War, growth gained further momentum; Over 26,250 inhabitants (1950) the city grew - also as a result of further incorporations - to over 52,000 inhabitants at the end of the 1970s. Since then, only minor changes have been registered.
According to the city's population register, Wetzlar had 51,733 inhabitants on June 30, 2010 (of which 24,778 are male and 26,992 female); 30,464 of these were in the city center and 21,306 in the city districts. In the census on May 9, 2011, the city had 50,826 inhabitants. The proportion of foreigners was 11.7% in 2017, with 112 nations represented. The largest proportion was made up of Turkish citizens with 37% of the non-German population. By 2017, the proportion of foreigners rose to 16.4%. According to religious affiliation, the city counted 39.7% Protestant, 17.3 Catholic and 43% of the residents were non-denominational or of other faith at the end of 2017. Wetzlar is the twelfth largest city in Hesse with currently 55,371 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 (including second homes).
The time of National Socialism
Before 1933, about 147 Jews lived in the city . After the National Socialists seized power in 1933, many Jews from Wetzlar also emigrated; the census of 1933 only mentions 132 Jewish residents. In the Reichspogromnacht from 9./10. November 1938, the interior of the Wetzlar synagogue in Pfannenstielsgasse was largely destroyed. The church was not set on fire, however, as a fire spread could have triggered a devastating fire in the old town. The Jewish cemetery on Bergstrasse also fell victim to the National Socialists and Jews from Wetzlar were taken into protective custody.
The Wetzlar entrepreneur Ernst Leitz II . (1871–1956) saved 41 Jews from the Nazis' seizure by placing them in international branches and friendly companies all over the world.
In September 1942 the 34 Jews still living in Wetzlar were deported.
In Dalheim for prisoners of war Allied Air Force members (POW = Prisoners of War) from May 1944 to March 1945 a so-called was a transit camp Dulag Luft entertain as a "transit camp" where they after questioning the so-called main camp were distributed (Stalag).
During the war, forced laborers also had to work for the armaments industry in Wetzlar, sometimes in underground production halls under the Hauserberg to protect against bombs. It is estimated that around 4,000 to 5,000 forced laborers and prisoners of war must have been in the city by the end of World War II .
During the Second World War , the city was an industrial focus and the target of heavy bombing attacks, which largely destroyed the station district and the Niedergirmes district. However, apart from the cathedral, the historic old town was largely spared from the attacks.
post war period
After the Second World War, Wetzlar was first occupied by American and later by French units, but it still belonged to the American zone of occupation . The city was assigned to the newly founded state of Hesse as part of the reorganization of Germany. The huge influx of displaced persons and refugees, who were mainly hoping to find employment in the large-scale industry that existed and re-worked here , led to a doubling of the population to over 30,000 at the beginning of the 1950s.
Between September 1946 and March 1949 there was a DP camp in Wetzlar , which temporarily housed up to 4,200 Jewish displaced persons . They formed a new, independent Jewish community in Wetzlar and used the synagogue in Pfannenstielsgasse for their services.
The old Wehrmacht barracks Spilburg as a former artillery, NCO and officer school and the Sixt-von-Armin barracks as accommodation for the intelligence force and the 2 machine gun battalion were reoccupied after the Second World War. The Spilburg barracks had a complete airfield with a tower and hangar along its east side. The facility was dismantled in the mid-1950s. On March 27, 1945, American troops marched into the city. At that time, the Spilburg was first used as a foreigners' camp , and later as quarters for the Americans under the new name of Gaffey Barracks . The Sixt von Armin Kaserne was renamed Lloyd Barracks (Signal Corps # 343875, 10 May 1950) in May 1950. After they withdrew to the Korean War , gradually from 1950, it served French troops as accommodation from March 20, 1951. These stationed there u. a. Moroccan soldiers, who got serious problems with the local population. They were then replaced by French units from the motherland and some American soldiers. The housing area in Wetzlar, the Gershwin Houses , was used by the American military until 2004.
When the demand for labor increased in the 1960s and 1970s, many southern European workers were brought to Wetzlar as guest workers . Many new residential areas such as B. Dalheim, the Neue Wohnstadt, Sturzkopf and later the Blankenfeld were developed and the built-up urban area multiplied. The increasing car traffic made u. a. an elevation of the federal road 49 is necessary, which since then spans the station district as an elevated road .
Bundeswehr location
When the Bundeswehr was founded in 1956, the newly drafted Bundeswehr soldiers took over the barracks. Over time, the site grew Wetzlar with about 6,000 soldiers to the largest tank - location in Hesse and the second largest army site , to Koblenz , in the Federal Republic. The changed political situation in Germany after reunification led to troop reductions. Therefore, the Wetzlar location was almost completely closed in 1992.
The site was twice given the Great Zapfenstreich in honor , most recently to dissolve the Wetzlar army garrison. All that remains is the district military replacement office , responsible for the Central Hessian area.
The city of Lahn
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Wetzlar was the scene of the largest project of the Hessian territorial reform when, after around ten years of preliminary planning, initially supported by all parties, the city of Lahn was founded on January 1st, 1977. It consisted of the two previous cities of Wetzlar and Gießen and 14 rural communities between them. Wetzlar also brought the Dorlar district with it, which was incorporated in 1972 . The district of Wetzlar was merged with the Dill district and the district of Gießen to form the new Lahn-Dill district . Lahn became a district-free city, the seat of the district administration of the Lahn-Dill district was Wetzlar, which now bore the name Lahn-Wetzlar .
The project of the joint Lahnstadt met with concerns in Wetzlar, despite the original approval. Gießen was larger and intended to be the seat of the new city administration. In addition, the previous mayor of Gießen should also be the mayor of Lahn, and the previous mayor of Wetzlar his deputy.
In addition to the concern that the merger would cause it to lose importance, membership of Prussia, which existed until 1945, and reservations about Hesse came into play. The links between Giessen and Friedberg, half the size of Wetzlar but twice as far away, were, for example, more intense than those between Giessen and Wetzlar.
At the time the city of Lahn was founded, all parties in Wetzlar opposed the merger to form such a large community, including the initiator of the project, the CDU. The SPD / FDP state government initiated the re-dissolution of the Lahnstadt. On July 31, 1979, the city of Lahn was dissolved and Wetzlar again became an independent city. The district of Gießen was separated from the Lahn-Dill district, but received some communities from the northern and southern old district of Wetzlar as well as from its immediate Gießen area.
City partnerships and sponsorships
Wetzlar has had a number of lively city partnerships for several decades .
Wetzlar entered into its first international city partnership with the French city of Avignon . Signed as early as April 1960, this connection became one of the first Franco-German town twinning ever. In 1969 the English twin town Colchester was added, followed in 1974 by Schladming ( Austria ) and 1987 by Siena ( Italy ). Another partnership has existed since 1980 with Reith bei Kitzbühel in Austria as a partner municipality in the Garbenheim district of Wetzlar. The most recent international city partnership has existed since 2008 with the city of Písek in the Czech Republic .
Wetzlar took on a sponsorship for the Berlin district of Neukölln as early as 1959 , which was later developed into a partnership. After the political change in East Germany, relationships were established with the Goethestadt Ilmenau , from which an official city partnership emerged in 1990.
The town twinning is intensively cultivated through mutual visits, for example in the form of official delegations and regular student exchanges. The twin cities are also honored by the naming of a number of Wetzlar parks, in particular the facilities around the historic old town were named after the twin cities. In 1990 the city was awarded the badge of honor by the Council of Europe in recognition of its great commitment to partnership .
Further partnerships exist with the Namibian capital Windhoek , the city of Point Pedro in Sri Lanka (through the mediation of Humedica ) and the community of Nossa Senhora Apareçida in São Paulo , Brazil .
In addition to the town twinning, Wetzlar has taken on a number of sponsorships. The city of Dori ( Burkina Faso ) in the Sahel region has been supported since 1975 . As part of this sponsorship, a number of projects such as the construction of school buildings and the equipment of the hospital could be funded. A similar sponsorship exists for the 8th district of Moscow . With the sponsorship for the East German song , which was taken over in 1962 , the songs of the former German settlement areas in Eastern Europe are to be preserved and maintained. In this context, the city maintains an archive with around 1,700 song books and a song search file with around 63,000 song title entries.
From 1958 to 1995 the minesweeper Wetzlar, a Lindau-class ship , converted into a minehunter from 1976, was in service with the German Navy .
Since 1990 was Airbus 310-300 of Lufthansa 's name with the marking D-AIDH Wetzlar . The plane was sold in 2003 by Lufthansa to the now insolvent Air Madrid . Since 2007, carries Airbus 321-231 of Lufthansa with the marking D-AISH the name of Wetzlar .
Current development
After the dissolution of the city of Lahn , the city of Wetzlar was restructured. After all, the city of Lahn was able to gain eight of the previous districts, but also lost the Dorlar district to the new municipality of Lahnau . Wetzlar became the headquarters of the district administration of the Lahn-Dill district , a merger of parts of the old district of Wetzlar and the Dill district, and, like six other larger medium-sized towns in Hesse, a city with a special status . The districts of Hermannstein , Naunheim , Garbenheim , Nauborn and Steindorf were added. They were already firmly attached to the city center. It also received the districts of Blasbach , Dutenhofen and Münchholzhausen from a short distance. In this way, the area and the number of inhabitants were significantly increased compared to 1977. On March 12, 2016, Mayor Wagner reported the current population of 52,459.
Wetzlar became the regional center and the location of the Technical University of Central Hesse . Since April 25, 2001, the Zentrum Dualer Hochschulstudien (ZDH) has been offering StudiumPlus , a dual university course with Bachelor's and Master's degrees. A building complex on the site of the former Wetzlar Spilburg barracks serves as the campus . 1,300 students will study there in the 2018 summer semester. Wetzlar has been an official university location since October 27, 2010.
In spring 2005, the largest urban development project in the city's history was completed. A complex was built near the train station, consisting of the Forum Wetzlar shopping center , with around 24,000 square meters of retail space and the Rittal Arena in the immediate vicinity , which, with 6,000 seats, is one of the most modern sports arenas in Germany. In addition, a multi-storey car park with 1700 parking spaces was built for visitors to both facilities. This strengthens the central function of the city.
On May 19, 2009, Wetzlar was commissioned to host the Hessentag 2012 . The city had applied to host the oldest and largest national festival in Germany since 1999 .
In September 2011, the WZ license plate with its own registration district was approved for the city of Wetzlar . The re-introduction of the label took place on July 1, 2012.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Zedler. History, pp. 1451-1478 ( [1] ).
- ↑ Andreas Schäfer: An old settlement landscape reveals its secret. The discovery of a ceramic band settlement with earthworks in the Lahn valley near Wetzlar. In: Hessen Archeology 2002, Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1817-X , pp. 33-36 and The ceramic earthworks from Wetzlar-Dalheim, Rittplatz ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info : The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Area for Prehistory and Early History at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena - The Blacksmith of Atzbach ( Memento of the original from August 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Area for Prehistory and Early History at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena - The excavations in Wetzlar-Dalheim 2002/2003 ( Memento of the original from August 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ In: Schmiedewerkstätte, Markus Balbach
- ↑ Karsten Porezag: Bergbaustadt Wetzlar, p. 27 ff., Verlag Wetzlardruck GmbH, ISBN 3-926617-00-4 .
- ↑ http://www.porezag.de/index.php/veroeffnahmungen/montangeschichte/8-kupfererzbergbau-inhalt.html
- ^ R. Gensen: The Iron Age fortifications in Hesse - with the exception of the Glauberg near Büdingen . In: A. Jocknhövel (Ed.), Ancient Iron Age Fortifications between Maas / Mosel and Elbe (Münster 1999) , pp. 81–98
- ↑ http://www.hassiaceltica.de/forum/wbblite/print.php?threadid=735&page=1&sid=b5bd79482cd50095838af9d383d2a364
- ↑ spiegel.de : Wetzlar: Archaeologists find a 2000 year old equestrian statue
- ↑ Gregor Berhorst: The settlement situation of the place names of the Bonn area / natural area, toponymy and settlement foundation, Bonn 1990.
- ^ Karl Metz: Der Kalsmunt, early and late Roman research on Aliso - Halisin - Solisin and the origin of the city of Wetzlar ; City of Wetzlar, 1940
- ↑ [2] . Zedler: Large, complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts… by Johann Heinrich Zedler, Johann Peter von Ludewig and Carl Günther Ludovici
- ↑ Zedler: Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts… By Johann Heinrich Zedler, Johann Peter von Ludewig and Carl Günther Ludovici. Pp. 1451–1478, here p. 1477.
- ^ The documents Konrad I, Heinrich I and Otto I. Edited by Theodor Sickel. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. The documents of the German kings and emperors 1. Hahn, Hanover 1879–1884, unaltered reprint Munich 1997, ISBN 3-921575-60-5 , p. 136 f. No. 53.
- ^ In Barth Rüdiger E .: p. 180, "The Duke in Lothringen in the 10th Century".
- ↑ In Peter Bohrer, Heppenheim, "Families and relatives of the ancestors of the Counts of Beilstein ...". [3]
- ↑ In Peter Bohrer, Heppenheim, "Families and relatives of the ancestors of the Counts of Beilstein ...". [4]
- ↑ a b City history: An unspectacular beginning ( memento of the original from February 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Herbert Flender, Gerd Scharfscheer: Wetzlar city chronicle. 2nd Edition. Wetzlardruck, Wetzlar 1980.
- ↑ http://denkxweb.denkmalpflege-hessen.de/cgi-bin/mapwalk.pl?obj=25100&session=913&event=Query.Details
- ↑ List of old city names ( Memento from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Wetzlarer Museumsschriften 4, p. 48. Wetzlar 1992, with 38 black and white images.
- ↑ Spielmann: History of the city and rule Weilburg; City of Weilburg, 1896 (new edition 2005) pp. 35–55.
- ↑ http://www.geschichte-verbrechen.de/tile/tile_kolup.html
- ^ Gustav Faber : Reisen durch Deutschland, S. 198ff, Insel Verlag Ffm and Leipzig 1992, ISBN 3-458-33295-2 .
- ^ A. Schoenwerk: History of the city and district of Wetzlar. 2nd Edition. Wetzlar 1975
- ^ Paul Görlich: Hesse and the star war . In: Hessische Heimat 6 (1961)
- ↑ http://denkxweb.denkmalpflege-hessen.de/cgi-bin/mapwalk.pl?obj=30033&session=913&event=Query.Details
- ↑ Heinrich Gloëls: Goethe Wetzlar time
- ↑ City of Wetzlar: The Teutonic Order of Wetzlar ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.napoleon-online.de/AU_Generale/html/karl.html
- ↑ Irene Jung: From the imperial city to the district town - a city history with ups and downs in: Wetzlar as a business location . European Economic Publishing House, Darmstadt 2002, ISBN 3-932845-57-9 , p. 132.
- ↑ Werner Brandl: The Lahn Canalization. In: travenotes.de. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017 ; accessed on April 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , in: "Privy Building Councilor Houselle in" Berlin and its Buildings "(1896)"
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: PZH - Photonics Center Hessen in Wetzlar AG
- ↑ Media Group Kirk AG, 2001
- ^ Doegen, Wilhelm / Kappstein, Theodor: Prisoners of War Völker. Berlin 1921, p. 16.
- ↑ Ukrainians in Wetzlar ( Memento of the original from November 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Else-Lasker-Schüler-Stiftung, Wuppertal: exil-club.de ( Memento of the original from November 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Ukrainian soldiers in Wetzlar.
- ↑ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Population of the communities in the district of Wetzlar. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Non-Germans by nationality. As of June 30, 2012. In: website. City of Wetzlar, archived from the original on January 2, 2016 ; accessed in February 2019 .
- ↑ Resident population by religious affiliation 2017. In: Internet presence. City of Wetzlar, archived from the original on June 24, 2018 ; accessed on June 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Wetzlar is growing and scratching the 54 000 In: Mittelhessen.de from January 2019.
- ↑ History of the Jews in Wetzlar ( Memento of the original from December 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mark Honigsbaum: Leitz 'list . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin, issue 07/2007, February 15, 2007.
- ↑ City history: Jews in Wetzlar ( Memento of the original from October 8, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ [5]
- ↑ See Stefan Geck: Dulag Luft, Auswertstelle West. Air Force interrogation camp for Western Allied prisoners of war in World War II . Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-631-57791-2 (also dissertation, University of Würzburg 2007).
- ↑ Schöber, Knud / Garn, Wilfried: Spilburg, an idyll in the dialogue between yesterday, today and tomorrow - Wetzlar: ICD GmbH, 2000
- ↑ http://www.usarmygermany.com/Communities/Kassel/Aerials_Lloyd%20Ksn%201950.htm
- ↑ Law on the reorganization of the Dill district, the districts of Gießen and Wetzlar and the city of Gießen (GVBl. II 330-28) of May 13, 1974 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1974 No. 17 , p. 237 , §§ 1 and 29 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1,3 MB ]).
- ↑ Research project "Gießen-Wetzlar 2030": Press releases ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Website Wetzlar - Sister Cities
- ↑ List of awards by the Council of Europe. (PDF; 154 kB) Archived from the original on September 1, 2014 ; accessed on January 29, 2016 .
- ^ The Pomeranian Newspaper. No. 13/2008, p. 3.
- ↑ Flugzeugbilder.net ( Memento from June 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Lufthansa fleet information ( memento from June 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ http://www.mittelhessen.de/lokales/region-wetzlar_artikel,-Einwohnerzahl-steig-auf-52-459-_arid,653724.html
- ^ Hessian Ministry for Economy, Transport and State Development: State Development Plan Hessen 2000.
- ↑ number of students. (PDF) Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, accessed on February 15, 2019 .
- ↑ http://www.giessener-anzeiger.de/lokales/hochschule/index.htm
- ↑ Gießener Allgemeine: Wetzlar hosts Hessentag 2012 ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Mittelhessen.de: The way is clear for the "WZ" mark - Ministry of Economics approves the city's application. (No longer available online.) August 31, 2011, archived from the original on January 20, 2012 ; Retrieved September 10, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
literature
- Andreas Schäfer: An old settlement landscape reveals its secret. The discovery of a ceramic band settlement with earthworks in the Lahn valley near Wetzlar. In: Hessen Archeology 2002. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1817-X , pp. 33-36.
- August Schoenwerk: History of the city and district of Wetzlar . 2. revised u. exp. Edition. Pegasus Verlag, Wetzlar 1975, ISBN 3-87619-005-3 .
- Eckehart Schubert: The Bilstein and the Theutbirg basilica. Leaflet to the ramparts and the pre-Romanesque church building near Wetzlar-Nauborn. 1999, ISBN 3-89822-149-0 .
- Eduard Sebald : The cathedral to Wetzlar. 1989, ISBN 3-7845-5291-9 .
- Heinrich Gloël : Goethe's time in Wetzlar. Pictures from the Reichskammergericht- and Wertherstadt. Mittler, Berlin 1911. (Reprint: Magistrat der Stadt Wetzlar, Wetzlar 1999, DNB 956841813 )
- Herbert Hahn : Studies on the history of the imperial city Wetzlar in the Middle Ages. 1984, ISBN 3-88443-141-2 .
- Karl Metz: The Kalsmunt, early and late Roman research on Aliso - Halisin - Solisin and the origin of the city of Wetzlar . Schnitzler's book printing and bookshop, Wetzlar 1940.
- Eduard Brüdern : The Wetzlar Cathedral. 2nd Edition. Langewiesche publishing house, 2001, ISBN 3-7845-5191-2 . (Series: The Blue Books)
- State Office for the Preservation of Monuments Hesse (Ed.): Cultural monuments in Hesse. City of Wetzlar . Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1900-1 .
- Gustav Faber : Travels through Germany. Twelve journeys through German history and the present. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1992, ISBN 3-458-33295-2 .
- Paul Görlich: Hesse and the Star Wars. In: Hessian homeland. 6 (1961).
- Irmgard Freiin von Lemmers-Danforth : European living culture, Renaissance and Baroque. W. Bechstein, letterpress and offset printing, Wetzlar, DNB 891637117 .
- Magnus Backes , Hans Feldtkeller : Art travel guide Hessen. Special edition. Gondrom Verlag, Bindach 1988, ISBN 3-8112-0588-9 .
- Knaur's cultural guide Germany. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-8289-0703-2 .
- Karsten Porezag : Mining town of Wetzlar: History of iron ore mining and metallurgy in the historical town area . Wetzlardruck, Wetzlar 1987, ISBN 3-926617-00-4 .
- Karsten Porezag: Forced labor in Wetzlar. The deployment of foreigners 1939–1945. The foreigners camp. Wetzlardruck, Wetzlar 2002, ISBN 3-9807950-1-2 .
- Herbert Flender, Gerd Scharfscheer: Wetzlar city chronicle. Wetzlar 1980, DNB 800509390 .
- Rolf Beck: The Leitz works in Wetzlar . 2nd Edition. Sutton, Erfurt 1999, ISBN 3-89702-124-2 .
- Rolf Beck: microscopes from Ernst Leitz in Wetzlar . Sutton, Erfurt 2002, ISBN 3-89702-292-3 .
- Hans Georg Waldschmidt: When the police were still driving Isetta. Stories from Wetzlar. Wartberg Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8313-2089-9 .
- Irene Jung: Wetzlar A Little History, Sutton Verlag 2010, ISBN 978-3-86680-715-0 .
