List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded annually since 1901 and has been endowed with 9 million Swedish kronor (approx. 868,000 euros) since 2017 . The selection of the laureates is subject to the Karolinska Institute . The founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel , decreed in his will of November 27, 1895, in which the award of the award was regulated, that the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine should be awarded to “whoever made the most important discovery in the domain of physiology or medicine has made". The Nobel Prize is presented each year by the King of Sweden on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, December 10th.
Since the first Nobel Prize was awarded (as of 2019), a total of 219 people have been honored, including 207 men (94.5%) and twelve women (5.5%). So far nobody has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine multiple times. So far, the prize has been awarded 39 times to one person. 33 times it was split between two people and 38 times between three people. With a rate of 1.98 winners per award, it is the most heavily divided Nobel Prize. Nine times the prize was not awarded, the last time in 1942.
The section Distribution by country provides an overview of the distribution across individual nations .
List of award winners
This list contains a chronological overview of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with the reasons for the Nobel Committees. The category Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology or Medicine offers an alphabetical overview .
1901–1910 • 1911–1920 • 1921–1930 • 1931–1940 • 1941–1950 • 1951–1960 |
1961–1970 • 1971–1980 • 1981–1990 • 1991–2000 • 2001–2010 • 2011–2020 |
1901-1910
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1901 |
Emil von Behring (1854–1917) |
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"For his work on serum therapy and especially for its application against diphtheria , with which he opened up new avenues for medical science and gave the doctor a successful weapon in the fight against illness and death" |
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1902 |
Ronald Ross (1857-1932) |
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"For his work on malaria , through which he demonstrated how the disease gets into the organism and thus laid the foundation for successful research into this disease and its treatment methods" |
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1903 |
Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860-1904) |
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"In recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris , by means of concentrated light rays, through which he opened up a new path for medical science" (Note: Lupus vulgaris , in German skin tuberculosis, is a rare form of tuberculosis) |
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1904 |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936) |
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"In recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion which has improved and expanded knowledge of essential aspects of this area" |
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1905 |
Robert Koch (1843-1910) |
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"For his investigations and discoveries in the field of tuberculosis " |
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1906 |
Camillo Golgi (1843 or 1844–1926) |
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"In recognition of her work on the structure of the nervous system " |
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) |
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1907 |
Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922) |
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"In recognition of his work on the importance of protozoa as pathogens" (Note: Protozoa is an outdated term for single-celled organisms with a cell nucleus) |
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1908 |
Ilya Ilyich Metschnikow (1845–1916) |
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"In recognition of their work on immunity" |
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Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) |
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1909 |
Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) |
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"For his work on physiology , pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland " |
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1910 |
Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927) |
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"In recognition of the contribution that his work on proteins including nucleins made to our knowledge of the chemistry of the cell" (Note: DNA was still unknown at the time - the substances in the cell nucleus were called nucleins ) |
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1911-1920
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1911 |
Allvar Gullstrand (1862-1930) |
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"For his work on the dioptric of the eye " |
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1912 |
Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) |
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"In recognition of his work on vascular sutures and on vascular and organ transplants " |
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1913 |
Charles Richet (1850-1935) |
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"For his work on anaphylaxis " |
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1914 |
Robert Bárány (1876–1936) (awarded 1915) |
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"For his work on physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus " |
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1915 | not awarded | |||
1916 | not awarded | |||
1917 | not awarded | |||
1918 | not awarded | |||
1919 |
Jules Bordet (1870–1961) (awarded 1920) |
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"For his discoveries in the field of immunity" |
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1920 |
August Krogh (1874-1949) |
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"For the discovery of the capillary motor regulation mechanism" |
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1921-1930
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1921 | not awarded | |||
1922 |
Archibald Vivian Hill (1886–1977) (awarded 1923) |
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"For his discoveries in the field of heat generation in muscles " |
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Otto Meyerhof (1884–1951) (awarded 1923) |
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"For his discovery of the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid production in muscles" |
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1923 |
Frederick Banting (1891-1941) |
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"For the discovery of insulin " |
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John James Rickard Macleod (1876-1935) |
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1924 |
Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) |
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"For his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram " |
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1925 | not awarded | |||
1926 |
Johannes Fibiger (1867–1928) (awarded 1927) |
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"For his discovery of spiroptera carcinoma " (he mistakenly assumed this abnormal tissue proliferation to be a carcinoma, which led to the thesis that cancer is an infectious disease) |
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1927 |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) |
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"For the discovery of the therapeutic importance of the malaria vaccination in the treatment of progressive paralysis " |
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1928 |
Charles Nicolle (1866-1936) |
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"For his work on typhus " |
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1929 |
Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) |
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"For his discovery of the anti-neuritic vitamin " |
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Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947) |
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"For the discovery of growth-promoting vitamins " |
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1930 |
Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) |
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"For the discovery of human blood groups " |
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1931-1940
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1931 |
Otto Warburg (1883-1970) |
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"For the discovery of the nature and the function of the respiratory ferment " (Note: The term ferment is hardly used today - it has been replaced by the term enzyme ) |
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1932 |
Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952) |
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"For their discoveries in the field of the functions of neurons " |
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Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889–1977) |
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1933 |
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) |
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"For his discoveries about the role of chromosomes in inheritance" |
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1934 |
George Hoyt Whipple (1878-1976) |
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"For your liver therapy against anemia " |
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George Richards Minot (1885-1950) |
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William Parry Murphy (1892-1987) |
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1935 |
Hans Spemann (1869–1941) |
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"For the discovery of the organizer effect in the embryonic development stage" |
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1936 |
Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968) |
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"For their discoveries in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses" ( Dalesches principle ) |
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Otto Loewi (1873–1961) |
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1937 |
Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986) |
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"For his discoveries in the field of biological combustion processes , especially in relation to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid " |
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1938 |
Corneille Heymans (1892–1968) (awarded 1939) |
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"For the discovery of the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in breathing regulation" |
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1939 |
Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) |
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"For the discovery of the antibacterial effect of Prontosil " |
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1940 | not awarded |
1941-1950
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1941 | not awarded | |||
1942 | not awarded | |||
1943 |
Henrik Dam (1895–1976) (awarded 1944) |
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"For the discovery of vitamin K " |
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Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986) (awarded 1944) |
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"For his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" |
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1944 |
Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965) |
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"For their discoveries about the highly differentiated functions of the individual nerve fibers " |
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Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963) |
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1945 |
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) |
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"For the discovery of penicillin and its healing properties in various infectious diseases " |
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Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979) |
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Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968) |
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1946 |
Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967) |
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"For the discovery that mutations can be caused with the help of X-rays " |
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1947 |
Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984) |
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"For their discovery of the course of the catalytic glycogen metabolism" |
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Gerty Cori (1896-1957) |
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Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971) |
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"For his discovery of the importance of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland for sugar metabolism" |
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1948 |
Paul Hermann Müller (1899-1965) |
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"For the discovery of the strong effects of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods " |
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1949 |
Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973) |
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"For the discovery of the functional organization of the diencephalon for the coordination of the activity of internal organs" |
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António Egas Moniz (1874–1955) |
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"For the discovery of the therapeutic value of prefrontal leukotomy in certain psychoses" |
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1950 |
Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972) |
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"For their discoveries about the hormones of the adrenal cortex , their structure and their biological effects" |
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Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996) |
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Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965) |
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1951-1960
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1951 |
Max Theiler (1899–1972) |
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"For research into yellow fever and its control" |
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1952 |
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973) |
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"For the discovery of streptomycin , the first antibiotic against tuberculosis " |
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1953 |
Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) |
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"For his discovery of the citric acid cycle " |
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Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) |
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"For his discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for the intermediate metabolism" |
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1954 |
John Franklin Enders (1897–1985) |
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"For their discovery of the ability of the poliovirus to grow in cultures of different tissue types " |
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Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-2008) |
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Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) |
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1955 |
Hugo Theorell (1903–1982) |
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"For his discoveries about the nature and mode of action of the oxidizing enzymes " |
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1956 |
André Frédéric Cournand (1895–1988) |
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"For their discoveries about cardiac catheterization and the pathological changes in the circulatory system " | |
Werner Forßmann (1904–1979) |
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Dickinson Woodruff Richards (1895-1973) |
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1957 |
Daniel Bovet (1907-1992) |
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"For his discoveries about synthetic compounds that make certain substances effective in the body, and especially their effect on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles " |
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1958 |
George Wells Beadle (1903-1989) |
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"For their discovery that genes work by regulating certain chemical processes" | |
Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909-1975) |
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Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) |
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"For his discoveries about genetic new combinations and the organization of genetic material in bacteria" |
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1959 |
Severo Ochoa (1905-1993) |
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"For their discovery of the mechanism in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid " | |
Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007) |
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1960 |
Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985) |
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"For their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" |
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Peter Brian Medawar (1915-1987) |
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1961-1970
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1961 |
Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) |
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"For his discoveries in the physical mechanism of excitations in the cochlea of the ear " |
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1962 |
Francis Crick (1916-2004) |
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"For their discoveries about the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transmission of information in living matter" |
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James Watson (* 1928) |
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Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004) |
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1963 |
John Carew Eccles (1903-1997) |
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"For her discoveries about the ion mechanism that takes place during excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central areas of the nerve cell membrane" |
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Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914-1998) |
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Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-2012) |
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1964 |
Konrad Bloch (1912-2000) |
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"For their discoveries about the mechanism and regulation of the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids " |
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Feodor Lynen (1911–1979) |
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1965 |
François Jacob (1920–2013) |
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"For their discoveries in the field of genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses " |
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André Lwoff (1902-1994) |
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Jacques Monod (1910-1976) |
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1966 |
Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970) |
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"For his discoveries in the field of tumorigenic viruses" | |
Charles Brenton Huggins (1901-1997) |
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"For his discoveries on the hormone treatment of prostate cancer " | ||
1967 |
Ragnar granite (1900-1991) |
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"For their discovery in the field of primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" |
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Haldan Keffer Hartline (1903-1983) |
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George Wald (1906-1997) |
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1968 |
Robert W. Holley (1922-1993) |
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"For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis " |
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Har Gobind Khorana (1922-2011) |
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Marshall Warren Nirenberg (1927-2010) |
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1969 |
Max Delbrück (1906–1981) |
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"For their discoveries of the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" |
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Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997) |
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Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991) |
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1970 |
Bernard Katz (1911-2003) |
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"For their discovery of the signal substances in the contact organs of nerve cells and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation" |
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Ulf von Euler (1905–1983) |
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Julius Axelrod (1912-2004) |
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1971-1980
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1971 |
Earl Wilbur Sutherland (1915–1974) |
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"For his discoveries about the mechanisms of action of hormones " |
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1972 |
Gerald M. Edelman (1929-2014) |
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"For their discoveries about the chemical structure of antibodies " |
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Rodney R. Porter (1917–1985) |
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1973 |
Karl von Frisch (1886–1982) |
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"For your discoveries about the organization and triggering of individual and social behavioral patterns " |
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Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989) |
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Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988) |
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1974 |
Albert Claude (1899-1983) |
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"For their discoveries on the structural and functional organization of the cell" |
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Christian de Duve (1917-2013) |
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George Emil Palade (1912-2008) |
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1975 |
David Baltimore (* 1938) |
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"For their discoveries in the field of interactions between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell" |
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Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012) |
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Howard M. Temin (1934-1994) |
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1976 |
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925–2011) |
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"For their discoveries of new mechanisms in the development and spread of infectious diseases " |
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Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923-2008) |
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1977 |
Roger Guillemin (* 1924) |
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"For their discoveries about the production of peptide hormones in the brain" |
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Andrew Victor Schally (* 1926) |
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Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011) |
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"For the development of radioimmunological methods for the determination of peptide hormones " |
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1978 |
Werner Arber (* 1929) |
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"For their discovery of restriction enzymes and the application of these enzymes in molecular genetics " |
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Daniel Nathans (1928-1999) |
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Hamilton Othanel Smith (* 1931) |
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1979 |
Allan McLeod Cormack (1924-1998) |
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"For their development of computed tomography " | |
Godfrey Hounsfield (1919-2004) |
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1980 |
Baruj Benacerraf (1920–2011) |
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"For their discoveries of genetically determined cellular surface structures that control immunological reactions " |
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Jean Dausset (1916–2009) |
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George Davis Snell (1903-1996) |
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1981-1990
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1981 |
Roger Sperry (1913-1994) |
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"For his discoveries about the functional specialization of the brain hemispheres " |
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David H. Hubel (1926-2013) |
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"For their discoveries about information processing in the visual perception system" | ||
Torsten N. Wiesel (* 1924) |
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1982 |
Sune Bergström (1916-2004) |
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"For her groundbreaking work on prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" |
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Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (* 1934) |
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John Robert Vane (1927-2004) |
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1983 |
Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) |
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"For their discovery of the movable structures in the genetic material" |
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1984 |
Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994) |
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"For theories about the specific structure and control of the immune system and for the discovery of the principle of the production of monoclonal antibodies " |
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Georges JF Koehler (1946–1995) |
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César Milstein (1927-2002) |
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1985 |
Michael Stuart Brown (born 1941) |
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"For your discovery to determine the cholesterol metabolism " |
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Joseph L. Goldstein (* 1940) |
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1986 |
Stanley Cohen (1922-2020) |
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"For their discovery of the nerve growth factor " |
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Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) |
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1987 |
Tonegawa Susumu (* 1939) |
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"For his discovery of the genetic basis for the development of the richness of variation in antibodies " |
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1988 |
James Whyte Black (1924-2010) |
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"For their groundbreaking discoveries of important biochemical principles of drug therapy " |
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Gertrude Belle Elion (1918–1999) |
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George Herbert Hitchings (1905-1998) |
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1989 |
John Michael Bishop (* 1936) |
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"For their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes " |
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Harold E. Varmus (* 1939) |
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1990 |
Joseph Edward Murray (1919–2012) |
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"For their introduction of the method of transferring tissue and organs as a clinical treatment practice in human medicine" | |
Edward Donnall Thomas (1920–2012) |
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1991-2000
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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1991 |
Erwin Neher (* 1944) |
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"For their development of a method for the direct detection of ion channels in cell membranes to research signal transmission within the cell and between the cells" |
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Bert Sakmann (* 1942) |
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1992 |
Edmond Henri Fischer (* 1920) |
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"For their discovery of the mechanisms that control the metabolic processes in organisms" |
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Edwin Gerhard Krebs (1918–2009) |
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1993 |
Richard J. Roberts (* 1943) |
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"For their identification of the discontinuous structure of some genetic make-up of cell organisms" |
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Phillip Allen Sharp (* 1944) |
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1994 |
Alfred Goodman Gilman (1941-2015) |
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"For the discovery of G-proteins and their role in signal transmission in cells" |
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Martin Rodbell (1925-1998) |
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1995 |
Edward B. Lewis (1918-2004) |
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"For their fundamental knowledge about the genetic control of early embryonic development " | |
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (* 1942) |
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Eric Wieschaus (* 1947) |
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1996 |
Peter Doherty (* 1940) |
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"For their discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells" |
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Rolf Zinkernagel (* 1944) |
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1997 |
Stanley Prusiner (* 1942) |
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"For his discovery of prions , a new biological principle of infection " |
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1998 |
Robert Francis Furchgott (1916-2009) |
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"For her work on the role of nitric oxide as a messenger substance in the cardiovascular system " |
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Louis J. Ignarro (* 1941) |
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Ferid Murad (* 1936) |
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1999 |
Günter Blobel (1936-2018) |
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"For the discovery of the signals built into proteins that control their transport and localization in the cell" |
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2000 |
Arvid Carlsson (1923-2018) |
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"For their discoveries about signal transmission in the nervous system " |
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Paul Greengard (1925-2019) |
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Eric Kandel (* 1929) |
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2001-2010
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
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2001 |
Leland H. Hartwell (* 1939) |
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"For their discoveries about the control of the cell cycle " | |
Tim Hunt (born 1943) |
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Paul Nurse (* 1949) |
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2002 |
Sydney Brenner (1927-2019) |
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"For their discoveries about the genetic control of organ development and programmed cell death " |
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H. Robert Horvitz (* 1947) |
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John E. Sulston (1942-2018) |
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2003 |
Paul Christian Lauterbur (1929-2007) |
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"For their discoveries about magnetic resonance imaging " |
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Peter Mansfield (1933-2017) |
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2004 |
Richard Axel (* 1946) |
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"For the research of the olfactory receptors and the organization of the olfactory system " |
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Linda B. Buck (* 1947) |
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2005 |
Barry Marshall (born 1951) |
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"For the discovery of the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its importance in gastritis and gastric ulcers " |
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John Robin Warren (born 1937) |
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2006 |
Andrew Z. Fire (* 1959) |
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"For their discovery of RNA interference " |
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Craig Mello (* 1960) |
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2007 |
Mario Capecchi (* 1937) |
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"For groundbreaking discoveries in the field of embryonic stem cells and DNA recombination in mammals" |
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Martin Evans (born 1941) |
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Oliver Smithies (1925-2017) |
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2008 |
Harald zur Hausen (* 1936) |
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"For his discovery of the induction of cervical cancer by human papilloma viruses " |
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Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (* 1947) |
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"For the discovery of the HI virus " |
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|
Luc Montagnier (* 1932) |
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||
2009 |
Elizabeth Blackburn (* 1948) |
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for discovering "how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase " |
|
Carol W. Greider (* 1961) |
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|
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Jack Szostak (* 1952) |
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||
2010 |
Robert Edwards (1925-2013) |
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"For his development of in vitro fertilization " |
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2011-2020
year | person | country | Reason for awarding the prize | image |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 |
Bruce Beutler (* 1957) |
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"For their discoveries about the activation of innate immunity " |
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Jules Hoffmann (* 1941) |
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||
Ralph M. Steinman (1943-2011) |
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"For his discovery of dendritic cells and their role in adaptive immunity" | ||
2012 |
John Gurdon (* 1933) |
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"For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells" |
|
Shin'ya Yamanaka (* 1962) |
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||
2013 |
James Rothman (born 1950) |
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"For the discovery of transport processes in cells" | |
Randy Schekman (born 1948) |
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Thomas Südhof (* 1955) |
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||
2014 |
John O'Keefe (* 1939) |
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"For the discovery of cells that form a positioning system in the brain" |
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May-Britt Moser (* 1963) |
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||
Edvard Moser (* 1962) |
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||
2015 |
William C. Campbell (born 1930) |
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"For their discoveries concerning a novel therapy for of nematodes caused infections" |
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Satoshi Ōmura (* 1935) |
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||
Tu Youyou (* 1930) |
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"For their discoveries regarding a novel therapy for malaria " |
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|
2016 |
Yoshinori Ōsumi (* 1945) |
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"For his discoveries of the mechanisms of autophagy " |
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2017 |
Jeffrey C. Hall (* 1945) |
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"For their discoveries regarding the molecular control mechanisms of the circadian rhythm " |
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Michael Rosbash (* 1944) |
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Michael W. Young (born 1949) |
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2018 |
James P. Allison (born 1948) |
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"For the discovery of a cancer therapy by inhibiting negative immune regulation" |
|
Tasuku Honjo (* 1942) |
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||
2019 |
William G. Kaelin (* 1957) |
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"For the discovery of molecular mechanisms of oxygen uptake by cells" |
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Gregg Semenza (* 1956) |
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|||
Peter J. Ratcliffe (* 1954) |
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Distribution by country
Prize winners who were citizens of two countries at the time of the award are half-counted here for both countries.
nation | Number of awards |
---|---|
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103 |
![]() |
30.5 |
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16.5 |
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11 |
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8th |
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6.5 |
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6th |
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5 |
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5 |
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5 |
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4.5 |
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4th |
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3 |
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2 |
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2 |
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2 |
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1.5 |
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1 |
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1 |
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1 |
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1 |
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1 |
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0.5 |
See also
Web links
- Official List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine (English)
- Information from the German Historical Museum
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Country according to the information on nobelprize.org. Usually, the nationality of the award winner is stated at the time of the award. If his place of birth is in another country, this is noted in brackets.
- ↑ a b c d e f The prize money was given to the funds of this prize category
- ↑ Gerhard Domagk was forced to refuse the award due to the prohibition at the time for Germans to accept the Nobel Prize. He later accepted the certificate and medal.
- ↑ a b c One third of the prize money was given to the main fund and two thirds to the funds in this prize category.
- ↑ The Nobel Foundation names Lochfield as the place of birth, but it is a farm in the parish of Darvel.
- ↑ (Finnish)
- ↑ Blackburn is listed as an American in the official lists of the Nobel Foundation, but also has Australian citizenship.
- ↑ Steinman died shortly before the decision to award him the award. A posthumous award contradicts the statutes of the Nobel Foundation. However, the awarding body was unaware of Steinman's demise. Following a decision by the Nobel Foundation, the statutes are interpreted to mean that their purpose is to ensure that no one is deliberately awarded the prize posthumously. This was not the case here, which is why Steinman received the award anyway. Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate at nobelprize.org (Swedish; accessed October 3, 2011)
- ↑ Südhof lost his German citizenship in the 1990s through naturalization in the United States. After he was awarded the Nobel Prize, he was offered to be a German citizen again. He came to the award ceremony with a German passport. See “I have a German passport again”. In: Berliner Zeitung , March 10, 2014.