Neckar-Odenwald-Limes

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Map with the course of the Odenwald Limes (red line, left in the picture) with tower sites, forts, settlements or known remains of a Villa Rustica as well as names of the military departments; on the right in the picture the line of the so-called Vorderen Limes, which replaced the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes around 160/165

Neckar-Odenwald-Limes (formerly also called Neckarmümlinglinie ) is a comprehensive term for two early sections of the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes , possibly slightly different in time and structurally very different . The Neckar-Odenwald-Limes consisted of the northern Odenwald Limes , a country limes with forts, watchtowers and palisade of the Main (Latin Moenus ) to the Neckar (Latin: Nicer ) combined, and the south in the Neckar limes , which in the research so far as a typical "wet limes" ( ripa ), in which the river replaced the function of the palisade as an obstacle to approach. Findings of recent times shed a slightly different light on this approach, so that it may have to be put into perspective in the future. The relevant research is still ongoing.

The Odenwald Limes began in the north on the Main, either at Fort Obernburg or at Fort Wörth , and from there, skilfully making use of the topographical features of the Odenwald, moved south to the Neckar, which it is presumably in what is today Heilbronn district reached. The Neckar line formed its extension in a southerly direction to Arae Flaviae in the area of ​​today's city of Rottweil , whereby it was based on the course of the river.

The Neckar-Odenwald-Limes probably originated in the area of ​​the Odenwald Limes in the Trajan period , in the area of ​​the Neckar line in the Domitian or early Trajan period and in the area of ​​the older Neckar fort in the Vespasian period. It went through several renovation phases and only became obsolete when it was moved to the dead straight line of the Front Limes in the years between 159/161 and 165.

location

The Odenwald Limes began in the north on the Main at a topographical height of around 108 meters. Whether at Fort Obernburg or Fort Wörth has not yet been finally clarified at the current state of research (see below on the connection problem). From one of these two forts he moved south up the Buntsandstein-Odenwald to climb a ridge that stretches between the valleys of the Mümling (Latin: Nemaninga ) and the Euterbach / Itter in the west and the valleys of the Mud and the Elz stretched from north to south in the east. In its first section up to Fort Schloßau, it adapted flexibly to the terrain, sometimes in western and sometimes in eastern directions, and passed its highest point ever between the small forts Zwing and Seitzenbuche on the Hohwald ( 552.8  m above sea level ) . At Schloßau it bends sharply to the south from an arc previously described in an easterly direction and in the following second section strives towards the Neckar in an almost dead straight direction. The transition to the Neckar Limes, like the starting point of the Odenwald Limes, has not yet been clarified; especially in recent times, sensational new discoveries have ensured a currently ongoing dynamic in research (cf. also below).

In today's political topography, the course of the Odenwald Limes begins on Bavarian territory, in the Miltenberg district . It crosses Hesse and ends in Baden-Württemberg. It passes through the districts of Odenwaldkreis and Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis and ends in the district of Heilbronn . Its total length is around 80 kilometers, which are mainly located in sparsely populated, densely forested or agricultural areas. As a result, the Odenwald Limes is one of the best preserved and particularly beautifully situated Limes stretches in Germany.

The Neckar Limes begin in the area where Jagst and Kocher flow into the Neckar. The Wimpfen fort is generally regarded as the northern starting point of this Limes stretch. The fortifications that have been assigned to him in previous research were all on the left side of the Neckar. In contrast to the garrisons on the Odenwald route, these fort sites were largely built over in the Middle Ages and modern times. The late Dominian river fort extended to the Köngen fort .

To the south of Köngen there is a small row of forts on the upper reaches of the Neckar, which is assigned to the Vespasian period and extends as far as Rottweil . In addition, two other forts are known on the lower reaches of the river, the forts in Ladenburg and Heidelberg , which were also built during the reign of Vespasian.

Research history

Exposure of the tower section Wp 10/32 ( Christian Kehrer , watercolor, around 1800)
Count Franz I of Erbach-Erbach

The earliest interest of the world of scholars in the Roman relics in the Odenwald and on the Neckar go back to the time of humanism in the 16th century. Due to their enthusiasm for the world of antiquity, the humanists also began to be interested in its legacies on the periphery of the classical world. Peter Apian (1495–1552), an astronomer and geographer from Ingolstadt, published a collection of Roman inscription stones in 1534, including an altar for Fortuna from Bullau and a consecration stone for the spring nymphs from Amorbach . Simon Studion (1543 to around 1605), a preceptor of the Latin school in Marbach am Neckar , was also a collector of Roman inscriptions and is considered the father of antiquity research in Württemberg.

In 1543 a Roman thermal bath was discovered by chance at Arnheiter Hof in the Breuberg area . At the instigation of Count von Wertheim , the first excavations were carried out in the following years , during which the complete bathing building was uncovered and two four-god stones were recovered, one of which is still in Breuberg Castle today. In 1615, a first Roman consecration stone was secured in Böckingen , and more followed in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. The first excavations were carried out in Köngen at the end of the 18th century . In 1748, the Prussian Academy of Sciences asked the question " How far did the Romans penetrate Germany after they had set over the Rhine and Danube, what features of it were formerly and what are some of the features that still exist ... ". The Hohenlohe archivist Christian Ernst Hanßelmann (1699–1776) then undertook extensive, systematic excavations in the area of ​​the Electoral Palatinate , the results of which he published in 1768 and 1773.

The fact that Count Franz I zu Erbach-Erbach, after his Grand Tours and studying Hanßelmann's writings, had a keen interest in the Roman relics on and from the Odenwald Limes became particularly important for research into the Odenwald Limes. In the last quarter of the 18th and in the first two decades of the 19th century he had some forts and almost all of the watchtowers on the northern Odenwald line excavated. His government councilor Johann Friedrich Knapp , who was responsible for many important on-site excavations and also had his share in the drafting of the so-called "Erbach Catalogs", the manually written documentation of the excavations and the Erbach ' , was particularly helpful in this work. cen collection.

In the 19th century, the investigations of the local and regional history societies began, in which the members of the rising educated middle class came together. Karl Wilhelmi and the "Sinsheimer Society for Research into the Patriotic Monuments [sic!] Of Prehistoric Times" examined the Roman remains in Neckarburken in 1832 . The “Antiquities Association of Buchen”, founded in 1862, was dedicated to the castle of Schloßau . In Neckarburken, the " Mannheimer Altertumsverein " started digging again at the beginning of the 1880s .

All in all, the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes already had a long and relatively continuous tradition of research before the large-scale archaeological investigations of the Reichs-Limes Commission began at the end of the 19th century . Up until then, Karl August von Cohausen (1812–1894) was only one single scientist who attempted to depict the complete course of the Limes in Germany. This complex task has now been tackled by the Commission across national borders. Within the Limes line, which is divided into 15 routes, the Odenwald Limes was assigned route number 10 and the Neckar Limes number 11. The so-called route commissioners were Friedrich Kofler and Eduard Anthes for the Bavarian and Hessian parts , Karl Schumacher for the Baden area and Heinrich Steimle , Adolf Mettler , Ernst Kapf , Walter Barthel , Oscar Paret , Rudolf Herzog , Eugen Nägele , Wilhelm for the Württemberg sections Schleiermacher and Paul Revellio are responsible. The excavation results were published successively between 1896 and 1937 and were summarized in the volumes Section A, Volume 5 (route) and Section B, Volume 5 (the individual forts) of the Limeswerk.

Between the two world wars, Roman provincial archeology was not opportune in Germany for ideological reasons. Only at the beginning of the 1950s did Limes research gradually regain momentum. In Hesse it was primarily Dietwulf Baatz , whose excavations in the Hesselbach fort between 1964 and 1966 pointed the way. On the Neckar Limes, the excavations in the forts of Walheim under Dieter Planck between 1980 and 1988 were the focus of Baden-Württemberg state archeology. In the last decade of the 20th and in the first decade of the 21st century, geophysical measurement methods increasingly took the place of the old excavation techniques. With the nomination of the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Limes research also revived on the "non-cultural heritage" Neckar-Odenwald-Limes.

History and dating problems

Construction phases of the Odenwald Limes

The castles on the upper reaches of the Neckars ( Kastell Rottenburg , Kastell Sulz , Kastell Waldmössingen and forts of Rottweil ) as well as military installations on the lower reaches of the river ( Kastell Ladenburg and forts of Heidelberg ) are all in the Vespasian been created time. They are probably related to the expansion of the Roman trunk road network to the right of the Rhine under Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius Clemens in AD 74.

There are various controversial approaches to dating the time of the individual sections of the actual Neckar-Odenwald-Limes. The conventional initial dating of the Odenwald Limes to the year 100 (± 5) is based on the results of the excavations in Fort Hesselbach , which Dietwulf Baatz carried out between 1964 and 1966. It is essentially based on the evaluation of the sigillates found. In the more recent literature, an initial dating of the entire Odenwald Limes to the period 107/110 (sometimes even up to the year 115) is given preference. This dating approach is not based on new excavation findings, but on a statistical reassessment of the coin finds from all forts of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, which the archaeologist Klaus Kortüm presented for the first time in 1998 and on which some authors of the more recent literature now rely.

The expansion phases of the Odenwald Limes are essentially similar to those of the Upper German Limes :

  • Phase 1: Driving aisles ( limites ) through the woods, creating a guard path in these aisles and erecting wooden watchtowers between the years 98 and 110. Construction of forts, the defenses of which were built as wood-earth walls while the houses were being built Built in wood inside.
  • Phase 2: Construction of a palisade in front of the Postenweg around the year 120 (replacement of the old wooden towers with new ones).
  • Phase 3: All wooden structures (forts and watchtowers) were replaced by stone buildings around the year 145.

The fourth expansion phase, which was characterized by the construction of Wall and Graben and was carried out in Severan times , was no longer carried out on the Odenwald Limes, as this was already abandoned around the years 159/161 to 165 and on the dead straight line of the so-called Front Limes had been brought forward. With this border shift by about 30 kilometers to the east, the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes lost its function. The latest research assumes that this relocation did not happen suddenly, but extended over a period of up to five or six years.

Until the 1990s, the development of the Neckar Limes was mainly dated to the time after the end of the Chat Wars under Emperor Domitian around the years 85/90 AD. In recent research there are voices that tend to date only under Emperor Trajan . In this case, the year 98 could be assumed as the year of origin, because the (expansion) construction of the Roman trunk road Mogontiacum - Bad Cannstatt - Grinario - Augusta Vindelicorum for this year is reliably documented by finds of inscriptions and required the safe mastery of this area. While the Neckar Limes, according to this hypothesis, would only have been fortified under Trajan, there was still a Roman military presence on the river a few years earlier. In 1982 a numerus fort was discovered in Walheim , the trenches of which are said to have been filled in again shortly before 100 AD after having existed for a few years. This early small fort in Walheim raises a number of unresolved questions:

  • If the middle Neckar area had not been safely under Roman control at that time, it would have been dangerous to station such a small unit of only around 200 men in isolation deep in enemy territory and far away from the nearest Roman troops. Such exposed positions were usually occupied by legions or larger legionary vexillations.
  • If this room was already firmly in Roman hands at the end of the 1st century, it is unclear why there are no comparative finds so far. It should also be taken into account here that today's south-west Germany was extremely sparsely populated in the decades before the Roman conquest (→ Helvetian wasteland ). The Celtic settlement seems to have occurred at the end of the La Tène period in the late 2nd century BC. The Germanic peoples only came with the fall of the Limes from 260 AD. Why the fertile land was hardly populated for almost 200 years and why the Romans hesitated for a long time to take possession of the apparently ownerless land is up to now unexplained. After all, the archaeological evidence of largely empty settlements is confirmed by the Roman writer Tacitus , who reports in his Germania that the residential areas of the Germanic peoples were surrounded by broad strips of uninhabited land.

According to a statement by Ammianus Marcellinus , an old fortification he called "Munimentum Traiani" was partially rebuilt or repaired again for a short time under Julian in the course of his punitive expeditions on the right bank of the Rhine against the Alemanni around the year 360. Some researchers are of the opinion that Ammian is referring to the old Neckar-Odenwald-Limes.

Connection problem

Odenwald Limes to Main Limes

At which point the Odenwald Limes joined the Main with its northern beginning has not yet been clarified with certainty. If the first researchers suspected a point south of the Obernburg fort , the discovery of the fort of Wörth and Seckmauern by the Reich Limes Commission at the end of the 19th century seemed to answer the question of the course of the Limes in this area. However, the problem remained that the first four watchtowers (Wp 10/1 to Wp 10/4) were never discovered within this line. The fact that the Wörth fort lacked the Late South Gallic Terra Sigillata , which was found in all other garrisons and can be assigned to the earliest period of these camps , also raised questions. Two Limes watchtowers between Obernburg and Wörth, just above the Main, also remained a mystery. Due to these inconsistencies, recent research tends to believe that the Wörth fort was built some time after the Odenwald Limes were built and replaced the Seckmauern fort, which was abandoned early on. According to this hypothesis, the original course of the Limes began at the mouth of the Mümling near Obernburg, along the Main and through a gorge-like deepened side valley (“Pfitschengraben”) to the Seckmauern Fort and later to the Wörth Fort.

Odenwald line on Neckarlimes

Also the southern end of the Odenwald Limes, the connection to the Neckar Limes resp. The beginning and course of the latter are completely unexplained again after some recent discoveries. On the basis of the commission's investigations, it had been believed well into the second half of the 20th century that the Odenwald Limes, secured with watchtowers and palisades, would be in a straight line from the small fort Duttenberg via the presumed watchtowers Wp 10/79 and Wp 10/80 on the Neckar to walk and would have reached this in the area of ​​today's Bad Friedrichshall , opposite the Wimpfen fort . From there, the border line continued to be a “wet limes”, which used the Neckar as a natural obstacle to approach, behind which the auxiliary fort was located. Through the discovery of the watchtowers Wp 10/80 (1962), Wp 10/81 (1964) as well as the small fort Kochendorf (1990) and the fort Gundelsheim and Wartberg (also all east of the river) at the beginning of the 21st century the old hypotheses are now obsolete. Rather, there is now a variant in the form that the line of the Odenwald Limes continued beyond the Jagst and Kocher estuaries and that at least some sections of the land to the right of the Neckar were also secured by a fortified Limes. Determining the exact and further course of this "new" Limes remains the archaeological task of the coming years.

Structure and characteristics

Odenwald Limes

  • Odenwald Limes: Reconstruction of a wooden tower

  • Odenwald Limes: Reconstruction of a stone tower

  • Odenwald Limes, elevation of a wooden and a stone tower in comparison

  • Sheet from the Erbacher catalogs with the characteristic columns

The routes in detail

The Odenwald Limes, which are located over long stretches in a charming landscape, can be explored particularly well on foot. Many watchtowers are still preserved in their foundations or have been reconstructed. The Numerus- Kastell Schloßau (municipality of Mudau) deserves special mention. From himself, which was excavated by the Imperial Limes Commission at the end of the 19th century, nothing can be seen in the area, but it is the first of its kind in which a fort village ( vicus ) could be excavated over a large area (from 2003) . A little to the southwest of it is the Oberscheidental cohort fort with its south gate, which was reconstructed at the beginning of the 20th century. The jump can still be recognized today by the shape of the terrain and as an excavation protection area, it is largely undeveloped.

Overall, the following forts are known in this Limes section:

Potential northern connection fort on the Main Limes

Fort ORL Closest place (state) Type known troops visible condition image
Fort Obernburg 35 Obernburg am Main (BY) Cohort fort Cohors I Germanorum?
Cohors IIII Aquitanorum equitata civium Romanorum		 completely built over Fort Obernburg.png
Fort Wörth 36 Woerth am Main (BY) Numerus fort weak ground marks

Odenwald Limes

In the northern section , i.e. in the Odenwald itself, this Limes was only secured with six smaller forts at very regular intervals of an average of almost six kilometers. These so-called numerus kastelle offered space for around 150 men.

In its middle, dead straight section , the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes was secured by two cohort forts, they were in Oberscheidental / Mudau and Neckarburken / Elztal (Odenwald) . The mounted cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum equitata , which was moved to Miltenberg with the advance of the Limes around 159 AD, was probably in the Oberscheidental fort . During the stone construction phase, the crew of the cohort fort in Neckarburken consisted of the Cohors III Aquitanorum equitata civium Romanorum , which was moved to Osterburken around 159 AD . Nothing is known about the unity of the wood-earth fort that preceded it.

Fort ORL Closest place (state) Type Known troops visible condition image
Fort Seckmauern 46b Woerth am Main ( BY ) Numerus fort unknown number barely visible traces of ground ORL 46b tab 01 pic 02a Grundriss.jpg
Fort Lützelbach 46 Lützelbach - Lützel-Wiebelsbach ( HE ) Numerus fort unknown number clear traces ORL 46 tab 1 pic 2 Grundriss.jpg
Small fort Windlücke Lützelbach- Haingrund (HE) Small fort unknown vexillatio no traces ORL A 05 tab 04 pic 01 KK Windlücke Grundriss.jpg
Hainhaus Castle 47 Michelstadt - Vielbrunn (HE) Numerus fort unknown number clear ground marks 200910071229CET ORL 47 Hainhaus fence 03.jpg
Fort Eulbach 48 Michelstadt- Eulbach (HE) Numerus fort unknown number weak tracks in the area, reconstructions in Eulbacher Park Eulbacher Park, Eulbach Castle Gate, inside.jpg
Würzberg Castle 49 Michelstadt- Würzberg (HE) Numerus fort unknown number or
vexillatio of the Cohors XXIII volontariorum civicum Romanorum 		Castle: clear traces, bathroom: preserved, partially reconstructed ORL 49 Würzberg Thermen 3b.jpg
Fort Hesselbach 50 Oberzent - Hesselbach (HE) Numerus fort presumably Numerus Brittonum ... clear ground marks
Small fort Zwing Oberzent-Hesselbach (HE) Small fort unknown vexillatio reconstructed fragment KK Zwing.jpg
Small fort Seitzenbuche Mudau - Schloßau ( BW ) Small fort unknown vexillatio weak ground marks KK Seitzenbuche Reconstruction.jpg
Castle Schlossau 51 Mudau-Schloßau (BW) Numerus fort Numerus Brittonum Triputiensium weak ground marks 200909161111CET Gravestone with funeral meal scene, Schloßau, 2nd century, Römermuseum Osterburken.jpg
Fort Oberscheidental 52 Mudau- Scheidental (BW) Cohort fort Cohors III Dalmatarum
Cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum equitata 		clear traces of terrain and preserved south gate ORL52 Oberscheidental Castle 1.jpg
Small fort Robern Fahrenbach - Robern (BW) Small fort unknown vexillatio preserved 200910260952CET KK Robern 07.jpg
Small fort Trienz Fahrenbach- Trienz (BW) Small fort Vexillatio of the Numerus Brittonum Elantiensium overbuilt ORL A 10/5 tab 13 pic 02.bc KK Trienz ground plan inscription.jpg
Neckarburken forts (2) 53 Elztal - Neckarburken (BW) Cohort fort + numerus fort Cohors III Aquitanorum equitata civium Romanorum
Numerus Brittonum Elantiensium 		partially preserved ORL 53 tab 01 pic 01 Lageplan.jpg
Small fort Gundelsheim Gundelsheim - Tiefenbach (BW) Small fort unknown vexillatio
Small fort Duttenberg Bad Friedrichshall - Duttenberg (BW) unknown unknown Traces in aerial photographs ORL A 10/5 tab 14 pic 07.bc Uferkastell Duttenberg Grundrisse.jpg
Kochendorf small fort Bad Friedrichshall- Kochendorf (BW) Small fort unknown vexillatio only recognizable on aerial photographs
Wartberg Castle (?) Heilbronn (BW) unknown unknown only recognizable on aerial photographs

Neckar Limes

Farther south , along the Neckar, fortifications in Bad Wimpfen , Böckingen , Walheim , Benningen , Cannstatt and Köngen secured . In Köngen the Lautertal-Limes branched off from the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes and led to Donnstetten ( Clarenna ). The Neckar line itself found its southerly continuation in the forts of Rottenburg , Sulz am Neckar , Waldmössingen and Rottweil and connected with the fort Hüfingen to the older Danube line of the Rhaetian Limes.

Fort ORL Closest place (state) Type known troops visible condition image
Wimpfen Castle in the valley 54/55 Bad Wimpfen -Wimpfen in the valley (BW) Cohort fort Cohors II Hispanorum equitata
Cohors I Germanorum
Cohors Br (ittonum) (?)		 overbuilt ORL 54-55 tab 01 pic 01 Lageplan.jpg
Heilbronn-Böckingen fort 56 Heilbronn - Böckingen (BW) Cohort fort Cohors V Dalmatorum
Cohors I Helvetiorum
Numerus Brittonum Murensium 		small archaeological zone in the vicus area, otherwise built over

ORL 56 tab 03 pic 02-15 Metallfunde.jpg

Castles of Walheim (2) 57 Walheim (BW) Cohort fort + numerus fort Cohors I Asturum equitata (?)
Of unknown number		 preserved and covered partial findings in the "Museum Römerhaus" ORL 57 tab 03 pic 01-24 Funde.jpg
Benningen Fort 58 Benningen am Neckar (BW) Cohort fort Cohors XXIV voluntariorum Romanorum
Numerus Brittonum Murrensium
Exploratores Triboci et Boi 		Soil deformations ORL 58 tab 02 pic 01 Grundriss.jpg
Fort Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 59 Stuttgart - Bad Cannstatt (BW) Alenkastell Ala I Scubulorum (?) overbuilt ORL 59 tab 07 pic 01-23 Funde.jpg
Castle Köngen ( Grinario ) 60 Köngen (BW) Cohort fort unknown Cohors equitata "Roman Park" with partially reconstructed findings Corner tower of the Roman fort Köngen by General Eduard von Kallee.jpg

Older Neckar fort

In addition to the stretch on the middle course of the Neckar, which is dated to the Domitian or early Trajan times, there are two groups of forts on the upper and lower reaches of the river, all of which were built in the Vespasian period. Presumably they are related to the measures taken by Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius Clemens to shorten the route between the Rhenish and Danube regions in 74.

Fort ORL Closest place (state) Type known troops visible condition image
Ladenburg Castle Ladenburg (BW)
Heidelberg castles Heidelberg (BW) Cohort fort Cohors XXIIII Voluntariorum Civium Romanorum
Cohors II Augusta Cyrenaica Equitata 		overbuilt
Rottenburg Castle ? ( Sumelocenna ) 61 Rottenburg am Neckar (BW) military presence not assured military presence not assured so far only suspected
Sulz Castle 61a Sulz am Neckar (BW) Cohort fort Cohors XXIIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum (?) Partial conservation of a vicus building ORL 61a tab 02 pic 01 Floor plan and sections.jpg
Waldmössingen Castle 61b Schramberg (BW) Cohort fort unknown cohort partially reconstructed ORL 61b tab 02 pic 01 Grundriss.jpg
Castles of Rottweil ( Arae Flaviae ) 62 Rottweil (BW)

Monument protection

The Neckar-Odenwald-Limes and its buildings are ground monuments according to the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) and the Hessian Monument Protection Act (HDSchG) , as well as cultural monuments according to the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

Museums

The museums listed below present the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes, sections or places of it in whole or at least with parts of their holdings. Both military and civil aspects of the Limes and its hinterland are taken into account.

See also

literature

Overviews, general

  • Egon Schallmayer : The Odenwald Limes. Along the Roman border between the Main and Neckar. Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2309-5 .
  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th, completely revised and enlarged edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 ; especially pp. 70-73, 179-214 and 343-346.
  • Egon Schallmayer: The Odenwald Limes. Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0328-8 .
  • Rainer Türk : Hikes on the Limes . Brunnengräber, Lorsch 2008, ISBN 978-3-9811444-1-3 .
  • Egon Schallmayer: The Odenwald Limes. Latest research results , contributions to the scientific colloquium on March 19, 2010 in Michelstadt, Saalburg-Schriften 8, Römerkastell Saalburg Archaeological Park, Bad Homburg v. d. H. 2012, ISBN 978-3-931267-07-0

Sections of the Limes, individual forts, special things

  • Géza Alföldy : Caius Popilius Carus Pedo and the advancement of the Upper Germanic Limes. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 8. 1983, pp. 55-67, doi: 10.11588 / fbbw.1983.0.26572 .
  • Dietwulf Baatz : Fort Hesselbach and other research on the Odenwald Limes . Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-7861-1059-X , (= Limes research, 12).
  • Dietwulf Baatz, Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann : The Romans in Hessen . License issue. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-58-9 .
  • Willi Beck, Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 .
  • Stephan Bender : Our picture of the Neckar Limes: soon just history? (PDF; 6.0 MB). In: Archeology in Germany. 3/2011, Theiss, Stuttgart 2011, ISSN  0176-8522 , p. 38f.
  • Stephan Bender: On the trail of a new Limes - research at the interface between the Odenwald and Neckar Limes in Bad Friedrichshall. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 2011 , pp. 44–49.
  • Helmut Castritius , Manfred Clauss , Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). In: Winfried Wackerfuß (Ed.): Contributions to the exploration of the Odenwald and its peripheral landscapes II. Festschrift for Hans H. Weber . Breuberg-Bund , Breuberg-Neustadt 1977, pp. 237-308.
  • Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald and its peripheral landscapes (RSOR). In: Winfried Wackerfuß (Ed.): Contributions to the exploration of the Odenwald and its peripheral landscapes III . Breuberg-Bund, Breuberg-Neustadt 1980, pp. 193-222.
  • Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 .
  • Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: On civil settlement between the Limites in the Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. 4th specialist colloquium of the German Limes Commission 27./28. February 2007 in Osterburken . Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 111–121 (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage, 3)
  • Claus-Michael Hüssen : The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1493-X , (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, 78).
  • Anne Johnson : Roman forts of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and in the Germanic provinces of the Roman Empire. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , (= cultural history of the ancient world, 37).
  • Martin Kemkes: From the Rhine to the Limes and back again. The Occupation History of Southwest Germany. In: Dieter Planck and others: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-2140-5 , pp. 44-53.
  • Margot Klee : The Roman Limes in Hesse. History and sites of the UNESCO World Heritage. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7917-2232-0 .
  • Margot Klee: The Limes between Rhine and Main. From the beginning of the Upper German Limes near Rheinbrohl to the Main near Grosskrotzenburg. Theiss, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8062-0276-1 .
  • Klaus Kortüm : On the dating of the Roman military installations in the Upper German-Raetian Limes area. In: Saalburg yearbook. 49, 1998. Zabern, Mainz 1998, pp. 5-65.
  • Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 .
  • Dieter Planck: The Roman whale home. Excavations 1980–1988. LDA Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-927714-10-0 , (= Archaeological Information from Baden-Württemberg, 18).
  • Britta Rabold : The Odenwald Limes in a new light. Research status 2005 on the fort vicus of Mudau-Schloßau. In: Gabriele Seitz (Ed.): In the service of Rome. Festschrift for Hans Ulrich Nuber . Greiner, Remshalden 2006, ISBN 3-935383-49-5 , pp. 279-284.
  • Jörg Scheuerbrandt among others: The Romans in the area of ​​the Neckar-Odenwald district. Frontier zone of the Roman Empire. Published by the district archive of the Neckar-Odenwald district. regional culture publisher, Ubstadt-Weiher 2009, ISBN 978-3-89735-524-8 , (contributions to the history of the Neckar-Odenwald district, 3).
  • Hans Schönberger : The Roman troop camps of the early and middle imperial period between the North Sea and Inn. In: Reports of the Roman-Germanic Commission, 66 (1985), p. 321ff.
  • Michael P. Speidel: The Brittones Elantienses and the advancement of the Upper German-Raetian Limes. In: Fund reports from Baden-Württemberg, 11 (1986), p. 309ff, doi: 10.11588 / fbbw.1986.0.27801 .
  • Bernd Steidl : World Heritage Limes - Rome's border on the Main. Accompanying volume to the exhibition in the Archaeological State Collection Munich 2008. Logo, Obernburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-939462-06-4 .
  • Bruno Trunk: At the Odenwald Limes. Roman traces in Schloßau and the surrounding area. Book 2007, ISBN 978-3-936866-17-9 .
  • Christoph Unz: Grinario. The Roman fort and village in Köngen. Theiss, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-8062-0302-4 , (= Guide to archaeological monuments in Baden-Württemberg, 8).

Historical excavations

Web links

Commons : Neckar-Odenwald-Limes  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Abbreviations

Remarks

  1. ^ Emil Hübner : Roman rule in Western Europe , Berlin 1890; Reprint of the original : Europäische Geschichtsverlag egv, Paderborn 2011, ISBN 978-3-86382-214-9 , p. 93
  2. ↑ a b Stephan Bender: Our picture of the Neckar Limes: soon just history?  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 6.0 MB). @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de  In: Archeology in Germany. 3/2011, Theiss, Stuttgart 2011, ISSN  0176-8522 , p. 38f.
  3. ↑ a b The conventional starting date of the year 100 (± 5) is based on the results of the excavations that Dietwulf Baatz carried out in the Hesselbach fort between 1964 and 1966 . It is essentially based on the evaluation of the sigillates found (cf. the corresponding section in the Hesselbach article and Dietwulf Baatz: Fort Hesselbach and other research on the Odenwald Limes . Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-7861-1059-X (Limesforschungen , Volume 12), pp. 85-96). In the more recent literature, an initial dating of the Hesselbach fort and the entire Odenwald Limes to the period 107/110, even up to the year 115, is preferred. This dating approach is not based on new excavation findings, but on a statistical reassessment of the coin finds from all forts of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, which the archaeologist Klaus Kortüm presented for the first time in 1998 and which some authors of the more recent literature now rely on. (Cf. Klaus Kortüm: On the dating of the Roman military installations in the Upper German-Raetian Limes area. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 49, 1998, Zabern, Mainz, pp. 5–65, and Egon Schallmayer : Der Limes. History of a border . Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-48018-7 , pp. 49–52 and pp. 54 f.)
  4. ↑ Recent research assumes that the Limes was not moved forward suddenly, but extended over a period of up to five or six years.
  5. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 179-206.
  6. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Limes. Odenwald route. In: Dietwulf Baatz, Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann: The Romans in Hessen. Licensed edition of the 1982 edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-58-9 . Pp. 415-423.
  7. ↑ Andreas Thiel: The Limes. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 186-189.
  8. ↑ Egon Schallmayer : The Odenwald Limes. Along the Roman border between the Main and Neckar . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2309-5 .
  9. ↑ According to another opinion, the forts are to be dated early Trajan.
  10. ↑ Petrus Apianus: Inscriptiones sacrosanctae vetustatis non illae quidem Romanae, sed totius fere orbis summo studio ac maximis impensis terra marique conquisitae feliciter incipiunt. Ingolstadt, 1534.
  11. ↑ ORL B 5; No. 62a (1915)
  12. ↑ Christian Ernst Hansselmann's proof of how far the Roman power penetrated in the wars waged with different German peoples, also in the now East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe, country, shown from the strange Roman monuments and other remnants still existing in such countries . Schwäbisch Hall, 1768.
  13. ↑ Christian Ernst Hansselmann's continuation of the proof of how far the Romans penetrated power in the wars waged with different German peoples, also in the now East Franconian, especially Hohenlohe, countries from which they were discovered and further discovered in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770 hitherto unknown strange Roman monuments and other relics; together with continued historical and geographical description; together with a historical description of the different German peoples . Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1773.
  14. ^ Lützelbach , Windlücke , Hainhaus , Würzberg , Eulbach , Hesselbach and Schloßau .
  15. ^ Johann Friedrich Knapp: Roman monuments of the Odenwald, in particular of the county of Erbach and the rule of Breuberg. (1813, 1814², 1854³).
  16. ↑ Today: Friends of Sinsheimer Geschichte e. V.
  17. ↑ Today: Association Bezirksmuseum Buchen Association Bezirksmuseum Buchen on the website of the Bezirksmuseum.
  18. ^ Karl August von Cohausen: The Roman border wall in Germany. Military and technical description of the same . Kreidel, Wiesbaden 1884.
  19. ↑ Egon Schallmayer: The Odenwald Limes. Along the Roman border between the Main and Neckar. Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2309-5 , pp. 11-20.
  20. ↑ Jörg Scheuerbrandt among others: The Romans in the area of ​​the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis. Frontier zone of the Roman Empire. regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2009, ISBN 978-3-89735-524-8 , pp. 8-28.
  21. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Fort Hesselbach and other research on the Odenwald Limes. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-7861-1059-X (Limes research, volume 12).
  22. ^ Dieter Planck: The Roman whale home. Excavations 1980–1988 . Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-927714-38-0 (Archaeological information from Baden-Württemberg, 18).
  23. ↑ Klaus Kortüm and Johannes Lauber: Walheim l. Fort II and the subsequent settlement . Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1879-X .
  24. ↑ Holger Göldner: Field research without a spade. Non-destructive prospecting on the Odenwald Limes . In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): The Odenwald Limes. Latest research results. Contributions to the scientific colloquium on March 19, 2010 in Michelstadt . Saalburg Schriften 8, Bad Homburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-931267-07-0 , pp. 11-18.
  25. ↑ Peter-Andrew Schwarz: Pinarius Cornelius Clemens, Gnaeus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . 2010.
  26. ↑ Cf. Dietwulf Baatz: Fort Hesselbach and other research on the Odenwald Limes . Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-7861-1059-X (Limes Research, Volume 12), pp. 85–96)
  27. ↑ See Klaus Kortüm: On the dating of the Roman military installations in the Upper German-Raetian Limes area. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 49, 1998, Zabern, Mainz, pp. 5–65, and Egon Schallmayer: Der Limes. Story of a border . Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-48018-7 , pp. 49-52 and pp. 54 f.
  28. ↑ Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 25 ff.
  29. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 46-49.
  30. ↑ Martin Kemkes : The Limes. Rome's border with the barbarians. 2nd, revised edition. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006, ISBN 3-7995-3401-6 , p. 164 f.
  31. ↑ Jörg Scheuerbrandt among others: The Romans in the area of ​​the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis. Frontier zone of the Roman Empire. Published by the district archive of the Neckar-Odenwald district. regional culture publisher, Ubstadt-Weiher 2009, ISBN 978-3-89735-524-8 , pp. 35–38 (contributions to the history of the Neckar-Odenwald district, 3)
  32. ↑ Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), pp. 35–37.
  33. ↑ Ammiani Marcellini Rervm gestarvm libri qvi svpersvnt , 17,1,11.
  34. ↑ “Et dum nullus obsisteret, munimentum, quod in Alamannorum solo conditum Traianus suo nomine voluit appellari, dudum violentius oppugnatum, tumultuario studio reparatum est; locatisque ibi pro tempore defensoribus, ex barbarorum visceribus alimenta congesta sunt. ” (Ammian 17,1,11).
  35. ↑ Egon Schallmayer: The Odenwald Limes. Along the Roman border between the Main and Neckar . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2309-5 , pp. 67-79.
  36. ↑ Stephan Bender: Where does the Odenwald Limes end on the Neckar? . In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): The Odenwald Limes. Latest research results. Contributions to the scientific colloquium on March 19, 2010 in Michelstadt . Saalburg Schriften 8, Bad Homburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-931267-07-0 , pp. 37–47.
  37. ↑ Stephan Bender: On the trail of a new Limes - research at the interface between the Odenwald and Neckar Limes in Bad Friedrichshall. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 2011, pp. 44–49.
  38. ↑ Egon Schallmayer: The Odenwald Limes. Along the Roman border between the Main and Neckar . Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2309-5 , pp. 151-154.
  39. ↑ Obernburg : ORL B, No. 35; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), pp. 68–71; Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage. Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-939462-06-4 , pp. 108-113.
  40. ↑ Wörth : ORL B, No. 36; ORL A, range 10; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), pp. 72–74; Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage. Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-939462-06-4 , pp. 96-101.
  41. ^ Seckmauern : ORL B, No. 46b (1903); Baatz, Kastell Hesselbach (1973), p. 127f .; Baatz, RiH (1989²), p. 476 f .; Klee, LiH (2009), p. 183f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 79 ff.
  42. ↑ Lützelbach : ORL B, No. 46 (1904); Baatz, RiH (1989²), p. 476f .; Schallmayer, Hessenarchäologie 2008 (2009), p. 77 ff .; Klee, LiH (2009), p. 186 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 79ff.
  43. ^ Windlücke : Klee, LiH (2009), p. 186f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 82 ff.
  44. ↑ Hainhaus : ORL B, No. 47 (1897); Baatz, RiH (1989²), p. 436 f .; Klee, LiH (2009), p. 188 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 85ff.
  45. ↑ Eulbach : ORL B, No. 48 (1896); Baatz, RiH (1989²), p. 432 ff .; Walter Weidmann: Eulbach. A home book . City of Michelstadt, Michelstadt 2002, ISBN 3-924583-39-0 ; Klee, LiH (2009), p. 192 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 90ff.
  46. ↑ Würzberg : ORL B, No. 49 (1896); Baatz, Hesselbach (1973), p. 115 ff .; Baatz, RiH (1989²), p. 348 f .; Klee, LiH (2009), p. 192 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 97ff.
  47. ↑ Hesselbach : ORL B, No. 50 (1896); Baatz, Hesselbach (1973); Baatz, RiH (1989); Klee, LiH (2009), Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 104 ff.
  48. ↑ Zwing : ORL A, vol. 5, section 10 (1926, 1935), p. 69 ff .; Andreas Thiel, RiBW (2005), p. 187 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 110 ff.
  49. ^ Seitzenbuche : Planck, RiBW (2005), p. 187f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 112 ff.
  50. ↑ Schloßau : ORL B, No. 51 (1900); Britta Rabold: New research on the middle Odenwald Limes. Eight years of excavations in the fort vicus of Schloßau . In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): The Odenwald Limes. Latest research results. Contributions to the scientific colloquium on March 19, 2010 in Michelstadt . Saalburg Schriften 8, Bad Homburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-931267-07-0 , pp. 49-62; This: The Odenwald Limes in a new light. Research status 2005 on the fort vicus of Mudau-Schloßau. In: Gabriele Seitz (Ed.): In the service of Rome. Festschrift for Hans Ulrich Nuber . Greiner, Remshalden 2006, ISBN 3-935383-49-5 , pp. 279ff .; Bruno Trunk: Roman traces in Schloßau and the surrounding area . Odenwälder, Buchen 2007, ISBN 978-3-936866-17-9 ; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 115 ff.
  51. ↑ Oberscheidental : ORL B, No. 52 (1897); Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 121 ff.
  52. ^ Robern : ORL A, 5, section 10 (1926, 1935), p. 102 ff .; Andreas Thiel, RiBW (2005), p. 191 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 125 ff.
  53. ^ Trienz : ORL A, section 10 (1926, 1935), p. 103 f .; Andreas Thiel, RiBW (2005), p. 191 f .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 129 ff.
  54. ↑ Neckarburken : ORL B, No. 53 / 53.1 (1898); Baatz, Kastell Hesselbach (1973), p. 124 ff .; Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 135 ff.
  55. ↑ Gundelsheim : Stephan Bender: Our picture of the Neckarlimes: Soon just history?  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 6.0 MB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de   Archeology in Germany 3/2011, p. 38f .; Page no longer available , search in web archives: Press release of the Stuttgart Regional Council of July 13, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de
  56. ^ Duttenberg : Karl Schumacher: Roman settlement near Duttenberg on the Jagst . Find reports from Schwaben 4, 1896, p. 30 ff .; ORL A, section 10 (1926, 1935), p. 120.
  57. ^ Kochendorf : Jörg Biel: Settlement excavations in Bad Friedrichshall, Heilbronn district . Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1991 (1992), pp. 60ff .; Andreas Thiel, RiBW (2005), p. 20.
  58. ↑ Wartberg : Lecture on the exploration of the Limes in Bad Friedrichshall  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the official website of the city of Bad Friedrichshall.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.friedrichshall.de  
  59. ↑ Wimpfen : ORL B 5, No. 54/55 (1900); Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 148 ff.
  60. ↑ Böckingen : ORL B 5, No. 56 (1898); Robert Koch, RiBW (2005), p. 120 f.
  61. ↑ Walheim : ORL B 5, No. 57 (1897); Dieter Planck: The Roman whale home. Excavations 1980–1988 . Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-927714-38-0 (Archaeological information from Baden-Württemberg, 18); Klaus Kortüm, RiBW (2005), p. 350 ff.
  62. ↑ Benningen : ORL B 5, No. 58 (1902); Oskar Paret : Benningen am Neckar. Prehistory and early history. 2nd Edition. [posthumously], Remppis, Marbach am Neckar 1977; Karlheinz Eckhardt: Benningen am Neckar. Fort, vicus, museum . 2nd Edition. Gentner, Stuttgart 1985; Karlheinz Eckhardt: The Romans in Benningen. On the fate of the 24th cohort of volunteer Roman citizens. EC-Verlag, Benningen am Neckar 2004; Planck, RiBW, p. 35ff.
  63. ↑ Cannstatt : ORL B 5, No. 59 (1907); Philipp Filtzinger, RiBW (2005), p. 327 ff .; Jörg Scheuerbrandt: Pannonian riders as ala firma catafractaria in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. A contribution to the troop history of the 3rd century AD. In: Gabriele Seitz: In the service of Rome. Festschrift for Hans Ulrich Nuber . Greiner, Remshalden 2006, ISBN 3-935383-49-5 , pp. 299-305.
  64. ↑ Köngen : ORL B 5, No. 60 (1907); Christoph Unz: Grinario - the Roman fort and village in Köngen. Theiss, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-8062-0302-4 (Guide to archaeological monuments in Baden-Württemberg, 8); Martin Luik and Fridolin Reutti: The Roman Park in Köngen . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0558-2 (Guide to archaeological monuments in Baden-Württemberg, 12); Martin Luik: Köngen - Grinario 1. Topography, directory of sites, selected groups of finds. Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1246-5 (research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, 62); Martin Luik: Köngen - Grinario 2. Historical-archaeological evaluation. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1921-4 (research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, 82).
  65. ↑ Schallmayer, Odenwaldlimes (2010), p. 24.
  66. ^ Ladenburg : Britta Rabold, Ladenburg, RiBW (2005), pp. 161–168; C. Sebastian Sommer: From the fort to the city. Lopodunum and the Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium. In: H. Probst: Ladenburg from 1900 years of city history . Ubstadt-Weiher 1998, pp. 81-201; Britta Rabold: Ladenburg in Roman times. In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany, 36 (1999), pp. 165–176.
  67. ↑ Heidelberg : Renate Ludwig, Heidelberg, RiBW (2005), pp. 109–116.
  68. ↑ Rottenburg : ORL B 5, No. 61 (1936); Anita Gaubatz-Sattler: SVMELOCENNA. History and topography of the Roman Rottenburg am Neckar according to the findings and finds up to 1985 . Theiss, Stuttgart 1999; Anita Gaubatz-Sattler, RiBW (2005), p. 281 ff.
  69. ↑ Sulz : ORL B 5, No. 61a (1897); C. Sebastian Sommer, RiBW (2005), p. 332 ff.
  70. ↑ Waldmössingen : ORL B 5, No. 61b (1897); Dieter Planck, RiBW (2005), p. 311 f.
  71. ↑ Rottweil : ORL B 5, No. 62 (1936); C. Sebastian Sommer and Klaus Kortüm, RiBW, p. 292 ff.
  72. ^ Archaeological Department of the Hessian State Museum in Darmstadt
  73. ↑ Official website of the Museum Schloss Fechenbach
  74. ^ Klaus Fittschen: Catalog of ancient sculptures in Erbach Castle. Berlin 1977 (= archaeological research, 3)
  75. ^ Brita von Götz-Mohr: Count Franz I. zu Erbach-Erbach and his collections in the castle of Erbach. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2007 (= Edition of the Administration of the State Palaces and Gardens of Hesse, 27.
  76. ↑ Holger Göldner: The English Garden "Eulbacher Park". Roman relics from the Odenwald Limes in a 19th century landscape garden near Michelstadt in the Odenwald district. In: Archaeological monuments in Hessen . Issue 152, State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 3-89822-152-0 .
  77. ^ Official website of the Römermuseum Güglingen
  78. ↑ Archaeological Department ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg on its official website @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.museum-heidelberg.de
  79. ^ Official website of the museum in the Deutschhof
  80. ↑ Römische Villa Haselburg on the website of the association for the promotion of the open-air museum "Römische Villa Haselburg" e. V. (Haselburg Association)
  81. ↑ Official website of the Roman Museum with Archaeological Park in Köngen ( Memento of the original from January 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / roemerpark.koengen.de
  82. ^ Official website of the Badisches Landesmuseum , Karlsruhe
  83. ↑ Official website of the Lobdengau Museum
  84. ↑ Official website of the Reiss-Engelhorn Museums and the Archaeological Collection ( Memento of the original from March 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in the Museum of World Cultures @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rem-mannheim.de
  85. ^ Official website of the Roman Museum Obernburg
  86. ↑ Brief description of the museum on the website of the Elztal municipality
  87. ↑ Official website of the Römermuseum Osterburken
  88. ↑ Official website of the Dominican Museum Rottweil
  89. ↑ Sumelocennamuseum on the website of the city of Rottenburg and in the museum database of kunst-und-kultur.de
  90. ↑ Official website of the Landesmuseum Württemberg
  91. ↑ Flyer of the Römerkeller Museum ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4.1 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.roemerstrasse.net
  92. ^ Official website of the Roman house in Walheim
  93. ↑ Wilfried Lüderitz: The collection of Nassau antiquities on the sidelines (1987-2004) ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 742 kB). TR-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thorsten-reiss-verlag.de
  94. ^ Historical museum in the stone house on the official website of the city of Bad Wimpfen
  95. ↑ Official website of the Wörth museums