Schottenstift
The Schottenstift (actually: Benedictine Abbey of Our Lady of the Scots ; also Schottenkloster Vienna ) is a Benedictine monastery in the 1st district of Vienna Inner City , at Freyung 6. It was founded in 1155 when Duke Heinrich II. Jasomirgott iro-Scottish Benedictine monks called to Vienna, and has belonged to the Austrian Benedictine Congregation since 1625 . The monastery church of the abbey is the Schottenkirche .
history
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Iro-Scottish time
The Babenberg Heinrich II. Jasomirgott, who was not only Margrave of Austria but also Duke of Bavaria , moved his residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna before he was elevated to Duke of Austria with the Privilegium Minus in 1156 and needed a monastery . In the Middle Ages, the monasteries were not only places of prayer, but above all carriers and keepers of knowledge. Founding a monastery brought the ruler expertise and experience for his administration (e.g. schools that trained competent scribes), a library , a hospital , builders, specialists and priests for worship in the new royal seat. So he called Irish-Scottish monks, whom he had met in Regensburg in the monastery of St. Jakob , to Vienna.
Henry II explicitly assured the monks in the deed of foundation that they would only appoint Iro-Scots (“Solos elegimus scottos”), provided the new monastery with extensive possessions and privileges , and designated the monastery as his tomb. The foundation endowment in Vienna included the chapels of St. Ruprecht , St. Peter and Maria am Gestade , the chapel of St. Stephan in Krems , the St. Cross chapel in Tulln , the St. Kolomann chapel in Laab and the parish churches of Pulkau and Eggendorf . The monks built their monastery outside the city walls of what was then Vienna. They also established a hospice for pilgrims and crusaders on the way to Jerusalem , who often came through Vienna.
The construction of the Schottenkirche began in 1155; it was consecrated in 1200. The first church was a three-nave Romanesque pillar church with an apse . In 1177 Heinrich II. Jasomirgott died and was buried in the Schottenkirche.
The Scottish abbots seem to have used the pontificals as early as the middle of the 13th century . A formal granting of the right to use them dates back to 1287.
The importance of the Scots for the Viennese court is expressed, among other things, in the frequent testimony of Scots abbots in ducal documents. There is evidence of a writing school in the Schottenstift from 1310. The Scots also took part in the Vienna University , which was founded in 1365; for example, Abbot Donaldus (1380-1392) was her eighth rector .
German-speaking Schottenkloster
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1418 Duke withdrew Albrecht V in the train of the Melk Reform the Iro-scots, the cloistered with little discipline and lack of staff suffered, the monastery and settled German-speaking Benedictine on. The name Schotten was retained. The Schottenstift became an important center of reform in the 15th century.
During the first Turkish siege , mercenaries quartered themselves in the Schottenstift and plundered the church, library and archive. The time of the Reformation was not an easy one for the Scots either; Nevertheless, the Schottenkloster remained in existence and continued to run a school. In the second half of the 16th century, some Scots fathers were even postulated as abbots in other monasteries. During this time, the various brotherhoods based at the Schottenkirche , among which the Sebastian Brotherhood was the most important, acquired particular importance .
The 17th century was a time of building activity in the Schottenstift, as in many other places. From 1638 the Schottenkirche was rebuilt in stages, after which the reconstruction of the Schottenhöfe began. In 1652, the Heinrich Jasomirgott fountain with the statue of the founder was built in the first courtyard by Sebastian Wagner . This construction work as well as the damage suffered by the second Turkish siege to its properties led to major financial problems for the monastery. In order to stimulate agriculture again, the estate in Breitenlee , which had belonged to the Scots since the 12th century, was re-cultivated; it still forms an important basis for the monastery’s agriculture today.
In 1702, the Hungarian Abbey Telki , which was destroyed by the Turks, and the villages Telki , Jenö (today Budajenö ) and Páty were incorporated into the Schottenstift . Until the cession of the abbey in 1881, the Scottish abbots therefore had two mitres in their coat of arms.
Abbot Karl Fetzer (1705–1750) was able to alleviate the monastery's financial worries; at the same time he was a great patron of art and science. In 1715 he founded a grammar school where secular students were allowed to attend philosophical courses; but this had to be dissolved again in 1741. Abbot Benno Pointner (1765–1807) succeeded in preventing the abolition of the monastery under Josephinism . The incorporation of numerous parishes also falls into this context . In 1773/74 a new priory house with a school was built by Andreas Zach on the area of the abandoned cemetery . Since its shape is reminiscent of a chest of drawers, it was soon popularly known as a drawer box house . At the beginning of the 19th century, the Scots sold large parts of their possessions in today's Viennese districts of Neubau and Josefstadt , especially in Schottenfeld and Breitenfeld , in order to make room for the expansion of the suburbs there.
Under Abbot Andreas Wenzel (1807–1831) the Schottengymnasium was founded by imperial decree in 1807 , today one of the last humanistic grammar schools in Austria.
From 1826 to 1832 the Schottenhöfe, the extensive building complex around the monastery, was redesigned by Joseph Kornhäusel and the already dilapidated convent building was torn down and rebuilt. Among other things, the medieval cloister was destroyed. The Kaisersteinbruch master stonemasons received large orders, including for long steps in the convent building and two large staircases laid out with floor slabs, all of which were made from smoothly polished Kaiserstein with translucent paint inclusions. In 1858 the Black Mother of God statue, designed by Peter Nobile in 1825, was erected in the convent garden. The dolphin fountain was built in the second courtyard in 1874 . Abbot Ernest Hauswirth (1881–1901) had the Schottenkirche restored and partially redesigned, a monument erected on the facade of the church in honor of the founder of the monastery, Heinrich II. Jasomirgott, and this in a new sarcophagus in the crypt .
Since a monastery reform ordered since 1924 had not been properly carried out, the Schottenstift was visited in 1930, the ruling abbot Amand Oppitz (1913–1930) was persuaded to retreat and the young monk Hermann Peichl was appointed abbot coadjutor . After the formal resignation of his predecessor, Peichl became abbot of the Schottenstift in 1938 (1938–1966). During the Second World War , most of the young Scots monks were drafted into military service. The Schottenkonvent suffered heavy losses during this period. From 1949 to 1966 the priests of the Schottenkloster looked after the Mariazell priory . In 1960 Peichl had the crypt of the Schottenkirche redesigned. Under his successor Bonifaz Sellinger (1966–1988), parts of the old Romanesque church building were exposed and the monastery guest house, the Benediktushaus , was opened. Abbot Heinrich Ferenczy (1988-2006) developed a lively construction and redesign activity in the church, crypt and grammar school.
Significant people
See also: List of Abbots of the Schottenstift
Many abbots and monks of the Schottenstift were outstanding personalities of their time. Abbot Donaldus (1380-1392) was the eighth rector of the University of Vienna . The first German-speaking abbots Nikolaus von Respitz (1418–1428), Johannes von Ochsenhausen (1428–1446) and Martin von Leibitz (1446–1461) were important actors in the Melk reform movement . Abbot Benedictus Chelidonius (1518–1521) was a learned humanist and poet . Abbots Augustin Pitterich (1608–1629), Johann Walterfinger (1629–1641) and Johann Schmitzberger (1669–1683) were all auxiliary bishops of Vienna . Abbots Andreas Wenzel (1807–1831) and Sigismund Schultes (1832–1861) were also rectors of the University of Vienna. Abbot Othmar Helferstorfer (1861–1880) was particularly politically active, including as Land Marshal of Lower Austria . Abbot Ernest Hauswirth , a historian, wrote the works on the history of the monastery that are still relevant today. Abbot Hermann Peichl was President of the Vienna Catholic Academy , Abbots Bonifaz Sellinger and Heinrich Ferenczy were both first chairmen of the Austrian Conference of Superiors .
Some monks of the monastery also held positions at the University of Vienna. The philologist Meinrad Lichtensteiner and the pastoral theologian Anselm Ricker were rectors of the university. Deans of the Catholic Theological Faculty were Ricker, the dogmatist Adrian Gretsch , the orientalist Andreas Oberleitner , the philologist Paul Hofmann and the church historians Bernhard Wagner and Cölestin Wolfsgruber ; Besides Lichtensteiner, the dean of the philosophical faculty was the natural scientist Sigismund Gschwandner . Other university lecturers in Vienna were the philosopher Vincenz Knauer and most recently the Old Testament scholar Georg Braulik . The biblical scholar Friedrich Wagl was rector of the University of Graz .
Some of the priests who taught at the Schottengymnasium were also scientifically active. They include the historian Albert Hübl , the philologists Maurus Schinnagl , Heinrich Maschek and Paulus Lieger as well as the German scholars Berthold Sengschmitt , Hugo Mareta and Meinrad Sadil . Karlmann Pachschmidt and Theodor Zwettler gained importance as musicians . Honorius Kraus , Urban Loritz , Hermann Schubert and Adolf Kern stand out in pastoral care . With Othmar Helferstorfer, Clemens Kickh and Cölestin Wolfsgruber, the Schottenstift also provided the court preacher at the Vienna court chapel for over 70 years . The priests Edmund Götz and Stephan Fellner were politically active as Viennese councilors .
But not only in the monastery itself, there are also important personalities in its surroundings. The writing activities of the Schott schoolmaster Wolfgang Schmeltzl fell into the middle of the 16th century , his successor was Johann Rasch . Around 1700 the great baroque musician Johann Joseph Fux was a monastery organist, and Johann Baptist Henneberg held the same position . The later court conductor Joseph von Eybler and Ignaz Aßmayer served as the Schottenstift's rain choir . The lawyer Christoph Sonnleithner was court judge of the monastery.
Incorporated parishes
Today the Schottenstift includes the parishes of St. Ulrich , Breitenlee , Enzersfeld , Kleinengersdorf , Gaweinstal , Höbersbrunn , Schottenfeld , Stammersdorf , Enzersdorf im Thale and Eggendorf im Thale ; Not all of them, however, receive pastoral care from Scottish Fathers. The parishes of Gumpendorf , Laab , Martinsdorf , Platt , Pulkau , Waitzendorf , Watzelsdorf and Zellerndorf no longer belong to the Schottenkloster .
Museum in the Schottenstift
The former prelature of the Schottenstift today houses the museum in the Schottenstift , in which exhibits from the various collections of the abbey are exhibited ( paintings , furniture , tapestries , vestments and liturgical implements , manuscripts and prints ).
The main attraction is the Vienna Scots Altar , a winged altar created by the so-called Master of the Vienna Scots Altar from 1469 , which should have served as the high altar of the Schottenkirche until the 17th century . This is not only an important work of art from the late Gothic period in Austria, but also an important historical source of images due to its detailed and topographically correct city views of Vienna and Krems as background landscapes.
The focus of the painting collection is on Flemish , Dutch and Austrian painting of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries as well as on Viennese Biedermeier painting . In addition to religious representations ( Peter Paul Rubens , Joachim Beuckelaer , Marten de Vos , Orazio Samacchini , Jan Cossiers , Tobias Pock , Johann Spillenberger , Johann Heiss , Peter Strudel , Giovanni Battista Pittoni , Franz Christoph Janneck , Franz Anton Maulbertsch , Franz Josef Dobiaschofsky) ) also portraits ( Christopher Paudiß , Christian Seybold ), landscape painting ( Gillis van Coninxloo , Joos de Momper , Maximilian Joseph Schinnagl , Christian Hilfgott Brand , Johann Leonhard Herrlein , Albert Christoph Dies , Jakob Alt , Thomas Ender , Luigi Bisi ), still lifes ( Carstian Luyckx , Alexander Coosemans , Nicolaes van Verendael , Franz Werner Tamm , Philipp von Purgau , Johann Baptist Drechsler , Johann Knapp ) and genre painting ( Simon de Vos , Cornelis Bega , Egbert van Heemskerk , Jan van der Bent , Adriaen de Gryeff , Jan Pieter van Bredael , Johann Peter Krafft ). The former baroque high altar painting Heavenly Glory (1671) by Joachim von Sandrart can be seen in the prelate hall .
Documentation on the history of the monastery and the monastery parishes as well as a natural history cabinet can also be viewed . Only on guided tours is available after plans Joseph Kornhäusels built neoclassical library of the monastery.
Street names
In Vienna, some streets, alleys, squares and parts of the district are or were named after the Schottenstift and individual abbots and monks: Schottenbastei , Schottengasse , Schottenring , Schottentor , Schottenviertel , Freyung and Helferstorferstraße (formerly Schottensteig) in the inner city ; Schottenfeld , Schottenfeldgasse , Hermanngasse , Sigmundsgasse , Spindlergasse (today Döblergasse), Urban-Loritz-Platz and Zitterhofergasse on the new building ; Neuschottengasse (today part of Piaristengasse), Schottentorgasse (today Florianigasse), Bennogasse and Bennoplatz in Josefstadt ; Schottenpoint , Schottenberg or Schottenbühel (today Berggasse), Schottenau and Neuer Schottenfriedhof on Alsergrund ; Schottenwald and Schottenhof in Penzing ; On the Schottenwiese and Schottenhof (Ottakringer Freihof) in Ottakring ; Wolfsgrubergasse in Döbling ; as well as Schottenau and Schottenaustraße in Brigittenau .
Trivia
On October 7, 1994, the Austrian Post issued a definitive stamp from the series of works of art from monasteries and monasteries in Austria with the Scottish Madonna as a motif worth 30.00 Schilling . As early as November 28, 1975, a Christmas stamp with a section of the Nativity panel from the Viennese Schotten Altar as a motif worth 2.00 shillings appeared.
literature
- Martin Czernin (ed.): Museum in the Schottenstift. Art collection of the Benedictine Abbey of Our Lady of the Scots in Vienna . Vienna 2009, ISBN 3-902344-11-3 .
- Helmut Flachenecker : Schottenklöster. Irish Benedictine convents in high medieval Germany (sources and research from the field of history NS 18), Paderborn et al. 1995.
- Franz Goldhann (ed.): Gülten book of the Schottenkloster in Vienna v. J. 1314-1327 . In: Sources and research on patriotic history, literature and art. Braumüller, Vienna 1849, pp. 163–208.
- Ernest Hauswirth : Outline of a history of the Benedictine abbey ULF to the Scots . Vienna 1858.
- Ernest Hauswirth (Ed.): Documents of the Benedictine Abbey of Our Lady of the Scots in Vienna from 1158 to 1418 (= Historical Commission of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna (Ed.): Fontes Rerum Austriacarum. Austrian historical sources. 2. department: Diplomataria et acta . band 18 ). Quays. can Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1859 ( archive.org ).
- Albert Hübl : History of teaching in the Schotten Abbey in Vienna . Carl Fromme, Vienna 1907.
- Albert Hübl: Building history of the Schotten Abbey in Vienna . In: Reports and communications from the Alterthums-Verein zu Wien . Vol. 46/47, 1914, pp. 35-88.
- Robert Kramreiter: The Schottengruft in Vienna. Grave of Heinrich Jasomirgott and Count Rüdiger von Starhemberg . Vienna 1962.
- Cölestin Roman Rapf: The Schottenstift . (= Viennese history books; vol. 13). Zsolnay, Vienna and Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-552-02607-X .
- Cölestin Roman Rapf, Heinrich Ferenczy : Vienna, Schotten . In: Ulrich Faust, Waltraud Krassnig (arrangement): Germania Benedictina III / 3: The Benedictine monasteries and nunneries in Austria and South Tyrol . Eos, St. Ottilien 2002, ISBN 3-8306-7091-5 , pp. 779-817.
- Stefan Weber : Irish on the continent. The life of Marianus Scottus of Regensburg and the beginnings of the Irish “Schottenklöster” , Heidelberg 2010.
- Ales Zelenka, Walter Sauer: The coats of arms of the Viennese Schottenabte . Vienna 1971.
- Marlies Schacherl: The conversion of the Vienna Schottenstift and its interiors by Joseph Kornhäusel , 2008, diploma thesis at the University of Vienna, online (PDF)
Web links
- Website of the Schottenstift in Vienna
- Entry on Das Schottenstift in the Austria Forum (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
- Documents (1158-1702) (documents of the Schottenstift) in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
Individual evidence
- ↑ This can be seen from the abbot's seals.
- ↑ Arthur Saliger: The Viennese Schottenmeister . Prestel, Munich – Berlin – London – New York 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3495-6 .
- ^ Christmas stamp 1975 in the Austrian Post's philately shop
Coordinates: 48 ° 12 ′ 45 ″ N , 16 ° 21 ′ 54 ″ E