Kalmykia

Subject of the Russian Federation Republic of Kalmykia - Chalmg Tangtsch Республика Калмыкия - Хальмг Тангч ( Russian ) Хальмг Таңһч ( Kalmyk ) flag coat of arms Federal district Southern Russia surface 74,731  km² population 289,481 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) Population density 3.9 inhabitants / km² Capital Elista Official languages Kalmuck , Russian Ethnic composition Kalmyks (57.4%) Russians (30.2%) Dargins (2.6%) Kazakhs (1.7%) Chechens (1.2%) (as of 2010) head Batu Sergeyevich Khasikov Founded March 31, 1992 (November 4, 1920) anthem Kalmuck hymn Time zone UTC + 3 Telephone prefixes (+7) 847xx Postcodes 358000-359999 License Plate 08 OKATO 85 ISO 3166-2 RU-KL Website www.kalm.ru

Coordinates: 46 ° 30 '  N , 44 ° 45'  E

Kalmykia , also Kalmykia and Kalmykia ( Russian Калмыкия ; Kalmyk Хальмг Таңһч Chal'mg Tangghtsch ) since 1992, an autonomous republic in the southern part of European Russia .

Kalmykia is the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the predominant religion. This is also symbolized by the flag of Kalmykia .

Geography and climate

Kalmykia is located on the northwest coast of the Caspian Sea and consists mainly of steppe . In the south lies the Manytn lowlands . As a result of poorly planned and implemented irrigation projects Kalmykia since the 1960s greatly from desertification (is desertification ) affected. In the meantime, the republic is referred to as the “first desert in Europe”.

The climate is continental - summer is hot and dry, winter is little snow, sometimes very frosty. These climatic properties worsen from west to east.

population

Ethno-linguistic map of the Caucasus region and Kalmykia

The Kalmyks are a Mongolian people who arrived and settled in the Lower Volga area in the early 17th century . They are the only majority Buddhist people in Europe .

Another significant minority are the Meshetes (2010: 3675 people). Smaller ethnic groups within the republic are the Tatars (2002: 1076 people) and the Belarusians (2002: 857 people).

Portions of this article appear since 2010 is out of date to be .
Please help to research and insert the missing information .

Ethnic group	VZ 1926		VZ 1939		VZ 1959		VZ 1970		VZ 1979		VZ 1989		VZ 2002		VZ 2010 1
	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%
Kalmyks	107.026	75.6%	107,315	48.6%	64,882	35.1%	110.264	41.1%	122.167	41.5%	146.316	45.4%	155.938	53.3%	162,740	57.4%
Russians	15,212	10.7%	100,814	45.7%	103,349	55.9%	122,757	45.8%	125,510	42.6%	121,531	37.7%	98.115	33.6%	85.712	30.2%
Darginer	0	0.0%	k. Ang.	?,?%	608	0.3%	4,961	1.9%	8,590	2.9%	12,878	4.0%	7,295	2.5%	7,590	2.6%
Kazakhs	193	0.1%	2.711	1.2%	8,550	4.6%	7,095	2.7%	6.132	2.1%	6.277	1.9%	5.011	1.7%	4,948	1.7%
Chechens	0	0.0%	10	0.0%	k. Ang.	?,?%	4,791	1.8%	8,100	2.8%	8,239	2.6%	5,979	2.0%	3,343	1.2%
Avars	0	0.0%	k. Ang.	?,?%	192	0.1%	863	0.3%	1.941	0.7%	3,871	1.2%	2,305	0.8%	2,396	0.8%
Ukrainians	14,606	10.3%	1,127	0.5%	1,589	0.9%	3,346	1.3%	3,706	1.3%	4,069	1.3%	2,505	0.9%	1,531	0.5%
Korean	0	0.0%	6th	0.0%	51	0.0%	284	0.1%	1,073	0.4%	643	0.2%	1,049	0.4%	1,342	0.5%
German	2,603	1.8%	4,150	1.9%	1,547	0.8%	5,212	1.9%	5,509	1.9%	5,586	1.7%	1,643	0.6%	1,071	0.4%
Other	1,954	1.4%	4,551	2.1%	4,089	2.2%	8,420	3.1%	11,799	4.0%	13,169	4.1%	12,570	4.3%	18.808	6.5%
Residents	141,594	100%	220,684	100%	184,857	100%	267.993	100%	294,527	100%	322,579	100%	292.410	100%	289,481	100%
1 5,790 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group. These people are probably distributed in the same proportion as the ethnically classified inhabitants.

The official languages ​​are Kalmuck and Russian . The republic is extremely sparsely populated with an average of 3.7 inhabitants per square kilometer.

history

After the collapse of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kalmuck Khan's accession to the Russian Empire was sealed by an agreement. In 1609 the Kalmyk Khanate was founded.

Kalmyks and Torghuud rulers

• Khu Urluk 1616-1643
• Daichin (abdicated around 1661) and Louzang († 1659)
• Puntsuk
• Ayuki 1669-1724
• ...
• Ubashi 1761-1771 / 5

During the Soviet era , Kalmykia received the status of an Autonomous Region on November 4, 1920, and an Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on October 22, 1935 . Under the Soviets the clergy and priests were persecuted and the temples (over 100) destroyed. In the German-Soviet war , most of Kalmykia was conquered by the German armed forces in July 1942 and subsequently, with the help of Prince Nikolai Tundutow , a Kalmuck cavalry corps with 3000 to 5000 volunteer Kalmucks was set up to fight on the side of the Germans. In December 1942, the Red Army recaptured the area.

In 1943 the republic was dissolved. The entire people of the Kalmyks were deported to the Asian part of the Soviet Union on charges of collaboration with the Germans , the republic capital Elista was renamed Stepnoi and the Kalmyks were removed from the list of peoples of the Soviet Union. After the rehabilitation of the Kalmyks, the city was renamed Elista again; on January 9, 1957, the area again became an Autonomous Oblast and again an Autonomous Republic ( ASSR ) within the RSFSR on July 29, 1958, and the Kalmyks returned home. After the dissolution of the USSR , Kalmykia retained its autonomous status as a republic within the Russian Federation (Federation Treaty of March 31, 1992 with Russia). Kirsan Ilyumschinov was President of the Republic from 1993 to 2010 . The parliament of the republic is called Volks- Chural , which refers to the Mongolian tradition of Kalmykia. On October 24, 2010 Alexei Orlov became the new head (president) of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Administrative division

The republic is divided into 13 Rajons and an urban district , which is the capital Elista. A total of two urban and 112 rural communities are subordinate to the Rajons.

	Surname	Name (russian)	Name (Kalmyk)	Residents	Area (km²)	Population density (inh / km²)	Urban population	Rural population	Administrative headquarters	Number of urban communities	Number of rural communities	location
I.	Elista	Элиста	Элст	106,966	208	514	103.053	3,913		1	4th
1	Gorodovikovsk	Городовиковский район	Башнтан район	17,268	1,099	15.7	9,480	7,788	Gorodovikovsk	1	6th
2	Iki-burul	Ики-Бурульский район	Ик Бурла район	11,065	6.363	1.7	-	11,065	Iki-burul	-	13
12	Yashalta	Яшалтинский район	Яшлтан район	16,676	2,416	6.9	-	16,676	Yashalta	-	11
13	Yashkul	Яшкульский район	Яшкулин район	14,519	11,669	1.2	-	14,519	Yashkul	-	13
11	Justa	Юстинский район	Юстан район	10,312	7,996	1.3	-	10,312	Zagan Aman	-	7th
3	Kettschenery	Кетченеровский район	Көтчнрә район	10,379	6,548	1.6	-	10,379	Kettschenery	-	9
4th	Lagan	Лаганский район	Лаганя район	19,189	4,685	4.1	13,770	5,419	Lagan	1	4th
5	Malyje Derbety	Малодербетовский район	Баһ Дөрвдә район	10.186	3,666	2.8	-	10.186	Malyje Derbety	-	6th
6th	Oktyabrsky	Октябрьский район	Октябрин район	8,940	3,686	2.4	-	8,940	Bolshoi Zaryn	-	7th
7th	Prijutnoye	Приютненский район	Приютнин район	11,561	3.110	3.7	-	11,561	Prijutnoye	-	8th
8th	Sarpinski	Сарпинский район	Сарпан район	13,307	3,738	3.6	-	13,307	Sadovoye	-	9
10	Chernozemelsky	Черноземельский район	Хар Һазра район	12,847	14,192	0.9	-	12,847	Komsomolski	-	8th
9	Zelinny	Целинный район	Целинн район	19,951	5,258	3.8	-	19,951	Troitskoye	-	11

Remarks:

1. ↑ Number of the Rajons / District (Rajons in alphabetical order of their names in Russian )
2. ^ City district

Cities

The only major city in Kalmykia is the capital Elista . The next largest towns are the two other cities of the republic, Lagan and Gorodowikowsk , as well as (with over 5000 inhabitants each in 2010) the district administrative centers of Troitskoye , Yashkul , Sadowoje , Malyje Derbety , Zagan Aman , Prijutnoje and Bolshoi Zaryn .

Cities

city	Russian	Kalmuck	Residents (October 14, 2010)
Elista	Элиста	Элст	103,749
Gorodovikovsk	Городовиковск	Башнта	9,565
Lagan	Лагань	Лагань	14,323

politics

The chairman of the executive is the head of Kalmykia, who is elected by the people of Kalmykia. Until 2010, the designation of the office holders in the governor function of the Russian republics was president, since then they have also been called head in Kalmykia. The legislature of the republic is the Kalmyk People's Chural ; the word Chural refers to the Kurultais in the Mongolian Empire , since the Kalmyks are a Mongolian people as the titular nation . The Parliament is elected every five years to complete.

economy

The republic is predominantly agricultural . Only in the capital Elista is there any industry . Oil and gas deposits in the coastal area of ​​the Caspian Sea are resources for foreign exchange .

National sport

Kirsan Ilyumschinow , who ruled Kalmykia as president from 1993 to 2010, tried to establish chess as a national sport of Kalmykia . Chess is taught to children from an early age; it is a regular subject at school .

literature

• Georgi Watschnadze, Russia without censorship. A balance sheet. Frankfurt am Main 1993, on Kalmückien pp. 202-205; polpred.com (PDF; 2.2 MB - older text describing the events of the early 1990s)
• Joachim Hoffmann : Deutsche und Kalmyken 1942–1945 , Volume 14 of the individual publications on the military history of the Second World War , published by the Military History Research Office . Verlag Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1977, ISBN 3-7930-0173-3

Web links

Commons : Kalmykia  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Kalmykia: News (German)
• The Kalmyk government website (English)
• Russia's Republic of Kalmykia plans mass migration . University of Kassel, peace research
• English and Russian short messages from Kawkaski Usel from Kalmykia

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
3. ↑ Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census). 
4. ↑ Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010. ( MS Excel ; Russian)
5. ↑ Newspapers-and-magazines-foreign-unit-and-parties ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
6. ↑ Hans Schafranek , Robert Streibel : June 22, 1941: The attack on the Soviet Union. Picus Verlag, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-85452-224-X , p. 136
7. ^ Isabelle Kreindler The Soviet Deportated Nationalities: A Summary and an Update. In: Soviet Studies , Volume 38, No. 3, July 1986, pp. 394 f.
8. ↑ Population figures 2010 ( MS Excel ; 562 kB) at the Federal Service for State Statistics of Russia (calculation as of January 1)
9. ↑ GEO 05-2011 p. 116 ff.