Rees history list

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Chronology of the history of Rees and its districts and the surrounding area (up to 1700)

Last glacial period

Characteristic of the Young Pleistocene in Europe are the Vistula / Würm glacial periods (here compared to the older Saale / Riss complex ). The glacier advances were interrupted by warmer periods in which the Neanderthals spread beyond the permafrost limit to the north and northeast. From around 40,000 BC. The Cro-Magnon humans , who also immigrated from Africa , settled in these areas.

Mesolithic

  • Evidence of human life in what is now the city of Xanten are antler hooks found in the Obermörmter area that date from the end of the Mesolithic Age (approx. 9600 to 6400 BC).

Neolithic

  • Neolithic graves, stone tools and pottery products are found in the city ​​center of Xanten , and Neolithic axes in the villages of Wardt and Vynen .
  • During construction work on the motorway (A 3) in 1961, remains of grave goods (broken cups, daggers) from the end of the Neolithic (4000 years ago) were discovered on Colettenberg / Wittenhorst near Haldern (today part of Rees ).

Bronze age

Iron age

  • Traces of a permanent settlement in Xanten can be found on the site of the Archaeological Park and come from the Iron Age .

800 to 450 BC Chr.

  • 800 BC Settlement from the earlier Iron Age in today's Kevelaer (fountain, urn finds)
  • 800–450 BC During construction work on the Autobahn (A 3) in 1961, the remains of a settlement from the Hallstatt period (800 to 450 BC) were discovered on Colettenberg / Wittenhorst near Haldern (today part of the Rees city area ). In the Diersfordter Wald there is a barrow field from the same time.

450 BC Until the year 0

  • Traces of human activity in the area of ​​today's Mehrhoog go back to the Latène period (450 BC to the year 0).

Period of the Romans and Teutons on the Lower Rhine (approx. 50 BC to approx. 350 AD)

Roman road network of the Lower Rhine - Germania Inferior
  • 19-12 / 10 BC. Construction of the Roman camp Noviomagus on the Hunnerberg in today's Nijmegen (Netherlands) for two Roman legions
  • 17/16 BC devastating defeat of the Roman governor Marcus Lollilus ( Clades Lolliana , 5th Legion) against the Teutons
  • 13/12 BC Rhine offensive under Emperor Augustus , construction of the Vetera I camp (13/12 BC to 70 AD) on the so-called Fürstenberg near Birten ,
  • Room Xanten from now on always the location of at least one legion .
  • 12 BC Drusus begins his offensive .
  • 7 BC The Sugambrers , a West Germanic tribe from the Lower Rhine, settled on the left bank of the Rhine on the Maas .
Location of the legionary camps Vetera I and II, as well as the Colonia Ulpia Traiana; see also the then and now course of the river
  • 40 South of the Monreberg in Kalkar, a cavalry unit of around 480 men is stationed in the Roman auxiliary troops fort Burginatium (Altkalkar).
  • 41–52 AD. Fort I of the Roman camp Steincheshof is built at the time of Emperor Claudius . Neighboring fortifications were Quadriburgium (Fort Qualburg near Bedburg-Hau) and Burginatium ( Altkalkar ).
  • around 50 Germanic tribes Bataver , Chamaver ( Hamaland ) and Brukterer live on the lower Lower Rhine.
  • 50 Cologne receives city rights
  • 67/68 Uprising of the Batavians , destruction of the Vetera I camp (Fürstenberg / Birten)
  • Roman camp (14 hectares) with several parallel trenches, signs of an unusually strong fortification, northwest of Till-Moyland (only discovered from the air in 2015)
  • after 69 the camp Vetera II. is established (71 AD to 275/276 AD)
  • after 69 Kastell II of the Roman camp Steincheshof is built.
  • 98/99 Colonia Ulpia Traiana, Colonia status, 73 hectares
  • 2nd century The heyday of the Roman Colonia Ulpia Traiana (Xanten)
  • City of Zutphen (now the Netherlands) already existed in Roman times.
  • The Roman Empire is unstable internally and is threatened from outside.
  • 275/276 End of camp Vetera II.
  • At the end of the 3rd century Colonia Ulpia Traiana is overrun by the Franks a . destroyed.
  • Colonia Ulpia Traiana shrinks (nine central districts, approx. 30 hectares - insulae), strong fortifications
  • Urban life is extinguished in the Roman city (Xanten).

Period of the Franks (Merovingians, Carolingians) on the Lower Rhine (approx. 350 to 850)

Map with the classic idea of ​​an expansion of two large Franconian tribes called Salfranken and Rheinfranken
  • 357 Salfranken first attested; could originally have been based in Salland in the Dutch province of Overijssel . In 358 they cross the Rhine to the southwest and invade the Roman Empire via the Betuwe
  • 5th century Chattuarian Franks begin to settle in the Xanten area.
  • Franks settle on farmsteads outside the Roman city (Xanten); Descendants of the Roman provincial population (" Romans ") had to come to terms with the Franks.
  • 5th century Frankensiedlung (cemetery) in Wardt (Xanten). (former Nederwick farm).
  • Small memorial buildings are being built above the burial ground in the south of the city of Colonia Ulpia Traiana (Xanten); two graves there are believed to be martyrs' graves (ad santos = to the saints - Xanten).
  • 496 Battle of Zülpich ( Salfranken / Rheinfranken fight against Alemanni ).
  • around 500 A sword fragment is recovered from a gravel pit east of Wissel .
  • 6th to 9th century The settlement of Bislich begins in the early Middle Ages ( Merovingian , burial ground)
  • around 500–800 AD The Franconian settlement of Rees is built on an elevated point, a “ward” . The name is said to go back to “Rys” = rice = Rees (willow trees with reeds).
  • around 550 to 9th century Remains of grave finds (near Kevelaer); Broken fragments
Holy Willibrord. Illumination, Trier around 1000
  • 7th century Elaborate burials in Bislich , u. a. Dig a woman's with a cart.
  • 7th century Settlement of Altkalkar
  • Middle of the 7th century First settlement in Wesel (Christians are buried in wooden coffins).
  • 7th / 8th Jht. Franconian homestead (weaving hut / weaving cellar / screona) on the dune ridge of the Colettenberg (near Haldern , today in Rees).
  • 657-735 The Lower Rhine is Christianized by the Anglo-Saxon monk Willibrord .
  • 8th century The origin of today's city of Wesel is assumed to be a Franconian manor, which was located in the area of ​​today's grain market. At the beginning of the 8th century, a copy of a document in the Echternach monastery first mentioned the name " Wesele ".
  • around 700 Willibrord founds the Emmerich mission station in the diocese of Utrecht and consecrated the first St. Martin's Church .
  • 700 Construction of a small wooden church in Rees , whose patron is St. Dentlinus (member of the Merovingian royal family).
Hueth Castle (front view with bridge and round tower)
  • before 750 Merovingian crown property in Mehr (Zur Rose), today part of Rees.
  • 8th to 12th century Such a large number of finds come from a gravel pit east of Wissel that one suspects the location of the original settlement, which slipped into the Rhine during a disaster and forced Wissel to be relocated to its current location.
  • 752 A Carolingian church can be found in the city center of Xanten. Around the second half of the 8th century a monastery was established in honor of Viktor .
  • 750–800 To protect the Rees area against enemy attacks, King Charlemagne built the houses / castles Bellinghoven , Sonsfeld , Aspel , Empel , Hueth (all of which are now part of the Rees urban area) and Offenberg (Emmerich- Praest ).
  • 799-810 The settlement belonging to the cemetery in Bislich is possibly identical to the place Lippeham , which Charlemagne visited several times between 799 and 810.
  • End of the 8th century Probable Carolingian foundation of the church in bees (today at Rees)

The city of Rees - a pawn of history

Rees belongs to the Duchy of Lorraine / Lower Lorraine (843-1050 - Lothar, Ludwig, Otto )

  • 828 Villa Embrici ( Emmerich ) is first mentioned in a document.
  • 843 Treaty of Verdun (division of the Franconian Empire): The Lower Rhine falls under the Kingdom of Lothar I.
  • 863 Invasion of the Lower Rhine region by the Normans ; in the wake of pillage and devastation.
  • 864 Viking raid on Xanten.
  • 870 Treaty of Mersen (Meerssen) - division of Lotharingen (Duchy of Lorraine) after the death of Lothar II.
  • 899 Esserden (Rees) is first mentioned in a document.
  • 10th century Duisburg becomes royal palace . At least 18 royal stays in the 10th century are documented. In 929 an imperial synod took place in the city.
  • Castle with settlement in Kleve (Cleve).
  • 903 At the northern entrance to the church of bees , it means that the Church St. Lambertus is consecrated in 903 on the feast of St. Lambertus.
  • 945 Luitgart , a daughter of Otto the Great, bequeaths the former Merovingian Crown Estate Curtis in Mere (farmyard to Mehr ) to the Xanten provost . This farm is considered to be the namesake of the village of Mehr. From this courtyard, the provost's office developed the largest of six subordinate courts ( Oberhof zu Mehr).
  • 950 Count Richizo von Zutphen , son of Count Adalbert vom Saargau , uncle of Emperor Heinrich III , becomes Lord of Aspel and Rees along with the church and court of Rees.
  • 959 The Duchy of Lorraine is divided into Lower Lorraine , which includes the Lower Rhine, and Upper Lorraine .
Expansion of the Xanten archdeaconate in the 11th century
  • 11th century The Munna fortress is built near Kalkar (predecessor of Monterberg Castle ).
  • around 1000 Central nave of the Oberhof's own chapel in Mehr is built.
  • around 1000 The future Countess Irmgardis von Aspel is born.
  • around 1000 Aspel Castle is mentioned.
  • 1000 Reeser church cremated by lightning bolt.
  • 1003 Countess Adela von Uplage donated the Deutz Abbey for the salvation of her soul, the “Rynwick” farm belonging to her son Meinwerk , Bishop of Paderborn , as well as the Emporium - the Rees trading center with the houses on the south side of the market square.
  • 1011/12 Godizo, father of Irmgardis and Irmtrudis von Aspel and Heimbach , dies. Gerhard III, Count of Metz , “Mosellanus” becomes the guardian of the two daughters . But he gives the Aspeler Castle to Balderich and sends his ward with their mother to Hengebach Castle in Heimbach. Godizo's widow marries the knight Gevehard (Gerhard) von Monterberg , who then reclaims Aspel Castle from Balderich. However, he did not release the system until it was arrested at Monterberg Castle near Kalkar .
  • 1016 Emperor Heinrich II is said to have visited his relatives at their Aspel Castle.
  • around 1020 Kleve (Cleve) becomes a county.
  • 1020/24 First mention of Aspel Castle (in De diversitate temporum by the monk Alpert of Metz). It is one of the earliest structures in the Rhineland. Mention of a Godizo, Count von Aspel and Heimbach, whose castle Aspel is besieged.
  • 1031 The Hafti (Haffen) settlement is mentioned in writing for the first time. At that time the settlement was part of the Renen parish. The location of the church of Renen cannot be precisely located today. We know that it was near the Rhine and that it was destroyed by flooding.
  • After the mother's death, the eldest daughter Irmgard becomes the mistress of Aspel.
  • 1040 Countess Irmgardis built a Romanesque stone church over the graves of her parents, which was consecrated to St. Mary by Archbishop Dassellius of Cologne. (Rees, Assumption of Mary)
  • 1040 Irmgard von Aspel has a new house of worship built over the graves of her parents in Rees and founds a canon monastery there, which is dedicated to Our Lady. The pen forms the nucleus for the development of the city. The introduction of the market, which is created by the growth in the number of merchants and craftsmen, is also of decisive importance for Rees. This is where rural supply functions and local businesses come together.
  • 1040 First fortification in Rees (= ring wall with a diameter of 300 meters), comprises the north side of the Reeser Markt, Dellstrasse, Gouverneursstrasse, Oberstadt and Wasserstrasse.
  • 1040 St. Martini Church in Emmerich , foundation building of a three-aisled tufa basilica with an eastern transept and the three-aisled choir. In the west there is a two-tower facade.
  • 1048 Stiftsschule, also known as the Latin School in Rees (exists until 1848).
  • 1049 Pope Leo IX , Irmgard's uncle von Aspel, is said to have been a guest in Aspel.

Rees belongs to Kurköln (1050-1321)

  • 1050 Irmgard von Aspel donates her property (Rees and Aspel) to the Archbishop of Cologne .
  • 1057 Archbishop Anno II of Cöln confirms the appointment of Countess Irminthrudis, whereby she subordinates the provostry at Rees to the archbishop's church, as well as transferring her servants in that area to wax interest, along with all other goods.
  • 1064 The Lords of Bergh ('s-Heerenbergh) are mentioned in writing.
  • 1064 When Irmgard died childless (before 1064) she was succeeded by her younger sister Irmtrud as lord of the castle, whose daughter from her marriage to Rupert I was Saint Irmgard von Süchteln.
  • 1070 Wissel is first mentioned in a document.
House Aspel from the northeast, today
  • around 1075 Irmtrud bequeathed her possessions in Rees, Aspel and Haldern to the Cologne bishopric, making Aspel the northernmost base of Kurköln , which used the complex as a state castle in the fight against the Counts of Kleve.
  • 1079 In Rees, the right to mint is connected with the market right , established in Rees by the Archbishops of Cologne, confirmed in a document by Archbishop Sigewin (1079-89). One of 20 coins from Rees found in Prague in 1894 bears the year 1089; all coins are in the Berlin coin cabinet .
  • 1081 Countess Irmgard von Aspel zu Cologne dies; she finds her final resting place in Cologne Cathedral .
  • 1092 First documented mention of Kleve (Cleve).
  • Dating tufa west tower in St. Lambertus (bees).
  • 1107 Pope Paschal II confirms the possession of St. Amand Abbey in Esserden (near Rees).
  • 1112 Archbishop Friederich von Cöln gives the collegiate church of Rees the right to grief and a mansus , then the red tenth of the high forest in the district of Dernau .
  • 1122 patronage of the church of St. Lambertus in bees (Byenen) above the Rhine (Bienener today Old Rhine) on the trade route from Wesel to Arnhem .
  • 1142 The Archbishop of Cologne , Arnold of Cologne, confirms, as city lord, that Rees, Wesel, Xanten, Emmerich , Elten , Doetinchem and Schmithausen are both free from customs duties . The mutual exemption from market duty or other charges negotiated in the “Reeser Privilege” proves that u. a. In Rees a not small number of merchants must have lived and between the above places there is an economic interdependence based on market traffic (long before the emergence of the Hanseatic League ).
  • 1153 visited Aspel Castle: Archbishop Arnold II von Wied stayed in Aspel that year. The document from which this issue emerges is also the oldest documentary evidence for the Aspeler Castle.
  • 1159 Pope Adrian IV confirms the named rights and possessions of the Rees monastery in Aspel, Bergswick, Boegen, Birten, Borth, Brück, Dernau ad Ahr, Emmerich, Haldern , Hülm, Hüthum , Isselburg , Königswinter , Küdinghoven , Menzeln, Millingen , Ossenberg, Rees
  • 1167 The canons' monastery and today's Romanesque church in Wissel are first mentioned in a document.
  • 1169 Mention of a Herr von Sulen "en Anholt " as a feudal man of the Utrecht bishop Gottfried von Rhenen . The first demonstrable castle complex includes the eleven-meter-wide, round keep , a small residential building and a wall ring . The entrance to the keep is a high entrance , is seven meters above the current pavement of the inner courtyard and is only accessible via rope ladders. The moated castle Anholt was probably built to protect the extensive diocese territories.
  • 1190 Philip I von Heinsberg had the castle renewed in 1190 and a courtyard building erected.

Time of the city founding - Rees and the places in Westphalia and on the lower Rhine receive city rights

  • 1145 Kaiserswerth becomes an imperial city .
  • 1188 Rees is an important merchant settlement, which is known as an oppidum , as a defended place - (probably a trench-defended wall with a palisade).
  • 1190 Neuss is officially designated as a city for the first time, and Heinrich VI. confirms that the archbishopric cities of Cologne and Neuss are free of duty for Kaiserswerth. The large city ​​wall with five gates was built around 1200 . Archbishop Philip I confirmed the city's privileges in 1222 .
  • shortly after 1200 expansion of the Romanesque tower of the Oberhof's own chapel in Mehr ( Zur Rose )
  • 1206 Documentary mention of Gerard von Bellinghoven (Bellinghoven Castle)
  • 1220 Oberhof's own chapel (Zur Rose) stands on the site of today's church in Mehr.
  • 1222 Bocholt receives city ​​rights through Dietrich III. von Isenberg , (also Prince-Bishop Dietrich III. von Münster ).
  • 1226 Borken receives city rights through Dietrich III. from Isenberg.
  • 14.7.1228 The Archbishop of Cologne Heinrich von Müllenark (also Molenark) makes Rees a city , it receives the same privileges and rights as Neuss in Cologne, making it the oldest city on the Lower Rhine. Rees has around 150 buildings and around 600 residents.
  • July 15, 1228 Archbishop Heinrich von Molenark gives Xanten city ​​rights , primarily to underline his territorial claims against the Counts of Cleves .
  • 1229 Geldern receives city rights .
  • 1230 Under Henry VII , Nijmegen becomes a free imperial city . In 1247 the city came into the hands of Gelderland : Count Otto II of Gelderland received the city as a pledge from the Roman-German King Wilhelm II (who was also Count of Holland). Because the fief cannot be released, it remains in the possession of the Lords of Geldern from now on.
  • 1233 Emmerich becomes imperial city (by Otto von Geldern and Zutphen)
  • 1233 Count Otto II von Geldern granted Arnhem town charter .
  • 1233 Rheinberg receives city rights .
  • 1236 Count Otto II von Geldern granted Doetinchem town charter .
  • 1238 Aspel Castle is captured and destroyed by Count Dietrich von Kleve . Archbishop troops can recapture the castle for the bishopric and drive out the occupiers. In the subsequent peace agreement, Kleve had to undertake to pay for a new building. This takes place under the electoral Cologne bailiff Rupert von Swansbule (Schwansbell), who advances the enormous costs of 500 Cologne marks out of his own pocket and in return receives the customs rights from Neuss as well as the Volmarstein Castle and the "Insel bei Rees".
  • 1240 Haus Empel is first mentioned in a document in 1240 as the property of the knight Bernard von Rees. The moated castle was destroyed in 1945 and has not yet been rebuilt.
  • 6.4.1240 Archbishop Konrad of Cologne indicates that the judgment conveyed to him by Knight Bernhard von Rees contradicts common law, but conforms to the private law of the city of Rees, that the citizens there in dubious cases to Cologne and Neuss, the same Would be right, should recur.
  • 1240 Schledenhorst monastery near Haldern (Rees) is donated by the knight Bernard von Rees. In 1243 the Archbishop of Cologne took the nunnery under his protection. In 1249 it was accepted into the Cistercian order and placed under the spiritual care of the abbot of the Kamp monastery. The monastery is dissolved in 1806.
  • 1240 First fair in Rees.
  • 1241 Wesel receives city rights (by Dietrich von Cleve).
  • 1241 Great city ​​privilege . Archbishop Konrad of Cologne demands an annual interest of 6 Cologne denarii and an army succession from every dwelling in Rees up to only 4 miles from the city. In January and June, according to the forester's instructions, the citizens of Elsbruch may take their wood requirements. For a simple offense they pay the judge 7 solidi and 6 denarii of the Xanten coin, for a heavier one, depending on the type of offense . The income from the community is used to expand the city. During the three fairs, merchants and their goods are in arrest. Finally he frees the citizens of Cologne and Neuss from customs duties.
  • 1242 Kleve receives city rights .
  • 1242 Kalkar , founded around 1230 , (presumably) receives city rights .
  • 1243 The reconstruction of Aspel Castle is finished.
  • 1245 Conversion and extension of the collegiate church (Rees) to a five-aisled Gothic church with choir and gallery.
  • 1249 Archbishop Konrad confirms that the church in Haldern and the chapel in Aspel are subordinate to the Reeser collegiate church.
  • 1254 Grieth is expanded by the Klever Counts into a fortified port and trading center. They needed their own city on the Rhine. The city of Rees , only 7 km downstream, was under the rule of the Electorate of Cologne . Grieth receives from Count Dietrich VI. von Kleve 1254 city ​​rights , 1472 customs and stacking rights . In 1540 Grieth also became a member of the Hanseatic League of Cities .
  • 1256 Augustinian hermits found the Marienthal monastery east of Brünen near Beylar .
  • 1256 Wessel van den Boetzelaer and his sons are mentioned in a document. His family descends from the Counts of Galen and in the 13th and 14th centuries they were a very influential family on the Lower Rhine due to their extensive possessions.
  • 1257 Hof Till is mentioned for the first time. It is owned by the Klever Counts .
  • 1259 Sonsfeld Castle ( Haldern ) is first mentioned in a document.
  • 1260 Monterberg Castle (Monreberg) is (re) built south of the city of Kalkar and serves as a residence for the Counts of Kleve .
  • 1263 foundation stone laid for the construction of the Gothic St. Viktor Cathedral (completed 281 years later); becomes the center of the Lower Rhine Archdeaconate .
  • 1288 After the lost battle of Worringen , Siegfried von Westerburg had to pledge the castle Aspel to Adolf V, Count von Berg.
  • 1289 Archbishop Sifrid of Cologne leaves the city of Rees, whose fortifications are threatened by the rush of the Rhine, with the accise for the performance of a Rhine wall.

Construction of the first Rees city wall (1289 to 1350) and the city gates (1328 to 1540)

  • 1289/90 start of construction of the first city wall on the Rhine and southeast side of the city (Bärenwall, Rondell, Zoll- or Mommenturm)
  • 1292 A parish church in Till is mentioned, but it was probably already in the 9./10. Century existed, as the inscriptions of two today lost inscription stones testify. The baptismal font of the previous church around 1200 still exists today.
  • 1298 first mention of St. Lambertus Church (bees); later St. Cosmas and Damian.
  • 1299 Provost and dean of the cathedral monastery in Cöln determine as arbiter the public penance to be committed by knight Johann von Rees for insulting the local canons.
  • 1299 The whole Nyerstrasse (Upper Town) in Rees is cremated in a conflagration.
  • 1299 Archbishop Wichbolt von Cöln assigns the city of Rees the toll in Rees and Haldern until further notice in view of the fire accident and releases it for one year from the arrest of its citizens and their goods in its entire area.
  • 1300 Kevelaer is first mentioned in a document.
  • 1305 Death of Dietrich von Bellinghoven, completes construction of Bellinghoven Castle ( Motte )
  • 1307 Archbishop Heinrich II v. Cöln confirms to the city of Rees that it owns the pastures there, the Spyk field with the municipality's Rhine island and the brick country.
  • 1307 A courtyard fortified with moats and ramparts called Moyland is first mentioned in a document. In that year, the minister and later took Archdeacon of Liege , Jacob van den Eger, the investment of Count Otto of Cleves in leasehold .
  • 1318 Peter, Herr von Leck, undertakes to pay the Capital zu Rees, as patron of the church in Haldern, a fixed tithe of 100 Malter oats from the Bruche, which is now located near Schlosse Werde

Rees belongs to the county of Cleve (1321-1331)

  • 1321 Archbishop Heinrich II von Cöln made Peter Herr von Leck the Burgmann von Aspel and also enfeoffed him with a Bruche near Wittenhorst .
  • 1321/22 Burg Aspel, Rees, Kempen and Xanten come to Dietrich Luf III as security / pledge. von Kleve, from whom Archbishop Heinrich II of Virneburg (Cologne) had bought the castle and county of Hülchrath .
  • 1325 Castle Bellinghoven first mentioned in a document ( open house of Count Dietrich VIII. Von Kleve); Bellinghoven Castle Branch of the Oberhof in Mehr.
  • 1327 First mention of the hospital and inn in the brewery area in Rees.
  • 1328 Construction of the Rynwicker Gate (Rees).
  • 1331 The pledge (Burg Aspel, Rees, Kempen and Xanten) is redeemed again.

Rees belongs to the Archdiocese of Cöln (1331-1392)

  • 1334 Diersfordt Castle ( Wesel ) is first mentioned in a document.
  • 1338 (Rees) construction of the Steintor Oberstadt, construction of Delltor (Porta Lapidea / Steinpforte; led into the valley settlement - ter Deylen / Dell) and Falltor (Valporte / Walltor; double gate system) , both were double gates; Added to this are the Rynwickertor (1344-50) , Rheintor (early 16th century) , Wassertor (Waterport, 1417) and Krantor (1540) .
  • 1346 The Jewish citizen Solomon, called "Vynes von Rees" is mentioned in a document.
  • 1350 Completion of the Rees city wall .
  • 1356 Rütger von Empel concludes an atonement with Archbishop Wilhelm v. Cöln by declaring his Empel Castle anew as a fiefdom and open house of the Cölnische Church.
  • 1364 Rutger von Hekeren made his newly built Hueth Castle in the parish of Bienen a fiefdom and Offenhaus for Archbishop Engelbert III of Cöln for a pension of 20 Florian from Zolle zu Rheinberg .
  • 1368 Sonsfeld Castle (Haldern) is owned by a Wittenhorst .
  • 1372 Gasthaus, Hospitalsteege, poor hospital / hospital in Rees is first mentioned in a document.
  • 1372 The Wissen castle near Weeze is mentioned for the first time in a document .
  • 1377 The Buschkampshof (Haldern), next to which the Battenberg tower stands, is mentioned for the first time.
  • 1383 (Bienen-Esserden) Haus Rosau bei Bienen becomes the official seat of the Drosten of the Hetter office.

Rees belongs to the county / duchy of Cleve (from 1392)

Grafschaft Kleve, Grafschaft Berg, Duchy of Jülich, 14th century
  • 1392 Amt Aspel and the city of Rees go as pledge from Archbishop Friedrich III of Cöln to Adolf III. von der Mark (Graf von Cleve), as security for the purchase of Linn Castle ; Gradual decline of the Aspel plant.
  • 1392 Amt Aspel and thus also Niedermörmter belong to the county of Kleve.
  • 1393 Construction of the Alltores and the Delltores in Rees.
  • 1396 First mention of Reeser rifle guilds: St. Sebastianus - and St. Georg rifle guilds.
  • 1398 Knight Wilhelm von Rees vows to Count Adolph von Cleve that he will no longer play dice games for money, with the exception of the evening before and the day before Christmas, with the penalty of 200 gold shields.
The six dukes of Kleve, Adolf II., Johann I, Johann II., Johann III., Wilhelm V and Johann Wilhelm (from left to right), picture by an unknown painter from the 17th century.
  • 1417 Construction of the new gate and the water gate in Rees.
  • 1429 Establishment of the Melatenhof (Rees) to receive plague sufferers . ( Melaten , Leprosen = Mamaladen, Sieken = Infirm, Lazaren, Misel addict).
  • 1429 Foundation of the Brotherhood of the Poor (Brotherhood of Our Lady) for the consolation and salvation of the living and the dead, by magistrate and chapter. By the end of the 18th century, this brotherhood developed into the center of urban poor relief.
  • 1433 (or earlier) The Klevian bailiff Dietrich von der Mark moves from Aspel to the Isselburg and continues the official business there.
  • 1435 The oldest known seal of bees (1435) shows today's patron saints Cosmas and Damian with swords and a little pot of ointment in the middle (beehive?).
  • 1436 Establishment of a Franciscan convent in Fallstrasse, Rees. The number of sisters could not be more than 44 nuns .
  • 1444 First demolitions of the facility in Aspel.
  • 1446 the Lambertus Church (Haffen) is first mentioned in a document. From this time on, the name Renen no longer appears in the written sources.
More, church
  • 1447 complete Gothicization of the church in Mehr (vault, new choir, extension of side aisles).
  • 1450 construction of the Gothic town hall on Markt (Rees); possibly with the assistance of the builder Gisbert Schairt van Bommel .
  • 1459 A chapel is added to the Franciscan convent, Fallstrasse, Rees.
  • 1460 The citizen Goswin van den Wydick bequeathed his property on Jan. 14, 1460 in honor of the Holy Virgin Mary and the twelve apostles with the stipulation that a poor yard should be built and its residents fed and clothed (Twelve Apostles poor yard, Dellstrasse / Geldernsche Kay).
  • 1464 Documentary mention of numerous participation by Reeser Schützen in Viktorstracht in Xanten. Due to the period of almost uninterrupted fighting and unrest on the Lower Rhine, which began at the end of the 15th century, from which the city of Rees suffered the most: economic, cultural and population decline in the city.
  • 1470 Duke Johann I von Cleve approves the intercession of Marshal Ott von Wylick, Ritter, and the rent master Arnt Buckingh 200 Unkelsteine ( basalt stones ) from the dilapidated building in Aspel to the new tower above the city (mill tower).
Mill Tower Rees
  • 1470 Construction of the mill tower (Rees), which serves to defend the city, acts as an icebreaker during winter ice drifts on the Rhine and is Lohmühle (manufacture of tanning agents).
  • 1470 The Klevian land rent master and aldermen Arnt Buckingh establishes a home for old poor people, the St. Spiritus poor farm in Rees, Oberstadt.
  • 1470 to 1570 The lords of Töven, Lychendorp, Hasselt , Dugelen and Schriek were among the residents of Aspel Castle. The Tövener Feld between the Aspeler Meer, the Schmalen Meer and the Rees-Wesel road still reminds of the von Töven family.
  • 1473 Reform of the city constitution in Rees: democratization and extensive self-government .
  • 1480 Goswin van den Wydick, known as Nolden, founds the "poor yard to the twelve apostles" (according to the will for 12 "wretched and poor people") in Dellstrasse / Kaystrasse, Rees in honor of the Blessed Virgin and the Twelve Apostles.
  • 1480 The Protestant cemetery in Rees is opened.
  • 1480 First documentary mention of the place Grietherbusch .
  • 1492 Henricus Uranius (from heaven in Pfaffenstrasse), famous humanist, born in Rees. (1558–1572 rector of the high school in Emmerich).
  • 1482 Due to the unfavorable location directly on the Rhine (floods), the seat of the Hetter office in Rosau Castle is given up by Duke Johann von Kleve and relocated to Isselburg Castle (administrative seat from 1502).
  • In 1494 Duke Johann II von Kleve enfeoffed the armor servant Amelongh von Escharden with the Buschkampahof (Haldern). Amelongh made a career, he became a court messenger in 1494.
  • 1495 At the instigation of Duke Johann von Kleve, the Büderich (Wesel) customs office is relocated to Rees.
  • 1498 Amelongh von Escharden becomes judge in Rees and Aspel.

Relocation of the Rhine basin - Grietherbusch is on the right bank of the Rhine

  • End of the 15th century Grietherbusch ("in den Bosch") becomes due to the natural shift of the Rhine basin on the right bank of the Rhine; the place is separated from Grieth and Wissel .
  • Late 15th century dating of Our Lady and St. Apolonia from the church in Cosmas and Damian (bees).
Imperial circles at the beginning of the 16th century (Lower Rhine-Westphalian Imperial Circle in light brown)
Casemates Am Bär in Rees, built around 1500
  • At the beginning of the 16th century ( Reformation ) the Battenberg Tower (= Boten-Berg / Turm; Haldern) is built.
  • Early 16th century figure of St. Roch from the church in Cosmas and Damian (bees).
  • 1500 construction of new fortifications by the magistrate of the city Rees. The bastion on the west ring, the casemates under the museum and the roundabout have been preserved.
  • around 1500 From the canons near the cath. Reeser Stadtkirche (today St. Mary's Assumption ) built the house directly on the Rhine, which today houses the 'Rheinterrassen' (waterway), which have been family-owned for 300 years.
  • 1501 Foundation of the city of Rees to care for orphans.
  • 1513-53 Heinrich Averforth, church master and lay judge, borrower of the Averforth house .
  • 1514 Collapse of the portal in the north aisle (St. Lambertus, bees) is dated 1514.
Gasthaus zur Rose in Rees- More
  • 1539 First written mention of the “Zur Rose” inn in Mehr. At that time the Hoppenbrauer Johannes Roess and later his son Gottfried Roess leased the inn from the Xanten Propstei. Therefore, its current name is not based on a rose, but on the name of its former tenant.
The duchies of Jülich, Kleve and Berg and the counties of Mark and Ravensberg
  • 1540 Construction of the crane gate in Rees.
  • 1546 The first reformed preacher Noetermann works in Mehr.
  • 1549 The magistrate of the city of Rees decides not to tolerate any Jews in the city, the Jews are expelled on March 8, 1549.
  • 1550 In Wissel near today's eastern exit towards Grieth, the house Kemnade (Wissel), which is still inhabited today, was built as a moated castle (probably on the site of the castle that was destroyed in 1115).
  • Adam Steenhalen born in Rees in 1556, Jesuit; Tutor and advisor to the later King Sigismund of Poland; Canon of Frauenburg in Warmia (died there in 1613).
Aspel in a dike book from 1587
  • 1563 Establishment of a municipal school in Rees.

Eighty Years War - Spanish-Dutch War (1568 to 1648)

  • 1568-1648 80 Years War (Spanish-Dutch War), Bellinghoven Castle is partially destroyed.
  • 1570 Serious dike breach near Bergswick (Rees).
  • 1571 First mention of a Protestant community in Rees on the occasion of the synod in Emden .
  • 1575 Derick Wylicks from Xanten opens the first print shop in Rees.
  • 1578 Studienstiftung of the Sophia von Bocholt for destitute students of theology , as well as to equip poor destitute girls (Rees).
  • 1580 the Lords of Bellinghoven convert to the Reformation
  • 1581 Orphanage foundation of the married couple Christoffel von Wylich and Johanna von Pallandt in Rünkelstraße.
  • 1582 Orphanage is built in Rees.
  • 1583 construction of a large stone bastion on the northwest side of the city of Rees, the so-called. Ravelin .
  • In 1583 the Jews were again expelled from the city by the city council “in the event of the greatest disgrace and breaches (fines)”.

Rees is captured and occupied by Spanish troops (1598)

  • 1598 During the Eighty Years War (Spain-Netherlands), Aspel is besieged, captured and plundered by Spanish soldiers. The castle and outer bailey are badly damaged, only the castle chapel remains intact.
Francisco Hurtado de Mendoza 1601
  • 1598 During the Eighty Years War Rees is captured and occupied by a Spanish mercenary army under Francisco de Mendoza .
  • 1599 Relief attempt by Reich German troops under Count Simon von der Lippe in Rees failed. The Spaniards captured the mortar standing on the roundabout in an attempt to fail . The Rhine Gate was badly damaged by the shelling of the German troops.
  • The van Meegen family is in the Oberhof von Mehr. During this time the economy called itself “under the rose sign”.
  • 1600 Reconstruction of the severely damaged Rhine Gate in Rees.
  • 1603 birth of Theodor Ray in Rees, Jesuit; 8 years head of the college of the Society of Jesus in Düren , 4 years head of the residence of the order in Sulzbach ; Educator of the Princes of Neuburg and Jülich, died in 1672.
  • 1608 inscription on the mill tower testifies to a devastating ice drift.
  • 1609 Johann Vilhelm, the last Duke of Kleve, died without descendants. Next relatives with inheritance rights, Elector Joh. Sigismund von Brandenburg and Count Palatine Philipp von Neuburg.
  • 1609–66 dispute over the succession of the Duchy of Kleve .

Rees belongs to Brandenburg-Prussia (1609 to 1614)

  • 1612–21 Heinrich Kelberg cath. Pastor in Mehr.
  • 1610–21 Two new bells, striking clockwork in Catholic. Church in More.
  • 1614 After the death of the last Duke of Kleve, Johann Wilhelm (1609), Rees belongs (temporarily) to Brandenburg-Prussia .
  • 1614 Treaty of Xanten ; Wesel is awarded to Brandenburg / Prussia

Rees is Dutch (1614 to 1672)

Moritz of Orange
  • 1614–72 The Dutch stay in Rees. Rees experienced an economic boom during this period.
  • 1614 To secure his newly acquired property, conclusion of an alliance between Brandenburg and Holland. Occupation of the city of Rees by the Dutch under Prince Moritz of Orange . The Dutch build the city into one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Construction of 7 bastions : in front of the mill gate, in front of the fall gate, in front of the Delltor, Ravelin, at the White Tower, in front of the Rhine gate, the Reeser Schanze with school and church.
  • 1616-25 The Dutch under Prince Moritz of Orange build the large, extensive fortress according to the Dutch system with Neu-Rees on the left bank of the Rhine .
  • 1621 Stephan Nathen born in Rees; Doctor of both rights and professor at the University of Cologne
  • 1623 Construction of the reformed church for the purposes of the Dutch occupation troops, later for the local reformed parish.
  • 1624 In retaliation for the removal of the Protestant churches in Wesel by the Spanish occupation, the Dutch occupy the Resser collegiate church.
  • 1627 –37 Heinrich Kaeltgen cath. Pastor in Mehr.
  • 1630/33 Church in Haffen becomes Protestant, wall paintings are whitewashed.
  • 1630/31 taking possession of the church by the "Wesel Reformed"; the altars are torn down and the wall paintings of the 14 helpers whitewashed.
  • Church services have been celebrated in Bellinghoven Castle since 1631.
  • 1635-36 occupation of Schenkenschanz ( Spanish-Dutch War )
  • 1637–59 Kreuzherr (religious priest) Konstantin Trentorff cath pastor in Haffen and more.
  • 1641/1642 The Geldrian merchant Hendrick Busmann hears a voice: "At this point you should build me a chapel." (1642 Chapel in Kevelaer is donated and consecrated - beginning of the Marian pilgrimage site in Kevelaer)
  • from 1648 Bellinghoven Castle is rebuilt like a castle.
Rees Fortress and the surrounding area by Joan Blaeu around 1650
  • 1650 Construction of the Lutheran Church in Rünkelstrasse, Rees.
  • 1652 Unlawful separation of the house and the glory of Groin from the Reeser jurisdiction by Baron von Eickel (Klev. District Court President) as owner of the House of Groin .
  • In 1652/53 new buildings were built in the outer bailey area of ​​Haus Aspel.
  • 1655 In order to prevent a threatening constriction due to the growing loop of the Rhine and to improve the current situation, the Rhine is pierced at Obermörmter .
  • 1661 Canon Arnold and Johannes Lueb set up a study foundation called: Lueb - Moshövel'sche Study Foundation.
  • 1664 construction of a port in Rees ; approx. 120 x 60 m with access east of the roundabout.
  • 1666 Klever main settlement between Elector Friederich Wilhelm von Brandenburg and Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm von Neuburg secures Brandenburg the final possession of Rees .
  • 1666 Confirmation of the Reeser privileges by the Elector Friederich Wilhelm.

Rees is French (1672 to 1680)

  • 1672 The city of Rees is conquered by the French under Marshal Turenne and Prince Condé after taking the Reeser Schanze beforehand.
  • 1672 Re-consecration of the collegiate church by the French Cardinal Bouillon and return of the church to the Catholics, after it had already been awarded to the Catholics by the Elector Friederich Wilhelm in the religious comparison of April 26, 1672.
  • 1674 Rees is conquered by the Brandenburgers, who razed the fortifications.
  • 1677-85 The main house of Haus Averforth (today's shape) is built.
  • 1680 The town of Rees is finally evacuated from the French occupation.

Rees belongs to Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1666/1674/1680)

  • 1680 The first Jewish house of prayer Rees (in the waterway) is a Rhein - flood destroyed religious objects and the house will be washed away by the floods.
  • 1681 Bellinghoven Castle passed to a Catholic family, Protestant services were banned in the castle. The evangelical congregation finds a new home in Haus Averforth.
Map by Johann Bucker: Course of the Rhine at Rees in 1713
  • 1682 French troops set Aspel on fire; the moth preserved up to that point is completely destroyed; Plants overgrow the castle island.
  • 1685 Louis XIV repeals the Nantes Edict of Tolerance . About 170,000 Huguenots have to flee France. Around 600 French religious refugees settle on the Lower Rhine, colonies emerge and the like. a. in Kleve, Emmerich, Duisburg and Wesel.
  • 1686 Engelbert von Schriek sells the ruined buildings of Aspel including the land to Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Wittenhorst-Sonsfeld.
  • 1686 Sonsfeld Castle is owned by Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Wittenhorst-Sonsfeld .
  • 1690 Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Wittenhorst-Sonsfeld is enfeoffed with Aspel.
  • 1690 Grietherbusch receives its own parish church.
  • around 1700 The van de Kamp family maintains a horse changing station and a room where the skippers can refresh themselves in today's 'Rheinterrassen'. Horses pull the barges up the Rhine to Duisburg harbor and have to be changed, watered and looked after regularly .

See also

Web links

literature

  • Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the Rees district (= The art monuments of the Rhine province . Volume 2, section 1). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1892, pp. 58-60 ( online ).
  • Robert Scholten : A few things about Empel Castle near Rees . In: Lower Rhine history and antiquity friend . Jg, 4, 1906, pp. 2-4, 7, 10-11, 14-15, 18-20, 22-24.
  • Josef Niessen: Historical hand atlas of the German states on the Rhine. Middle and Lower Rhine . JP Bachem publishing house, Cologne 1950.
  • District administration Rees (ed.): Home calendar district Rees 1951 , 176 p., Wesel 1950.
  • Oberkreisdirektor des Kreis Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender Kreis Rees 1955 , 196 p., Emmerich 1954.
  • Oberkreisdirektor des Kreis Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender Kreis Rees 1956 , 206 S., Emmerich 1955.
  • Ingeborg Kiekebusch: The prehistoric and early historical survey of the land in the Rees district. Rheinisches Jahrbuch 1956 , Bonn 1956.
  • District administration Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1959 , 197 p., Rheinberg 1958.
  • District administration Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender district Rees 1961 , 212 p., Rheinberg 1960.
  • District administration Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender district Rees 1962 , 204 p., Rheinberg 1961.
  • District administration Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender district Rees 1963 , 181 p., Rheinberg 1962.
  • Hermann Hinz: Excavations on the Wittenhorst in Haldern , in: Kreisverwaltung Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1963, Rheinberg 1962, pp. 63-66.
  • Hartwig Beseler: Lower Rhine ( German Land - German Art ). Munich / Berlin 1962.
  • Walter Luyken: About castles and castle-historical facilities in the Rees district . In: Rees County Home Calendar 1967 . Schiffer, Rheinberg 1966, p. 90.
  • Hermann Terlinden: The poor and sick system of the city of Rees , in: District administration Rees (ed.): Home calendar for the district Rees 1970 , Rheinberg 1969, p. 114-121.
  • Helmut Rotthauwe: Six communities and one office. The chronicle of the Vrasselt office , Emmerich 1969.
  • Oberkreisdirektor des Kreis Rees (ed.): Kreis Rees 1972 , 208 p., Wesel 1971.
  • Oberkreisdirektor des Kreis Rees (ed.): Kreis Rees 1973 , 216 p., Wesel 1972.
  • Oberkreisdirektor des Kreis Rees (ed.): Kreis Rees 1974 , 288 p., Wesel 1973.
  • Hermann Terlinden: Rees - quiet city on the broad river , in: Oberkreisdirektor des Kreis Rees (ed.): Kreis Rees 1974 , 288 p., Wesel 1973, p. 32-48.
  • Helmut Rotthauwe: Land on the Rhine and Issel and the evil seven , Haldern 1975.
  • Wolfgang Müller: Nature on the Lower Rhine (Mercator Library, Volume 43/44), Duisburg 1980.
  • Walter Janssen: The saddle fittings from grave 446 in the Franconian cemetery of Wesel-Bislich. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 11, 1981, pp. 149-169.
  • Klaus Flink: Forms of urban and territorial development on the Lower Rhine, Volume 1: Rees, Xanten, Geldern , Kleve 1981.
  • Tilmann Bechert: Roman Germania between the Rhine and Maas. The province of Germania inferior . Hirmer, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-7774-3440-X .
  • Hermann Terlinden: From the history of the Empel house . In: Calendar for the Klever Land for 1986 . BOSS, Kleve 1985.
  • Frank Siegmund: Merovingian time on the Lower Rhine. Rhenish excavations 34. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1989, pp. 278/279.
  • Walter Janssen: The Franconian cemetery of Wesel-Bislich. Journal for Archeology of the Middle Ages 18/19, 1990/91, pp. 71–116.
  • Klaus Flink: Forms of urban and territorial development on the Lower Rhine, Volume 2: Emmerich, Kleve, Wesel , Kleve 1995.
  • Alois Puyn (Red.): Calendar on the Klever Land to the year 1996 , Kleve 1995.
  • Alois Puyn (Red.): Calendar on Klever Land to 1997 , Kleve 1996.
  • Alois Puyn (Red.): Calendar on the Klever Land to the year 1998 , Kleve 1997.
  • Alois Puyn (Red.): Calendar on the Klever Land to the year 1999 , Kleve 1998.
  • Reinhard Wolters: Die Römer in Germanien 4th, updated edition. Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-44736-8 .
  • J. Wroblewski, A. Wemmers: Theiss-Burgenführer Niederrhein , Stuttgart 2001.
  • Irmgard Hansche: Atlas on the history of the Lower Rhine (= series of publications of the Lower Rhine Academy 4). Verlag Peter Pomp , Bottrop / Essen 2004 (5th edition), ISBN 3-89355-200-6
  • Uwe Ludwig, Thomas Schilp (ed.): Middle Ages on the Rhine and Maas. Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Dieter Geuenich on his 60th birthday (= studies on the history and culture of Northwestern Europe 8). Waxmann, Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8309-1380-X .
  • Monika Grübel / Georg Mölich: Jewish life in the Rhineland. From the Middle Ages to the Present , Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2005 (Verlag Böhlau).
  • Stefan Frankewitz : Castles, palaces and mansions in Rees . BOSS, Goch 2006, ISBN 3-933969-57-3 , pp. 69-72.
  • Tilmann Bechert: Germania inferior. A province on the northern border of the Roman Empire. (= Orbis Provinciarum). Zabern, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-8053-2400-7 .
  • Reeser Geschichtsverein RESSA (ed.): Reeser Geschichtsfreund, No. 10/2017, Rees 2016.
  • Paul van der Heijden: Grens van het Romeinse Rijk. De Limes in Gelderland . Matrijs, Utrecht 2016, (Dutch) ISBN 978-90-5345-327-8 , in particular pp. 87-101.
  • Reeser Geschichtsverein RESSA (ed.): Reeser Geschichtsfreund, No. 11/2018, Rees 2017.
  • Reeser Geschichtsverein RESSA (ed.): Reeser Geschichtsfreund, No. 12/2019, Rees 2018.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ SH Hinz: Excavations on the Wittenhorst in Haldern , in: Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1963, Rheinberg 1962, pp. 63-66.
  2. ^ SH Hinz: Excavations on the Wittenhorst in Haldern , in: Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1963, Rheinberg 1962, pp. 63-66.
  3. ↑ Martin Schönfelde: The late Celtic chariot grave of Boé. , Philipps University of Marburg, Department of History and Cultural Studies, Marburg January 27, 2004, pp. 98 to 100
  4. ↑ Information on the Roman camp Noviomagus
  5. ^ [1] Film about the excavations (Dutch).
  6. ↑ See below: Roman city " Colonia Ulpia Traiana "
  7. ↑ On the course of the Rhine in Roman times, see [2]
  8. ↑ See also: Monterberg Castle
  9. ↑ Steincheshof. New Roman military camp discovered . On the website of the Archaeological Institute of the University of Cologne on January 22, 2011, accessed on September 23, 2011.
  10. ↑ [3]
  11. ↑ Where the find was found unknown. - Philipp Houben, Franz Fiedler: Monuments of Castra Vetera and Colonia Traiana in Ph. Houben's Antiquarium in Xanten. Xanten 1839, p. 67, plate XLVIII. - Bonner Jahrbücher 36, 1864, 85f. - Frank Siegmund: Merovingian period on the Lower Rhine. Rhenish excavations 34. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1998, 435f. ISBN 3-7927-1247-4
  12. ^ Frank Siegmund: Merovingian time on the Lower Rhine. Rhenish excavations 34th Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1998, p. 85 u. 439 with plate 219.
  13. ^ Frank Siegmund: Merovingian time on the Lower Rhine. Rhenish excavations 34. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1989, pp. 278/279.
  14. ^ Walter Janssen: The saddle fittings from grave 446 of the Franconian cemetery of Wesel-Bislich. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 11, 1981, pp. 149-169; ders., The Franconian cemetery of Wesel-Bislich. Journal for Archeology of the Middle Ages 18/19, 1990/91, pp. 71–116.
  15. ^ H. Hinz: Excavations on the Wittenhorst in Haldern , in: Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1962, Rheinberg 1962, 63-66.
  16. ↑ [4]
  17. ^ Frank Siegmund: Merovingian time on the Lower Rhine. Rheinische Ausgrabungen 34. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1998, p. 438, plate 219. ISBN 3-7927-1247-4
  18. ^ Camillus Wampach : Document and source book of the old Luxembourg territories up to the Burgundian period. Luxemburg 1935-55, I.2, p. 102 with no.41.
  19. ^ SH Terlinden: Rees - quiet city on the broad river , in: District Rees 1974 , Wesel 1973, p. 32ff.
  20. ^ Website of the city of Rees
  21. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Archive for the history of the Lower Rhine. In: XIII. The last traces of the Franconian Salhof in Neuss . Volume 2, 1857, p. [340] 324 (online version).
  22. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Archive for the history of the Lower Rhine. In: IV. The Lehnhöfe on the Lower Rhine . Volume 4, 1863, Düsseldorf, p. [391] (online version).
  23. ↑ Heinrich Gottfried Gengler: Regesten and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, pp. 241-243.
  24. ↑ See H. Warthuysen: Emmerich, in: Kreis Kleve 1974, 17-31.
  25. ↑ See J. Wroblewski, A. Wemmers: Theiss-Burgenführer Niederrhein , p. 50.
  26. ^ City and club portal of the Hanseatic city of Grieth: Grieth - the story. ( Memento from August 4, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  27. ↑ See also: Boetzelaer Castle
  28. ↑ See H. Terlinden: Das Armen- und Krankenwesen der Stadt Rees, 115.
  29. ↑ See J. Wolf: Old wall paintings in the Haffener parish church , in: Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1962, pp. 67-72.
  30. ^ SH Terlinden: The poor and sick system of the city of Rees, 1969, 115.
  31. ^ S. Hugo Entrup: Citizens of Rees as benefactors of the poor , in: Kreisverwaltung Rees (ed.): Heimatkalender Landkreis Rees 1951 , Wesel 1950, pp. 97-100.
  32. ↑ See H. Terlinden: Das Armen- und Krankenwesen der Stadt Rees, 1969, p. 116.
  33. ↑ See: E. Wolsing: Die Stadt Wesel, in: Kreis Rees 1974, 10-16.