Metallica (album)
| Metallica | |||||||||||
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| Metallica studio album | |||||||||||
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Publication |
August 12, 1991 |
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admission |
October 1990 to June 1991 |
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| Label (s) | Elektra Records , Vertigo Records | ||||||||||
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Format (s) |
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Title (number) |
12 |
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running time |
62:16 |
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| occupation |
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Bob Rock , James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich |
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Studio (s) |
One on One Recording in Los Angeles , California (USA) |
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Metallica is the fifth studio album by the US heavy metal band Metallica . It was released on August 12, 1991 by Elektra Records and is often called The Black Album due to its simple, almost completely black cover . The album, mainly produced by the Canadian Bob Rock , marked a turning point in the musical development of the band. After the songs had previously become longer and more progressive , the band now wrote easier arranged, shorter and catchier songs.
With over 28 million units sold worldwide, including around 16 million in the USA, Metallica is still the best-selling metal album to this day. It reached number one on the respective album charts in ten countries . In 1992 Metallica received the Grammy Award in the Best Metal Performance category .
Emergence
Pre-production
Even during the Damaged Justice tour, the musicians were dissatisfied with the musical direction of their band. After the tour ended in October 1989, guitarist Kirk Hammett said that the songs on the previous album … And Justice for All were too long and took the almost ten-minute theme song as an example.
Drummer Lars Ulrich explained that his band's albums had become so sterile over time that you had to put on gloves to put the CDs in the CD player . In the run-up to production, the musicians gathered their ideas for the new album in the summer of 1990. The resulting riffs were recorded on cassettes and exchanged with one another.
The decisive factor for the album was an idea by Kirk Hammett that came to mind around two o'clock at night. The song Enter Sandman was born from the idea, which only included a riff and which Hammett initially paid little attention to . Although it was the first song to be completed, it was the last to have lyrics. Singer and guitarist James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich worked on the resulting material together. For this, the musicians met in Ulrich's house in Berkeley , where he had set up a small recording studio .
Since the band wanted to get away from the sound of the previous album, which was often described as dry, the musicians looked around for someone to mix the new material . The choice fell on Bob Rock, who had previously worked with bands such as Bon Jovi and Aerosmith . James Hetfield was impressed by Rock's mix of The Cult album Sonic Temple , while Ulrich was impressed by the Mötley Crüe album Dr. Feelgood became aware of the Canadian.
The band management contacted Rock and asked if he wanted to mix the upcoming Metallica album. Rock replied that he didn't just want to mix the album , he wanted to produce it completely . However, Rock now faced a dilemma after he had promised his friend and Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora that he would produce his solo album Stranger in This Town . Bob Rock went on a vacation to Grand Canyon National Park with his family . In the middle of the desert he saw an Indian wearing a Metallica shirt. A little later he heard a song by Metallica on the radio at a gas station. Rock then called his manager and canceled Sambora.
“Bob [Rock] answered and said (…) that he could take over the production. We then said to him: "Damn, we are Metallica, nobody fiddles with our songs." But we quickly realized that we urgently needed a little outside input to get ahead. "
In September and October 1990 the band recorded demos for the songs Enter Sandman , Sad but True , Wherever I May Roam , Nothing Else Matters and The Unforgiven . In the event that the collaboration with Bob Rock didn't work, Metallica paid their previous producer Flemming Rasmussen a month's vacation on call.
When they first met in Rock's hometown of Vancouver , the producer surprised the band with his assessment that Metallica had never been able to capture the live element of their concerts on record. The band played the recorded demos to rock. Rock's critical comments on the material initially displeased the main songwriters James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich. Behind closed doors, however, the musicians worked on Rock's proposals and were ultimately convinced.
Recordings
On October 6, 1990, recording began in the one-on-one studios in North Hollywood , where the previous album had already been recorded. The sound engineer Randy Staub and Mike Tacci assisted Bob Rock. This changed the previous way of recording the band decisively. While all instruments had previously been recorded individually, Rock initially had the musicians rehearse all the songs together. The new way of working meant a change for Kirk Hammett and bassist Jason Newsted , as both were only briefly in the studio in the past.
In order to give the drums a tonal volume, Rock had up to 50 microphones positioned around the drums. Rock and Ulrich spent a total of three weeks looking for the right sound. Ulrich had the plan to play through each song completely several times. Rock rejected this idea. Instead, Ulrich had to play all the songs up to 40 times. The best sections were then put together like a puzzle . Again and again there were delays because Ulrich, annoyed by his own mistakes, left the studio.
Jason Newsted's bass was given higher priority than on the previous album, where the instrument was mixed far into the background and barely audible. Newsted tried out different basses and discussed the correct frequency with Rock for a long time .
For the recordings of the guitars, Bob Rock had a tent-like vault built, the walls and ceilings of which were lined with wood. In the middle of this building, which the musicians jokingly Tent of Doom ( Engl. For tent of doom called), the amplifiers were placed. James Hetfield in particular was delighted with the results. In his opinion, Bob Rock “made the guitars fatter in every way”.
Since the recording of the instruments took longer than planned, the people involved had to hurry to record the vocals. Still, Bob Rock wanted to change the way he worked. While Hetfield's vocals were always doubled before , Rock wanted to stop doing this in order to develop Hetfield's vocal characteristics more clearly. Lars Ulrich stated in an interview that Rock made Hetfield feel safe enough to sing properly. During the recording, Hetfield temporarily lost his voice . On Rock's advice, he attended a cantor in Los Angeles and took singing lessons. Still, Hetfield suffered repeated setbacks.
Hetfield wrote very personal lyrics for the album. In an interview, he said that on this album he tried to look more inside himself and also asked himself questions about life. His texts range from the death of his parents to self-pity, impressions of touring life and love . Enter Sandman's lyrics were five minutes before the vocals for that song were recorded. The recordings were completed at the end of May 1991.
Mixing and mastering
The album was mixed at the A&M studios in Hollywood. In the first few days, Bob Rock and Lars Ulrich had long discussions about the album's first single . While Ulrich insisted on Enter Sandman , Rock saw Holier Than Thou as the best choice. Ulrich was finally able to prevail. After choosing the single, Ulrich and Hetfield had further discussions about the number of audio tracks for their instruments.
Bob Rock recalled in an interview that he and Randy Staub survived these discussions just chewing gum and drinking gallons of coffee. Some of the people involved were busy for up to 16 hours a day as the deadline was getting closer and closer. Enter Sandman's mix took ten days, while Holier Than Thou was mixed in five hours.
"Our typical daily routine at that time was something like this: First a photo session, then check a new mix, talk to the press, listen to the mix again, listen to James [Hetfield] singing in, design the artwork, give interviews, test mixes and exchange video ideas."
The merging process ended on July 7, 1991. A day later, Rock, Hetfield and Ulrich flew to New York to master the album with the help of George Marino . Even after the arrival, further problems arose because the tape that had been brought with me contained digital noise. Under time pressure, a new studio had to be found to eliminate the errors. The work was completed on July 10, 1991 at around two in the morning. Production costs amounted to more than a million dollars .
publication
For the first time since 1983 debut album Kill 'Em All , a Metallica album wasn't named after a song. In the meantime, the album title was The Snake album (Engl. The snakes album ) have been talking. In addition, the musicians could not find a song title that would have been representative of the entire album.
The album cover was designed by the American artist Pushead (real name Brian Schroeder). The completely black picture shows the band logo in the upper left corner. In the lower right corner is a snake inspired by the Gadsden flag . The cover also made the album known as The Black Album . The inspiration for the cover came from the Spinal Tap album Smell the Glove . According to Lars Ulrich, the band wanted to be as minimalistic as possible, as the covers of the previous albums were full of symbols.
On July 29, 1991, Enter Sandman, the first single from the album was released. One day later, MTV broadcast the accompanying music video for the first time. The full album was unveiled to fans on August 3, 1991 when 19,000 people were allowed to listen to it for free in New York's Madison Square Garden . The album was finally released worldwide on August 13, 1991.
In addition to Enter Sandman , four other singles were released with The Unforgiven , Nothing Else Matters , Wherever I May Roam and Sad but True . A music video was also made for each single.
Songs
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The album begins with the song Enter Sandman , which was also the first single. The song consists of just a guitar riff and is about a child who is afraid of nightmares before falling asleep. The child who says the Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep prayer during the bridge is Bob Rock's son Mick.
Sad but True was released as the fifth single. When the musicians played a demo version of the song for the producer, he was enthusiastic and said that Sad but True could become the Kashmir - a song by the British rock band Led Zeppelin - of the 1990s. Aside from a few covers , it was only the second time in their career that Metallica tuned their guitars one tone lower. They previously did this on the song The Thing that Should Not Be . In Sad True but it's about how different personalities in the psyche of a man trying to take control of the person. The main riff of the song had a much higher speed in the demo version and sounded "too friendly" according to James Hetfield. In the studio the pace of the riff was slowed down considerably. According to band manager Cliff Burnstein, the song can pull teeth. James Hetfield was inspired by the 1978 film Magic .
With a playing time of 3:47 minutes, Holier Than Thou is the shortest song on the album. Lyrically it's about fellow travelers in the metal scene who spread rumors behind the back of others. Musically, the song is more comparable to the band's earlier albums due to its high speed and the stronger use of Thrash elements.
The Unforgiven is the first of two ballads on the album. The song begins with a horn prelude, which was played backwards to disguise the origin. From which film the sequence was taken is still unclear. Musically, the song shows a different structure. While the band had always followed a melodic verse with a hard refrain in the previous ballads , the scheme was reversed here. The song is about people who go through life without ever taking any initiative or taking any risks. Later on, these people regret that they have made nothing of their lives. Kirk Hammett's guitar solo was created spontaneously in the studio. According to Jason Newsted, Bob Rock had driven Hammett completely insane and beaten him until his anger spilled over onto the guitar.
The song Wherever I May Roam begins with an intro played on a sitar . The content is about life on a tour. In the text, Hetfield speaks of the street that will become “his bride”. Inspired Wherever I May Roam lyrics of Papa Was a Rollin 'Stone . The song became the namesake of the Wherever We May Roam and Nowhere Else to Roam tours.
Don't Tread on Me refers to the inscription on the Gadsden flag that was used during the American Revolutionary War . The inscription translates as "Don't mess with me!" At the beginning of the song, a sequence of America from Leonard Bernstein's musical West Side Story is quoted. Lyrically, according to Hetfield, “there is no better place for an American than the United States, no matter how broken or corrupt the government is”. Kirk Hammett describes the song title as a headline about the band's career.
“We were always independent and did what we wanted. The song title should make it clear that we don't let anything or anyone restrict us. Anyone who tries that will run into problems. "
The only song where Lars Ulrich plays the double bass drum , which he used on almost every song on previous albums, is Through the Never . The content is about the never-ending hunt for new knowledge.
Nothing Else Matters is the second ballad on the album. The song, written by Hetfield, was actually not supposed to be published as he considered it too personal. During a telephone conversation, an open he noticed E Minor - chord one, he could only play with the right hand. Lars Ulrich happened to hear the song on a demo tape and persuaded Hetfield to continue working on it. Bob Rock suggested that the musicians work with an orchestra on the song and contacted the composer Michael Kamen . The orchestra was mixed as quietly as possible for the album. The guitar solo was recorded by James Hetfield for once. Lyrically, it's about being separated from loved ones when you're on tour as a musician.
The song Of Wolf and Man refers to James Hetfield's interest in hunting. The text was written from the perspective of a werewolf . The wolf howl heard in the song comes from Jason Newsted.
The God That Failed was inspired by the cancer death of Hetfield's mother. She belonged to the Christian Science movement, which refuses medical treatment. Hetfield's mother succumbed to her illness, a death he described as "pointless". On this song the guitars were tuned a semitone lower.
Jason Newsted's only contribution to the album was the song My Friend of Misery . For this song he wrote a several minute long bass solo, which was however severely shortened for the album. At 6:47 minutes it is the longest song on the album. The text is addressed to a person who dissolves in self-pity and looks pessimistic at the world.
Is completed Metallica through the song The Struggle Within , which deals with the struggle between man and his own problems or demons. Lars Ulrich's drumming at the beginning of the song is reminiscent of a marching band .
Three cover versions were added as bonus tracks. The Japanese version of the album also contains the song So What by the British punk band Anti-Nowhere League . The international version of the single Enter Sandman contains the song Stone Cold Crazy by Queen . The third cover version was the song Killing Time by Sweet Savage .
reception
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Chart placements (preliminary) Explanation of the data |
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Reviews
The trade press gave Metallica very good reviews in contemporary reviews. The German magazine Metal Hammer named the work album of the month. Andrea Nieradzik awarded the full number of seven points for an album that "[is] different, but one hundred percent Metallica". The German magazine Rock Hard also chose Metallica as album of the month. Thomas Kupfer wrote in his review that the album received ten points for "an album that is outstanding in terms of both production and songwriting, and against which everything will have to be measured in the future".
Steve Huey from the online magazine Allmusic was more critical . He wrote that Metallica was a "good but not a great album, the best moments of which deservedly took the crown of heavy metal, but whose approach suggested creative decline."
Chart placements
The album Metallica reached first place in the respective album charts after its release in ten countries . In the United States, 650,000 copies of the album were sold in the first few weeks. In addition to the USA, the album reached first place in the charts in Australia , Germany , Canada , New Zealand , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . For Metallica it was the first album with which they could reach the top positions in the charts. The success came as a surprise to the musicians. Bass player Jason Newsted stated in an interview that he never expected to put on a number one record because he didn't think that this would be possible with the music of his band.
The album reached fifth place in Austria . Metallica was able to place itself in the German album charts for a total of 149 weeks . In September 2018, the album reached the 500th week in the US album charts , which, in contrast to the German 200 positions, were only the fourth album in history. Previously, only Pink Floyd with The Dark Side of the Moon , Bob Marley and The Wailers with Legend and Journey with Greatest Hits had succeeded.
The five decoupled singles were all placed in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Enter Sandman and Nothing Else Matters both reached number 9 in the German single charts. In 2000, another version of the single Nothing Else Matters from the album S&M reached number two in the German charts for three weeks. The highest ranking in the UK was achieved by Enter Sandman at number 5, while Nothing Else Matters was also at number 5 in Switzerland.
Awards
Metallica was rated sixteen times platinum for over 16 million units sold in the United States. The album thus ranks 19th (as of September 2018) in the list of the best-selling music albums in the United States and shares this position with the albums Hotel California by the Eagles , Physical Graffiti by Led Zeppelin and Jagged Little Pill by Alanis Morissette .
In Germany, Metallica was awarded four times platinum in 2019 for over two million units sold, making it one of the best-selling music albums in Germany .
In Canada, the album was awarded a Diamond Record for over one million units sold. Metallica has been awarded double platinum in Austria, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The single Enter Sandman went platinum in the United States .
In May 1991, Nielsen Soundscan began collecting the exact sales figures for phonograms in the United States. Metallica has been the best-selling music album of this era since 2009 , replacing Shania Twain's album Come on Over . By September 2018, according to Nielsen Soundscan, more than 16.83 million units had been sold in the US alone.
| Country / Region | Award | Sales |
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| Awards for music sales (country / region, Award, Sales) |
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 Argentina (CAPIF)
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 5 × platinum
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300,000 |
 Australia (ARIA)
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12 × platinum
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840,000 |
 Belgium (BEA)
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2 × platinum
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100,000 |
 Denmark (IFPI)
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7 × platinum
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140,000 |
 Germany (BVMI)
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4 × platinum
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2,000,000 |
 Finland (IFPI)
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2 × platinum
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112,856 |
 France (SNEP)
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platinum
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300,000 |
 Italy (FIMI)
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platinum
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60,000 |
 Japan (RIAJ)
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platinum
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200,000 |
 Canada (MC)
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 diamond
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1,000,000 |
 Mexico (AMPROFON)
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 gold
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75,000 |
 New Zealand (RMNZ)
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10 × platinum
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150,000 |
 Netherlands (NVPI)
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2 × platinum
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200,000 |
 Norway (IFPI)
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3 × platinum
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150,000 |
 Austria (IFPI)
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2 × platinum
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100,000 |
 Poland (ZPAV)
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platinum
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100,000 |
 Sweden (IFPI)
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platinum
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100,000 |
 Switzerland (IFPI)
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2 × platinum (Mercury) + 2 × platinum (Vertigo)
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200,000 |
 United States (RIAA)
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16 × platinum
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16,000,000 |
 United Kingdom (BPI)
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2 × platinum
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600,000 |
| All in all |
1 × gold 75 × platinum 2 × diamond |
22,727,856 |
Main article: Metallica / Music Sales Awards
| country | gold | platinum | 2 × platinum | 4 × platinum | 5 × platinum | 10 × platinum | 16 × platinum |
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| United States awarded by RIAA |
October 31, 1991 | October 31, 1991 | - | - | June 30, 1992 | November 3, 1997 | December 13, 2012 |
| United Kingdom awarded by BPI |
August 1, 1991 | August 1, 1993 | 22. July 2013 | - | - | - | - |
| Germany awarded by BVMI |
1991 | 1992 | - | May 24, 2019 | - | - | - |
meaning
Despite its commercial success, Metallica is overshadowed by fans and critics alike by albums such as Ride the Lightning and Master of Puppets . In 2005, Metal Hammer readers voted Metallica fifth on the list of the 100 Best Metal Albums of All Time. The editors of the rock-hard magazine also published the book Best of Rock & Metal in 2005 , which included the 500 best metal and hard rock albums of all time. Here occupied Metallica space 79. In the published in 2003 list of the 100 best metal albums of all time by the online magazine metal-rules.com emerged Metallica on not. On its list of the 500 best albums of all time, the music magazine Rolling Stone ranks Metallica as the band's second album behind Master of Puppets (# 167) in position 255.
The German magazine Metal Hammer published an 84-page special issue in September 2011 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the album's release. In addition to a detailed treatise on the creation process of the album, the booklet contains current interviews with the people involved as well as reprints from the previous issues of the magazine. The magazine also included a CD with cover versions of the twelve tracks. The artists Lemmy Kilmister , The New Black , DevilDriver , Dark Age , Callejon , ICS Vortex , Neaera , Doro Pesch , Motorjesus , Finntroll , Borknagar and Sodom took part in the tribute album .
Tour and live performances
On August 1, 1991, the Wherever We May Roam tour began with a concert in the Californian city of Petaluma , which initially took the band through Europe and North America. On April 20, 1992 Metallica played at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert at London's Wembley Stadium . Metallica toured North America with Guns N 'Roses between July and October 1992 , before Metallica returned to Europe alone. From late January 1993 on, Metallica embarked on the Nowhere Else to Roam tour through North America, Japan , Australia, Southeast Asia and South America . After more than 300 concerts, the tours ended on July 4, 1993 at the Rock Werchter Festival in the Belgian city of Werchter .
“Touring for two years in a row and being on stage for two and a half hours on average five days a week put my larynx and vocal cords at serious long-term risk. It felt like they were just falling apart. "
During the hall concerts, the stage was placed in the middle of the hall. In the middle of the stage a so-called snake pit was set up, where selected fans could find space. Two drums were available for Lars Ulrich, which could be driven under the stage as required. At a concert in Madison , Ulrich had to play two songs below the stage due to a technical defect.
During the tour with Guns N 'Roses there was a momentous accident in Montreal on August 8, 1992 , when James Hetfield got into a six-meter-high pillar of flame during the song Fade to Black and suffered second-degree burns . Guns-N'-Roses singer Axl Rose canceled his band's concert because of an alleged sore throat, causing riots among the angry spectators. At the following Metallica concerts, John Marshall took over the rhythm guitar, who had been a roadie for Metallica since 1986 .
Enter Sandman and Sad but True are some of the most played songs at Metallica concerts. Along with Creeping Death , For Whom the Bell Tolls , Master of Puppets , One and Seek & Destroy, these two songs are among the songs that have been played over 1,000 times at concerts. The other songs were played far less often. An outstanding concert took place in July 2009 in the amphitheater of Nîmes . There is also a live recording of Français Pour Une Nuit (French for one night) . In November 2011 the band announced that they would play the full album on their 2012 Summer Vacation Festival tour. On May 7th, 2012 the whole album was presented in its entirety for the first time in the Synot Tip Aréna in Prague , but with the title in reverse order.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Metallica | Metallica.com. Retrieved May 6, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Metalica (1991). Rock Antenne . Retrieved September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Black Legend - Metallica's Black Album turns 20! BZ , accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ a b Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer -Legenden - The Black Album , p. 7.
- ↑ a b c d Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 8.
- ↑ a b Michael Rensen: Thrash, Grief & Triumphs . In: Rock Hard special edition Metallica , ISSN 2190-7285 , p. 42
- ↑ a b c d Michael Rensen: Thrash, grief & triumphs . In: Rock Hard special edition Metallica , ISSN 2190-7285 , p. 43
- ↑ Joel McIver: Justice for All: The Truth About Metallica . Bosworth Music GmbH, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86543-368-8 , p. 264 .
- ↑ Michael Rensen: Thrash, Grief & Triumphs . In: Rock Hard special edition Metallica , ISSN 2190-7285 , p. 49
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 9.
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 10.
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: From the lead wolf to the man . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 16
- ↑ a b c Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 13.
- ↑ a b Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 14.
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: The seer . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 54
- ↑ Mick Wall, Malcolm Dome: Metallica - story and songs compact . Bosworth Music GmbH, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86543-273-5 , p. 63 .
- ↑ Sad but True. Songfacts.com, accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Marc Halupczok , Matthias Weckmann: Western music and horror films . In: Metal Hammer-Legenden - The Black Album , p. 66
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 11.
- ↑ cf. Wall / Dome, page 64
- ↑ James Hetfield: Building the Perfect Beast ( Memento October 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). VH1.com, June 25, 2003. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- ↑ cf. Wall / Dome, page 65
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: Captain of the harmonies . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p.
- ↑ cf. Joel McIver: Justice for All: The Truth About Metallica . Bosworth Music GmbH, Berlin 2009, p. 270.
- ↑ cf. Joel McIver: Justice for All: The Truth About Metallica . Bosworth Music GmbH, Berlin 2009, p. 271
- ↑ Charts DE Charts AT Charts CH Charts UK Charts US
- ^ Thomas Kupfer: Metallica - Metallica . Rock Hard , 1991. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- ↑ Steve Huey: Metallica - Metallica . Allmusic , accessed January 7, 2012.
- ↑ Guy Garcia, Patrick E. Cole: Heavy Metal Goes Platinum . Time , October 14, 1991. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- ↑ Matthias Weckmann: Black Magic . In: Metal Hammer -Legenden - The Black Album , p. 15.
- ↑ a b METALLICA's 'Black Album' Hits Historic 500th Week On BILLBOARD Chart. Blabbermouth.net , accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Top 100 Albums. Recording Industry Association of America , accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Gold / Platinum. Music Canada , accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Gold & Platinum. RIAA , accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ^ BRIT Certified. British Phonographic Industry , accessed September 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Gold / platinum database. Federal Association of the Music Industry , accessed on May 25, 2019 .
- ↑ "The 100 Best Metal Albums of All Time - Part 3". In: Metal Hammer, June 2005, page 63
- ↑ Rock Hard (Ed.): Best of Rock & Metal - The 500 strongest discs of all time . Heel Verlag , Königswinter 2005, ISBN 3-89880-517-4 , p. 192 .
- ↑ The Top 100 Heavy Metal Albums. (No longer available online.) Metal-Rules.com , archived from the original on November 30, 2017 ; accessed on December 10, 2018 .
- ↑ 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Metallica, 'Metallica'. Rolling Stone , May 24, 2012, accessed April 16, 2014 .
- ↑ a b c Christian Kruse: Street without end . In: Metal Hammer Legenden - The Black Album , p. 24
- ↑ METALLICA Performs Entire 'Black' Album For First Time Ever; Complete setlist revealed. Blabbermouth.net, accessed September 23, 2018 .
