Trnava

Trnava ( pronunciation ^?^/^I ; German Trnava, Hungarian Nagyszombat, Latin Tyrnavia ) is a town with 65,033 inhabitants (December 31, 2019) in the west of Slovakia northeast of the capital Bratislava . Trnava is the capital of both Trnavský kraj and Trnava district .

In addition, the city has been the seat of an archdiocese since 1978 , with the establishment of which Slovakia became an ecclesiastical province independent of Hungary for the first time .

geography

The city is located in the west of the country, in Trnavský kraj, which stretches from the Czech Republic to Hungary. It is located in the middle of the Trnavská pahorkatina , a part of the larger Danube lowlands on both sides of the Trnávka river . The center is at an altitude of 146 m nm. The closest mountains are the Little Carpathians in the north-west and the Inowetz in the north-east. The municipal area covers around 71.5 km². Trnava is about 55 kilometers northeast of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia.

The climate is predominantly warm and dry with mild winters. The average annual temperature is 9 to 10 ° C. It is warmest in July (20.3 ° C), the coldest in January (2.2 ° C). The annual rainfall is between 420 and 800 mm.

history

From the early days to the end of the 19th century

Trnava arose at the crossroads of old trade routes with evidence of settlement since prehistoric times . Finds from the ancient bronze age and the time of the Celts are particularly numerous. Today's town emerged from a place that continued to develop after the breakup of Great Moravia .

In the 13th century, the Slavic settlement was resettled by German settlers, but their share gradually declined again as a result. The city was first mentioned in writing in 1211 ( see below ). The title of Royal Free City was bestowed in 1238 by the Hungarian King Béla IV . Thanks to more favorable trading conditions, the agricultural town developed into a center of trade and handicrafts. Its importance was further increased by the market right to be allowed to hold eight large annual markets. In 1418 the city was conquered by the Hussites , who stayed here until 1425.

After the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and the Ottoman occupation of Gran in 1543, the main seat of the archbishop with the chapter in Tyrnau was brought up to 1820 and was the seat of the Archdiocese of Gran (from 1978 again separate archbishopric). The city thus became the ecclesiastical and cultural center of Royal Hungary, which was not occupied by the Ottomans, and which included today's Slovakia, Burgenland , western Hungary and Croatia , in contrast to Pressburg, which became the political center. During the long period of the Turkish wars, the city lost a large part of its inhabitants, on the other hand, many Hungarians were added.

City tower

The city was a center of the Hungarian Counter-Reformation from the 17th century . From 1635 to 1777 there was the Tyrnau University , which was founded by Archbishop Péter Pázmány . The successors to this university are today's Eötvös Loránd University and the Péter Pázmány Catholic University in Budapest. At the same time, the city suffered from the uprisings of the 17th century. In 1621 the battle of Tyrnau took place near the place, where an imperial army was defeated by Gábor Bethlen . Later Emmerich Thököly's rebels burned the place down, killing 4,000 people. Finally, in 1704, another battle took place near the place between an imperial army and the rebels of Franz Rákóczi. In 1777 the University of Tyrnau was relocated to Ofen by order of Maria Theresa , which made the city less important. At the end of the 18th century (as a continuation of the tradition of the Tyrnov University) Trnava was a center of Slovak scholars. The first Slovak language codification (from 1787 by Anton Bernolák ) was based on the Slovak dialect from the Trnava area.

In 1831 the citizens founded the city theater . In 1846 the so-called Tyrnau horse-drawn railway reached the city from Pressburg and continued to run Sereď on the bank of the Waag. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867, a period of Magyarization began that lasted until the First World War . Regardless of this, the Slovak association Spolok sv. Vojtecha was founded, which kept the Slovak consciousness alive even after the closure of Matica slovenská . The old horse-drawn railway was converted for steam operation and expanded over the following decades.

In the 20th century

View of the pedestrian zone

After the break-up of Austria-Hungary, the Czechoslovak troops took the city on November 24, 1918, after having been occupied from November 7th to 13th. Thus Trnava became part of Czechoslovakia and 1939-1945 part of the First Slovak Republic . In 1971 the municipalities of Hrnčiarovce nad Parnou and Modranka were incorporated, in 1974 Biely Kostol was added. In 1992 the University of Trnava was founded.

After the breakup of Czechoslovakia

Trnava has been part of independent Slovakia since 1993.

In 1994 Hrnčiarovce nad Parnou joined the Trnava district. In 1996 the city became the seat of the newly created Trnavský kraj .

Klein Berlin - space for the art scene in Trnava

Trnava is also known for the annual international Dobro Festival, which always takes place on Trinity Square. The Dopyera brothers originally came from this city and emigrated to the USA in 1908, where they made the Dobro guitars and gave this type of guitar their name.

Surname

The first sources of evidence come from the 13th century (e.g. 1211 Sumbot, 1240 Turnaw, 1271 Tirnauia Zomboth dicta - for example "Trnava, called Szombat"). The Slovak name is derived from the name of the river Trnava (today Trnávka), which means something like flowing through the thorn thicket ( tŕnie = thorn bush, etc.). The German form is derived from the Slovak.

The Hungarian form (Nagy) szombat is documented as Zumbotel in 1238 - "(Big) Saturday" - refers to the market day.

In 1914, Tyrnauer Gasse in Vienna- Favoriten (10th district) was named after the city.

Cityscape and buildings

Bastion at Bernolák Gate

Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (Trnava)

The historical city center is characterized, among other things, by a larger number of churches and is therefore also called Little Rome (parva Roma) or now also Slovak Rome .

One of the most famous churches is the Cathedral of St. Nicholas , a late Gothic church from 1380. In 1629 the two winged chapels were added, and from 1739–41 an octagonal baroque chapel was built on the north side, which also has the holy image of Mary of Trnava houses. This also includes the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist , which is now the seat of the Archdiocese and was consecrated in 1637, not yet completed. The two-tower church belonged to the university buildings, so theological discussions and doctorates took place in the church. The heart of the interior is the wooden altar, completed in 1640. Other churches in the old town are the Franciscan Church of St. Jacob, the Church of the Trinity, which once belonged to the Jesuits, Church of St. Helene, Protestant church built in 1924 and others. The Archbishop's Palace in Renaissance style was the seat of the Archbishop of Gran from 1562 to 1820.

The secular buildings include the Renaissance town tower on Trinity Square ( Trojičné námestie ), which also houses a small exhibition on the history of the town, the town hall and the building complex of the former University of Tyrnov. The former city fortifications with a gate have also been partially preserved.

The oriental synagogue Status quo Ante and the Orthodox synagogue , both from the end of the 19th century, are a reminder of the Jewish presence .

Demographics

In the 2001 census, 70,286 inhabitants were registered, of which 96.89% were Slovaks, 0.79% Czech, 0.27% Roma and 0.21% Hungarians. According to the denomination, the Roman Catholic Church dominated with 71.85%, while 18.37% of the population described themselves as atheists. 5.73% gave no information and 2.93% supported the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession (AB).

In 1891 - already under strong Magyar state influence - there were 6,564 Slovak, 3,154 German and 1,625 Hungarian speakers, 9,324 Catholics, 1,558 Jews and 593 Lutherans among the 11,560 inhabitants. Most of the important Jewish community spoke German. In 1930 there were 23,948 inhabitants with 20,225 (84.4%) Slovaks, 1,044 (4.3%) Germans and 864 (3.6%) Hungarians.

From 1991 (71,783 inhabitants) to 2011 - due to the proximity to the centers of Bratislava and Vienna - the population decreased by 8%. The industries with the most employed people are manufacturing, education and teaching, and health care.

City structure

The city is divided into six districts with ten districts:

Trnava-stred with the districts of Staré mesto (old town) and Špiglsál (hall of mirrors)
Trnava-západ with the Prednádražie district ,
Trnava-juh with the Tulipán and Linčianska districts
Trnava-východ with the districts of Hlboká and Vozovka
Trnava-sever with the districts Kopánka, Zátvor and Vodáreň
Modranka (incorporated in 1971; German Modersdorf )

Infrastructure

traffic

Trnava is a traffic junction of several roads that are both national and regional. In the city itself, streets 51 , the first part of which from the Czech Republic ends here, and 61 , the old main street from Bratislava to northern Slovakia, cross. The former road runs on the Ostort bypass, which was completely completed in 2012. The R1 expressway to Nitra and Banská Bystrica begins at the southern end of the bypass and crosses the D1 motorway (Bratislava – Žilina) at the Trnava interchange .

But Trnava is also a hub for the railway. The double- track Bratislava – Žilina railway runs through the city . The two single-track lines from Kúty and Sereď also end here . All of the railway lines mentioned are electrified. Several local trains as well as express or intercity trains to Bratislava, Prievidza, Žilina, Martin, Košice and Humenné stop at the train station, which is southwest of the town center.

Local public transport in the city and the surrounding communities is operated by ARRIVA Trnava, as with currently (2016) 14 lines.

District heating

Trnava is supplied with district heating from the Bohunice nuclear power plant , which is about 15 km away . The output that can be thermally extracted from the nuclear power plant is 170 MW.

economy

The Swedish furniture company IKEA has had a production site in Trnava since 1992 . The plant specializes in the processing of chipboard and the manufacture of office furniture and employs around 500 people.

In 2003, the French PSA group started building a car factory and invested a total of 700 million euros. The Peugeot 207 has been produced in Trnava since June 2006, and the Citroën C3 Picasso model since December 2008 . The plant is designed for an annual production of around 300,000 cars and employs around 3,000 people. In 2010, 186,150 vehicles were produced. In addition, a number of suppliers have settled in Trnava, such as ZF Friedrichshafen , Boge Rubber & Plastics Group or the Belgian ALRO Group .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Johannes Sambucus

Johannes Sambucus (1531–1584), doctor, humanistic philologist, poet, art collector and patron
György Káldi (1573–1634), Jesuit, priest, important Bible translator
Józef Vurum (born November 27, 1763; † May 2, 1838 in Nitra ) Bishop of Székesfehérvár (1816–1822), Bishop of Oradea Mare (1822–1827), Bishop of Nitra (1827–1838)
Juraj Haulik von Váralya (1788–1869), Archbishop of Zagreb and later cardinal and Croatian ban
Ludwig Schlesinger (1864–1933), German mathematician
Mauriz Balzarek (1872–1945), Austrian architect
Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský (1881–1958), composer
Árpád Belko (1910-?), Football player
Daniel Belluš (1938–2011), chemist and head of research in Basel (Switzerland)
Jozef Heriban (* 1953), writer and screenwriter
Igor Prieložný (* 1957), volleyball player and coach
Pavol Blažek (* 1978), track and field athlete
Igor Matovič (* 1973), Slovak Prime Minister
Miroslav Karhan (* 1976), national soccer player
Libor Charfreitag (* 1977), hammer thrower
Miloš Putera (* 1982), handball player
Juraj Halenár (1983-2018), football player
Silvia Vašková (* 1985), national soccer player
Michaela Ábelová (born August 27, 1985), national basketball player
Taťána Kuchařová (* 1987), photo model in Opočno , became Czech Miss World in 2006
Lucia Haršányová (* 1990), soccer player

Worked in Trnava

Péter Pázmány (1570–1637), philosopher and theologian, main figure of the Hungarian Counter-Reformation; 1607-16 he was in the service of Ferenc Forgáchs, the Archbishop of Gran with seat in Trnava, after his death in 1616 Archbishop with seat in Trnava, 1629 cardinal; In 1619 Pázmány founded an educational institution for Catholics in Trnava and the Adalbertinum as a seminary.
Marko von Križevci (1589–1619), Croatian priest and saint; buried in Trnava
Joseph Umstatt (1711–1762), important Austrian composer of the transition period between the late baroque and early classical periods, a pioneer of the Viennese classical period
Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967), Hungarian composer, music teacher and music ethnologist; attended the city's high school from 1892 to 1900 and sang in the cathedral choir

Web links

Commons : Trnava - collection of images, videos and audio files

Aerial views over Trnava

Individual evidence

↑ University website
^ Statistics of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic on the city of Trnava ( memento of October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 11, 2011.
↑ ARRIVA Trnava, as - line overview , accessed on August 27, 2016
↑ http://www.wua-wien.at/home/atomschutz/akw-in-europa/kkw-bohunice
↑ http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull264/26404792228.pdf
↑ trnava-live.sk: IKEA Industry Slovakia plánuje vo svojom trnavskom závode rozširovanie výroby , June 14, 2017 (accessed December 27, 2018)
↑ PSA PEUGEOT CITROËN Slovakia - Základné údaje ( Memento of September 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 11, 2011

[1] University website

[2] Statistics of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic on the city of Trnava ( memento of October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 11, 2011.

[3] ARRIVA Trnava, as - line overview , accessed on August 27, 2016

[4] ttp://www.wua-wien.at/home/atomschutz/akw-in-europa/kkw-bohunice

[5] ttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull264/26404792228.pdf

[6] trnava-live.sk: IKEA Industry Slovakia plánuje vo svojom trnavskom závode rozširovanie výroby , June 14, 2017 (accessed December 27, 2018)

[7] PSA PEUGEOT CITROËN Slovakia - Základné údaje ( Memento of September 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 11, 2011