University of Virginia
| University of Virginia | |
|---|---|
|
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| founding | 1819 |
| place | Charlottesville |
| country | United States |
| president | James E. Ryan |
| Students | 21,049 (2010/11) |
| Employee | 7,979 (2010/11) |
| including professors | 2,125 (2010/11) |
| Foundation assets | 5,240,000,000 US dollars |
| University sports | Virginia Cavaliers |
| Networks | AAU , Universitas 21 |
| Website | www.virginia.edu |
The University of Virginia - UVa for short or U.Va. (English pronounced UVA : juːviːˈeiː ) - is a state university in the United States of America and is located in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 at the instigation of Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States . The central buildings of the university - the so-called "academic village" - were designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Benjamin Latrobe in the classicism style and are on the UNESCO World Heritage List .
The University of Virginia is a member of the Association of American Universities , an association of leading North American research universities that has existed since 1900, and is one of the Public Ivy Universities.
The university offers numerous Bachelor , Master and Ph.D. -Courses, especially in the humanities, natural sciences and engineering. It has almost 21,000 students, of which over 14,000 have a Bachelor's degree and over 5,000 have a Master's and / or Ph.D. aspire to, as well as over 2,100 professors and lecturers (as of 2011). James E. Ryan has been the university president since August 2018.
history
General story
1800–1826: preparations and foundation
Since at least 1800, the Virginia native Thomas Jefferson, then Vice President of the United States , had a plan to found a second university in Virginia alongside the College of William and Mary . At the College of William and Mary, which he had attended himself, he criticized above all the strong religious imprint of the college and the lack of science subjects. In addition, many Virginia students attended universities in the northern United States, which Jefferson rejected because they learned northern values there that turned them against the supposedly superior, agricultural way of life of the southern states - including slavery .
After the end of his tenure as President of the United States in 1809, Jefferson retired to his residence in Monticello, near Charlottesville, and in the years that followed pushed ahead with his plan for a university. From 1814 he used the Albemarle Academy , an academy founded in 1804 but only existing on paper, which Jefferson had the Virginia General Assembly (i.e. House of Delegates and Senate ) upgraded to Central College in 1816 - a college that awards bachelor's degrees. In 1814, Jefferson was elected a trustee of the college. The land on which the college was to be founded was bought in 1817 from James Monroe , the fifth President of the United States. It was outside of the Charlottesville metropolitan area at the time. The foundation stone for the first building of the university was laid on August 31st of that year, in the presence of the resident US President Monroe who traveled specially and - with Jefferson and James Madison - two of only four former US presidents; Washington had already passed away, making Massachusetts resident John Adams the only living ex-president in the country who did not attend the ceremony.
Immediately after the foundation stone was laid, Jefferson and his supporters worked to change the status of college to university - a college that can award degrees beyond the bachelor's degree. At the instigation of Jefferson and his supportive politician Joseph C. Cabell , the Virginia Parliament decided to establish another state university. Several places competed for it (notably Staunton and Lexington ), especially since the prospect of moving the capital from Virginia from Richmond away; the location of the state university would then have great chances of becoming Virginia's new capital. Jefferson and Cabell ultimately succeeded in asserting their university plans against the competition: On January 19, the House of Delegates of Virginia passed a law ( University Act ) that elevated the Central College to the state University of Virginia , and passed it on January 25, 1819 the Virginia Senate also declined accordingly. The date is considered the formal founding date of the university.
Jefferson himself drafted the plans for the university buildings (see university campus ) - with suggestions primarily from Benjamin Latrobe - and looked for professors in the subjects of philosophy, arts , foreign languages, natural sciences, law and in both North America and Europe Medicine. Within their subject area, the professors also had specializations to teach Jefferson-selected, less traditional subjects, making the University of Virginia the first university in the United States to offer the study of areas such as astronomy, architecture, botany, philosophy, and political science . Theology, on the other hand, was - and still is - on the curriculum, in stark contrast to other contemporary universities, which were almost all strongly religious and in some cases had the function of a seminary. The university chapel was not built until 1885-1890, contrary to Jefferson's plans.
1826–1850: Start of lessons and problems of the first years
Due to delays in the construction work and the transatlantic voyages, it was until March 7, 1825, before the university could begin operations for the first 123 students and eight young lecturers. Seven of the professors were born abroad and five of them - four British and one Saxon - were moving to the United States for their new posts. Only gradually did the university employ more American professors. (For comparison: at Harvard University , which was almost 200 years old at the time , around 20 professors taught in 1821.)
As was common in the United States in the 19th century, the University of Virginia initially primarily offered master’s degrees. The first university degree in medicine ( MD ) was awarded in 1828, the first Master of Arts in 1831 and the first law degree in 1842. Over the next few years, the number of students and professors and lecturers increased, and the range of subjects grew particularly around engineering (1836).
In the first few years there were frequent incidents and unrest among the students. Many students were the sons of plantations and used to owning weapons and being operated by slaves; they did not obey, and they also enlivened the other students. They abused the freedoms granted to them according to Jefferson's plans, and there were conflicts with the professors, especially some of the Europeans. In the first year, two professors wanted to quit after being terrorized by masked students. Relations between students and professors improved somewhat, but unrest flared up again and again over the next few years. The students also fought disputes among themselves, they even fought duels . The development culminated on November 12, 1840, when a masked student and troublemaker shot and killed the law professor and chairman of the professors after he had stepped out of his pavilion and tried to remove the mask from his face. The shock of the death brought the students to their senses and ultimately changed their relationship with the professors (see also the university's code of honor ).
1850–1900: American Civil War and fire in the Rotunda
During the American Civil War , the University of Virginia was the second largest university in the United States after Harvard. During the war, Virginia became the site of more battles than any other state in the United States - as a border state, as the home state of the southern capital ( Richmond ), and because of its location in close proximity to the northern capital ( Washington ). Although some battles took place less than 100 km from Charlottesville, unlike many other universities in the southern states, university operations were not interrupted. After the first battle of Manassas (1861) and in the course of the war, the central university building of the Rotunda and other university buildings served as a military hospital. In March 1865, the Northern Army under Brigadier General George A. Custer , best known for his subsequent defeat at Little Bighorn against the allies Lakota - Sioux , Arapaho and Cheyenne , marched into Charlottesville. City and university representatives met with Custer on the edge of the college campus and convinced him to spare the university. Northern troops camped in the center of the university ( Lawn ) and devastated some of the surrounding buildings ( pavilions ), but there was no bloodshed.
From 1868 the university also awarded bachelor's degrees, but it was not until 1899 that the bachelor's degree became the primary objective of study.
On October 27, 1895, there was a fire in the central building and landmark of the university, the Rotunda. The fire started in the extension of the building. The math professor William H. "Reddy" Echols, after whom a prestigious sponsorship program for gifted students ( honor student program ) was named in 1960 , tried to contain the fire with an explosion of about 45 kg of dynamite , which he fell from the roof of the Rotunda to the threw in flames connection between rotunda and annex. Instead, it triggered the collapse of the Rotunda's dome. Only 17,194 books from the holdings of over 56,000 titles could be saved. With the help of dynamite and water, it was at least possible to prevent the fire from spreading to the nearest pavilions. The Rotunda was rebuilt in a modified form under the direction of the New York architect Stanford White .
1900–1970: Further growth
Jefferson's original plans were that the university should not be headed by a single president, but by a board of visitors . The constantly growing university (including 1902 Department of Economics, so-called McIntire School of Commerce , 1906 Curry School of Education ) brought the council to the view that a president would be necessary for the future. After the Virginia graduate and future President of the United States Woodrow Wilson had turned down the job offer, Edwin Anderson Alderman, a progressive educator and speaker well-known throughout the United States, became the university's first president in 1905. He implemented a series of reforms for the university and the state of Virginia until his death in 1931, including one of the first programs to provide financial aid to students in the United States.
The university continued to grow and in 1929 reached a size of 290 lecturers (1904: 48) and 2,450 students (1904: 290). During the First World War , the university established military courses. Eight out of ten students also joined the newly formed Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC ).
In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt , the 32nd United States President, came to the University of Virginia to attend the graduation ceremony of his son, Franklin D. Roosevelt Junior, (law). Instead of his planned speech for university graduates, he spontaneously held his historic stab-in-the-back speech on June 10, 1940 , in which he condemned Italy's entry into the Second World War . Four years later, the entry of the United States into the war led to a drastic drop in student numbers to 1,322 (1939: 3,000).
The numbers recovered quickly after the end of the war, mainly due to the GI Bills , which allowed all war veterans to go to college. The 1950s saw a doubling of the number of students and a tripling of the number of professors and lecturers (compared to pre-war figures) as well as the establishment of several new departments and the outsourcing and expansion of existing subjects in autonomous institutes ( schools : 1951 School of Architecture , 1954 Graduate Business School (from 1974: Darden Graduate School of Business Administration ), 1956 School of Nursing ).
In 1954, the University of Virginia initially contributed $ 5,000 to the cost of setting up the Clinch Valley College of the University of Virginia (from 1999: University of Virginia's College at Wise ) in Wise (near Norton ) in Wise County in the southwest from Virginia. The college initially offered only two-year courses, but in 1970 it awarded the first bachelor's degrees after the four-year study period customary in the United States. Today the University of Virginia's College at Wise is the only branch college of the University of Virginia and has a very good reputation for a state liberal arts college , but - like the other state liberal arts colleges in the United States - can Do not record comparison with the best private.
1970–2000: Student protests in 1970 and preservation of the architectural heritage
In May 1970, nationwide student protests took place in the United States against the Vietnam War and against the death of four students who had been shot by police during anti-war demonstrations at Kent State University ( Kent State Massacre ). There were also student demonstrations and confrontations with the university administration at the University of Virginia. The current President of the University of Virginia, Edgar F. Shannon Jr., sought dialogue with student leaders and angry demonstrators. He convinced the professors to excuse the absence and late submission of papers so that the students could “ concentrate on constructive action in the re-direction of the nation's war policy ”. The president's stance received criticism from the US government and many alumni, but recognition from students and professors. Shannon later defended his stance by pointing out that the student unrest at several hundred of the major US universities had had drastic consequences, as a result of which most of them suspend their university operations or close the university temporarily (e.g. Princeton from the beginning of May until the near end of the semester ) had to. At the University of Virginia, however, no events were suspended or canceled; According to Shannon, attendance at university events remained almost unchanged in many departments and institutes, and returned to largely normal levels in the remaining institutes by May 13th.
1973–1976 the changes made to the Rotunda after the fire were largely reversed, so that the building is now closer to its original state. In 1987, UNESCO added the Jefferson University buildings, including the Rotunda, along with Jefferson's nearby home, Monticello, to their list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites, as the 442nd property . She made the selection according to the criteria for World Cultural Property I, IV and VI. The University of Virginia became the first university in the world to be on the UNESCO list; since then two other universities ( Alcalá de Henares , 1998; University City of Caracas , 2000) and the University of Salamanca in 1988 as part of the old town have been designated as World Heritage.
Since 2000: extensions
In October 2001, the Board of Visitors announced that part of the university campus to the south of the venerable, Jefferson-designed university building would be redesigned and expanded by the renowned modern architecture firm Polshek Partnership . The reason for the so-called South Lawn Project was the poor structural condition of the New Cabell Hall building , which houses most of the university's event rooms, and an increased space requirement. In spring 2005, the collaboration with Polshek Partnership was terminated because the new building threatened to become expensive and too modern for some tastes. Instead, New Cabell Hall is being renovated and an additional new building is being built in a conservative red brick style with white components, similar to the old university buildings (as of 2008). The project sparked controversial discussions: for some, the original design was too modern for the Lawn -near location, for others - including the university's architecture professors - the conservative design that has now been carried out is an uncreative imitation of Jefferson's architectural style.
From the beginning of the university summer program ( summer session ) 2006 - according to other information from December 2005 - until the end of May 2016, the University of Virginia took over the academic sponsorship of the semester-at-sea carried out by the Institute for Shipboard Education (ISE) - Program (English for semesters at sea ). The program, which was founded in 1963 under the name World Campus Afloat and temporarily renamed The University of the Seven Seas , offers undergraduate students the opportunity to “study abroad” on a cruise ship. After taking over the management of the University of Pittsburgh , who took on this role after 24 years and a. due to insufficient information regarding the safety of the ship MV Explorer , which was newly purchased in 2004 , the University of Virginia now provided the evidence for the academic achievements ( credit points ) achieved in the semester at Sea for the voyages from summer 2007 to spring 2016 and selected the Every year changing academic dean , who develops the curriculum, participates in the travel route and selects the lecturers who will teach on the ship over the years from approx. 28-32. On August 28, 2009, the ship set sail for the 100th voyage worldwide in the history of the 45-year program; The trip of the 50,000th student since the program was founded (1963) also occurred during the academic leadership of the University of Virginia.
Initially unnoticed by the public, the Institute for Shipboard Education (now based in Albemarle County ) had difficulties servicing the $ 83.5 million loan to pay off the MV Explorer . At a point in time when $ 66.1 million had to be paid off from the loan, the ISE saved itself on May 2, 2014 in a contract with a German bank to protect itself from access by creditors; Edition was u. a. the sale of the MV Explorer through an international ship dealer until April 30, 2015; in addition, the ISE had to prove before each trip that it had the necessary financial means, otherwise the trip would have to be canceled and all tuition fees reimbursed to the students; the academic management ( sponsor ) was allowed to withdraw according to the contract. This background became known in July 2015 after the University of Virginia had announced - to the general surprise - a month earlier that it would in fact be retiring as academic director of the program on May 31, 2016. The ISE initially pursued the plan to sell the MV Explorer and charter it back . Ultimately, however , the semester at Sea switched to another ship, namely to Germany (the former “ dream ship ”), which had just been sold by the insolvent owner company. Since then (as of July 2020), Semester at Sea has been using the ship, which is sailing again in summer as a cruise ship under the traditional name of Germany , for the autumn and spring semesters under the name of World Odyssey , i.e. H. with an official name change from September to April; After the first two years, a corresponding 10-year contract was concluded until 2027, but the summer trips that used to be common have not been carried out since 2014. Since the summer of 2016, Colorado State University took over the academic management of the program from the University of Virginia. In August 2017, on the occasion of the far-right demonstrations on the Lawn and in downtown Charlottesville (see #Ethnic Minorities ), the ISE, which had since moved to Fort Collins , Colorado , stated that it still feels close to the University of Virginia: part of the Semester at Sea heritage was rooted in Charlottesville on the University of Virginia campus.
The Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy was established in 2007, and its first students graduated in 2009. The Batten School is named after the former Virginia student and long-time patron Frank Batten, who supported the new department with a donation of over 100 million US dollars.
Ethnic minorities and women
Until 1950: No regular admission until the Bachelor's degree
The University of Virginia was originally only open to white male students. During the times of slavery , there were black slaves on the campus, as is usual at universities in the southern states, but their exact location is difficult to reconstruct today. Women also lived on the university campus, including the wives of the professors. It has been speculated whether there was a small brothel at the university in a building ( crackerbox ) built in 1840 .
Black and female students have attended the university's summer programs since 1890, but were still excluded from regular classes during the semesters. A student passed an exam in 1893 and obtained a certificate in mathematics, but this practice was then explicitly forbidden by the University's Board of Visitors . Only after protests in the early 20th century did the university admit female students for studies beyond the bachelor's degree ( graduate studies ) from 1920 .
Students from ethnic minorities were excluded from university operations until the middle of the 20th century ( racial segregation ). As usual at universities in the southern states , the sports teams of the University of Virginia even refused to compete against black players from other (northern state) universities. When, in the 1940s, some northern universities tried to use black players in games against southern universities, the Harvard American football team brought their black team-mate Chester Pierce (later a well-known psychiatry professor and namesake of Pierce Peak in Antarctica ) after prior notice. to a game at the University of Virginia - their first ever game in the southern states. The game was the first in which a black player in the southern states played on the field of a "white" university. Despite racist incidents in the accommodation of the team, the game itself - apart from a phenomenal 47-0 win for Virginia - went without incident.
1950 - 1970s: Gradual opening of the university
Until the 1950s, the University of Virginia only allowed whites as regular students. The first exceptions were a black law student, who fought for admission in 1950, and a black previous university lecturer who did his doctorate in education from 1951 to 1953. In the 1966/67 academic year, University President Edgar F. Shannon Junior introduced a rule for job applicants that black applicants should be preferred for applicants of approximately the same qualifications of different ethnicities, and in 1967 the first black professor was hired. In 1968 and 1969 black students were elected to the student council , a student council at the university, and even its president. Ultimately, the numbers also changed due to the university's growing efforts to attract black students: in 1969 there were 102, a year later there were 236 black students (just under 2.2% of the student body).
From 1944 to 1972, Mary Washington College (since 2004: University of Mary Washington ) in Fredericksburg (Virginia), which was founded in 1908 as a women's college , was connected to the University of Virginia. In the 1960s, discussions increased among university administration and among faculty and students about whether the University of Virginia should accept women. The development was ultimately accelerated by court proceedings: in 1969 a student fought for admission via a court order. Under pressure from a threatened federal court ruling, the first 450 female undergraduate students were officially admitted to the University of Virginia in 1970 , with 550 following the next year. In 1972 the University of Virginia opened entirely to female students; 45% of the new students this year were female.
In the years that followed, ethnic minority and female students quickly became the norm at the university; for example, a black student became president of the School of Law as early as 1972/1973 .
Since 2000: diversity despite repeated incidents
According to the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , the University of Virginia now offers black students good study conditions: In a study published in 2005, the university had the lowest drop-out rate of black students of all public Ivy universities at 14% , which is already well below the general level national average of 60%. This rate was relatively little different from the corresponding numbers for white students (9%), making the University of Virginia, along with two other universities, also a leader among the Public Ivys . The proportion of black students in the total number of students was 8.5%, the second highest among the Public Ivy s (equal in number to another university).
11% were studying at the University in 2008 also about Asian-born Americans ( Asian-Americans ). In total, 24.5% of the students belong to ethnic minorities. 13% were foreigners or did not provide any information about their ethnicity (as of 2008). The proportion of women in the courses leading to a Bachelor's degree is 56%.
As in most universities, problems persist with the number of lecturers and professors who are ethnic minority and / or female (as of 2006). In addition, despite the generally positive climate, there have been repeated incidents of racism among students in recent years. For example, students in 2002 costumed for Halloween -party as blackface ; In 2003 the black-Asian student Daisy Lundy, who ran for president of the student council, was attacked presumably with a racist background; and in 2004 a black student's car was racially smeared with hard-to-remove material.
In November 2014, Rolling Stone magazine's article A Rape on Campus caused a stir. The article described the alleged rape of a student by several members of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity during an admission ritual at a house party at the UVa in the fall of 2012. The story later turned out to be untenable after police and other journalists reported this had questioned critically and had encountered numerous contradictions. The article relied solely on the statements of the alleged victim with the code name "Jackie". No other party participants, stakeholders, or witnesses were interviewed. The university and the association “Phi Kappa Psi” were not sufficiently informed in advance of the content of the article, so that they could only give their opinion after the article was published. “Phi Kappa Psi” was able to prove, among other things, that no party had taken place in their house at the time in question. Nevertheless, the university suspended the activities of the fraternities for some time and subsequently issued stricter rules for parties, especially with regard to alcohol consumption.
In 2017, the university was drawn into the protests of right-wing extremists, which aroused international media coverage: the politically more progressive city of Charlottesville was planning, the equestrian statue of General Robert E. Lee , who was in the American Civil War for the southern states and the maintenance of slavery had struggled to remove. As a result, right-wing extremists and southern ultra-conservatives have been arriving for protests since the spring. In August several hundreds of people finally marched in a torchlight procession, chanting white supremacy and anti-Semitic slogans, across the lawn and past the rotunda to the Thomas Jefferson monument on the street side of the rotunda . A brawl broke out with a handful of counter-demonstrators protesting with a poster in front of the Jefferson statue; there was at least one arrest by the police. Hours later, on August 12, the right-wing extremists and ultra-conservatives protested in downtown Charlottesville with flags or war flags of the Confederates and, among other things, a Nazi flag (see photo ); A mentally ill 20-year-old right-wing extremist from Ohio drove his car into a crowd of counter-demonstrators, killed a woman and injured 19 other people (see: Right-wing extremist demonstrations in Charlottesville 2017 ). The Heaphy investigation report criticized that the University of Virginia had known hours beforehand about the planned torchlight procession - emails that have since emerged show even a few days - and did nothing; in particular the chief of the university police - a common institution at US universities - had no comprehensive plan for the situation, not even to keep the Protestants and counter-demonstrators separate.
After James E. Ryan - a graduate of the University of Virginia School of Law, longtime lecturer there and most recently dean of the Harvard School of Education - became the ninth president of the university in August 2018, he announced in his inaugural address steps for more socio-economic diversity: Undergraduate students who are from the state of Virginia will receive a full tuition scholarship if their parents earned less than $ 80,000 a year, as well as free housing and meals if their parents earned less than $ 30,000 earned in the year. At first it remained open how soon these ideas should be implemented.
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campus
The University of Virginia owns approximately 13.5 km² (3340 acres ) of land with over 500 buildings. Most of it is located in Charlottesville and forms the university campus , which is commonly called the grounds or The Grounds . It consists of two related parts. In the more densely built-up, southern part (South Grounds) lies the heart of the university, the so-called academic village with the oldest buildings on the campus. Over the years, the university has grown far beyond this: In the 1970s, a second focus of the campus (North Grounds) was expanded approximately two kilometers further north .
The academic village
The central buildings of the campus were built in the Jeffersonian style named after Thomas Jefferson , a form of Palladianism , which in turn is assigned to classicism . Jefferson even the name of this oldest parts is the university as an academic village ( academical village back). Together with his Monticello country estate near Charlottesville, which he also designed , the academic village was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987 . The color of the buildings is characterized by the combination of red brick and white elements (e.g. gables, columns, door and window frames), but Jefferson's original designs added copper and sandstone tones to the color scheme.
In parts of literature, and most of it in popular culture, the University of Virginia academic village is portrayed as the sole architectural masterpiece of Jefferson. However, this view is too undifferentiated, especially in view of the then leading architect Benjamin Latrobe in the United States and also familiar with designs for universities . The significance that his involvement played for the architecture of the academic village can only be partially assessed today. In this connection, however, several letters between Jefferson and Latrobe, some notes on Jefferson's drafts and individual drawings of buildings in the academic village have survived, which from today's perspective can possibly be attributed to Latrobe. They suggest that in Latrobe not only the idea of the central rotunda ( Rotunda ), but also designs for other buildings ( pavilions ) decline. Another building is based on a design by William Thornton . Jefferson's overall architectural achievement remains undisputed, namely with the overall system, but also with the further work and fine-tuning of the designs possibly suggested by other architects, as well as the interior design of the Rotunda.
Overview of the entire system
Description of the plant
The academic village is laid out in a horseshoe shape around the so-called Lawn , a 740 feet (225.6 m) long and 192 feet (58.5 m) wide lawn that slopes from north to south in three broad terraces. Jefferson originally planned a square complex with three larger buildings on each of the three built-up sides. However, due to the narrower shape of the hilltop, which was eventually purchased as the university building site, Jefferson had to change plans to a rectangular shape with only a single central building at the north end. The other buildings are in four rows parallel to the lawn .
At the head of the Lawn is the Rotunda, a circular building modeled on the Roman pantheon , which originally housed the university library. Jefferson's concept of the university differs from the typical university complex of its time, in which the center of the campus was a church; However, the rooms on the ground floor were all meetings that were too large for other premises, and thus after Jefferson's self-described as "religious worship" ( religious worship ).
On the long sides of the lawn are five larger buildings, the so-called pavilions, which almost without exception serve as houses for professors. The pavilions are connected by colonnades , behind which there are student rooms on the ground floor, the doors of which lead directly onto the lawn . Along the colonnades, there are large trees in two loose rows, the planting of which also goes back to Jefferson's plans.
Behind the pavilions, on the side facing away from the lawn, there are publicly accessible gardens. Beyond them follow - parallel to the rows of pavilions, but with entrances facing away from the lawn - three buildings each, which are referred to as hotels in Jefferson. The hotels originally served as cafeteria- like buildings and living spaces for the families who run them; today they are mainly used for university administration and student groups. The hotels are connected by a row of arcade -lined student rooms ( West Range and East Range ), the room doors of which open directly onto the arcades. The rooms are now reserved for students with a Bachelor's degree ( graduate students ).
According to Jefferson's plans, the south side of the Lawn originally provided a view of the world beyond the university with conscious symbolism. On lower ground, Jefferson wanted to create a botanical garden there, among other things . In May 1826 he was still looking for a suitable place with a university professor, but Jefferson died just two months later and the garden was never realized. In 1896, as the university grew, the Old Cabell Hall (architect Stanford White ) was built at the southern end of the Lawn , the interior of which includes a semicircular auditorium in the style of an ancient theater. The exterior of Old Cabell Hall is brick and adapts to the Jefferson aesthetic.
Relationship of the buildings to one another and history of impact
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A visible hierarchy runs through the academic village in several ways. On the one hand, it runs from the edges of the complex - the range with student rooms and dining options - over the lawn sides with the pavilions to the rotunda, which as a library represents knowledge and science: the range is almost entirely made of plain brick, including the brick arcades and the low, almost unadorned facades of the hotels. The sides of the Lawn , on the other hand, are characterized by their originally sandstone-colored colonnades and the representative pavilion facades with white building elements. Finally, in the middle - originally with a copper roof - stands the raised rotunda, which, due to its shape and the layout of its pillared courtyard ( portico ), attracts attention like an ancient temple.
At the same time, a second, even more functionally based hierarchy runs through the complex, which is particularly evident through the column arrangements used in its classic hierarchy : At the bottom are the small individual cells of the student rooms, which extend uniformly behind their respective arcades or Tuscan colonnades and to the Part are bricked in a simple runner bond . The six hotels built by the Flemish Association are larger, individually designed and in some cases provided with gardens , and two of their facades show Doric columns . On the next level are the even larger, mutually equivalent pavilions, whose facades, also tiled in the Flemish Association , are presented with Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns , which mostly extend over two floors, especially near the rotunda ( colossal order ); further building elements are classical entablature , balustrades and other white-painted elements corresponding to the column arrangements . As a sign of the extensive knowledge it has gathered, the rotunda has Corinthian columns on the outside, but also Doric and Ionic columns in its interior and, in the dome hall, which serves as a library, the hierarchically highest composite columns .
But despite the well-planned and apparently exactly symmetrical layout of the academic village, its overall impression thrives on the combination of well-composed, classical symmetry and its breakdown; the latter is partly due to deliberate composition, partly due to the small irregularities of the terrain on which the academic village was built. But in addition to aesthetic goals, Jefferson always pursued educational goals and tried to support university teaching down to the last detail of the system he designed and to create an ideal learning atmosphere.
The layout of the Lawn with the Rotunda has been a model for several other universities, including the designs of Sweet Briar College (1902), Johns Hopkins University (1902), the University of Minnesota (1910), Rice University (1910) , the Faye and Joe B. Wyatt Center for Education at Peabody College at Vanderbilt University (1915) and the Killian Court with the domed Great Dome at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (1916). Several university architects have adopted the element of a central park-like area that is lined by the university buildings, according to Ralph Adams Cram for Wheaton College near Boston .
Illustrated overview of the buildings on the Lawn
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(Northwest) |
next to the rotunda: building wing (south wing: by Jefferson) ... ... and colonnades (added later) ...
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 Rotunda 
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next to the rotunda: ... by one ... ... inner courtyard with "garden" (added later)  |
(Northeast) |
 Pavilion I. |
 the Lawn (looking north, onto the Rotunda ) |
 Pavilion II |
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 Pavilion III |
 Pavilion IV |
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 Pavilion V |
 Pavilion VI |
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 Pavilion VII |
 Pavilion VIII |
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 Pavilion IX |
 Pavilion X |
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| ("West Lawn" lawn) | (East Lawn) | |||
 Cocke Hall (1896–1898): Architect Stanford White |
 Middle risalit of Rouss Hall (1896–1898): Architect Stanford White |
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(Southwest) |
 Old Cabell Hall (1896–1989) (between Cocke and Rouss Hall): Architect Stanford White |
(Southeast) |
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The Rotunda
At the head end of the Lawn is the rotunda (English for rotunda ), which is considered one of the most outstanding architectural works of the United States and the landmark of the university.
Latrobe's proposal for a rotunda (for Jefferson's square lawn design)
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Floor plans of the Pantheon (left) and Rotunda (middle: ground floor in front of the north portal, right: dome room)
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Planned use and design of the rotunda
Jefferson's original design for the academic village (so-called Albemarle Academy design ) did not include a specially designed building for the apex of the redevelopment of the Lawn , which was then planned to be square . The two architects Latrobe and Thornton, whom he asked for suggestions for the university design, independently recommended a central building at the apex of the horseshoe-shaped lawn . Thornton simply envisaged a pavilion raised one story. Latrobe, on the other hand, proposed in his reply of July 24, 1817, with an attached drawing, a round building with a gable and six columns presented for the central building; he recommended three floors, the top of which should be a round domed hall. Jefferson took up the suggestion and even later received advice and probably even entire sketches from Latrobe for the rotunda, so that he once even called it Latrobe's rotunda in his records .
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Jefferson used the Roman pantheon as a model for the rotunda. He had never seen the ancient building and based his knowledge mainly on Palladio's drawings from his work Quattro libri dell'architettura ( Eng .: Four books of architecture ; Chapter 20: Del Pantheon hoggi detto la Ritonda ) in the translation by Giacomo Leoni ; In it, the Pantheon is referred to in English as Rotunda according to its church name Santa Maria della Rotonda (from 607 AD) , from which the name of Jefferson's building is probably derived.
As with the Pantheon, the basis for Jefferson's Rotunda was, in his own words, “a sphere within a cylinder ”. A pillar forecourt (portico) with Corinthian columns is attached to the cylinder, the capitals (upper column ends) made of Carrara marble, which Jefferson ordered from Italy after local slate turned out to be unusable. The roof of the Rotunda describes an arc of 120 °, with the lower part of the roof - as with the Pantheon - rising on the outside in six steps, to which the arching is connected. Unlike the ancient temple, however, Jefferson's building has a cellar that is housed in the building's broad pedestal; The imaginary “ball in a cylinder” in the Rotunda thus extends below the surface of the earth (see Jefferson's design 1817), which - together with the omission of the double gable of the Roman building - leads to optically different proportions than in the Pantheon. Nevertheless, Jefferson's design looks slimmer than the Pantheon from the outside: In contrast to the rotunda, the imaginary sphere inscribed in the Roman temple does not extend to the outer walls of the building.
In addition, Jefferson's building differs from its model in the building material - red brick baked in Virginia with white elements for the Rotunda, concrete walled with bricks for the Pantheon - and the large, white-framed windows in the outer wall. Another difference concerns the reduced scale, as the rotunda is 77 feet (23.5 m) high and in diameter; Jefferson described the diameter of the Rotunda, often quoted, as half as large as that of the Pantheon and accordingly its area and volume as a quarter or eighth of the ancient building, which is only approximately true given the Pantheon's diameter of 43.3 m . With size, Jefferson also reduced the number of pillars in the portico - the porch of the rotunda is six pillars wide and three pillars (three bays ) deep, while the portico of the Pantheon is eight pillars wide and three deep; In addition, the ancient forecourt is divided by two pairs of columns behind the front column front, which structure the short vestibule like a central nave with two aisles leading to the entrance . The greatest deviations, however, can be found inside the building: while the Roman pantheon houses a single room, Jefferson divided the rotunda into three floors - basement, ground floor and first floor - and the two lower floors into three oval rooms each and a roughly hourglass-shaped corridor. The basement and ground floor rooms of the rotunda were originally used for all larger gatherings for which the rooms of the pavilions on the Lawn were too small - seminars, religious worship, public examinations and other events took place there. The large domed room on the upper floor, lined with 20 pairs of columns and two galleries, served as a library. Jefferson also designed a blue-painted ceiling with moving stars that would have made the United States' first planetarium, but the plans never came to fruition.
To the east and west of the Rotunda, there are two narrow, single-storey building wings. They each enclose a small inner courtyard on both sides of the rotunda, the fourth side of which is formed by a colonnade (see illustrated overview ). Jefferson placed the roofed, but open on the long sides, wings level with the rotunda basement so that they are partially below the ground (4 feet 2 inches) to the south, to the lawn . This means that when you look from the south from a greater distance, they are almost completely covered by the three gently sloping terraces of the Lawn . Because of the sloping terrain to the north, the two wings on this side are built at ground level. For this purpose, Jefferson designed an arcade along the wings, which is similar to the arcades of the Range . Jefferson planned the premises in the wings as covered sports rooms. The balustrade -lined flat roofs of the wings and the colonnade corridors are now accessible to the public via the colonnaded halls of the Rotunda. The doorless corridor running in the wings complements the colonnades between the pavilions to form a covered path around the lawn , which is only interrupted in the not continuously built-up south.
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Building history and actual use of the Rotunda
Construction of the Rotunda began on October 7, 1822 and was completed in September 1826 after almost four years of construction. 1851-1853 the Rotunda was due to the increased space requirement of the University of a 150 foot (45.7 m) long and 50 feet (15.2 m) wide cultivation ( Annex ) to the north, were housed in the mainly four large meeting rooms whose one could hold up to 1,200 people. In the 19th century, the roof of the Rotunda was also given a low, wide lantern , initially for a few years and finally in the 1870s , in order to repair leaks in the window that was previously fitted at this point. The roof was also changed for the same reasons - the six step rings were removed and the roof vault reinforced.
In 1895 a fire completely destroyed the rotunda and the annex except for the brick walls (see history ). The building was then rebuilt according to plans by Stanford White, in a modified form and without the extension, in a monumental Beaux Arts style (an eclectic neoclassical style). In addition to stylistic changes in the interior of the rotunda, White did without a mezzanine, thereby increasing the dome space. He also added to the north, in which the annex had previously stood, a pillared courtyard modeled on the southern courtyard designed by Jefferson; Since then, the north and south sides of the rotunda have looked very similar to one another, although the northern forecourt with only one yoke is not as deep as the southern pillared forecourt.
The Rotunda was reopened in 1898 and again used primarily as a library until the increased collection was moved to the newly built Alderman Library in 1938. In the following years the Rotunda was only used for subordinate administrative offices and occasional balls and receptions and lost its central importance for the university.
From the 1950s onwards, the university presidents at the time and, above all, two professors who studied the history of the building pushed for a restoration of the Rotunda with its dismantling to its original state and an upgrading of the building by changing its use. After a long planning phase, the renovation in the style of Jefferson took place from 1973 to 1976 under the direction of the architect Louis W. Ballou (from the architectural office Ballou and Justice from Richmond , Virginia). The construction version that has existed since then does not fully correspond to the original state. In particular, the color scheme originally designed by Jefferson with the rotunda roof in copper, as well as a return to the colors of Tuscan sandstone for the columns of the colonnades on the lawn, could not prevail against the design with a white roof and white columns, which had been common since 1895. In addition, the north portal, built under Stanford White, was retained, and various adaptations were made inside the rotunda to meet modern building requirements, from air conditioning to an elevator for the disabled.
Today the Rotunda houses offices and rooms for festive occasions. The domed room is mainly used as an event hall. The rooms in the arcade wings also serve as offices.
The pavilions and student rooms on the lawn
- Pictures of all pavilions: see overview of the buildings on the lawn
Planned use and designs of the pavilions
Jefferson planned the ten pavilions of the academic village on the one hand as residences for the professors, on the other hand as faculties- like classrooms with seminar rooms for the respective professors: Each professor taught a wide range of topics, for example, the professorship for physico-mathematics according to Jefferson's ideas comprised mechanics , statics , dynamics , Pneumatics , acoustics , optics , astronomy and geography . The independence of the professors was also underlined by the fact that each student - as was customary at the time - did not register in a department, but directly with one or more professors, to whom he had to personally pay part of the tuition fees. Due to their purpose, the pavilions were intended to represent not only the importance of the professors but also the sciences that were taught in them. This explains - in addition to purely aesthetic reasons - the importance that Jefferson's designs place on the buildings on the lawn .
Architecturally, this symbolism requires a balance in the architecture that, despite the wealth of variants, does not make individual pavilions appear superior to others. At the same time, it influenced the number of pavilions to be built: Jefferson's first designs envisaged nine pavilions - three on each side - around the lawn , which was then still planned as a square . However, the emphasis on the building at the apex and the arrangement in two rows along the rectangular lawn made it possible to increase the number of pavilions to ten - the number of sciences that Jefferson, after long deliberation, considered the "sciences useful in our time" ( the sciences useful in our time ) and seen as an indispensable minimum for a university. Due to financial problems, however, the number of professors was reduced to eight in the first years of the university.
When Jefferson asked the architects Thornton and Latrobe for the university complex in 1817, Thornton sent him sketches for two pavilion facades, one of which Jefferson used and adapted for Pavilion VII. Latrobe sent sketches for at least five facades, probably even at least "seven or eight" as he announced in a letter, possibly even a complete set of ten drafts. Jefferson, in turn, wrote to Latrobe that he would use two of the designs for the next pavilions to be built, and he also noted Latrobe's name in his sketches for pavilions VIII and IX. In addition, due to stylistic considerations, influences from Latrobe on Pavilions III and V and possibly also on Pavilion X are assumed. The historian Garry Wills goes the furthest , who, in view of the sketches by Latrobe that have not survived, even speculates whether all the pavilions except for Pavilion VII, which was influenced by Thornton, could be based on designs by Latrobe - adapted by Jefferson, for example, with different beams; it would also fit that in 1819 Jefferson designed the five eastern pavilions in just three weeks. Whoever is responsible for the individual designs to what extent, the pavilions show a great wealth of shapes, which is composed of a variety of classic building elements, often based on the models of Roland Fréart de Chambray and Andrea Palladio. The versatility of the variants used is attributed to Jefferson’s educational objectives in addition to the aesthetic ones - architecture as illustrative material for university teaching.
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| Pavilion III: Corinthian columns |
Pavilion IX: Doric columns |
Symmetry and asymmetry
True to the overall concept of the complex, the different types of construction are by no means symmetrically distributed among the pavilions: Facades on the opposite side differ considerably, which can be seen most clearly in pavilions IX and X (see wide-angle view above ). It is also noticeable in the column arrangements used (style of the upper column end, the so-called capital ): four of the pavilions (I, IV, VII, X) have columns with Doric capitals , three (II, V, IX) with Ionic and two (III, VIII) - like the rotunda - in the Corinthian order ; Finally, pavilion VI does not use any additional columns, but rises above the continuous ( Tuscan ) colonnade. The classicist use of colossal orders (columns or pillars over two or more floors) on the Rotundana pavilions I, II, III, IV and V as well as on the southern pavilion X only partly follows a symmetrical order, and the same applies to the choice of gables and roof shapes - I to IV as well as VI and VII have a gable roof ending in a gable , IX a flat hipped roof , X has a gable in front of its flat roof, and V and XIII have simple flat roofs. The size of the buildings also varies greatly and originally ranged from around 10.7 m × 8.4 m (Pavilion VII) to around 11.4 m × 13 m (Pavilion III); In connection with this, the number of pillars presented on the façades changes between four and six. Even the alignment of the pavilions is partly not symmetrical, so the entrance doors of pavilions I and IX are a little more south than those of the opposite pavilions II and X.
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However, other elements underline the impression of principle symmetry and regularity. Above all, this includes the colonnades that connect the pavilions on each side of the lawn . Their effect is underlined by the white railings of the accessible connecting paths above them, through which the professors could get from one pavilion to another without stepping out onto the public lawn . However, this impression has changed a lot since the early years of the university, when the trees on the sides of the Lawn were not yet fully grown.
In addition, Jefferson even used actual irregularities to create an impression of harmonious regularity: starting from the rotunda, he gradually lengthened the spacing between pavilions (see plan of the academic village ). While there is only space for four student rooms between the first pavilion, there are eight at the other end of the lawn on the east side and ten on the west side. Seen from the Rotunda, this trick counteracts the phenomenon that everything is perceived smaller in the distance - because Jefferson made the dimensions larger in the distance, the south end appears closer ( constant size ) and the distances between the pavilions seem even, even because they are not. From the south side of the lawn, on the other hand, there is the effect that the smaller distances near the rotunda simulate a greater distance, so that the lawn appears longer than it actually is. However, today the large trees on both sides of the lawn obstruct the unobstructed view of the pavilions over the entire length of the complex, especially in summer, which means that the effect of the different dimensions is less important.
Building history and actual use of the pavilions and student rooms
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| Pavilion X with free-standing gable (1911) |
Pavilion X again with attic after renovation in 2010 |
Construction of the university's first building began on October 6, 1817 with Pavilion VII. After its completion, the pavilion served as a library until the Rotunda took over this task in 1826. The other pavilions were gradually built until October 1823, but the professors only moved in shortly before the university opened in 1825. According to Jefferson's plans, they should live upstairs, if necessary with their family, and teach in several rooms on the ground floor. However, most of the pavilions lost their function as classroom buildings early on because the professors and often their wives in particular wanted more private life and more space, whereupon the seminar rooms were gradually moved to the Rotunda and later to their annex. Only one of the original seminar rooms is still used for this purpose today (as of September 2002). In the early years, the professors even used some of the surrounding student rooms, which were not used due to the still low student numbers, as work rooms.
Over the years, all but pavilion III were gradually enlarged towards the gardens, with pavilion III being the only one that was expanded to include another building in the garden that is now inhabited independently of the pavilion. Despite the extensions, however, the facades of the pavilions to the Lawn remained almost unchanged over the decades; a small exception was Pavilion X, whose attic was removed in the 19th century, but even it was restored to its former state in 2009. Today the pavilions still serve as residential buildings for professors, mostly for deans, as they are allocated on the basis of seniority . Only Pavilion VII, the so-called Colonnade Club , has been used by the club of the same name since the beginning of the 20th century, which promotes relationships between professors and former students; but even the club has single rooms for overnight stays in an annex.
The student rooms between the pavilions still serve their original purpose today, but today selected students live there: While the rooms were initially given to two students each, unless one student wanted to pay double the rent, today the individually occupied rooms are in one of Students award organized selection processes to fellow students who are in the last academic year before completing their bachelor’s degree and who have distinguished themselves through leadership or social engagement, among other things. The rooms do not have an individual bathroom, toilets and showers are housed in other buildings, and cookers (including microwave ovens until 2002/03) are not permitted due to the old electrical system. Nonetheless, the rooms are extremely popular because of their location and the honor of being able to live here. In good weather, the front doors that lead directly into the rooms are often open, and a few of the wooden rocking chairs, one of which is part of the room furnishings, can often be seen in the colonnade or on the lawn .
The gardens
Jefferson also designed the basic shape of the sixteen publicly accessible gardens of the academic village: behind each of the ten pavilions is a garden that slopes slightly from the lawn following the natural terrain ; the six pavilions, behind which there is a hotel, originally shared their gardens with the hotels, which is why these gardens were structurally separated in the middle. On the sides, the gardens were surrounded by narrow, serpentine walls . The walls are only one brick wide, so that the windings benefit not only the aesthetics but also the stability. Jefferson probably met the winding walls in England in 1786; a variant of them he had probably also seen in 1645 founded Green Spring Plantation (west of Jamestown , Virginia) of the Governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley. Between the side brick walls, Jefferson laid access paths ( called avenues ) to the rear of the pavilions and the lawn .
Jefferson left no plans for the planting of the gardens, which may have been due to the date of his death (1826) or the necessity of using the gardens as land for use. According to Jefferson's wishes, only toilets were to be housed in the gardens, but woodsheds, washhouses, chicken coops, smokehouse and meat houses, and accommodation for servants (up to four per household were allowed) and slaves were soon needed. There were also wells and cisterns, drying areas for laundry and, above all, the cultivation of vegetables, berries and fruit trees.
After decay and renovations up to the creation of a street each across the western and eastern gardens had added to the original complex, the West Lawn Gardens were added in 1948–1952 and the East Lawn Gardens in 1960–1965 restored to the original designs. Since Jefferson had not given any specifications for the planting, the landscape architects Alden Hopkins (western gardens) and Donald Parker (eastern gardens) laid out the gardens again. It is disputed whether or not their Anglo-French designs took Jefferson's general preferences into account: While Jefferson is said to have a preference for the English ( jardins anglais ) over the highly stylized French gardens, other authors believe that Jefferson is more likely to have a distinctly French style would have wanted. Today the gardens are still used by the pavilion residents. At least the parts of the garden that are farther away from the lawn are also available to the public and therefore especially to the students.
The Range's hotels and student rooms
Planned use and design of the hotels
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| Front of Hotel B and D |
Colonnade of the East Range |
Beyond the gardens, there is a row of single-storey buildings with multiple openings, made up of arcade-lined student rooms, the so-called East and West Range . Jefferson referred to the six larger buildings as "hotels", one of which stands at the four ends of the building rows and another one between the student rooms of the East and West Range . Jefferson had originally planned that the hotels should also face the lawn and thus the gardens and the back of the pavilions. However, this draft brought problems for the construction of the access roads to the Lawn . Finally, Joseph C. Cabell suggested that the hotels be exposed to the outside of the lawn , which Jefferson included in his plans.
The hotels were planned as decentralized dining rooms (similar to canteens ) and were rented to six private individuals who lived with their families in the hotels and offered three meals a day for the students. For example, they also furnished the rooms of the students assigned to them, had to provide them with "servants" (ie slaves) for cleaning their rooms and, from 1842 at the latest, were obliged to give the students a clean towel per day so that their tasks clearly exceeded the a cook went out. For the students, the hotels not only became dining rooms, but also served as places for gatherings and as clubs similar to connections .
According to their purpose, the hotels are smaller - only Hotels C, E and F have a visibly extended upper floor - and above all not as representative as the pavilions. Only the two hotels close to the Rotunda are provided with columns: Hotel A has a small Doric columned forecourt, and the entrance door of Hotel B is behind a portal supported by two small Doric columns; Both house fronts are also oriented to the north, on the access routes to the Rotunda. To the east and west, on the other hand, all the hotels lie behind the continuous brick arcades of the Range , which are only slightly pulled forward in front of the hotels in order to gain a larger covered anteroom, and in the case of Hotel D are somewhat enlarged. This means that the brick buildings of the hotels fit relatively inconspicuously into the rows of the Range . But even they were individually designed by Jefferson, so that no two buildings are the same.
Jefferson, who had learned French himself at a young age, initially planned to rent the hotels to foreign-speaking families who could teach the students colloquial French, Italian, German and Spanish during meals. In rural Virginia, however, suitable families could not be found, and so the project was not pursued any further. The idea was taken up again a few years ago, and today there are several small student residences ( language houses ) at the University of Virginia , each dedicated to a specific foreign language and requiring residents, among other things, to attend at least three dinners a week during which only the appropriate language is spoken.
Building history and actual use of the hotels and student rooms
The hotels were completed in 1822, but as with the pavilions, the future residents only moved in shortly before the university opened on March 7, 1825. Originally, every student could choose where to stay and which of the six hotels they wanted to be assigned to. Since the regulation did not work well in practice, it was changed by the Board of Visitors on October 7, 1826 , and students were henceforth assigned to their accommodation and hotel. In the years that followed, however, it became apparent that the initially few students did not need so many hotels and the strong decentralization was not practical. There were also staffing issues: five of the six original hotel tenants drank and gambled for money with their students; the only exception, tellingly, was a man whom the students considered closed - possibly for other reasons - and who became so unpopular that at least nine students did not enroll at the university because they would have been assigned to his hotel.
In the years that followed, dining options were merged and the hotels were gradually used differently, often with the original buildings being expanded and expanded. In the first half of the 19th century, Hotel C (also Jefferson Hall , after the literary and debating group Jefferson Society , which had met there since 1826 ) and Hotel D held fencing, dance and sports lessons, from 1828 to the 1840s Hotel C and - from 1831 - Hotel D also used for occasional balls. As a sports hall, an annex, the so-called Levering Hall , was built next to Hotel E in 1852 , the name of which is now partly transferred to Hotel E. The majority of the hotels were at least temporarily converted into residential buildings (most recently Hotel D) and in between to offices of university administration and student organizations. Most of them still serve as offices today, only in Hotel E there has been a cafeteria for students and professors again since 2004; a roofed veranda that has been missing for a long time is to be rebuilt behind the building (as of 2009/2010).
The student rooms between the hotels are still used today for their original purpose and their furnishings - from the rocking chair to the separate bathroom - correspond to the rooms on the lawn . The range community's student rooms are reserved for graduate students and are assigned by a selection committee as part of an application process. Only Edgar Allan Poe's former home (address: 13 West Range ), which is furnished in the style of the poet's time, is not rented . The space is used by the university and the university Raven Society maintained, one after the eponymous poem by Poe named, in 1904, founded Honor Society (ger .: Honor Society). It can be viewed once a year during Garden Week .
Beyond the hotels
Although what is commonly referred to as an academic village today ends with the Range in the east and west , Jefferson's plans went beyond this core area. Jefferson probably intended to gradually expand the academic village to six rows of buildings - or later to eight, ten, etc., if necessary - with the lawn remaining the focal point: To the east, Jefferson built stables for the professors parallel to the East Range . In the west, he began a series of additional classroom buildings that would presumably have included the fine arts space planned by Jefferson.
But in 1826, the 83-year-old Jefferson died without even designing the possible extensions to the west. The only one of its buildings for the Jefferson before his death actually anfertigte still plans was, in 1825, the "anatomical theater" (in the west of Hotel A Anatomical Theater ), the first building in the United States for autopsies in medical studies (according to other sources, the first such construction in the US-American southern states). Due to its purpose, it was originally also called Stiff Hall (freely translated: building for stiff things ). The reason for the construction was probably on the one hand the wishes of the medical professor, who otherwise would have had to carry out the autopsies in his own pavilion. On the other hand, the College of William and Mary (Virginia) planned to move to Richmond and build a hospital for medical education, which would have withdrawn government funds from the University of Virginia; Proponents of the plans criticized that the University of Virginia would only teach medical history and not practice. The construction of the anatomical theater clarified the teaching assignment in Charlottesville and was at the same time a step against the college move and financial reallocation.
In the interior of Jefferson's building, rows of seats sloped octagonally to the center of the area where the autopsies were carried out. Jefferson ensured adequate lighting through high windows that did not allow outside views and a central skylight. The brick building was completed in February 1827, in 1886 it had to be rebuilt after a fire - probably without its lantern from now on. From 1926 it was mainly used by the social sciences at the university; after 1929 it was given a small portal surrounded by pillars. In 1938 the anatomical theater was demolished when the Alderman library was built right next to it. It is the only significant Jefferson structure at the University of Virginia that no longer stands. In 1997 archaeological excavations on the construction in the 19th century in general and the construction of the anatomical theater in particular were carried out on the site.
The rest of the campus
Most of the faculties and student residences are located on the southern part of the campus. Here, immediately to the west of the Rotunda, stands the 1885–1890 contrary to Jefferson's plans over denominational chapel. A little less than a kilometer to the southwest is the Scott Stadium , which was built in 1931 and has since been enlarged several times for American football games and other stadium-filling events.
In addition, here, in the north of the academic village, is the University of Virginia Art Museum , housed in a medium-sized brick building built between 1934 and 1935 , with a collection of over 10,000 objects. In addition to the permanent exhibition of North American and European art from the 15th to 19th centuries as well as some exhibits from Asia, European antiquity and the 20th century, the museum organizes 10 to 20 temporary exhibitions every year. The ethnographic collections from Africa, America and Oceania as well as old masters and photographs are only shown as part of the temporary exhibitions.
To the west of the south campus, on the wooded Observatory Hill, there is not only a small nuclear reactor for research purposes but also the headquarters of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), a state-run US research organization for radio astronomy . The NRAO operates radio telescopes in several locations in the United States and Chile, while Charlottesville only has its headquarters. There is also the NRAO-operated North American Center for the Scientific Use of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and a technology center. The NRAO works in part with the University of Virginia, for example by providing academic support for students. The university's astronomy department operates several smaller telescopes of its own on campus and in the south of Charlottesville.
In the second half of the 20th century, parts of the northern campus ( North Grounds ) were expanded due to the growth of the university . Since 1974/1975, the School of Law ( law faculty) and the Darden Graduate School of Business ( business as a special form of business administration) have been housed there. Both were initially housed in the current buildings of the School of Law . In a further expansion, financed by private donations totaling 77 million dollars, a new complex of nine buildings for the Darden School was built near these buildings in the 1990s , their representative style - red brick with white elements, a lawn in the middle - Is closely related to the academic village of Jefferson.
The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School , a law training center of the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG Corps) of the US Army , has also been located on the northern campus since 1951 . The center is located near the current School of Law at the University of Virginia and uses some of its facilities, especially the extensive library, but is organizationally independent and awards its own Master of Laws degree.
Between the southern and northern part of the campus there are sports facilities, some smaller buildings, green spaces and parking lots, which also belong to the university. This also includes the University Hall ( U-Hall for short ), which served as a basketball arena and event hall for years. On August 1, 2006, the larger John Paul Jones Arena was inaugurated nearby , and has since replaced the University Hall for sports and events.
Study conditions
The University of Virginia is recognized as one of the top public universities in the United States and one of the top 25 universities in the country. Since then, the rankings of US News & World Report list of public and private universities separated, the University of Virginia has always the first or second place among public universities occupied (2008). In total, the university has been named the best US state university nine times since 1993 by US News & World Report (of which one, in 2003, tied with the University of California Berkeley; as of 2008). The University of Virginia is the only US member of Universitas 21 , an international association of research universities, and since 1904 a member of the Association of American Universities , an association of 62 leading North American research universities that has existed since 1900.
The quality of the students is also above average. For the academic year 2007–2008, 65.2% of the bachelor's degree applicants were rejected, and 87% of the first-year students were among the top 10% of their school. The university is the leader among state universities in the number of students who have received one of the prestigious Rhodes Scholarships (45 to 2004/05), and ranks 6th among all US universities (after Harvard , Yale , Princeton , West Point and Stanford ).
Subjects and faculties
The University of Virginia has a wide range of degree programs that span both traditional subjects (e.g., English , law , medicine , etc.) as well as many specialty disciplines (e.g., audiology / communication disorders, information security management, structural and solid mechanics, etc.).
Thomas Jefferson introduced the rule that degrees from the University of Virginia are only awarded for academic achievements, but not “on an honorary basis” (e.g. as an honorary doctorate). (Awards for non-university students are only available in the form of the Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture and the Thomas Jefferson Award in Law , i.e. in two areas that were particularly important to Jefferson.) A total of over 50 bachelor's degrees in almost 50 areas and over 80 master's degrees in 65+ fields, six education specialist degrees, two first professional degrees , and 55+ doctorate degrees in over 50 fields (as of 2008).
As is common in the United States, the University of Virginia degrees are awarded by faculties organized into several university-internal institutes. The largest of them - the College of Arts and Sciences and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences - mainly include the humanities and social sciences. The other eleven institutes include (in order of student numbers) the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Law (law), the Curry School of Education (pedagogy, psychology specialty areas), the McIntire School of Commerce (especially Economics), the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration (“Business” as a special form of business administration), the School of Medicine (medicine), the School of Architecture (architecture), the School of Nursing (nursing, medical assistance) and the School of Continuing and Professional Studies (adult education, including as a distance learning university). (References to individual articles on Wikipedia for all institutes: see further information ) The Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy was founded in 2007 .
- Affiliated research institutions
- Rare Books Rare Book School ,
- Center for Chemistry of the Universe,
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory,
- University of Virginia Center for Politics,
- Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service,
- Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership ,
- Miller Center of Public Affairs (founded 1975)
- Fralin Museum of Art.
Financial resources and tuition fees
The University of Virginia is one of the finest universities in the United States. In 2004, the University of Virginia became the first US public university to receive more funding from private sources than from the state funding it (i.e., Virginia). In a university comparison from 2006, the university with the annual income of 3.6 billion US dollars in foundation funds (so-called endowment , funds from the university and foundations for the university) was behind the University of Texas (13.2 billion), the University of California (5.7 billion) and the University of Michigan (5.7 billion) ranked fourth among United States state universities and 20th among all universities, respectively. The financially strongest universities also have higher student numbers - at approximately $ 177,000 per student per year, the University of Virginia had the highest endowment grants per student of any public university in the United States.
The tuition fees are on par with other top US universities or, for non-Virginia students, even among the more expensive universities, despite the university's good financial resources, as the gap between fees for native and non-native students is compared to the US corresponding differences between other US state universities are large. Annual fees are over $ 9,000 for Virginia students and just under $ 30,000 for non-US students. As at other US universities, higher fees are usually charged for courses that are offered in certain, independent departments of the university ( professional schools ). Tuition there range for non-Virginia students up to over $ 42,000 for medical students or over $ 45,000 for MBA students (as of 2008).
The University of Virginia has financial support for US students, especially for pre-undergraduate students. In 2005/06, 23.5% of all undergraduate students received at least partial support, the university raised a total of 41.5 million US dollars. Traditionally, the funds were mainly granted in the form of grants and loans. However, since 2004 a new program (" AccessUVa ") has been in place to provide financial assistance to students that will fund 100% of the proven needs of students. The program is the first in the US to offer students in need (from families up to 200% above the poverty line) complete educational grants - as opposed to loans. In addition, as at other US research universities, students after their bachelor's degree have the opportunity to be employed as low-income teaching or research assistants in many departments .
There are also scholarships for gifted students. In particular, the Jefferson Scholars Foundation awards four-year scholarships to a total of 125 students before the Bachelor degree as well as other scholarships to students beyond the Bachelor degree. Scholarship holders of the university's own honors programs (English: "honor programs ", support programs for gifted students) Echols (since 1960 in Arts and Sciences ; approx. 8.5% of the students there) and Rodman (since 1979 in engineering, i.e. at the university of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science ; approx. 35 new scholarship holders per year), however, do not receive any financial support, but are funded through special supervision, a more free choice of courses and / or special courses and accommodation in certain student residences.
Faculty
On average, 15.1 students at the University of Virginia are supervised by one of the more than 2,100 professors or lecturers (as of 2007/08), whereby in practice - as is common at US universities - graduate students are more intensive Received supervision as those before the Bachelor's ( undergraduate students ).
The academic standard of the lecturers and professors at the university is generally very high. In 1985, the University of Virginia was one of the first eight universities to be called " Public Ivy " (the circle of namesake was later expanded to include 17 to 18 universities) and is also a member of the Association of American Universities, an association that has existed since 1900 leading North American research universities. The faculty at the university has won many awards, including four Nobel Prize winners , professors sponsored by a National Endowment for the Humanities or the David and Lucile Packard Foundation , and double-digit numbers from Guggenheim and Fulbright scholars.
The professors originally lived in the pavilions of the academic village (see pavilions ) between the students. Today, however, only a small minority still live on campus. They include the residents of the pavilions on the Lawn as well as lecturers in some student dormitories.
Library
The University of Virginia has one of the largest libraries in the United States. Originally housed in Jefferson's Rotunda, the library's holdings grew from 8,000 to more than 56,000 volumes in 1895. After the numbers fell to 17,194 due to the fire in the Rotunda, the sharp increase continued (1925: 130,000; 1950: 600,000 volumes ). As of December 2006, the library was the 32nd largest library in the United States with over 5 million volumes and, as the 22nd largest US university library, the 13th largest state university library in the country. The library is also best known for its 17 million manuscripts and over 150,000 maps. In 2005-2006 over a million books were borrowed and 1.5 million articles were downloaded from online magazines. With changing lending habits, the number of books borrowed fell to almost 680,000 in 2006-07, while a good 2.3 million online magazine articles were accessed. Annual spending was over $ 26 million.
Due to the growth, smaller branch libraries were founded from the 20th century, so that the library is now housed in 17 specialist libraries on campus; the rotunda is no longer used for the library. Since 1938, the main library has been the ten-story Alderman Library , immediately west of the academic village and named after the first university president. In addition to the reference libraries, the library has outsourced part of its holdings to a storage facility ( Ivy Stacks ) in the west of the university.
Several special collections are housed in the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, named after the patron Albert Small, in the Harrison Institute / Small Library . Among other things, the library owns one of the first 25 copies of the United States' Declaration of Independence (so-called Dunlap Broadside ) as well as numerous thematically related documents. The collections also include the world's largest William Faulkner collection. The Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize winner Faulkner (* 1897; † 1962) was writer in residence and lecturer at the university from 1957 and bequeathed to her the important manuscripts and thousands of pages of documents that belonged to him at the time of his death. His daughter Jill Faulkner Summers also donated parts of her father's private library to the university library in July 1998 and October 2000.
In 1992 the library set up the world's first public library for electronic books, the Electronic Text Center , which now provides 70,000 texts from the humanities and 350,000 associated images electronically - and largely on the Internet (status 2001/2002 ). Of these, 10,000 texts and 164,000 images are publicly accessible. Today, additional electronic centers or collections serve other fields.
In November 2006, the University of Virginia became the ninth partner in the Google Book Search project after Harvard, Oxford and other universities . Google will digitize hundreds of thousands of books and make them available for Internet searches.
Code of honor
The university has an Honor System or honor code , which dates back to November 12, 1840. At that time, as the climax of student unrest that had flared up for years on the lawn, a professor was shot dead (see story ) who, while dying, allegedly did not reveal his killer because an honest man reports himself and a dishonest man does not deserve a place in the university. As a result of the death, the riots ended and in 1842 the code of honor was established in memory of the deceased professor. It is one of the oldest code of honor systems in the United States and the oldest that is practiced in student self-government. Before commencing their studies, students vow to be honest in personal and academic matters. The exact form has changed over the years; Today it is forbidden to lie, steal and (in exams) to deceive, which also includes plagiarism . Students are usually asked for each examination or academic work to write the following text under their processing: “On my honor as a student [I pledge], I have neither given nor received any help with this test / work. "(English: On my honor as a student, I have neither given nor received aid on this examination / assignment. ) In the event of an accusation of violating the code of honor (for example because of theft or attempted deception with a housework), a special" Court process "scheduled. If the accused student is found guilty by at least 80% of the eight to twelve student jurors and the rule violation is not considered trivial, the student must leave the university permanently in accordance with the constitution of the Honor Committee Constitution or - if he is already studying has finished - gets his university degree revoked retroactively; however, the reprimand or withdrawal will not be made public. A student can avoid proceedings and their consequences after violating the rules by reporting himself or herself before learning of any suspicions or charges against him.
The code of honor is repeatedly discussed controversially at the university. From a legal point of view, it has been criticized whether the student court proceedings, against which there are no appeals before the regular courts of the USA, constitute lawful court proceedings ( due process ) within the meaning of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution , which was, however, already in 1983 US Court of Appeals was recognized. Amongst students and professors, the focus of the discussions is the uneven punishment by expulsion from the university ( single sanction ), as it does not allow the seriousness of the violation to be taken into account, which is why some students prefer not to report minor violations - contrary to the provisions of the code of honor. In the past, however, the majority of students in student surveys always spoke out in favor of maintaining the code of honor unchanged, most recently with 60% of the voting students on February 28, 2007 (voter turnout 32%). The main advantage is that the code of ethics creates an atmosphere of greater trust and honesty. At times it was even possible for the students to buy books or food and simply give the seller their word to pay later if they had no money with them. Some professors have also been using the code of honor for years in examinations that students are allowed to write outside of the seminar room or lecture hall ( take home examinations ). For example, you set maximum processing times for these exams (e.g. four hours) or limit the materials allowed (e.g. no textbooks, no internet) and trust that the students are responsible for complying with the requirements.
The most sensational case under the code of honor so far occurred in May 2001, when a professor checked 1800 short term papers for his physics introductory event with a self-written computer program for matching text passages and identified 122 students whose work was largely similar to another; the number later increased to 158. Since the professor had also examined papers that had been submitted in previous semesters, some of the students concerned had already left the university with a degree. The incidents, and with them the discussion of incremental punishment, attracted attention in the national media. Since the regulations of the physics event allowed references to earlier work, the original authors of the term papers that were copied from were later acquitted of the charge of dishonestly “giving help”. 59 students were eventually formally charged under the code of honor. On November 25, 2002, twenty college students and graduates were found guilty. 28 students had already left the university to avoid the trial.
free time activities
At the University of Virginia, as at most major US universities, there is a wide range of leisure activities for students. The university's own swimming pools, fitness center and sports fields are used extensively: In 2005, according to the university's associate athletics director , Mark Fletcher, 94% of the students used one of the four building complexes for sports activities, for which the American news magazine Newsweek named the University of Virginia the hottest [university] for fitness (for example: best or “coolest” university for fitness).
There are also a variety of student groups or organizations ranging from sports and music to religion and foreign languages to professional interest groups and volunteer work (e.g., the Blue Ridge Mountain Rescue Group , which helps locate missing people in several states). In November 2008 there were over 650 active student groups at the university.
As at other major US universities, students run a daily, high-circulation university newspaper. The Cavalier Daily has existed since 1890 (until 1948 as College Topics ), making it the oldest newspaper in Charlottesville; it also became the oldest college newspaper in Virginia, with the definitive inclusion of a daily edition in the mid-20th century. The newspaper now has a daily circulation of 10,000 copies and is financially and content-wise independent of the University of Virginia. The Cavalier Daily has received multiple awards from the Virginia Press Association in competition with professional newspapers . Several well-known journalists have contributed to Cavalier Daily while they were studying , including NBC and CBS presenter Katie Couric, two-time Pulitzer Prize winner George P. Rodrigue III ( Dallas Morning News ), and Pulitzer Prize winner Mike Vitez ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ).
The university has some of the usual student fraternities in the United States , of which the Pi-Kappa-Alpha Connection and the Kappa-Sigma Connection, each represented in over 200 locations in the United States, were founded at the University of Virginia (March 1, 1868 and December 10, 1869). In addition, there are several “ secret societies ” at the university that devote themselves to charitable causes without seeking public interest. The three best-known and "most secret" of these organizations are the IMP Society , whose members are known, the Z Society , whose members remain anonymous at least during their student days, and the Seven Society , whose members are only announced after their death and which - despite anonymous members - among other things, affixing commemorative plaques on campus (see library ) and giving financial awards and grants to non-members. The symbols of the three organizations are painted in many places on campus, such as a Z emblazoned on the steps in front of the north portal of the Rotunda (see Rotunda ).
In addition, there is a wide range of lectures, concerts, theater performances, sporting events (see competitive sport at the university ), etc., which is usual for a large US university .
Linguistic traditions
At the University of Virginia several university-owned and partly - for US universities - relatively old traditions are maintained, some of which have occasionally registered the students with the accusation of elite thinking along with their appearance. Linguistic features belong to these traditions.
Many of the traditions are tied to the person and ideals of founder Thomas Jefferson. In official university usage, Thomas Jefferson is known as “Mr. Jefferson ”, and professors are usually addressed as“ Mr. ”or“ Ms. ”as opposed to“ Dr. ”or“ Professor ”. The custom is intended to pay tribute to Jefferson's pursuit of equality for all people without prejudice by title. The only exception are doctors who, as elsewhere, are addressed as "Dr.".
In addition, other isolated language regulations differ from the typical vocabulary at US universities ( grounds or even capitalized grounds instead of campus for the campus of the University of Virginia and first years instead of freshmen , second years instead of sophomores, etc.). In part, the University of Virginia is also referred to as The University (in part with a capitalized article; German about " the university"), an expression that has been in use since at least 1903. According to Antonin Scalia , a former law professor at the university (1967–1971) and former judge at the US Supreme Court , the name is common in Virginia because the other universities in the state originally only required a four-year bachelor's degree (US: college ) offered and the University of Virginia was the only secondary university (US: university ). Today the name The University is also used in part for car stickers, as they are common at most universities in the USA - but usually with the official university name. In particular, the use of this name is often criticized as snobbery by outsiders .
competitive sport
As is common at US universities, the University of Virginia supports both popular student sports and highly qualified student university teams. Several of these teams compete with students from other universities in the high-quality college league Atlantic Coast Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
The University of Virginia is best known for success in lacrosse (six-time NCAA master and four-time male runner-up, three-time NCAA champion and five-time runner-up in women) and soccer (five-time NCAA men's championship under long-time coach Bruce Arena ).
However, the American football games attract the largest crowds . The team of the University of Virginia plays in the first college league of the USA ( Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , the former Division IA ), but with the exception of 2003-2004 has not shown any outstanding performance in recent years. Nevertheless, the university's stadium (Scott Stadium: officially 61,500 seats since the expansion in 2000; actual record: 63,701 spectators in the game against the University of Miami on November 13, 2004) is regularly well filled, usually with more than 50,000 visitors. Some of the visitors come from the area around Charlottesville, so the traffic situation on match days has been precarious for years (for comparison: Charlottesville has around 40,000 residents, the university has almost 20,000 students).
Popular events are also the home basketball games, which meanwhile take place in the John Paul Jones Arena , which opened in 2006 (capacity 15,219 spectators for basketball; is also used for concerts, etc.).
The University of Virginia teams are called Virginia Cavaliers . The name originated in the first half of the 20th century and refers to the expression Cavalier for the then widespread supporters of the English crown in Virginia during the English Civil War (1642-1649) and Interregnum (1649-1660). Accordingly, the university's mascot, officially since 1963, is a cavalier - a mounted, uniformed man armed with a saber. On October 11, 1947, students dressed as Cavaliers rode onto the American football field for the first time before a home game. In the years that followed, there were repeated appearances by such riders, and for several years now , a man dressed as a cavalier has ridden into the stadium before every American football home game, waving his sword to get the audience in the mood.
In addition to the Cavaliers name , the University of Virginia teams - and often the students in general - are traditionally known by several other names. After the university's battle cry, adopted by Dartmouth College in 1890 at the latest (and no longer used there) - “ Wah-hoo-wah! “- the teams are informally also called Wahoos or Hoos for short . The term Wahoo supposedly originated in the 1890s among baseball opponents at Washington and Lee University and was subsequently adopted by students at the University of Virginia; so it has nothing to do with the fish wahoo . Today, the names are increasingly used by the US media, who otherwise refer to the teams as Cavaliers or simply Virginia .
Until 1888 the university colors were gray and cardinal red , after the uniform color of the southern states in the American Civil War and the blood that flowed there. In 1888 the university switched to the colors orange and navy blue, which have been in use since then. The logo for university sports is a large V with two sabers crossed underneath. Since 1893, The Good Old Song , a rewritten version of the song Auld , has been used as a university song, which can be heard primarily at sporting events (e.g. after every touchdown at American football home games) Lang Syne .
Personalities
The University of Virginia is inseparable from the name of its founder and architect Thomas Jefferson, so that it is sometimes referred to as Jefferson's University , for example in some book titles . Even today, in some discussions about developments or innovations, as well as building projects at the university, the question of whether the changes would be in Jefferson's sense is an issue. Jefferson himself viewed the University of Virginia as one of his greatest achievements. At his own request, his tombstone does not say a word about his successful US presidency, but simply the author of the Declaration of American Independence, the Virginia Law on Religious Freedom and Father of the University of Virginia - “because I love it most, as a letter of recommendation that I lived and wanted to be remembered, ”as Jefferson put it.
After Jefferson's death in 1826, James Madison was elected as the second university rector , the fourth US president, who is also said to have assisted Jefferson in every step of the establishment of the university. Madison also supported the university library by books and cash donations, the first endowment ( endowment ) of the library represented (1,500 US dollars, equivalent to more than 24,000 in 2001 dollars). In will, Madison bequeathed the university its own extensive library, estimated at 4,000 volumes; presumably, however, John Payne Todd, Madison's stepson from his marriage to Dolley Madison , sold a large part of the collection to pay off gambling debts, so that the university received only 587 scriptures after legal action.
James Monroe , the fifth US President, was a member of the Board of Visitors under Jefferson and under Monroe, the multi-member council that ran the university. William Barton Rogers taught natural philosophy at the University of Virginia from 1835 to 1853 and headed the philosophy department of the university before he founded the renowned Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge (near Boston in Massachusetts) .
The Nobel Prize and two-time Pulitzer Prize carriers William Faulkner (* 1897, † 1962) was from February to June in 1957 and in 1958, writer in residence and lecturer at the university. Thanks to Faulkner's will and later foundations, the university library has the world's largest Faulkner collection (see library ).
The many professors who are renowned in their respective fields include Nobel Prize winners Alfred G. Gilman (University of Virginia: 1971–1981; Nobel Prize in Medicine 1994), Barry J. Marshall (1986–1996; Nobel Prize in Medicine 2005) and Ferid Murad (1970–1981; Nobel Prize in Medicine 1998). Ronald Coase taught economics from 1958 to 1964 and published his famous article "The Problem of Social Cost" in 1960 before receiving the "Nobel Prize in Economics" in 1991 . Antonin Scalia taught law from 1967 to 1971 before moving to government service under Richard Nixon and to the United States Supreme Court in 1986 .
Several later celebrities studied at the university:
Edgar Allan Poe attended the University of Virginia for a year from 1826 to 1827. During this time he was also a guest in Monticello , the nearby residence of Thomas Jefferson, to which Jefferson invited professors and students every Sunday. On campus near the central lawn , Poe's student room is still furnished in the style of his time (see above ).
Woodrow Wilson , who later became the 28th President of the United States, studied law at the University of Virginia from 1879–1881 (student room address: 31 West Range ); later, even before his US presidency, he was offered the newly established office of university president, which Wilson refused (see history ). Law degrees from the University of Virginia were also made by US politician Robert F. Kennedy , brother Edward "Ted" M. Kennedy, and son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Other famous people who have degrees from the university include the doctor and researcher of yellow fever transmission, Walter Reed , or the Spanish physicist and EU and NATO politician Javier Solana .
The painter Georgia O'Keeffe attended summer courses at university at a time when women were not yet admitted to regular studies, where she discovered painting for herself. She later worked at the University of Virginia for several years as a teaching assistant (about: teaching assistant).
Several well-known athletes began their careers at the University of Virginia. In addition to some American football and basketball greats, such as Bill Dudley , Henry Jordan or the brothers Ronde and Tiki Barber , seven later members of the US national soccer team also attended the university, including the long-time captain of the for three years Team, Claudio Reyna . The soccer team was also coached from 1978 to 1995 by Bruce Arena , who took over the training of the US national soccer team (1998-2006) three years after leaving Virginia.
Other famous personalities who studied at the University of Virginia - including four astronauts, several governors and US senators , Pulitzer Prize winners and Miss America 2005 - are listed on Wikipedia under " List of University of Virginia people " ( List of people from the University of Virginia ).
President of the University
- Edwin Alderman (1904-1931)
- John Lloyd Newcomb (1931-1947)
- Colgate Darden (1947-1959)
- Edgar F. Shannon (1959–1974)
- Frank L. Hereford (1974–1985)
- Robert M. O'Neil (1985–1990)
- John T. Casteen (1990-2010)
- Teresa A. Sullivan (since 2010)
literature
History of the university:
- Bruce, Philip Alexander (1920-1922). History of the University of Virginia, 1819-1919 . New York: The MacMillan Co. ( five volumes )
- First volume available electronically from the Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia Library
- Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0904-X .
- O'Neal, William B. (1968). Pictorial History of the University of Virginia . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0707-1 . (in parts also on architecture)
Architecture and layout:
- Hogan, Pendleton (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-1109-5 . (comparable to a tourist guide about the academic village)
- O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0888-4 .
- Vaughan, Joseph Lee, & Gianniny, Omer Allan, Jr. (1981). Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored, 1973-1976. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0888-4 .
- Robert Vickery (1998). The Meaning of the Lawn: Thomas Jefferson's Design for the University of Virginia. Weimar: Publishing house and database for the humanities (VDG). (2001 edition: ISBN 978-3-932124-21-1 )
- Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. ISBN 978-0-7922-6531-3 .
Web links
- Website of the University of Virginia (English)
- Website of the student newspaper The Cavalier Daily (current news, including about the university; English)
- Entry on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
Jefferson Academic Village architecture and layout
- Documentary History of the Construction of the Buildings at the University of Virginia, 1817–1828 (electronic copy of Frank Edgar Grizzard Junior's dissertation; English)
- Comprehensive information on the architecture of the University of Virginia (gradually emerging electronic archive of the Jefferson Architecture Electronic Archive Center; English)
- University of Virginia Academic Village Architecture and Layout Essay (by a current graduate student at the University; English)
- Article about the Rotunda, especially its geometry (by a theater designer and geometer ; English)
photos
- Photo gallery of a university student
- Further pictures of the university: Hotel A , Hotel E , the anatomical theater after the fire in 1886 and a model of the anatomical theater with the roof cut open
Individual evidence
Parts of the article are based on the English Wikipedia articles University of Virginia , NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship , NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship and NCAA Men's Soccer Championship in the English Wikipedia (each in the version from November 12, 2006).
- ↑ The Daily Progress: UVa endowment bounces back from steep losses ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2012 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 6, 2011
- ↑ a b Current Enrollment , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 6, 2011
- ↑ Faculty & Staff , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 6, 2011
- ↑ news.virginia.edu (English) accessed on August 1, 2018
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. National Geographic. (Pp. 131-132).
- ↑ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1919). History of the University of Virginia, 1819–1919: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man : Recommendation by the Rockfish Gap Commission (named after a pass in the Blue Ridge Mountains ) in early August 1818 (Volume 1, p. 221) ( page no longer retrievable , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and University Act on January 19, 1819 (Volume 1, pp. 233-234) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , electronic copies from the Electronic Text Center of the University of Virginia Library Library (English) accessed April 29, 2007; see also Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. National Geographic. (Pp. 21–23; 35)
- ↑ a b c Short History of U.Va .: The Founding , on the website of the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ↑ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica : University of Virginia (English) Retrieved March 7, 2007
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
- ↑ Harvard ... with her twenty professors - Thomas Jefferson January 31, 1821, cited in Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. National Geographic. (P. 132)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. National Geographic. (Pp. 127–130)
- ↑ Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 9–10)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 16)
- ↑ a b Short History of U.Va .: The Code of Honor , on the website of the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ↑ a b c d e Jim Cocola (as of December 6, 2004). The Ideological Spaces of the Academical Village: A Reading of the Central Grounds at the University of Virginia. (English) accessed on March 8, 2007
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 107)
- ↑ Short History of U.Va .: A Reconstructed University , on the website of the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ↑ a b c d Short History of U.Va .: Two Wars , on the Internet site of the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original from December 31, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ↑ a b Short History of U.Va .: The New Century , on the website of the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ↑ Original recording from the University of Virginia website: “Stab in the Back” speech ( memento of the original from June 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 20, 2007
- ↑ In the controversial rankings of US News & World Report it was listed as one of the ten best state liberal arts colleges, but the ranking does not list a single state among the best 50 liberal arts colleges, and the university of Virginia's College at Wise, for example, was not listed in the Top 100 Liberal Arts Colleges in 2007. - Facts , on the website of the University of Virginia's College at Wise and Liberal Arts Colleges: Top Schools , on the website of US News & World Report (both English; accessed March 20, 2007)
- ↑ a b c Short History of U.Va .: Changing Times , on the website of the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ↑ Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 526–527)
- ^ Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville , accessed March 7, 2007 at whc.unesco.org
- ↑ James D. Graham (February 14, 2002). The new New Cabell: Polshek Partnership to tackle south Lawn project ( sic ). The HooK ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 28, 2008
-
↑ all English; Retrieved November 29, 2008:
Discussion: Dave McNair (April 20, 2006). On architecture- Am not! Are so !: Architects scrap over South Lawn project. The Hook, Issue 0516
Discussion: Courteney Stuart (June 11, 2005). News- South Lawn setback: Modernist architects off the job. The Hook, Issue 0423
Criticism of the Conservative Draft in the New York Times : Adam Goodheart. (May 21, 2006). Expanding on Jefferson New York Times
light criticism of the conservative draft from the city of Charlottesville: Will Goldsmith (September 18–24, 2006). City Planners glimpse the South Lawn Project. Offer input on sidewalks, streetcars and missed opportunities. c-ville, issue 18.38 ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. for conservative architecture: D. Catesby Leigh (October 2, 2005). A classical return ?: South Lawn Project at UVa requires traditional architecture ( Memento of the original dated December 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Richmond Times-Dispatch , reprinted on Mims Studios
- ↑ a b Lauren Heinz (April 2, 2009): U.VA. embarks on new Semester at Sea program focusing on China-US relations. UVa Today
- ↑ a b c Staff report (January 20-February 2, 2006). Study aboard. U.Va. becomes home port for Semester at Sea program. Inside UVA Online, Volume 36, Issue 1 ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 22, 2008
- ^ Peter Hart & Mary Ann Thomas (June 9, 2005). Pitt to end pact with Semester at Sea program. University Times, Volume 37, Number 20 . Copy in the internet archive
- ↑ a b (without the author or the date): Study Abroad Credit Transfer. on semesteratsea.org
-
↑ Lauren Heinz (August 26, 2009): Semester at Sea program to celebrate 100th global voyage. UVa Today
The article now speaks of more than 50,000 students who participated in the program, while an April 2009 article mentions under 50,000: Lauren Heinz (April 2, 2009): U.VA. embarks on new Semester at Sea program focusing on China-US relations. UVa Today - ↑ Molly Greenberg (July 15, 2014). Semester at Sea May Sink After Split From UVa. American Inno
- ↑ Vice President of Public Affairs [of the Institute for Shipboard Education (January 29, 2018). Semester at Sea secures ten-year lease on MV World Odyssey.] On semesteratsea.org
- ↑ (no author or date information). Past Voyages on semesteratsea.org
- ↑ Institute for Shipboard Education (August 16, 2017). In support of the University of Virginia and Charlottesville. on semesteratsea.org
- ↑ no author or date information . About the School. The Mission and History of the Batten School. ( Memento of March 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on batten.virginia.edu (English) accessed on February 12, 2011
- ^ University of Virginia. State of the University. 2008 (“Factbook”), p. 10 ( Memento of the original dated February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( PDF ; accessed November 28, 2008; 1.5 MB)
- ↑ a b Game Three: October 11, 1947. UVA vs Harvard. He remembers the trouncing more than the risk. Roanoke Times , published on www.mcps.org ( Memento of January 6, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; accessed on March 8, 2007)
- ↑ Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 480-482; 484-485)
- ↑ Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 490–491)
- ↑ a b c Changing Times , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English; accessed on August 30, 2015)
- ↑ Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 512)
- ^ Comparing Black Enrollments at the Public Ivies. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , Fall 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2007
- ^ Anne Bromley ( undated , by the end of 2006 at the latest). 'Walk the Talk'. What will it take to 'walk the talk' on diversity? Voices of Diversity at the University of Virginia , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ^ T. Rees Shapiro: Phi Psi Files $ 25 million Lawsuit Against Rolling Stone , The Washington Post, November 9, 2015, accessed May 31, 2016
- ↑ Robbie Soave: The Lies of UVA's Jackie: Read All the Catfishing Texts , Hit & Run Blog on reason.com, February 10, 2016, accessed May 31, 2016
- ^ The federalist Staff: UVA Frat Sue's Rolling Stone , The Federalist, Nov. 10, 2015, accessed May 31, 2016
- ↑ Nick Anderson:New safety rules announced for University of Virginia fraternity parties. In: The Washington Post , January 7, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
- ↑ Hawes Spencer & Sheryl Gay Stolberg (August 11, 2017). White Nationalists March on University of Virginia. New York Times
- ↑ Maggie Snow (December 7, 2017). Heaphy report criticizes 'woefully inadequate' response from U.Va. Police on Aug. 11. Cavalier Daily
- ↑ McGregor McCance (August 1, 2018): James E. Ryan, ninth President of the University of Virginia, takes office today. UVa Today
- ^ John Walsh (October 20, 2018): A tuition-free college education could soon become a reality for some residents in Virginia. Business Insider
- ^ University of Virginia. State of the University 2007 (“Factbook”), p. 14 ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( PDF ; accessed March 17, 2007; 1.0 MB)
- ↑ During his US presidency in 1805, Jefferson wrote that a university should not be just a building, but a village with living quarters for professors and students; Jefferson first used the term academical village in 1810 at the latest . - Hogan, Pendleton (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 2)
- ↑ a b Jim Cocola (as of December 6, 2004): The Ideological Spaces of the Academical Village: A Reading of the Central Grounds at the University of Virginia. (Footnote 34) (English) Retrieved March 8, 2007
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 91-107); similarly also Bruce, Philip Alexander (1920). History of the University of Virginia, 1819-1919. Volume 1, p. 187 ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English; electronic copy from University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center, accessed March 25, 2007)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 78)
- ↑ from the Explanation of the Ground Plan of the University , which was supposed to be issued together with the second print of the Maverick Plan: Betts, Edwin M. (May 1946). Groundplans and prints of the University of Virginia, 1822-1826. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 90 (2), pp. 81-87. Quoted in: O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 1 and footnote 2)
- ↑ The trees are not shown on older depictions of the Lawn (see e.g. engraving from 1826 ), which according to Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 31–33) can be explained by the fact that initially the trees were still very small and later their representation would have hindered the depiction of the buildings. According to Hogan, however, it cannot be concluded that there are no trees missing, since Jefferson apparently planned them and already noted grass and trees on a plan of the university from May 10, 1817, and since in 1823 100 young robinia were actually bought and trees were also mentioned later.
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 34–35)
- ^ Garry Wills (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 53-55; 60); Jim Cocola (December 6, 2004): The Ideological Spaces of the Academical Village: A Reading of the Central Grounds at the University of Virginia. (English) accessed March 8, 2007; Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 35)
- ^ Garry Wills (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 9–17)
- ^ A b Garry Wills (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 59-60); Hogan, Pendleton (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 34; 95)
- ↑ Jim Cocola (as of December 6, 2004): The Ideological Spaces of the Academical Village: A Reading of the Central Grounds at the University of Virginia. (Footnote 8) (English) Retrieved March 8, 2007
- ↑ Upper Campus of Wheaton College, on the Council of Independent Colleges website. Historic Campus Architecture Project . ( Memento of the original from July 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 27, 2008
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 0 [sic]); For example, the University of Virginia achieved first place - albeit as an overall facility - as the American Institute of Architects in 1976, on the bicentenary of US independence, architects and professional architecture critics for the “proudest achievement in US architecture last 200 years "( the proudest achievement in American architecture in the past 200 years ). (Pendleton Hogan, 1987. The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. P. 0 [sic]; see also Undergraduate Record (2003-2004). University of Virginia: An Introduction , on der University of Virginia website , accessed March 25, 2007)
- ↑ Rotunda - Description , accessed on March 24, 2007 from the Jefferson Architecture Electronic Archive Center website
- ^ Letter from Thomas Jefferson to William Thornton (Monticello, May 9, 1817) ( Memento of the original of July 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and letter from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Henry Latrobe (Monticello, June 12, 1817) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Electronic copies as part of: Jefferson, Thomas, and others: 68 Letters to and from Jefferson, 1805-1817 . University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center.Retrieved March 25, 2007
- ↑ Center building which ought to exhibit in mass & details as perfect a specimen of good architectural taste as can be devised. I should propose below , a couple or 4 rooms for Janitors or Tutors, above, a room, for Chemical or other lectures, above a circular lecture room under the dome - Letter from Benjamin Latrobe to Thomas Jefferson dated July 24, 1817 ( page not more available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Electronic copy as part of: Jefferson, Thomas, and others: 68 Letters to and from Jefferson, 1805–1817 . University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center; accessed March 25, 2007)
- ↑ The note ( Latrobe’s ) was later deleted on the corresponding sketch with a different ink, which also applies to other mentions of Latrobe in Jefferson’s notes and sketches. However, since other ink was used, the original writing could still be deciphered, and it is also unclear whether the deletions were made by Jefferson himself. However, the lack of a sketch sheet with Latrobe's designs for the pavilions (see pavilions of the university ) could also indicate that Jefferson, who otherwise meticulously kept all documents, wanted to conceal the role of other architects for “his” university. At least this is the view taken by Gary Wills (2002. Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. Pp. 93-94) and Joseph Lasala, cited by him (1992. Jefferson's Designs for the University of Virginia. M.A. Thesis, University of Virginia, p . 17-04 [sic]).
- ↑ Andrea Palladio (1570). I quattro libri dell'Architettura. Electronic copy on the Architectura website . Architecture, textes et images XVIe - XVIIe siècles of the University of Tours ( Memento of the original of June 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Italian; accessed March 21, 2007)
- ^ Giacomo Leoni (1721). The Architecture of Palladio , Book IV, Chapter 20, pp. 74-75; cited in O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 2–3)
- ^ O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 2–3)
- ^ Letter from Thomas Jefferson dated November 24, 1821 to an unknown recipient - Thomas Jefferson (1904). The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association. Electronic copy on Google Books, accessed March 26, 2007
- ↑ Jim Cocola (as of December 6, 2004): The Ideological Spaces of the Academical Village: A Reading of the Central Grounds at the University of Virginia. (Footnote 56) (English) Retrieved March 8, 2007
- ^ A b O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 3)
- ^ Vaughan, Joseph Lee, & Gianniny, Omer Allan, Jr. (1981). Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored, 1973-1976. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 17)
- ^ Jefferson's notes on the back of blueprints, reprinted in O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 50)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 8)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 23)
- ^ O'Neal, William B. (1960). Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 4)
- ^ William B. O'Neal (1968). Pictorial History of the University of Virginia . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 32)
- ↑ The exact construction time is unclear: On the one hand, photos from 1886 show (William B. O'Neal, 1968. Pictorial History of the University of Virginia . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. Pictures No. 100 and 101, p. 66) the rotunda still without a lantern. According to William O'Neal (1960. Jefferson's Buildings at the University of Virginia. The Rotunda. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. P. 4; since O'Neal does not depict the photo in question, there is a possibility that he is on refers to one of the photos from 1868, but it would be unclear why he would then speak of only one photo) this also applies to a photo taken around 1870. On the other hand, several older photographs (Vaughan, Joseph Lee, & Gianniny, Omer Allan, Jr., 1981: Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored, 1973–1976. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. P. 21; see also p. 6 ) and a lantern was already shown on the Bohn lithograph from 1856.
- ^ Vaughan, Joseph Lee, & Gianniny, Omer Allan, Jr. (1981). Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored, 1973-1976. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 6)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 11)
- ^ Vaughan, Joseph Lee, & Gianniny, Omer Allan, Jr. (1981). Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored, 1973-1976. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 51–53)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 39)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 42–43)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 53–55)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 52)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 42)
- ↑ a plan of the principal range of building (...) and seven or eight elevations of pavilions, with a general elevation of the long ranges of pavilions and portico. - Letter from Benjamin Latrobe to Jefferson dated August 12, 1817 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Electronic copy as part of: Jefferson, Thomas, and others: 68 Letters to and from Jefferson, 1805-1817 . University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center - Eng .; accessed March 25, 2007). The sketch sheet that was finally sent to Jefferson and is no longer extant today had at least five sketches in a top line, while it is unknown what was shown in the second line (or possibly further lines); other possibilities would be, for example, more sketches for the rotunda. - Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 94)
- ↑ We shall within [days] commence your Palladian Corinthian [Pavilion], being the left hand figure of the upper row on your paper… [and] a third or fourth Pavilion, which would probably be your third and fifth, or perhaps second in the same line. Thomas Jefferson in a letter to Latrobe dated May 19, 1818; cited in Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 93)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 112)
- ↑ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1920). History of the University of Virginia, 1819-1919. Volume 1, p. 187 ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English; electronic copy from University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center, accessed March 25, 2007)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 101–102)
- ↑ 35 x 27.5 feet or 37.5 x 42.5 feet - Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 34)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 13; 55)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 14)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 60–61, see also p. 57)
- ^ Buildings Inspired By Our Heritage. ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. President's Report 2009-10 at www.virginia.edu (English) accessed on February 2, 2011
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 42; 102-103)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 43)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 62–64)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 79)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 71)
- ↑ a b c Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 79–80)
- ↑ Pictures No. 211 and 213 (aerial photographs) in O'Neal's (1968) Pictorial History of the University of Virginia . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia (p. 123)
- ↑ Jim Cocola (6 December 2004): The Ideological Spaces of the Academical Village: A Reading of the Central Grounds at the University of Virginia. (Footnote 48) (English) Retrieved March 8, 2007
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 82–83)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 72–74)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 72)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 72–75)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (Pp. 76–93; 119–139)
- ^ Hotel E , accessed on the University of Virginia website on March 27, 2007
- ^ Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village. Historic Preservation at the University of Virginia. Retrieved February 2, 2011
- ↑ Welcome to The Range , website of the Range Community (English), accessed on May 5, 2012
- ^ Welcome to The Raven Society , Raven Society website, accessed March 7, 2007
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (Pp. 57–59)
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 57)
- ↑ a b c d (July 25, 1997). Portion of Anatomical Theater's Wall Unearthed. Staff report on www.virginia.edu/insideuva/textonlyarchive ( memento of the original from September 17, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) Retrieved April 19, 2007
- ↑ Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University . National Geographic. (P. 57, see also p. 36–38)
- ↑ Pendleton Hogan (1987). The Lawn. A Guide to Jefferson's University. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. (P. 65)
- ^ Website of the University of Virginia. Art Museum (English) accessed on March 23, 2007
- ^ Website of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (English) accessed on March 18, 2007
- ^ Department of Astronomy. Undergraduate Degree Programs , accessed March 17, 2007 from the University of Virginia website
- ↑ David L. Kirp & Patrick S. Roberts (Summer 2002): Mr. Jefferson's university breaks up.Public Interest (English) accessed on March 8, 2007
- ↑ The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School: History of The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School , on the website of the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the Army ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 18, 2007
- ^ University of Virginia. State of the University. 2008 (“Factbook”), p. 9 ( Memento of the original dated February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( PDF ; accessed November 28, 2008; 1.5 MB)
- ^ University of Virginia. State of the University. 2008 (“Factbook”), p. 6 ( Memento of the original dated February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( PDF ; accessed November 28, 2008; 1.5 MB)
- ↑ Carol Wood & Kathleen Valenzi (December 3-16, 2004). Two for the Rhodes. With 45, U.Va. boasts most Rhodes Scholars among nation's public universities. Inside UVA Online, Volume 34, Issue 21 ( Memento of the original dated November 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007; Seeking Challenges, Serving Others, President's Report 2004–2005 , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from December 31, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ↑ Academic Departments , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 8, 2007
- ^ Honorary Degrees: The University of Virginia does not award honorary degrees. In conjunction with the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, the University presents the Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture and the Thomas Jefferson Award in Law each spring. The awards, recognizing excellence in two fields of interest to Jefferson, constitute the University's highest recognition of scholars outside the University. University of Virginia. Graduate Record 1995-1996. Chapter 4: University Regulations.Retrieved March 16, 2007
- ↑ a b Schools & Degrees , part of the Facts at a Glance on the University of Virginia website ( memento of the original from March 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 28, 2008
- ↑ batten.virginia.edu ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Finance & Endowment , part of the Facts at a Glance on the University of Virginia website ( memento of the original from October 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 26, 2007
- ^ Paul D. Thacker: The Rich on the Rise in Endowments. Office of University Relations, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. Retrieved March 8, 2007
- ↑ Tuition & Fees , part of the Facts at a Glance on the University of Virginia website ( memento of the original from March 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on January 2, 2009
- ^ University of Virginia. State of the University 2007 (“Factbook”), p. 9 ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( PDF ; accessed March 17, 2007; 1.0 MB)
- ↑ Learn About AccessUVa , accessed on March 21, 2007 from the University of Virginia AccessUVa website
- ^ Undergraduate Scholarship , on the website of the Jefferson Scholars Foundation ( Memento of the original dated February 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ↑ Philosophy of the Echols Scholars Program , on the website of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Virginia ( Memento of the original of March 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ↑ Welcome to the Rodman Home Page , on the website of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Virginia ( Memento of May 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ^ University of Virginia. State of the University. 2008 (“Factbook”), pp. 7, 8 ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( PDF ; accessed November 28, 2008; 1.5 MB)
- ↑ The Nation's Largest Libraries , on the website of the American Library Association (December 2006) ( Memento of the original from April 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
-
↑ UVa Library Press Room , on the Internet site of the University of Virginia Library ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on November 28, 2008
Figures from 2005-06: from the same website, accessed on March 17, 2007
- ↑ (November 10, 2004) 'A Noble Prize in View'. U.VA. Showcases Declaration of Independence Collection in New Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, UVa Library Press Releases , on the University of Virginia Library website ( Memento of the original from September 5, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and still Not checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ^ The William Faulkner Collection , University of Virginia Library, accessed March 7, 2007
- ↑ The most recent information on the otherwise very up-to-date website of the library comes from the year 2001/2002. A reason for the lack of update is not given. Etext Quick Facts, 2001–2002 , on the website of the Electronic Text Center of the University Library ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ↑ (November 14, 2006) Google Books Library Project. University of Virginia Joins Leading Research Libraries in Partnership with Google to Increase Discovery of Knowledge - And to Offer Library Books to Global Audience. UVa Library Press Releases , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 17, 2007
- ↑ z. B. Faculty Policies. The Faculty Member and the Honor System , on the University of Virginia website ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 7, 2007
- ^ The Honor Committee: Honor Committee Constitution, accessed March 7, 2007
- ↑ The Honor Committee: Conscientious Retractions (English), accessed March 7, 2007
- ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, Henson v. Honor Committee of U.Va., 719 F.2d 69 (1983). - The German lawyer Bernd Hartmann, who also has a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree from the University of Virginia, notes that such a view is alien to German constitutional law (Art. 19 IV Basic Law ) : Bernd J. Hartmann (2003). The LL.M. degree from the University of Virginia School of Law. Jura, 356 ff. (Footnote 4) (accessed March 19, 2007)
- ↑ Diana Jean Schemo (10 May 2001). U. of Virginia Hit by Scandal Over Cheating. New York Times.Retrieved March 21, 2007
- ↑ a b Paul Quinlan (November 26, 2002). Bloomfield honor trials finish, 20 found guilty. Over a year of investigating 158 students accused of plagiarism in Physics 105, 106 culminates with 48 leaving the University. The Cavalier Daily ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 21, 2007
- ↑ z. B. CNN : copy of the consignment University of Virginia Tackles Cheating Head On series CNN Burden of Proof , aired on May 10, 2001 at 21:30 ET ; New York Times : Diana Jean Schemo (May 10, 2001). U. of Virginia Hit by Scandal Over Cheating ; Washington Post : Amy Argetsinger (May 9, 2001). Technology Exposes Cheating at U-Va. Physics Professor's Computer Search Triggers Investigation of 122 Students (all accessed March 21, 2007)
- ↑ Barbara Kantrowitz (2005). America's 25 Hot Schools , 2006 Kaplan College Guide (on sale August 22, 2005) ( August 15, 2004 memento on the Internet Archive ). Accessed March 8, 2007
- ^ The Student Activities Center , on the University of Virginia website ( January 16, 2006 memento in the Internet Archive ), accessed November 28, 2008
- ^ The University of Virginia… occupies the portion of Charlottesville known, not as the "campus," but as "the grounds." In the decision of the United States Supreme Court United States v. Virginia, 518 US 515, 584 fn. 4 (1996) , dissenting opinion by Antonin Scalia
- ^ Office of Undergraduate Admission: Prospectus. Outside the Classroom: Catch a Frisbee, Catch Your Breath , accessed March 7, 2007 from the University of Virginia website
- ↑ But hardest of all to leave had been Archie (...) - Archie, who had come out ahead of his class in the high school, all ready to go to The University - the University of Virginia is always "The University" ; (...) Archie would now be able to go to “The University.” Marie Manning (1903). Judith of the Plains. originally Harper & Brothers: New York printed on Project Gutenberg , EText no. 15573, accessed June 4, 2005, March 7, 2007
- ↑ To many Virginians it is known, simply, as "the University," which suffices to distinguish it from the Commonwealth's other institutions offering 4-year college instruction, - in the decision of the Supreme Court of the USA United States v. Virginia, 518 US 515, 584 fn. 4 (1996) , dissenting opinion by Antonin Scalia
- ↑ 40,437 inhabitants according to an estimate for 2005 ( memento of the original from September 26, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the United States Census Bureau.Retrieved March 8, 2007
- ↑ a b c Traditions , on the Official Site of the University of Virginia Athletics ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 16, 2007
- ↑ a b The Good Old Song , on the Official Site of University of Virginia Athletics ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 16, 2007
- ↑ Scott Meacham: The Persistence of "Wah-Hoo-Wah," Dartmouth's "Indian Yell," At the University of Virginia , on dartmo.com ( PDF ; English; accessed March 16, 2007; 157 kB)
- ↑ z. B. Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0904-X ; Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. National Geographic. ISBN 978-0-7922-6531-3
- ↑ because by these, as testimonials that I have lived, I wish most to be remembered - undated instruction by Thomas Jefferson on the back of an old letter, which was put into practice by his grandson, Colonel Randolph. - quoted in Sarah N. Randolph (1871). The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Harper Brothers. (P. 431). Electronic copy from google books (English) accessed on March 26, 2007
- ↑ a b (March 6, 2001). U.Va. Library Celebrates Birth Of James Madison And His Contributions To The University. News , on the University of Virginia website ( memento of the original from January 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) accessed on March 15, 2007
- ↑ Blotner, J. and Frederick L. Gwynn, (eds.) (1959) Faulkner in the University: Conferences at the University of Virginia, 1957-1958. (quoted from the English Wikipedia)
- ↑ coase.org
Heritage: Mesa Verde National Park (1978) | Independence Hall (1979) | Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (1982) | La Fortaleza and San Juan Historic Site in Puerto Rico (1983) | Statue of Liberty (1984) | Chaco Culture (with Chaco Culture National Historical Park ) (1987) | Monticello and University of Virginia at Charlottesville (1987) | Taos Pueblo (1992) | Monumental earthworks of Poverty Point (2014) | Mission Stations in San Antonio (2015) | The Architecture of the 20th Century by Frank Lloyd Wright (2019)
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Cultural / natural heritage: Papahānaumokuākea (2010)
Coordinates: 38 ° 2 ′ 4.5 ″ N , 78 ° 30 ′ 15 ″ W.