Separate funeral

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The separate burial is a form of partial burial , in which the burial of the internal organs is carried out separately from the rest of the body. The separate heart burial was particularly important up to modern times.

The separate burial of the body has been practiced for different reasons throughout history. This included ideas relating to memorials as well as objectives of representation, and practical reasons for preserving corpses always played an important role.

In the Middle Ages and modern times , separate burials were primarily carried out for high-ranking deceased of the clerical and secular classes, for example with popes and bishops , monarchs and important nobles , artists and writers .

Practical reasons

It was already known in ancient times that the artificial preservation of a corpse can be considerably improved and simplified by removing the brain, internal organs and intestines. During mummification in ancient Egypt , the heart was left in the body if possible, but the entrails were buried separately from the corpse. The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines were removed and stored separately from the mummy in jars .

In Europe, similar findings in the Middle Ages favored the spread of the separate burial of heart, innards and body. Heart burial reached its peak in the 17th century.

After death, many princes and monarchs had their hearts and sometimes their entrails removed and buried separately from their bodies. This was especially useful when there was a long period of time between death and burial. In the High Middle Ages, the method of " mos teutonicus " was practiced for particularly high-ranking people, in which the corpse was cut into flesh and bones by boiling. It was not preserved in its entirety in this way, but it was possible to at least bring the bones to their destination without any decomposition occurring during the journey. The procedure was mainly used for rulers who died in theaters of war or who died abroad or while traveling, such as Emperor Lothar III. He died on December 3, 1137 near Breitenwang in Tyrol and was buried on December 31, 1137 in the Kaiserdom Königslutter . When Emperor Friedrich I died on June 10, 1190 in the Saleph River near Seleucia ( Cilicia ) during the Third Crusade , his body was also buried in this way. His heart and entrails were buried in Tarsus , his flesh in early July in St. Peter's Church in Antioch , while the bones of his son Frederick VI. were carried along by Swabians at least as far as Tire , probably to bury them in Jerusalem.

The body of Richard the Lionheart († 1199) is buried next to his parents in Fontevrault Abbey; however, his heart lies in a sarcophagus in Rouen Cathedral .

Also in the case of the Babenberg dukes Friedrich I († 1198) and Leopold VI. Austria († 1230) used this method. Partial burials of this kind were forced for practical reasons. In the case of the crusaders in particular , it was impossible to bring a corpse intact from the Mediterranean region back home due to the lack of technical possibilities at the time.

In the case of the famous military leader Bertrand du Guesclin († 1380), a mixture of practical and personal reasons led to a separate burial: Fallen in Châteauneuf-de-Randon in Auvergne (southern France), he had expressed the wish to be in Dinan in his homeland of Brittany to be buried. The body was embalmed for transfer , with its entrails removed and buried in the Dominican church of Le Puy-en-Velay . However, the preservation was unsuccessful and the body began to disintegrate during the transfer. In Montferrand the meat was finally cooked from the bones according to the "mos teutonicus" and buried in the local Franciscan church. The heart was removed beforehand. Because of du Guesclin's services to the kingdom, the French King Charles V ordered the remains to be buried in the royal tomb of Saint-Denis near Paris. The heart, on the other hand, was buried at the request of du Guesclin in his Breton homeland, in the Dominican church of Dinan, and later the grave was moved to the church of Saint Sauveur in Dinan. So you Guesclin is buried in four places.

City parish church Linz , intestine tombstone for Emperor Friedrich III.

The division into heart, innards and body corresponded to the practical necessities for transports or long-lasting funeral celebrations. The division of the bodies finally took on institutional forms in medieval Europe, which lived on in court ceremonies, especially in the Catholic ruling houses, until modern times. The heart as the “noblest part of man” should always be given a worthy place. The corpse itself, however, was not guaranteed to be permanently preserved due to the technical possibilities, as it was not yet possible to prevent natural decay in the long term according to the state of the art at the time. It had to be enough if a deceased ruler could be laid out for a few days. When Emperor Friedrich III. Died in Linz in 1493, his body was exhibited in the great room of Linz Castle for a day , then transferred to Vienna and buried in St. Stephen's Cathedral. His heart and entrails, however, were already buried in Linz and were given their place in the parish church .

Engraving (1758) of the duke's crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna . In addition to the sarcophagi, numerous urns for the heart and entrails of the Habsburgs can be seen in the illustration .

Separate burial remained in use for centuries despite all methodological advances in the field of corpse conservation . It was able to hold up even when corpses began to be treated from the inside by injecting preserving fluids into the bloodstream at the beginning of the 19th century. The heart, brain and intestines were mostly removed as before and buried separately. This procedure came e.g. B. used in 1821 by Napoleon Bonaparte and in 1832 by his son Napoleon Franz .

From the middle of the 19th century, the discovery of formaldehyde (1855) revolutionized the preservation of corpses, so that the removal of the heart and viscera became unnecessary and long-term preservation of the corpse could be achieved through the use of chemicals alone. The removal of the heart and bowels was last practiced by the Habsburgs in Vienna in 1878, when Emperor Franz Joseph's father Archduke Franz Karl died , after which the Austrian court switched to the use of formaldehyde. The popes followed the development a little later. Since Sixtus V († 1590) the internal organs of the deceased popes had been removed and in Rome at the Trevi fountain in the church “St. Vincent and Anastasius “, the bodies mostly in the Vatican grottoes under St. Peter's Basilica . Leo XIII. († 1903) was buried in this way, his successor Pius X. abolished organ removal. Since then, the blood of dead popes has also been replaced by a preserving liquid containing formaldehyde.

Religion and representation

Heart tomb Robert Bruces († 1329) in Melrose Abbey (Scotland)
Heart grave of King Francis II († 1560) in Saint-Denis (Paris)
Heart grave of Thomas de Choisy († 1710), Marshal of France , in the parish church of St. Ludwig in Saarlouis
Heart urn of Louis XVII. († 1795) in Saint-Denis (Paris)
Heart urn of Karl Theodor von Dalberg († 1817) in the collegiate church of Aschaffenburg
Heart grave of Frédéric Chopin († 1849) in the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw
Heart urn of Emperor Charles VII in the Chapel of Grace in Altötting
Heart urn Léon Gambettas († 1882) in the Panthéon (Paris)
Heart tomb Thomas Hardys († 1928) in Stinsford, Dorset
Stele behind the altar of the Loreto Chapel (Muri Monastery) with the heart urns of Emperor Karl I († 1922) and Empress Zita († 1989)

In addition to the practical reasons mentioned, there were a number of religious or social ideas and political considerations that contributed to the spread of separate burials.

Information on burial rites has come down to us from the early Middle Ages , suggesting that the heart was removed from the body after death in order to be buried separately. One reason for this approach could have been the view, which has been widespread since ancient times , that the heart is the seat of the soul and the being of a person. The Council of Vienne in 1311 ruled that the soul resides in the human body, not just in the heart. Nevertheless, heart burial developed from these considerations as a ritual that was used in the late Middle Ages and modern times, especially with high-ranking personalities. The division of the body made it possible to have multiple burials, which was particularly important for relics .

Emperor Heinrich III. († 1056) decreed that his heart should not find its final resting place with his body in the imperial crypt in Speyer Cathedral , but in the imperial palace of Goslar in the chapel of St. Simon and Judas. Another example is Richard I the Lionheart († 1199), whose body was buried in the ancestral tomb of Anjou in Fontevrault Abbey after his death during the siege of Châlus . His heart was brought to Rouen in Normandy , his brain to Charroux Abbey .

The kings of France were buried in the family tomb in the Abbey of Saint-Denis near Paris, but their hearts and entrails separately in monasteries of their choice, to which they were particularly close. The Jacobin monastery in Paris was particularly important in this regard . Because of this practice, there could be several tombs of a monarch instead of one tomb. In the case of King Louis IX. this becomes particularly clear. He died in Carthage on August 25, 1270 , and his remains were buried in Saint-Denis on May 22, 1271. On the occasion of his canonization , his relics were transferred to a shrine behind the high altar on August 25, 1298. In 1306, with the permission of Pope Clement V, the head of Saint-Denis was transferred to the Sainte-Chapelle and laid there in a separate shrine next to the crown of thorns . A rib of Louis was given to Notre Dame Cathedral . King Philip the Fair gave a reliquary from his grandfather to the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna , while King Haakon V of Norway bought several fingers for a church in Tysnes . Queen Blanche of Sweden received relics for the Vadstena monastery church , as did Emperor Charles IV in 1378 for St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague . In 1430 Ludwig VII of Bavaria received some relics for his residence in Ingolstadt . In the course of the looting of the royal tombs of Saint-Denis during the French Revolution , the Louis shrines in Saint-Denis and Sainte-Chapelle were also destroyed. The internal organs of Louis IX. were buried in the Cathedral of Monreale in Sicily . It is unclear where Ludwig's heart remained, as no records of his whereabouts have been preserved. The organs remained in Monreale for several centuries before King Francis II of Sicily , fleeing from Garibaldi's troops, took them to Gaeta and Rome in 1860 and then took them to his exile in Garatshausen . There Emperor Franz Joseph donated a shrine to the relics, but King Franz bequeathed them to Cardinal Lavigerie in his will . He brought them to Carthage, the place where Ludwig died, where the faithful in the 1890 dedicated to St. The Cathedral of Carthage dedicated to Ludwig could be worshiped. After the independence of Tunisia in 1956 they were in the Sainte-Chapelle transferred .

Separate burials were also common at the court of the Habsburgs in Vienna. Ferdinand IV. († 1654) established the tradition that was common until 1878 of burying the heart near the Hofburg in the Loreto Chapel of the Augustinian Church . Until then, the hearts of the Habsburgs were mostly buried next to the body in the same coffin or in St. Stephen's Cathedral. Ferdinand IV had especially venerated Mary, the Mother of God, during his lifetime and in his testamentary decreed that his heart should be laid at the feet of the Madonna in the Loreto Chapel of the Augustinian Church. When he died, his body was dissected on the same evening and put his heart into a beaker and during the ceremonial laying out on display next to the body on the scene bed. One day after his death, at nine o'clock in the evening, the heart was transferred to the Augustinian Church, where it was buried in a simple ceremony near the statue of the Virgin in the Loreto Chapel. The later Austrian Habsburgs retained this custom until the 19th century. In a court law from 1754 it says about the custom “from the distribution of the corpse to the burial in different places” : “In the arch-ducal house of Austria each time three churches in Vienna have on the corpse of a ruling Lord Antheil” . The bodies of the deceased monarchs and their closest relatives were buried in the Capuchin Crypt, the hearts in the Loreto Chapel of the Augustinian Church and the entrails in the Ducal Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral. The organs were wrapped in silk cloths, soaked in alcohol and the containers were soldered shut. Only a few ruling Habsburgs, including Emperor Joseph II , who died in 1790 , did without a separate burial. A separate room was set up in the Augustinian Church for hearts that were removed over the centuries, which was later given the name "Herzgrüftel". There are 54 urns with the hearts of members of the dynasty. The last Habsburg to be buried in this form according to the old court protocol was Archduke Franz Karl († 1878). There are also some heart urns in the Vienna Capuchin Crypt. These are mostly the hearts of female Habsburgs whose bodies were buried elsewhere. In Vienna, over time, 41 Habsburgs received a “separate burial” with their bodies being divided into three burial sites ( imperial crypt , heart crypt and ducal crypt).

The Bavarian monarchs from the Wittelsbach dynasty already practiced separate burials in the late Middle Ages, when princes did not die in the place where the burial place of their dynasty existed. The entrails of Duke George the Rich , who died in Ingolstadt in 1503 , are buried in the Ingolstadt Church of Our Lady . His body was brought to the Wittelsbach crypt in Landshut . The remains of Elector Maximilian I were even divided into three parts. The entrails are in the place of death in Ingolstadt, the corpse in Munich and the heart in Altötting . It was here that Maximilian founded the Wittelsbach tradition of keeping the hearts of the members of the Bavarian dynasty in the chapel of grace there. In wall niches on the west side of the octagon there are 28 silver heart urns from the period between 1635 and 1954. It all began with the heart burial of Electress Elisabeth Renata († 1635), the wife of Elector Maximilian I. The heart of the last Bavarian Crown Princess was here Antonia († 1954) is buried. A major difference between the heart burials of the Austrian and Bavarian rulers was that the Habsburgs in Vienna mostly preferred copper or brass as the material for their funeral urns, while the heart vessels of the Wittelsbachers in Altötting were mostly made of precious materials such as silver. Heart urns from non-ruling Wittelsbachers and their relatives are u. a. in the princely crypt of Michaelskirche in Munich , including Maximilian de Beauharnais († 1852).

Although most separate burials were performed on princes and monarchs of the Middle Ages and modern times, it is not limited to this group of people. Heart burials in particular are also found among other important personalities. When the famous French fortress builder Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban died in Paris on March 30, 1707, his body was dissected and on April 16 buried in the Sebastian chapel, which he himself added to the parish church of Saint-Hilaire in Bazoches as a family burial place. In 1793, revolutionaries broke open the crypt and stole the lead coffins in order to cast bullets from them. During construction work in the church in 1804, the separately buried lead urn with Vauban's heart was found. It was brought to Paris at the instigation of Napoleon I and ceremoniously transferred to the Invalides Cathedral on May 28, 1808 . After the death of the chief chamberlain of the Habsburg ruler Maria Theresa , Countess Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard († 1754), her body was buried in the Habsburgs' Capuchin crypt at the express request of the monarch , while the heart beaker was placed in the Mollard family crypt in the Michaelerkirche in Vienna .

In the case of the British writer Thomas Hardy († 1928), the heart was buried in the churchyard of Stinsford in Dorset , the rest of the body was cremated and the ashes were buried in Westminster Abbey . The heart of the founder of the modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin († 1937), is located in a stone stele in front of the ancient stadium of Olympia . The title of the 1970 book "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" by Dee Brown also refers, in another context, to the subject of heart burials.

After the end of the monarchy in Austria, some members of the Habsburg family resumed the tradition to a limited extent, although in these cases the entrails were not removed. Heart burials took place with Emperor Karl I († 1922), his wife Zita († 1989), their son Otto († 2011) and his wife Regina († 2010). The heart of the emperor, who died in exile in Madeira, accompanied his widow on her travels for almost fifty years before it found its resting place in 1971 in the Loreto Chapel of the Muri Monastery in Switzerland. After Empress Zita's death , her body was buried on April 1, 1989 in the Capuchin Crypt in Vienna, her heart on December 17, 1989 in the Muri Monastery in Switzerland. Her son Otto ordered the burial of his heart in the crypt of the Benedictine abbey Pannonhalma in Hungary, while the heart of his wife Regina is in her family's crypt on the fortress Heldburg in Thuringia.

Examples of such burials

Year of death Surname body heart annotation
973 Otto I. (HRR) Magdeburg Cathedral Memleben
1056 Henry III. (HRR) Speyer Cathedral Ulrichskapelle of the imperial palace Goslar Heart originally buried in the collegiate church of St. Simon and Judas in Goslar
1135 Henry I (England) Reading Abbey Brain and viscera in the church of the Notre-Dame-du-Per priory
1190 Friedrich I. Barbarossa (HRR) Tarsus Entrails also in Tarsus, meat in Antioch , bones in Tire
1199 Richard the Lionheart (England) Fontevrault Abbey Rouen Brain in Charroux Abbey , entrails in Châlus
1226 Louis VIII (France) Saint-Denis abbey
1270 Louis IX (France) Saint-Denis Abbey (Paris) Guts in the Sainte-Chapelle (Paris)
1271 Isabella of Aragon Meat in Cosenza Cathedral , bones in Saint-Denis (Paris)
1285 Charles I (Naples) Naples Cathedral Jacobin monastery Paris Guts in Foggia Cathedral
1285 Philip III (France) Saint-Denis Abbey (Paris) Jacobin monastery Paris Guts in Narbonne
1322 Philip V (France) Saint-Denis Abbey (Paris) Couvent des Cordeliers (Paris)
1329 Robert I (Scotland) Dunfermline Abbey Melrose Abbey
1380 Bertrand you Guesclin Saint-Denis Abbey (Paris) Saint Sauveur Church in Dinan Entrails in the Dominican church of Le Puy , meat in the Franciscan church of Montferrand
1389 Murad I. Çekirge near Bursa Türbe on the blackbird field
1404 Philip II (Burgundy)
1464 Nikolaus von Kues San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) St. Nikolaus Hospital (Kues) practical reasons as the body could not be transported over such a distance
1493 Friedrich III. (HRR) Stephansdom City Parish Church (Linz) Guts also in the parish church of Linz
1519 Maximilian I. (HRR) St. Georgs Chapel ( Castle in Wiener Neustadt ) Church of Our Lady (Bruges) Heart urn in the sarcophagus of his first wife, Mary of Burgundy
1560 Francis II (France) Saint-Denis Abbey (Paris) Saint-Denis (Paris)
1594 Elisabeth of Saxony Moriz Church (Coburg) Winzendorf branch church Guts also in the Winzendorf branch church
1608 Ferdinand of Bavaria Frauenkirche (Munich) Church of St. Nicholas of Tolentino and St. Sebastian (Munich) Church of St. Nicholas and St. Sebastian in Munich 1807 profaned and auctioned
1619 Matthias (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Heart and body initially in the Königinkloster (Vienna) , body transferred to the Capuchin Crypt in 1633 , the heart finally to the Loreto Chapel of the Augustinian Church . The heart beaker was in poor condition at the end of the 18th century, so that Joseph II ordered the production of a gold cup.
1624 Karl Joseph of Austria Escorial Monastery Jesuit Church St. Marien (Nysa)
1626 Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg Mainz Cathedral Jesuit Church (Aschaffenburg) Entrails, brain and tongue also in the Jesuit Church Aschaffenburg
1632 Johann T'Serclaes of Tilly Abbey Parish Church of St. Philip and Jacob (Altötting) Chapel of Grace (Altötting)
1637 Ferdinand II (HRR) Mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II (Graz) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Heart and intestines were originally in the same urn and were initially kept in the mausoleum in Graz . The container was later transferred to Vienna, where it was buried in the royal monastery. At the end of the 18th century, Joseph II had the entrails buried in the ducal crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral and the heart in a new cup in the Loreto Chapel of the Augustinian Church.
1651 Maximilian I (Bavaria) St. Michael (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting) Guts in the Liebfrauenmünster (Ingolstadt)
1653 Johann-Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar Princely crypt of the Aegidia Church in Hadamar Hadamar Jesuit Church
1654 Ferdinand IV. (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1656 Johann Franz von Schönau Jesuit Church Pruntrut Waldshut Capuchin Monastery
1679 Antonia of Württemberg Collegiate Church (Stuttgart) Trinity Church in Bad Teinach
1687 Johann Ludwig II of Sulz Assumption of Mary (Tiengen) Waldshut Capuchin Monastery
1689 Sebastian von Pötting St. Stephen's Cathedral
1693 Ernst I. (Hessen-Rheinfels-Rotenburg) Pilgrimage church in Kamp-Bornhofen St. Maria in the Kupfergasse (Cologne)
1705 Leopold I. (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1705 Georg of Hessen-Darmstadt Església dels Josepets de Gràcia (Barcelona) City Church (Darmstadt)
1707 Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban Parish Church of Saint-Hilaire (Bazoches) Invalides (Paris) Heart originally in Vauban's family crypt in the parish church of Saint-Hilaire (Bazoches); buried on May 28, 1808 at the instigation of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Invalides
1710 Thomas de Choisy Family crypt in Mogneville St. Ludwig (Saarlouis)
1711 Joseph I. (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1712 Johann Philipp von Lamberg St. Stephen's Cathedral Pilgrimage Church Mariahilf (Passau)
1715 Louis XIV (France) Saint-Denis Abbey (Paris) Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis of the Jesuit monastery Maison professed de Paris in the Rue St. Antoine Entrails in Notre-Dame de Paris ; Heart beaker transferred to Saint-Denis during the restoration
1731 Gustav Samuel Leopold (Pfalz-Zweibrücken) Alexander Church (Zweibrücken) St. Anthony of Padua (Meisenheim) Heart tomb with epitaph has been preserved behind the left side altar
1733 August the Strong Wawel Cathedral Royal Crypt (Krakow) Hofkirche (Dresden)
1736 Prince Eugene of Savoy Chapel in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna Basilica di Superga in Turin, burial church of the Savoy royal family
1740 Charles VI (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1745 Charles VII (HRR) Theatinerkirche (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting)
1754 Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Michaelerkirche (Vienna)
1761 Clemens August of Bavaria Cologne cathedral Chapel of Grace (Altötting) Entrails in St. Remigius (Bonn) ; Brain, eyes and tongue in the Kapuzinergruft (Bonn)
1761 Joseph Dominikus von Lamberg St. Stephen's Cathedral Pilgrimage Church Mariahilf (Passau)
1765 Franz I. Stephan (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1778 Voltaire Panthéon (Paris) Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris) Brain only survived in remnants in the Comédie-Française
1780 Maria Theresa Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1792 Leopold II (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1805 Karl Anselm von Thurn and Taxis Wolfgang's crypt in the monastery Sankt Emmeram (Regensburg) Neresheim Abbey
1812 Clemens Wenzeslaus of Saxony Sepulchral Chapel of St. Martin Church (Marktoberdorf) Crypt of the basilica St. Ulrich and Afra (Augsburg)
1817 Tadeusz Kościuszko Wawel Cathedral Royal Crypt (Krakow) Chapel of the Warsaw Royal Castle Entrails buried in the Zuchwil cemetery. Kościuszko's body was first buried in the Jesuit church in Solothurn and was later transferred to the Wawel Cathedral .
1817 Karl Theodor von Dalberg Regensburg Cathedral Aschaffenburg Collegiate Church
1821 Napoleon Bonaparte Invalides (Paris)
1822 Antonio Canova Mausoleum in the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari (Venice) Porphyry vase in the Academy of Venice Body buried in the Frari Church in 1827 after the completion of his mausoleum
1825 Maximilian I. Joseph (Bavaria) Theatinerkirche (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting)
1825 Jacques-Louis David Evere Cemetery (Brussels) Cemetery Pere Lachaise (Paris)
1825 Friedrich Wilhelm von Thurn and Taxis Wolfgang's crypt in the monastery Sankt Emmeram (Regensburg) Neresheim Abbey
1832 Duke of Reichstadt Invalides (Paris) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the ducal crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna). Body buried in the Capuchin Crypt in 1832 , transported by train to Paris in 1940 on Hitler's orders .
1835 Francis II (HRR) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails not in the duke's crypt , apparently not removed from the corpse
1835 Wilhelmine von Thurn and Taxis , b. Dörnberg Crypt chapel in St. Emmeram Castle (Regensburg) Crypt chapel in St. Emmeram Castle (Regensburg) The heart is buried separately in a bronze box which, in addition to the heart beaker made of faceted glass, also contains a bust of the deceased made of white marble by Christian Daniel Rauch .
1835 Andreas Miaoulis Hydra Island Hydra Island
1849 Frédéric Chopin Cemetery Pere Lachaise (Paris) Holy Cross Church ( Warsaw )
1861 Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (Prussia) Friedenskirche (Potsdam) Mausoleum in Charlottenburg Palace (Berlin)
1864 Maximilian II (Bavaria) Theatinerkirche (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting)
1868 Ludwig I. (Bavaria) St. Boniface Abbey (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting)
1871 Hermann von Pückler-Muskau Lake pyramid in the park lake Branitz Castle Dissolution in sulfuric acid
1875 Ferdinand I (Austria) Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the Duke's Crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna)
1878 Archduke Franz Karl Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Augustinian Church Vienna) Entrails in the ducal crypt in St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna). The last division into all three traditional Viennese burial places of the Habsburgs.
1882 Léon Gambetta Cimetière du Château (Nice) Panthéon (Paris)
1886 Ludwig II (Bavaria) St. Michael (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting) Guts not removed
1921 Ludwig III. (Bavaria) Frauenkirche (Munich) Chapel of Grace (Altötting)
1922 Charles I (Austria-Hungary) Nossa Senhora do Monte (Funchal) Loreto Chapel (Muri Monastery)
1928 Thomas Hardy Ashes in Westminster Abbey (London) Stinsford Churchyard, Dorset
1935 Józef Piłsudski Wawel Cathedral (Krakow) Rasos Cemetery (Vilnius)
1937 Pierre de Coubertin Bois-de-Vaux cemetery (Lausanne) Olympia (Greece)
1989 Zita from Bourbon-Parma Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Loreto Chapel (Muri Monastery) Guts not removed
2010 Regina of Saxe-Meiningen Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Crypt on the fortress Heldburg Guts not removed
2011 Otto von Habsburg Capuchin Crypt (Vienna) Benedictine Pannonhalma Abbey Guts not removed

Others

  • Another form of separate burial is head burial . In Europe, however, it has hardly been practiced since ancient times, although in principle it would still be possible.
  • Also in organ donation and transplantation there is an anonymous, separate funeral because the donor is buried without the donated organs. These are buried together with the recipient.
  • Since prehistoric times, separate body parts or the afterbirth ( afterbirth burial ) have been buried in closed vessels in cultures and spaces that are independent of each other. Museum-digital.de

literature

For separate burial

  • Alfred Hermann: Dissecting and Merging: Religious History for Mummification. In: Numen. 3/1956, pp. 81-96.

Especially for heart burial

  • Charles Angell Bradford: Heart Burial. Allen & Unwin, London 1933.
  • Magdalena Hawlik-van de Water: The Capuchin Crypt. Burial place of the Habsburgs in Vienna. 2nd edition, Vienna 1993, pp. 71-76.
  • Armin Dietz: Eternal hearts. A short cultural history of heart burials. Medien- & Medizin-Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-8208-1339-X .
  • Carolin Behrmann, Arne Karsten, Philipp Zitzlsperger (eds.): Grab, Kult, Memoria: Studies on the social function of memory: Horst Bredekamp on his 60th birthday on April 29, 2007. Böhlau, Cologne 2007 ( online ).
  • Semjon Aron Dreiling: Heart union of King and Konnetabel. The “monument du coeur” by Anne de Montmorency in the Celestine Church in Paris as a monumental proof of loyalty. In: Marburg Yearbook for Art History. 36, 2009, ISSN  0342-121X , pp. 145-183.

Web links

Commons : Heart Burials  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Christopher R. Seddon: Dissected and sewn up. Considerations for the preservation of corpses as part of courtly ceremonies of the Habsburgs. Special print, Linz 2005, pp. 12–18.
  2. ↑ Karl Martin: Kanopen II. In: Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ) bd. III. Column 317 and Hans Bonnet : Reallexikon der Ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte (RÄRG). P. 366.
  3. ↑ Richard H. Wilkinson: The world of the gods in ancient Egypt. Faith - Power - Mythology. Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1819-6 , p. 88
  4. ↑ Rosemarie Drenkhahn: Kebehsenuef. In: LÄ III , column 379.
  5. ↑ Arne Eggebrecht : Duamutef. In Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ) I. Column 1150.
  6. ↑ a b Christine Pernlochner-Kügler: Herzbestattung: Background to a bizarre Habsburg tradition , aspetos.at ( Memento from August 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 14, 2012
  7. ↑ Knut Görich: Die Staufer: Herrscher und Reich , 2. durchges. and actual Edition, CH Beck, Munich 2006 (= C.-H.-Beck-Wissen, 2393; ISBN 3-406-53593-3 ), p. 67
  8. ↑ The chapter house of Heiligenkreuz Abbey. Retrieved April 4, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Reinhold Röhricht: On the history of the burial more teutonico , in: ZfdPh 24 (1892), p. 505
  10. ↑ Alexander Glück, Marcello LaSperanza, Peter Ryborz: Unter Wien: In the footsteps of the third man through canals, tombs and casemates . Christoph Links Verlag, 2001, pp. 43–44, books.google.co.uk
  11. ↑ Barbara Hartl: Beautiful for eternity . ( Memento of March 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: PM Magazin ; Retrieved November 4, 2012
  12. ↑ Pope Pius XII. The bizarre death of the deputy . one day ; Retrieved November 11, 2012
  13. ^ Estella Weiss-Krejci: Heart burial in medieval and early post-medieval central Europe . In: Katharina Rebay-Salisbury, Marie Louise Stig Sørensen, Jessica Hughes (Eds.): Body Parts and Bodies Whole. Pp. 119-134. Studies in Funerary Archeology. 5. Oxbow Books, Oxford 2010, univie.ac.at (PDF) accessed on July 6, 2011
  14. ↑ Le Goff: Ludwig the saint. Part I, p. 272. In 1843, during restoration work in the Sainte-Chapelle, fragments of a heart were found next to the altar. The question of whether it is the heart of Louis IX. is controversial.
  15. ↑ Magdalena Hawlik-van de Water: The Capuchin Crypt. Burial place of the Habsburgs in Vienna. 2nd edition Vienna 1993, p. 71.
  16. ↑ The Habsburgs' heart crypt . ( Memento of February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved November 5, 2012
  17. ^ Theophil Zurbuchen: Habsburg hearts . To rest in the monastery of Muri. In: NZZ Folio . 05/94.
  18. ↑ Magdalena Hawlik-van de Water: The Capuchin Crypt. Burial place of the Habsburgs in Vienna. 2nd edition Vienna 1993, p. 72.
  19. ↑ a b Alexander Glück, Marcello LaSperanza, Peter Ryborz: Unter Wien: In the footsteps of the third man through canals, tombs and casemates. Christoph Links Verlag, 2001 online on Google Books , p. 43
  20. ^ Cölestin Wolfsgruber : The imperial crypt with the Capuchins in Vienna. Alfred Hölder, Vienna 1887 ( archive.org ), p. 262.
  21. ↑ Illustrations of the "Herzgrüftel": Augustinian monk in the heart tomb. Accessed December 31, 2018 . or Have a Heart. March 8, 2011, accessed December 31, 2018 .
  22. ↑ a b c Illustration of the heart urn stele in the Loreto Chapel (1) accessed on August 10, 2015
  23. ↑ a b c Illustration of the heart urn stele in the Loreto Chapel (2) accessed on August 10, 2015
  24. ^ Taken from Zita's heart. Report on Vorarlberg Online, July 18, 2011; Retrieved September 6, 2012
  25. ^ R. Prochno: The Carthusian Monastery of Champmol: Gravege of the Burgundian dukes 1364-1477. , Akademie Verlag, 2002, p. 124 ISBN 3-05-003595-1
  26. ^ Richard Reifenscheid, The Habsburgs - From Rudolf I to Karl I , Vienna 1994, p. 95.
  27. ↑ Kaiser Matthias , on kapuzinergruft.com, accessed on April 4, 2019
  28. ↑ In the case of Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, the heart, brain, tongue and entrails were placed in a lead box, the latter in a wooden coffin. Both were covered with a stone slab with the inscription: COR CEBERUM EXTAQUE JO. SUICARDI ARCHIEp. MOGUNTINI OBIIT AO CHRISTI 1626 XVII. SEPT. - Alois Grimm: Aschaffenburg house book . Volume II: Old Town, between Dalbergstraße and castle ... . History and Art Association V., Aschaffenburg 1991, ISBN 3-87965-053-5 .
  29. ↑ St. Augustine's Church , on vienna-tourist.com, accessed on 4 April 2019
  30. ↑ a b c Heart funeral of Passau Bishop Sebastian Graf von Pötting . in: “Boundless - History of the people on the Inn. Catalog for the first Bavarian-Upper Austrian regional exhibition 2004, Asbach - Passau - Reichersberg - Schärding, April 23 to November 2, 2004. Edited by Egon Boshof, Max Brunner and Elisabeth Vavra . - Regensburg: Pustet 2004 ", p. 247
  31. ↑ Martin Renner: "But it's just a father swap ...". The secularization of the Swabian monasteries Marchtal, Buchau and Neresheim by the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis. Marburg: Tectum, 2014, Vol. 2, pp. 617–623.
  32. ↑ Gottfried Riemann (Ed.): Karl Friedrich Schinkel - Travel to Italy - Second Travel 1824 . Aufbau Verlag, Berlin / Weimar 1994, ISBN 3-351-02269-7 , p. 228.
  33. ^ Heart burial in Hungary wienerzeitung.at, accessed on July 6, 2011
  34. ↑ P. Rödler: There is peace under all tops. In: Line One , 2007