Sacha

This article covers Yakutia, the republic in the Asian part of Russia. For the first name Sacha see Sacha (first name) .

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Subject of the Russian Federation Sakha Republic (Yakutia) Республика Саха (Якутия) ( Russian ) Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ ( Yakut ) flag coat of arms Federal district far East surface 3,083,523  km² population 958,528 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) Population density 0.3 inhabitants / km² Capital Yakutsk Official languages Yakut , Russian Ethnic composition Yakuts (48.7%) Russians (36.9%) Evenks (2.2%) Ukrainians (2.1%) Evens (1.6%) Tatars (0.8%) (as of 2010) head Aissen Nikolayev Founded April 27, 1922 Time zones UTC + 9 to UTC + 11 Telephone prefixes (+7) 411xx Postcodes 677000-678999 License Plate 14th OKATO 98 ISO 3166-2 RU-SA Website sakha.gov.ru

Coordinates: 67 ° 0 '  N , 127 ° 0'  E

The Amga River

Sacha (also Yakutia , Russian Якутия , Yakut Саха Сирэ ) is a republic in the northeastern part of Asian Russia . Sacha is the largest federal subject of the Russian Federation in terms of area and the largest sub-state territorial unit in the world. The official name is Sakha Republic (Yakutia) ( Russian Республика Саха (Якутия) , Yakut Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ ).

geography

At 3,083,523 km², the area of ​​the Republic of Sakha is roughly the same as that of the European Union without the British Isles , Sweden and Finland , but has less than a four-hundredth of the population of that rump Europe. In the north, the republic is bounded by the Arctic Ocean , where it reaches its northernmost mainland point at Cape Paksa between Nordwik Bay and Anabar Gulf at 73 ° 59 ′ 31 ″ N, about 400 km south of Cape Chelyuskin , the northernmost mainland point belonging to the Krasnoyarsk region the old world . The northernmost land area of ​​Sacha forms the Henrietta Island belonging to the New Siberian Archipelago at 77 ° 6 ′ 0 ″ N. To the south, Sacha extends in the Aldan highlands to the latitude of Copenhagen . The territory extends from the Central Siberian Mountains in the west over the Lena Valley ( Central Yakut Lowlands ), the Verkhoyansk Mountains , the Tscherski Mountains over the Jana Indigirka Lowlands to the Kolyma Lowlands (western and eastern parts of the East Siberian Lowlands ) in the northeast.

Most of the republic belongs to the catchment area of ​​the Lena. The most important rivers besides the Lena are its tributaries Wiljui and Aldan, and the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers .

The entire territory is occupied by permafrost soil . When this thaws in summer and the snow and ice melt, floods regularly occur in the river plains and especially in the lowlands .

Administrative divisions and cities

→ Main articles : Administrative divisions of the Sakha Republic  and List of Cities in the Sakha Republic

The Sakha Republic is divided into 34 Rajons and the urban districts of Yakutsk and Shatai .

The capital and only major city is Yakutsk . Neryungri , Mirny , Lensk and Aldan still have more than 20,000 inhabitants . The “ cold poles ” Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon have achieved national fame .

Biggest cities

city	Russian	Yakut	Residents (October 14, 2010)
Yakutsk	Якутск	Дьокуускай	269,601
Nerjungri	Нерюнгри	Нүөрүҥгүрү	61,747
Mirny	Мирный	Мирнэй	37,188
Lensk	Ленск	Ленскэй	24,966
Aldan	Алдан	Алдан	21,275
Aichal *	Айхал	Айхал	13,727
Udachny	Удачный	Удачнай	12,613
Wiljuisk	Вилюйск	Бүлүү	10,234
Nyurba	Нюрба	Ньурба	10.157

* urban settlement

population

Yakutia - population development
by nationality:
black with peak = Russians,
dark blue = Yakuts,
green with peak = Ukrainians

The population had increased two-and-a-half-fold from 1939 to 1989, then had fallen by a good 140,000 by the beginning of the 21st century, but has remained the same since then.

year	Residents
1939	413,876
1959	487.372
1970	666.746
1979	851.840
1989	1,094,065
2002	949.280
2010	949,347

The Yakuts are a Yakut-speaking Turkic people . Around 1900 the Siberian ethnic groups of the region, in addition to the Yakuts, the Evenks , Evens , Dolgans , Chukchi and Yukagirs , were still almost among themselves. In the Soviet era, hundreds of thousands of new settlers poured into the country to exploit the mineral resources. The number of other ethnic groups (especially Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Moldovans, Buryats and Tatars) grew from 30,315 in 1926 to 637,277 in 1989, and the Yakuts became a minority in the country. Today the titular nation makes up almost half of the population again, because many of the immigrants left the former mining centers of the region because of unemployment. The Russian Germans have left the region mostly. However, there are also few groups of immigrants - mainly from the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union - that are growing. They include the Kyrgyz (1454 in 2002 and 5022 in 2010), the Uzbeks (1207 in 2002 and 3332 in 2010) and the Tajiks (1105 in 2002 and 2696 in 2010). In addition, numerous smaller ethnic groups live in Yakutia, including the Jukagirs.

Ethnic group	VZ 1926		VZ 1939		VZ 1959		VZ 1970		VZ 1979		VZ 1989		VZ 2002		VZ 2010 2
	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%
Yakuts	235.926	81.6%	233.273	56.5%	226.053	46.4%	285,749	43.0%	313.917	36.9%	365.236	33.4%	432.290	45.5%	466.492	48.7%
Russians	30,156	10.4%	146.741	35.5%	215,328	44.2%	314,308	47.3%	429,588	50.4%	550.263	50.3%	390,671	41.2%	353,649	36.9%
Evenks	13,145	4.7%	10,432	2.5%	9,505	2.0%	9.097	1.4%	11,584	1.4%	14,428	1.3%	18,232	1.9%	21.008	2.2%
Ukrainians	138	0.0%	4,229	1.0%	12,182	2.5%	20,253	3.0%	46,326	5.4%	77.114	7.0%	34,633	3.6%	20,341	2.1%
Ewenen	738	0.3%	3.133	0.8%	3,537	0.7%	6,471	1.0%	5,763	0.7%	8,668	0.8%	11,657	1.2%	15,071	1.6%
Tatars	1,671	0.6%	4,420	1.1%	5,172	1.1%	7,678	1.2%	10,976	1.3%	17,478	1.6%	10,768	1.1%	8,122	0.8%
Buryats	11	0.0%	699	0.2%	757	0.2%	2.126	0.3%	4,508	0.5%	8,471	0.8%	7,266	0.8%	7,011	0.7%
Belarusians	21st	0.0%	1,572	0.4%	2,548	0.5%	4,090	0.6%	6,769	0.8%	9,900	0.9%	4,236	0.4%	2,527	0.3%
German	17th	0.0%	250	0.06%	1,754	0.4%	1,540	0.2%	2,416	0.3%	4,099	0.4%	2,283	0.2%	1,540	0.2%
Dolganen 1	0	0.0%	k.Ang.	?,?%	k.Ang.	?,?%	10	0.0%	64	0.01%	408	0.04%	1,272	0.13%	1,906	0.2%
Jukagiren	396	0.14%	267	0.06%	285	0.06%	400	0.06%	526	0.06%	697	0.06%	1,097	0.12%	1,281	0.13%
Chukchi	1,281	0.4%	400	0.1%	325	0.07%	387	0.06%	377	0.04%	473	0.04%	602	0.06%	670	0.07%
Other	5,585	1.9%	7,782	1.9%	9,897	2.0%	12,014	1.8%	19,026	2.2%	36,830	3.4%	34,273	3.6%	58,910	6.1%
Residents	289.085	100%	413.198	100%	487.343	100%	664.123	100%	851.840	100%	1,094,065	100%	949.280	100%	958.528	100%
1 the Dolganen were counted as Yakuts in 1939 and 1959 2 23,864 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group. These people are probably distributed in the same proportion as the ethnically allocated residents.

The official languages ​​are Yakut and Russian . The majority of the population are Christians; roughly up to two thirds of the population. Some of the Yakuts, Buryats, Evens, and Evenks practice shamanism .

history

Sacha area

In the 14th century, the Yakuts immigrated to Sakha (Yakutia) from the southern Baikal region .

Russian immigration began in the 17th century, and today's capital, Yakutsk , was founded in 1632.

Sacha was an Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic ( ASSR ) within the Russian republic , the Yakut ASSR, during the Soviet Union . During the Soviet period, industry was established in parts of the republic, which led to the immigration of a large number of Russians. Several hundred students protested at the beginning of perestroika in April 1986 against the perceived legal inequality of Russians and Yakuts.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Sacha was granted extensive autonomy rights. As a result, its President Michael Nikolayev , as an opponent of Putinism and in preparation for independence from Russia, installed his own gold and foreign exchange reserves . He controlled the area through a clientele system until 2001, when a court - after multiple changes - excluded him from re-election due to pressure from Moscow.

politics

• Head (Glawa) : Aissen Nikolajew (since 2019)
• Prime Minister: vacant
• Parliament (Il Tumen): 1. United Russia (50 MPs), 2. KPRF (7 MPs), Just Russia (5 MPs), Civic Platform (2 MPs), Soglassije (2 MPs)

economy

Diamond mine Udachnaya pipe

Sacha is rich in natural resources such as precious metals , oil , natural gas , coal and diamonds . Its share in global diamond production is over 13%, with Yakuts themselves having the right to process the rough diamonds since the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the times of the Soviet Union, rough diamonds were delivered to Moscow.

The largest gas field, Mastach, supplies the capital via a 400 km pipeline.

Various export pipelines were already planned during the Soviet era, but no project has yet been started.

mythology

A legend tells that when God created the earth, he sent an angel over Siberia with a sack full of riches. As he flew over Yakutia, his fingers became stiff from the cold and he dropped everything. All the riches, gold , silver and platinum fell to the earth. Out of anger at his loss, however, he punished this region with eternal winter.

Culture

In Sacha the Jew's Harp Chomus is an essential element of the national musical culture.

Web links

Commons : Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official website of the Republic of Sakha (Russian)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
3. ↑ Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census). 
4. ↑ Topographic map (1: 1,000,000, p. S-49,50, edition 1987) with Cape Paksa at 113 ° E
5. ↑ Coordinates from Cape Paksa at getamap.net
6. ↑ Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010 (Russian) http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php?reg=76
7. ^ Ed A. Hewett, Victor H. Winston: Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People, Volume 2 , Brookings Institution Press, 2010 ISBN 9780815719144
8. Jump up ↑ Leokadia Drobizheva, Rose Gottemoeller, Catherine McArdle Kelleher, Lee Walker: Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis: Case Studies and Analysis , Routledge, 2015, ISBN 9781317470991 , p. 166
9. ↑ Kremlin sends Deputy Prosecutor General to the Tundra , aktuell.ru, October 12, 2017
10. ↑ Lilia Shevtsova: Putin's Russia , Carnegie Endowment, 2010, ISBN 9780870032936 , page 195
11. ^ RA French, Alan Wood, Christian R. Thauer, Helen Routledge: The Development of Siberia: People and Resources . Springer, 1989, ISBN 978-1-349-20378-9 , pp. 240 ( Google Books ).
12. ↑ John Tichotsky: Russia's Diamond Colony: The Republic of Sakha . Routledge, 2000, ISBN 978-1-134-41393-5 , pp. 293 ff . ( Google Books ).