Left-wing extremism

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Left-wing extremism is a collective term for various communist and anarchist currents and ideologies within the political left that reject parliamentary democracy and the rule of law and want to replace them in favor of an egalitarian society , sometimes using violence . Left-wing extremism describes an anti- constitutional goal directed against the free democratic basic order , whereas with left- wing radicalism It describes positions that are radical, but still in the democratic spectrum, which are compatible with the conditions of a democratic constitutional state.

The term extremism is a foreign attribution. Groups and people classified as left-wing extremists therefore do not refer to themselves as such, but characterize themselves differently, for example as members of the “radical left”. The term left-wing extremism has been used in Germany by the media , authorities and academia since the 1970s. In the social sciences , the boundaries and application of the term are inconsistent.

While communists advocate violence under the circumstances of a parliamentary democracy only in the context of a revolutionary situation , autonomous violence see regardless of the point in time as a legitimate means and are responsible for a large part of violent crimes. In its extreme form, left-wing extremism turns into left-wing terrorism, as it was in Germany through groups such as the Red Army Fraction , the June 2nd Movement or the anti-imperialist cells .

Basics of left-wing extremism

The modern Linksextremismus refers social , ideology and history of ideas on the Marxism in the narrower sense, and in particular the further developed therefrom (orthodox) communist currents Leninism , Stalinism (or Marxism- Leninism ) Trotzkyism , Maoismus and Luxemburgism and on the Anarchismus . Since Marxism was invoked by both social democrats and communists and it gave suggestions for developments in social history, the potential for extremism is considered to be higher, "the more dogmatic and comprehensive their teachings are taken up". Lenin, who applied a broad policy of repression against bourgeois and socialist forces in the course of the Russian October Revolution , is thus regarded as the “political predecessor of Stalin”. Stalin then installed a totalitarian dictatorship that killed millions. Trotsky, who himself perished during the Stalin purges , was less democratically than more politically involved in the conflict between the two revolutionaries. Mao, who initially based himself ideologically on Marx, Lenin and Stalin and then partially turned away, was responsible for several million victims in his country due to poor economic planning and the cultural revolution . Luxembourg, on which there are differing views due to insufficient research, demanded “equal freedom [not for] non-socialist views” and saw the dictatorship as “the legitimate and correct order for socialism”. Anarchism, which has general characteristics but also has various currents (including individualistic , collectivist , communist and anarcho-syndicalism ) and theorists, as such has an “extremist dimension” and has a fundamental problem of legitimacy. According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, this unruly approach can result in “the abstract absoluteness of freedom in the practical dissolution of freedom”.

Germany

Overall presentations and research status

There are several political science monographs on the research area . A volume rich in facts, but also outdated and incomplete in definition and theory, is that of Patrick Moreau and Jürgen P. Lang ( Left Extremism. An Underestimated Danger , 1996). In 2002 the work Handbuch des Linkremismus was published by Hans-Helmuth Knütter and Stefan Winckler . According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, this does not meet the requirements of a manual and is classified more as an ideological work from the “far right”. Definitions and analytical studies were carried out, for example, by Harald Bergsdorf and Rudolf van Hüllen , who initially only used the term left-wing extremist , occasionally fell into polemics and focused very much on the party Die Linke . In 2014 Armin Pfahl-Traughber published the introductory volume: Left Extremism in Germany .

The current state of research includes party-political, subcultural, terrorist and social left-wing extremism. Often there is recourse to reports on the protection of the constitution from the federal or state governments.

Empirical studies on the acceptance of left-wing extremism in the population are rare and controversial. A study (1984) by the Allensbach Institute for Demoscopy found that 12.4 percent of 18 to 24 year-olds are left-wing extremists. Further surveys were carried out by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (2009 and 2012). Due to inadequate and missing knowledge, a scientific study was commissioned in 2014 by resolution of the Conference of Interior Ministers (IMK). In 2015, Klaus Schroeder and Monika Deutz-Schroeder from the Free University of Berlin published the empirical study Against State and Capital - for the Revolution! . However, some scientists doubt whether it measures left-wing extremist attitudes as claimed.

Overview: Scientific Discourse

The extremism research in Germany, the / loose end of the 1980s, since the mid reported by Uwe Backes and Eckhard Jesse published yearbook extremism and democracy is connected, draws its concept of extremism on the normative " free democratic order " (FDGO) and creates with democracy and extremism an "antithetical pair of terms".

1989 Backes expanded the above negative definition and formulated similarities in the rejection of the FDGO. He mentioned, among other things, claims to absoluteness , dogmatism , utopianism , friend-foe stereotypes, conspiracy theories , fanaticism and activism . The political scientist and extremism researcher Armin Pfahl-Traughber also developed a similar system for extremist ideologies (left, right and religious) with the following elements: exclusive claim to knowledge, dogmatic claim to absoluteness, essentialist monopoly of interpretation, holistic control intentions, deterministic historical image, identitarian conception of society, and fundamental rigor .

In contrast, researchers such as Wolf-Dieter Narr (1980), Wolfgang Rudzio (1986), Manfred Funke (1986) and Christoph Kopke (2000) criticized the understanding of extremism as a “political battlefield”. Helga Grebing (1971), Hans-Gerd Jaschke (1994), Gero Neugebauer (2000) and Christoph Butterwegge (2010) saw an improper equation of terms. Jaschke (1991), Neugebauer (2000) and Butterwegge (2010) continued to criticize deficits in the analytical area.

It replied inter alia. Backes and Jesse (2001) and Mathias Brodkorb (2011). The scientists argued that the term extremism is less a battle term than a political catchphrase that has also been found in other discourses . The criteria for the categorization were, however, adequately explained. Pfahl-Traughber accused the critics of making unreasonable assessments. Also, no equation or evaluation is carried out, but only "structural similarities" were shown. Furthermore, in the future, more cause-related problem areas would have to be analyzed, which, however, does not invalidate the fixation on the democratic constitutional state .

Scientific definition

While the term left-wing extremism did not have its own keyword in the encyclopedias and dictionaries in the 1980s and was instead traded under the name of extremism , it was listed in 1986 by Horst Heimann in the Lexicon of Socialism under the double heading of left-wing radicalism and left-wing extremism : “Political groups and tendencies that in contrast to Lr. because of their willingness to use violence are labeled as left-wing extremists, emerged in the Federal Republic only in the disintegration phase of the student movement: militant anarchist and Maoist groups [...], the [...] RAF and the revolutionary cells [...]. " Max Kaase went one in 1992 Step further, spoke of an expansion of the right-left spectrum and stated in the multi-volume standard work Lexikon der Politik under the heading of left-wing extremism : “Left-wing extremism [...] includes a radical democratic, egalitarian understanding of politics, while right-wing extremism has an anti-democratic, anti-legalitarian position At the same time, he noted that "[...] this analytically extremely meaningful distinction between radicalism and extremism has not yet been able to establish itself [...]."

Jesse then recorded the history of left-wing extremism and defined the term in the Political Encyclopedia (3rd edition, 2000): “The collective name L. includes anarchists for whom central organizational forms are generally evil, 'autonomous' groups that do not attack each other Aligning authorities and preaching a high degree of subjectivism - the boundaries to terrorism are fluid - as well as various varieties of communism. These refer in different ways to Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky or Mao Zedong. In the past three main currents could be roughly distinguished from one another: Communism, which is oriented towards the Soviet Union, Maoism and Trotskyism. ”In the following, other reference works adopted a collective term, but at the same time referred to public opinion and the interpretative sovereignty of state institutions (Federal Government / Protection of the Constitution) in the categorization (2003) as well as the synonymous usability with left-wing radicalism (2001, 2007 and 2008).

The term left-wing extremism has established itself and is now largely understood uniformly in more recent political science (and also forensic ) specialist dictionaries with regard to the constitutional and political point of view, according to the renowned dictionary on politics (3rd edition, 2010): “L. [is] the active opposition to the democratic constitutional state, expressed by attitude or expressed through attitudes and behavior, which is usually combined with the acceptance of violence as a means of politics. ”In social science terms, it is about a“ radical, egalitarian understanding of politics ”. Some scholars, such as the US-Americans Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, recognize an "anti-pluralism and ideological monoism located on the extreme left wing" as well as a "closeness of some of the supporters of L. to terrorism". The definition in the Small Lexicon of Politics (5th edition, 2011) reads: “[Left-wing extremism] is, according to the general view, a collective term for attitudes at the extreme left of the right-left spectrum, political orientations. Left-wing extremists (like right-wing extremists) reject the existing democratic constitutional state and the existing social order. ”In the Political Lexicon (5th edition, 2011), left-wing extremism is described by Klaus Schubert as a“ [...] fundamental, political-ideological rejection of the modern democratic constitutional state . by people or groups belonging to the extreme left of the political spectrum. L. accepts and uses violence against people and things as a means of political debate “understood. The Kriminalistik-Lexikon (4th edition, 2011) also defines: "[Left-wing extremism is] an action resulting from a fundamentalist basic attitude [...], which ideologically differs in different ways from Marxist, left-socialist and council-communist, partly from libertarian and autonomous conceptions [...] ] is determined. [Like right-wing extremism] L. is ready to violate the constitution in order to achieve his goals. "

In 2014, Pfahl-Traughber defined the term in its overall presentation as follows: "[Left-wing extremism is] a collective term for all political views and efforts that reject the norms and rules of a modern democratic constitutional state in the name of the demand for a social order characterized by social equality."

In 2015, Klaus Schroeder and Monika Deutz-Schroeder used the definition: "Anyone who wants to eliminate pluralism and parliamentary democracy [...] must be classified as an extremist from the point of view of the democratic constitutional state."

Delimitation of the term

According to the current state of research, the democratic left and left-wing extremism may well have something in common. According to Pfahl-Traughber, despite all the social criticism, the difference is that they refrain from violent revolutions. As a result, criticism of capitalism and a demand for democratic socialism is not left-wing extremist per se, since it is about the recognition of common minimum conditions such as separation of powers , individuality , human rights , pluralism , the rule of law and popular sovereignty and not about a preferred economic system. Although there is a linguistic difference between left-wing extremist and left-wing extremist, both words are used synonymously .

Fields of action for left-wing extremism

Make capitalism history -Banner of the interventionist left for the G8 summit in Heiligendamm , Rostock 2007

Different images of the enemy or fields of action can be attributed to left-wing extremism , although this is not a homogeneous phenomenon. Rather, the topics of other political- social movements are used for their own interests. The main focus is on "anti-issues". There are also overlaps of varying intensity with protest movements, among others. the Without Me movement , the anti-nuclear power movement , the Easter marches , the 1968 movement , the women's movement , the environmental movement , the protests against the NATO double decision and the criticism of globalization . Due to the frequent cooperation between democrats and left-wing extremists, Wolfgang Rudzio observed an "erosion of demarcation". A distinction is made between the following aspects: acceptance, alliance, erosion and displacement function. The latter reveals a “shift in the perception of the democratic spectrum”.

According to Pfahl-Traughber (2014), the following fields of action can be identified:

History of left-wing extremist organizations

According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, the following organizations have a broad scientific consensus with regard to categorization:

Parties

Historically: Communist Party of Germany

The origins of organized left-wing extremism in Germany lie in the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). This was created in 1919 with the involvement of the Marxist Spartakusbund as a split from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In the same year, members of the KPD took part in the armed Spartacus uprising in Berlin. The party has been involved in the attempt to liquidate the democratic constitutional state since it was founded and consequently pursued an "extremist orientation". The party saw the time of the global economic crisis as a “revolutionary situation” in which it declared the SPD to be the main enemy. Although she rejected the emergence of National Socialism, she did not recognize the actual potential danger. In ideological and organizational terms, the KPD was largely oriented towards the Soviet Union and joined the Communist International at an early stage . The chairman Ernst Thälmann was considered "Stalin's man in Germany". After the re-admission in the Federal Republic, it opposed the "Adenauer regime" with support from the GDR and was finally banned as an anti- constitutional party in 1956 by a judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court .

German Communist Party
German Communist Party Logo.svg

In the opinion of Armin Pfahl-Traughber, the DKP, founded in 1968, rose to become the most important left-wing extremist party and is a successor organization to the KPD because it was able to rely on former KPD members and left-wing intellectual sympathizers. An important partisan work was in the factories, in campaigns and in cooperation with trade unions. In the elections, however, it was only able to record little success. According to Helga Grebing , it was only "a piece of legal agitation ground of the GDR in the Federal Republic". At the time, party chairman Herbert Mies was regarded as the "recipient of orders" for the GDR. With the turnaround and peaceful revolution in the GDR in 1990, the DKP lost its ideal and financial support and a large part of its members.

K groups

The first K groups emerged as Maoist cadre parties in the course of the 1968 movement . They differed in terms of content and strategy: traditionalist (1st) as well as anti-authoritarian and more modern (2nd) orientation.

  1. Communist Party of Germany / Marxist-Leninists (KPD / ML), KPD-Maoists (KPD-AO) and Communist Workers' Party of Germany (KAPD)
  2. Communist Bund West Germany (KBW), Bund West German Communists (BWK) and Communist Bund (KB)

Many members of these organizations, who often joined at a young age, went through a process of democratic development and later found themselves with the Greens ( Group Z split off from the KB at the end of the 1970s ).

Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany
MLPD Logo 2011 (2) .svg

Alongside the DKP, the Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD) occupies an important place among the left-wing extremist parties. The Communist Workers' Union of Germany (KABD) played a leading role in its founding . The party's main point of criticism was the de-Stalinization after the XX. Party congress of the CPSU (1956) and thus in their eyes the betrayal of “true socialism” due to an alleged “petty-bourgeois way of thinking”. The party is extremely well endowed financially through donations and membership fees and has so far been a kind of “substitute family” for many members. With a few exceptions, however, it is largely isolated within the left spectrum because of its dogmatism.

Left-wing terrorism

With the West German student movement of the 1960s , a strong, extra-parliamentary opposition left force established itself in the Federal Republic. The vast majority of the student generation at the time attacked state institutions, but not the rule of law as such. However, since Benno Ohnesorg's death on June 2, 1967 in Berlin at the latest, parts of the APO formed groups that advocated, planned and carried out the "armed struggle" in various ways. The Tupamaros West Berlin , which existed from 1969 to 1970 and was considered an even more future forerunner, became the first terrorist group of this kind .

Red Army Fraction
RAF bombing of the Terrace Club ( officers 'mess ) of the United States' V Corps in May 1972

The most important left-wing terrorist phenomenon in Germany was that of the Red Army Faction (RAF). There were personal continuities with the 1968 movement, although equating them is forbidden. So also involved Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin at the department store arson on April 2, 1968 . May 14, 1970 was then the founding date of the group. Recruiting took place through the Socialist Patient Collective (SPK), which was founded in 1970. The RAF increased its acts of violence continuously in the 1970s. In addition to a conspiratorial approach, the RAF mainly drew attention to itself through the May offensive . In the summer of 1972 there was a large wave of arrests.

Ideologically they were close to Marxism-Leninism and Maoism . They are based on the concept of the “ urban guerrilla ”, in which the methods of guerrilla warfare from the third world should be transferred to the “metropolises” of German industrial society. One referred inter alia. on the focus theory of Che Guevara and the approach of the Tupamaros in Uruguay :

Siegfried Haag and later Brigitte Mohnhaupt were among the leaders of the so-called “second generation” of the RAF . In 1975 Stockholm was taken hostage . The climax was the German Autumn (1977) with the murders of Siegfried Buback , Jürgen Ponto and Hanns Martin Schleyer . Several attacks, some of which were fatal, on civilian (including Alfred Herrhausen ) and military personnel and facilities (including Ramstein Air Base ) were to follow - a third generation emerged. The RAF environment at that time is now estimated at over 2,000 people. Loose international connections existed with terrorist groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (visits to training camps in Palestine ) and the French Action directe . Isolated support came from the GDR. The RAF was officially dissolved in 1998.

Movement June 2nd

Another left-wing terrorist organization was the June 2nd Movement , which came into being in 1971/72. According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, in contrast to the RAF, more members came from the working class or “ bum ” milieu. She also gained public attention through kidnappings (including Peter Lorenz ) and attacks on state institutions. Due to the theoretical lack of profile, however, it lost respect in the left spectrum and officially dissolved in 1980 with the partial continuation of the "anti-imperialist struggle" in the RAF.

Revolutionary cells

The Revolutionary Cells (RZ) came into being in the 1970s as a result of criticism of the RAF with regard to its “elitist avant-garde claims” and the selection of attack targets . However, the members did not act underground (" after-work terrorism "), but organized themselves in largely hierarchical terror cells . The central figure was Wilfried Böse , who wanted to create a “popular guerrilla”. The group carried out attacks and kidnappings backed up with anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist arguments. The left-wing terrorist women's group Rote Zora also developed from the RZ . An aircraft hijacking involving members of the RZ was ended by Israeli security forces as part of Operation Entebbe . In the 1990s and 2000s there were arrests and the group was disbanded.

Recent developments

From 2001 to 2009 the left-wing militant militant group (mg) was active. She committed inter alia Attacks against the Bundeswehr , the federal police and other state authorities. She also made threats (via bullets in the mail). The latest appearance are the Revolutionary Action Cells (RAZ) with points of contact in the self- image of the 1970s. Similar to the mg, in 2011 they threatened the Federal Minister of the Interior as well as representatives of the law enforcement agencies and extremism research.

Other left-wing extremist actors

Different organizations
Marxist group

A left-wing extremist organization that has largely not been scientifically researched is the Marxist Group (MG). The universities were their sphere of activity. From the ranks of the MG, the theory organ GegenStandpunkt was created in 1992 , which is aimed primarily at students and academics and whose protagonists include : Karl Held belonged.

The Trotskyist-oriented groups include Linksruck (1993–2007) and marx21 (since 2007), both German offshoots of the International Socialist Tendency . The members (including the current MPs Christine Buchholz , Nicole Gohlke and Janine Wissler ) collectively joined the party Die Linke , where they are mainly involved in the political movement of the Socialist Left . In addition, the Socialist Alternative , a German section of the Committee for a Workers' International , has existed since 1994 .

The predecessor organization Rote Hilfe Deutschlands , founded in 1924, was supported by intellectuals and was close to the KPD. Its successor organization is the left-wing extremist association Rote Hilfe , which has a large number of members and of which a few social democrats such as Franziska Drohsel were also members . Another one-themed organization of left-wing extremism is the Association of Victims Persecuted by the Nazi Regime , which was founded in 1947 and was initially close to the KPD - the Association of Antifascists . Former communist prisoners and resistance fighters gathered here. Because of its anti-fascist work, it is now recognized by large parts of the politically left spectrum to the extent that events take place together.

The Free Workers 'Union , founded in 1977 , an offshoot of the International Workers' Association , is assigned to the anarcho-syndicalist milieu . Furthermore, the Avanti project, the undogmatic left , an autonomous network and the interventionist left exist. The latter also occurs in actions with moderate leftists.

Autonomous scene
Riots on May 1st in Kreuzberg (2001)

The autonomous scene originally developed in Italy. Forerunners in Germany were the undogmatic and decentralized spontaneous movements of the 1970s and 1980s. From the beginning of the 1980s, people in the Federal Republic of Germany speak of autonomous people. These are spiritually closer to anarchism than to Marxism. The most widely organized was the so-called anti - fascist action / nationwide organization . The members of the isolated scene move in subcultural contexts, are difficult to distinguish from one another and mostly maintain anonymity. Around 6,000 young people (decreasing) with a focus on large cities such as Berlin or Hamburg are gathered in the spectrum . Well-known cultural centers belonging to the scene are z. B. the red flora . Since around 1980 they tried to influence the peace movement , which was growing at the time, and the opponents of nuclear power in the interests of their goals. The “ black bloc ” often caused property damage in demonstrations, and in counter-demonstrations against right-wing extremists there was often violence (“militancy”) against police officers.

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, there have been considerable differences within the scene. So-called “ anti-German ” or “anti-nationalists” and “ anti-imperialists ” faced each other. The former chanted the slogan "Never again Germany" and accused the other side of anti-Semitism . The main focus of the dispute was the hostile relationship with Israel within left-wing extremism. By 1999 at the latest, the anti-Germans isolated themselves in the milieu. Although left-wing extremist anti-Semitism cannot be proven, hostility towards Israel sometimes leads to hostility towards Jews and, above all, "uncritical solidarity with some opponents of Israel" in the Middle East can be synonymous with "solidarity with anti-Semites". A joint action by left-wing extremists with right-wing extremists and Islamists sometimes takes place in the area of anti-Zionism , whereby geopolitical hostility towards the West also serves as a point of contact. Such an informal alliance of a cross front was observed, for example, at an anti-Israel demonstration in Zurich in 2014.

Classic publications on the autonomous scene are the periodicals radikal (founded in 1976), interim (founded in 1988) and CLASH (from 1989 to 1994). The magazine arranca! (founded in 1993).

Anti-imperialists

According to the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the anti-imperialists occupy a special position . Unlike autonomous groups, these tend towards revolutionary Marxism and not anarchism. It differs from communists and connects them with autonomists, however, not only in a revolutionary situation , but regardless of the point in time as a legitimate means. In addition to Marx, Lenin and Mao are also received as masterminds, although the view of the world for some representatives does not extend beyond fragments of ideology. From an anti-imperialist perspective, Israel was or is often seen as a “colonial power”, which resulted in support for armed Palestinian groups and often an anti-Zionist attitude, from which the anti-Germans distanced themselves. In contrast to traditional communists, anti-imperialists generally do not belong to any political party, but only to informal groups. However, both anti-imperialists and traditional communists are ideologically oriented towards Marxist anti-imperialism. Examples of anti-imperialist groups are the youth resistance , the Red Construction Hamburg and the socialist left . The Office for the Protection of the Constitution counts around 900 people in the anti-imperialist spectrum in Germany. At the time of the Red Army faction , it was partially supported by sympathizers from the anti-imperialist milieu.

Dispute: The Left

The origins of the party Die Linke lie among others in the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the sole ruling state party in the GDR . It was founded in 2007 through the merger of the Democratic Socialism Party (PDS) and the WASG . She distanced herself several times from her GDR past and committed herself to democratic socialism. According to their statements, the task of such a democratic socialism can be found in the Basic Law. According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, there are openly left-wing extremist movements within the party such as marx21 , Socialist Left , Cuba Sí , Marxist Forum and Communist Platform (KPF). The protection of the constitution also observed members of the Bundestag, but had to stop this observation after a judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court (see observation of the party Die Linke by the protection of the constitution ) . In the past, “open electoral lists” such as the Linke Liste Nürnberg were also entered into with the DKP . Expressions of solidarity from parts of the party are occasionally made for the socialist, authoritarian state of Cuba .

While extremism researcher Jesse (2008) assumes the party has “smart extremism” and criticizes it to this day, scientists like Richard Stöss reject this categorization or point to a democratic development process. Bergsdorf and van Hüllen come to an assessment in between, who classify Die Linke as “neither a perfectly extremist nor a clearly democratic party”. The party itself has so far not taken a position on these allegations.

Assessment of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

Definitions and terms

Until 1973 the term left radicalism was used by the state . In order to make it clear that "political activities or organizations are not unconstitutional simply because they have a certain objective that goes to the root of a question," said then Federal Minister of the Interior Werner Maihofer ( FDP ) included the term extremism in the language used by state authorities in the foreword of the 1974 report on the protection of the constitution . He thus supplemented the previous terms with the concrete unconstitutionality . Since, according to the assessment of the social scientist Hubert Kleinert , formerly the leading real politician of the Greens, groups would fall out of the spectrum of the New Left , the decision is now partly questioned in scientific discourse, but also accepted by critics of extremism research for the authorities.

The Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs (BMI) understands the term left-wing extremism in the Constitutional Protection Report (2018):

“Left-wing extremists pursue the goal of eliminating the existing state and social order and thus free democracy and replacing it with a communist or anarchic," domination-free "system. The free-market property order and the democratic constitutional state are understood as an inseparable unit ("capitalism"), which serves to manifest conditions of exploitation and oppression in which the privileged few enrich themselves at the expense of a "working class". This order is incompatible with the idea of ​​a society based on the principles of freedom and equality for all people. (...) So-called revolutionary violence to implement left-wing extremist ideas is also fundamentally considered legitimate. (...) Material inequality, racism, displacement, war and environmental destruction are inevitable developments in capitalism. Political reforms could combat symptoms, but a real improvement in the living conditions of the "working class" can only be achieved by completely overcoming the system. "

- Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution : Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2018

Objects of observation

Areas of activity, parties, groups and publications assigned to left-wing extremism are currently mentioned (VS report 2018):

  1. Fields of action: anti-fascism , anti-repression, digital repression, Kurdistan solidarity and anti-gentrification.
  2. Violence-oriented groups : Autonomous , post- autonomous associations, Interventionist Left (IL) , "... all around - Communist Alliance" (uG), Perspective Communism (PK), Socialist German Workers' Youth (SDAJ) , youth association "Rebell" of the MLPD, Red Aid eV (RH) , Socialist Alternative (SAV) , Workers' Power Group (GAM) and Revolution Youth Organization (REVO), Communist Platform of DIE LINKE (KPF) , Socialist Left (SoL) , Cuba Si Working Group (AG Cuba Si) , Anti-Capitalist Left (AKL) , Marxist Forum (MF) , Geraer / Socialist Dialogue (GSoD) , Marx21
  3. Strategic forms of violence: confrontational violence, clandestine violence, representatives of the state as the enemy.
  4. Campaigns: "United we stand!" of the " Rote Hilfe eV ", " Endegebiet ", "Das Rote Berlin" of the IL
  5. Parties: German Communist Party (DKP), Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD), Socialist Equality Party (SGP) .
  6. Internet platforms
  7. Publications: GegenStandpunkt (GSP) , Junge Welt (JW) and publications by the above-mentioned groups.
  8. Events of the scene.

Hazard potential

The potential of left-wing extremists reported in reports for the protection of the constitution fell slightly between 2000 and 2010. It has increased slightly among violent left-wing extremists since 2000.

Left-wing extremism potential 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Violence-oriented left-wing extremists 7,000 7,000 5,500 5,400 5,500 5,500 6,000 6,300 6,300 6,000 6,800 7,100 7,100 6,900 8,500 9,000 9,000 9,200 9,600
Left-wing extremists who are not violent 27,000 26,300 26,000 26,300 25,700 25,400 25,000 24,800 25,200 25,300 25,800 25,000 22,600 21,600 20,900 21,400 24,000 25,300 25,800
Σ After deduction of multiple memberships 35,500 32,900 31,100 31,300 30,800 30,600 30,700 30,800 31,200 31,600 32,200 31,800 29,400 27,700 28,500 29,500 32,000 33,500 34,300

In Germany, the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) has been keeping central statistics on politically motivated crime since 2001 . Crimes committed from a left worldview are shown there in the category “Politically motivated crime - left” (PMK-left). Unlike the police, the constitutional protection authorities keep statistics on crimes motivated by extremists. Offenses that are directed against the free democratic basic order are considered to be extremist-motivated. Since, from the point of view of the protection of the constitution, not all politically motivated crimes are also motivated by extremists at the same time, the number of offenses mentioned in reports on the protection of the constitution regularly differs from the number of offenses in the police crime statistics.

In its report on the protection of the Constitution for 2020, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution spoke of a “radicalization” and a “high risk potential from violent left-wing extremists in Germany”, especially in the “hot spots in Berlin, Hamburg and Leipzig”. "Contacts in local martial arts scenes" and participation in martial arts events can also be observed in parts of the violence-oriented scene. However, according to the Federal Office, “the use of firearms or explosives with the intention of targeted killing of the victims cannot currently be determined” within the scene.

Dropout program for left-wing extremists

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution has had a drop-out program in Germany since October 2011, which is intended to enable left-wing extremists to leave the scene. In this way, the number of criminal and violent crimes motivated by left-wing extremism is to be reduced. Those wishing to leave the company can get advice by telephone via a hotline or by e-mail. In addition, family members and friends of left-wing extremists should be advised.

In the opinion of the violence and conflict researcher Peter Imbusch, activists from the left-wing scene do not need personal protection due to the heterogeneity and lack of authoritarian structures, in contrast to those who have left Islamism and right-wing extremism. Imbusch therefore rates the program as symbolic.

In a response from the federal government to a small question from the Die Linke parliamentary group , it became known that there had been only one dropout within a year of the introduction of the program.

In its third evaluation report published in 2014, the German Youth Institute eV (DJI) could not identify any need for a comprehensive prevention program. According to a report by the RBB from February 2018, various drop-out programs for left-wing extremists failed because left-wing dropouts feared no sanctions from the scene and could simply withdraw.

Europe-wide

Left-wing extremist groups also exist in other EU countries. Left-wing extremism is differently pronounced there due to the respective historical framework conditions. The communist parties do not have a uniform political orientation and sometimes do not belong to the extremist spectrum because they are reformist and realpolitical oriented. Some extremists occasionally form alliances with Democrats, thus pushing into the middle. It is, so Backes (2011) an intellectually coming "neocommunism" and " Neoanarchismus to watch." With regard to left-wing extremist terrorist attacks in the EU (2006–2009), particular mention should be made of Spain, Greece, Italy and Germany. Although the terrorism of the 1970s has been overcome, Backes also speaks of a certain violent "renaissance". Politically motivated violence must be understood as a “complex dynamic of interaction” between left and right-wing extremism .

Denmark

In Denmark, extremism plays a comparatively negligible role. The oldest organization of this kind is the Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti , founded in 1919. Other parties, both extremist and reformist, split off from this organization. The well-organized and militantly oriented autonomous networks are also important, for example in connection with the now closed occupied building Ungdomshuset in Copenhagen.

France

In France , left-wing extremism (“extrême gauche”) has traditionally included predominantly Maoist, Trotskyist and anarchist forces. The French Communist Party (PCF) trades under the name of left-wing radicalism (“gauche radicale”), because it is predominantly committed to Eurocommunism and has been a part of the government in the past. The notable left-wing extremist parties include, for example, the Trotskyists Ligue communiste révolutionnaire (LCR) and Lutte Ouvrière (LO). Both parties also ran for presidential elections.

In 1979 the left-wing terrorist Action directe (AD) came into being. She committed inter alia Attacks on government buildings. During this time there were also contacts with the West German RAF. From 1983 the group began to assassinate leaders in the French military and business, including General René Audran and Renault boss Georges Besse . In 1987 the founders of the group were arrested. A few recent attacks on rail traffic in France are attributed to the autonomous scene and are not interpreted as a reincarnation of French left-wing terrorism.

Greece

Greece plays a special role in European left-wing extremism due to the country's socio-economic conditions. The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) remained largely unsuccessful politically .

Between 1973 and 2000 the terrorist organization existed November 17th . The subsequently acting group Epanastatikos Agonas (EA, "Revolutionary Struggle") describes itself as the successor organization of the "17th November". Other left-wing terrorist organizations were Sechta Epanastaton ("sect of revolutionaries") and the conspiracy of the fire cells .

In addition, a violent autonomous scene has been established in the Greek capital (especially in the Exarchia district ).

Italy

Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades (1978)

The Communist Party of Italy (KPI), founded in 1921, was no longer seen by the majority as left-wing extremists since it turned to Euro-Communist and parliamentary politics in the 1970s. This term was reserved for parties further to the left such as the former Democrazia Proletaria (DP).

In Italy , the Red Brigades (BR) were active as a left-wing terrorist organization from 1970 to 1988 . This group of around 60 active members committed mainly murders (approx. 86), extortion and bank robberies . The most famous victim was the politician Aldo Moro . After its decline in the 1980s, a successor organization was founded in 1999 under the name New Red Brigades (Nuove BR). You will, inter alia. fatal attacks attributed to government advisors Massimo D'Antona and Marco Biagi .

The informal anarchist group Federazione Anarchica Informale (FAI), which from 2003 onwards sent letter and parcel bombs to national and international organizations such as the European Central Bank , is currently considered to be left-wing extremists.

Austria

The core of Austrian left-wing extremism was formed from 1919 onwards by the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ), which played a leading role in the resistance against National Socialism . After the Second World War it was anti-fascist and not anti-extremist, took part in the founding of the Second Republic with government responsibility and was later able to achieve some electoral successes. People distanced themselves from Stalinism late. The left electoral alliance joined in 2008 as a rather insignificant competitor. This consists of several left-wing extremist small parties. A group moving in violent contexts represents the autonomous scene, which among other things. draws attention to itself through squatting.

Poland

The Communist Party of Poland (KPP) with a Marxist-Leninist orientation was re-established in 2002.

Sweden

Due to the Swedish welfare state , left-wing extremism has so far only played a subordinate role, although various orthodox-communist currents have existed throughout history. The most important are the Communist Party (KP) and the Communist Party of Marxism-Leninism (KPML), which also has ties to the DKP. In addition, weakly organized autonomous groups such as the Antifascist Action (AFA) are active in Sweden .

Switzerland

In 2016, the Federal Intelligence Service counted 113 offenses committed by left-wing radicalism. The corresponding number for right-wing extremist acts of violence was 23.

Spain

The origins of the extreme left in Spain go back to the Partido Comunista de España (PCE), founded in 1921 and banned under General Franco . Due to its later orientation towards Eurocommunism, it played a “constructive role” in the transition . Today it can therefore no longer be attributed to harsh left-wing extremism.

At the end of the 1950s, the left-wing extremist, separatist Basque nationalist Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) gained in importance. She carried out attacks, kidnappings and murders. The political arm, Herri Batasuna (HB), was banned in 2003. Other successor organizations to HB were also banned by Spanish courts.

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic , the successor party to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM), remained unwilling to reform. KSČM is characterized by “conservatism” and “orthodoxy”. However, it has many voters and is the dominant left-wing extremist force in the country.

India

In addition to efforts in Europe, left-wing extremist phenomena can also be observed around the world. For example, militant Maoism in India, which today is essentially supported by the Naxalites , is described by the Indian political scientists Bidyut Chakrabarty ( University of Delhi ) and Rajat Kumar Kujur (Sambalpur University) as the " reincarnation " of left-wing extremism ("ultra-left wing extremism “) In the 21st century. The movement is considered to be the "greatest threat to the internal security of the country".

See also

Documentation

In the past, left-wing extremism was also an issue in print, film and new media. Some of the feature sections criticize individual productions as "socially romantic". An analysis showed that the literature on the subcultures primarily contains historical considerations.

  • Stefan Aust , Helmar Büchel: The RAF . Two-part documentation. NDR , Germany 2007.
  • Robert Gordon: On the left edge . Documentation. Am Schauplatz ( ORF ), Germany 2010.
  • Mosco Boucault: You were the terrorists in the Red Brigades . Documentation. arte , France 2011.

literature

Introductory Monographs

Scientific discourse

Individual considerations

Parties

  • Luke March: Parties to the left of social democracy in Europe. From Marxism to mainstream? Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung , International Policy Analysis, Department of International Dialogue, Berlin and others. 2008, ISBN 978-3-86872-001-3 (PDF) .
  • Viola Neu : The Janus face of the PDS. Voters and party between democracy and extremism (= extremism and democracy . Volume 9). Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2004, ISBN 3-8329-0487-5 .
  • Michael Roik: Extremism and Democracy. The DKP and the democratic parties 1968–1984. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-531-15061-8 .
  • Tom Thieme: hammer, sickle, swastika. Party political extremism in Eastern Europe. Formation conditions and manifestations (= extremism and democracy. Volume 16). Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-8329-3036-3 .
  • Eckhard Jesse, Jürgen P. Lang: Die Linke - the smart extremism of a German party. Olzog Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7892-8257-7 .
  • Sascha Dietze: The ideology of the Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD) (= Chemnitz contributions to politics and history. Volume 6). Lit Verlag, Berlin et al. 2010, ISBN 978-3-643-10838-8 .
  • Tom Mannewitz: Left-wing extremist parties in Europe after 1990. Causes of election successes and failures (= extremism and democracy. Volume 23). Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8329-7553-1 .

Ideologies and fields of action

  • Dieter Portner : Bundeswehr and left-wing extremism (= history and state . Volume 198/199). Olzog Verlag, Munich and others 1976, ISBN 3-7892-7114-4 .
  • Kristin Wesemann: Ulrike Meinhof. Communist, journalist, terrorist - a political biography (= extremism and democracy. Volume 15). Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-8329-2933-6 .
  • Viola Neu: Right and left extremism in Germany. Voting behavior and attitudes . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2009, ISBN 978-3-940955-61-6 (PDF)
  • Karsten Dustin Hoffmann: "Rote Flora". Aims, means and effects of a left-wing autonomous center in Hamburg (= extremism and democracy. Volume 21). Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2011, ISBN 978-3-8329-6996-7 .
  • Jürgen P. Lang : For a better world? Left-wing extremist argumentation patterns . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2012, ISBN 978-3-942775-94-6 (PDF) .
  • Rudolf van Hüllen: Definition and dimensions, manifestations and key messages of left-wing extremism. Considerations for preventing left-wing extremism (Part 1) . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2012, ISBN 978-3-942775-63-2 (PDF)
  • Rudolf van Hüllen: Communication methods and recruitment strategies in left-wing extremism. Considerations for preventing left-wing extremism (Part 2) . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2012, ISBN 978-3-942775-64-9 (PDF)
  • Viola Neu: Left-wing extremism in Germany. Appearance and effect on young people. Evaluation of a qualitative exploratory study . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2012, ISBN 978-3-942775-62-5 (PDF)
  • Bettina Blank : "Germany, united Antifa"? "Antifascism" as a field of agitation by left-wing extremists (= extremism and democracy. Volume 28). Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2014, ISBN 978-3-8487-0699-0 .

Left-wing terrorism

  • Bernhard Rabert : Left and Right Terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1970 to the present day. Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-7637-5939-5 .
  • Dominique Grisard: Gendering Terror. A gender history of left-wing terrorism in Switzerland (= series Politics of Gender Relations. Volume 44). Campus, Frankfurt am Main and others 2011, ISBN 978-3-593-39281-3 .
  • Irene Bandhauer-Schöffmann , Dirk van Laak (eds.): The left-wing terrorism of the 1970s and the order of the sexes (= Giessen contributions to the study of culture , Volume 9). WVT - Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, Trier 2013, ISBN 978-3-86821-486-4 .
  • Gudrun Schwibbe: Tales of being different. Left Terrorism and Alterity. Waxmann, Münster and others 2013, ISBN 978-3-8309-2892-8 .
  • Christian Lütnant: "In the head of the beast" The RAF and its internationalist self- image (= scientific articles from the Tectum publishing house, history series. Volume 23). Tectum, Marburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-8288-3322-7 .
  • Petra Terhoeven : German autumn in Europe. The left-wing terrorism of the seventies as a transnational phenomenon. Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-71866-9 .

International considerations

The following English-language works look at violent left-wing extremism in individual countries:

  • David Moss: The politics of left-wing violence in Italy, 1969–85 . St. Martin's, New York 1989, ISBN 0-312-02814-8 .
  • Raimondo Catanzaro: The Red Brigades and Left-wing Terrorism in Italy . Pinter Publishers, London 1991, ISBN 0-86187-893-0 .
  • Yonah Alexander, Dennis A. Pluchinsky (Eds.): Europe's red terrorists. The fighting communist organizations . Frank Cass & Co, Oxford 1992, ISBN 0-7146-3488-3 .
  • Michael Y. Dartnell: Action Directe. Ultra Left Terrorism in France 1979-1987 . Frank Cass & Co., London et al. 1995, ISBN 0-7146-4566-4 .
  • Gerrit-Jan Berendse, Ingo Cornils (ed.): Baader-Meinhof Returns. History and Cultural Memory of German Left-wing Terrorism (= German monitor . Volume 70). Rodopi, Amsterdam et al. 2008, ISBN 978-90-420-2391-8 .
  • Bidyut Chakrabarty , Rajat Kumar Kujur: Maoism in India. Reincarnation of Ultra-Left Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century (= Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series . Volume 22). Routledge, Abingdon 2010, ISBN 978-0-415-54486-3 .
  • D. Suba Chandran, PR Chari (Ed.): Armed Conflicts in South Asia. Growing Left-wing Extremism and Religious Violence . Routledge India, New Delhi et al. 2011, ISBN 978-0-415-61256-2 .

Yearbooks

Web links

Wikiquote: Left Extremism  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Gerd Jaschke: The history of ideas forerunners of left extremism. In: Ulrich Dovermann (Ed.): Left extremism in the Federal Republic of Germany (= series of publications by the Federal Agency for Civic Education. Volume 1135). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-8389-0135-0 , pp. 31–47.
  2. ^ Astrid Bötticher, Miroslav Mareš: Extremism. Theories, concepts, forms . Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-59793-6 , p. 352 ff. (See Chapter 10.1: Conceptualization of left-wing extremism)
  3. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber : Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 41.
  4. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 45.
  5. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 47.
  6. ^ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 50.
  7. ^ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 52.
  8. ^ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 54.
  9. ^ Patrick Moreau, Jürgen Lang: Left extremism. An underestimated danger. 1996, p. 312 ff.
  10. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 67.
  11. ↑ a b c Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 6 f.
  12. ↑ Left-wing extremists - Germany's underestimated danger? Between arson attack and mandate in the Bundestag. , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2011
  13. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 11.
  14. ^ Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann , Erp Ring: The potential for extremism among young people in the Federal Republic of Germany 1984 . Published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Bonn 1984.
  15. ^ Viola Neu: Right and left extremism in Germany. Voting behavior and attitudes . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2009, ISBN 978-3-940955-61-6 (PDF)
  16. ^ Viola Neu: Left-wing extremism in Germany. Appearance and effect on young people. Evaluation of a qualitative exploratory study . Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Sankt Augustin and others 2012, ISBN 978-3-942775-62-5 (PDF)
  17. ↑ Stefan Schölermann: Study against the knowledge gap of the authorities. No idea about left-wing extremism ( memento from June 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), on tagesschau.de, June 27, 2014.
  18. ↑ a b Klaus Schroeder and Monika Deutz-Schroeder: Against the state and capital - for the revolution! 2015, p. 1.
  19. ↑ Gereon Flümann: Every sixth person is a left-wing extremist at the level of attitudes? Discussion of the new study on left-wing extremism in Germany . In: Journal for Political Education . tape 5 , no. 4 , 2015, p. 79-85 .
  20. ↑ Maximilian Fuhrmann: No clarity about "left-wing extremism". In: freitag.de. January 9, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017 .
  21. ↑ Uwe Backes , Eckhard Jesse : Democracy and Extremism. Notes an antithetical pair of terms. In: From Politics and Contemporary History . 44/1983, pp. 3-18.
  22. ↑ Uwe Backes: Political extremism in democratic constitutional states. Elements of a normative framework theory . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Opladen 1989, ISBN 3-322-86110-4 , pp. 298-311.
  23. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Similarities in the thinking of the enemies of an open society. Structural features of extremist doctrine. In: Armin Pfahl-Traughber (Ed.): Yearbook for Research on Extremism and Terrorism 2009/2010 (=  publications on research on extremism and terrorism. Volume 3). Federal University of Applied Sciences for Public Administration, Brühl 2010, pp. 9–32.
  24. ↑ See Wolfgang Rudzio : Extremism. In: Thomas Meyer et al. (Ed.): Lexikon des Sozialismus , Bund-Verlag, Cologne 1986, pp. 167–168.
  25. ↑ Cf. Manfred Funke : Extremism. In: Wolfgang W. Mickel (Ed.): Handlexikon zur Politikwissenschaft (=  series of publications , volume 237). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 1986, ISBN 3-923423-49-7 , pp. 132-136.
  26. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 18.
  27. ↑ See Helga Grebing : Left-wing radicalism equals right-wing radicalism. A wrong equation (=  Urban pocket books , volume 819). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart et al. 1971.
  28. ↑ See Hans-Gerd Jaschke : Right-wing extremism and xenophobia. Terms, positions, fields of practice . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1994, ISBN 3-531-12679-2 .
  29. ↑ a b Cf. Gero Neugebauer : Extremism - right-wing extremism - left-wing extremism. Some notes on terms, research concepts, research questions and research results. In: Wilfried Schubarth, Richard Stöss (Ed.): Right-wing extremism in the Federal Republic. A balance sheet (=  series of publications , volume 368). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-89331-416-4 , pp. 13–37.
  30. ↑ a b Cf. Christoph Butterwegge : Theories of extremism, totalitarianism and populism. Ideologies discrediting the left. A fundamental critique of its analytical deficits, hidden interests and political implications. In: Armin Pfahl-Traughber (Ed.): Yearbook for Extremism and Terrorism Research 2008 . Federal University of Applied Sciences for Public Administration, Brühl 2008, pp. 33–60.
  31. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 19.
  32. ↑ See Hans-Gerd Jaschke : Disputable Democracy. Basics, practice and criticism . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1991, ISBN 3-531-12198-7 .
  33. ^ A b Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Left-wing extremism in Germany. 2014, p. 20.
  34. ↑ Uwe Backes, Eckhard Jesse: The "extremism formula". On the fundamental criticism of a historical-political concept. In: Uwe Backes, Eckhard Jesse (Ed.): Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 13 . Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden, pp. 13-29.
  35. ^ Mathias Brodkorb : A Critique of Criticism. About the misunderstood extremism theory. In: Mathias Brodkorb (Ed.): Extremistenjäger !? The term extremism and the democratic constitutional state (= end of the  line right , Volume 1). Adebor Verlag, Banzkow 2011, ISBN 978-3-9809375-7-3 , pp. 89-99.
  36. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Critique of the Critique of the Theory of Extremism and Totalitarianism. An examination of the objections of Christoph Butterwegge. In: Armin Pfahl-Traughber (Ed.): Yearbook for Research on Extremism and Terrorism 2009/2010 (=  publications on research on extremism and terrorism. Volume 3). Federal University of Applied Sciences for Public Administration, Brühl 2010, pp. 61–86.
  37. ↑ Horst Heimann: Extremism. In: Thomas Meyer et al. (Ed.): Lexikon des Sozialismus , Bund-Verlag, Cologne 1986, pp. 404–405.
  38. ↑ Max Kaase : Left Extremism. In: Manfred G. Schmidt (Hrsg.): Lexicon of politics . Volume 3: The Western Countries. Munich 1992, ISBN 3-406-36904-9 , pp. 231-235.
  39. ^ Eckhard Jesse: Left extremism. In: Everhard Holtmann (Hrsg.): Politik-Lexikon . 3rd revised and expanded edition. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich et al. 2000, ISBN 3-486-24906-1 , pp. 356-360.
  40. ↑ Left-wing extremism. In: Carsten Lenz, Nicole Ruchlak: Kleines Politik-Lexikon (= text and handbooks in political science ). Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich et al. 2001, ISBN 3-486-25110-4 , p. 129.
  41. ↑ Left-wing extremism. In: Hanno Drechsler et al. (Ed.): Society and State. Lexicon of Politics. With 27 tables . 10th revised and expanded edition. Verlag Vahlen, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-8006-2987-9 , p. 616.
  42. ↑ Left-wing extremism. In: Christian Rittershofer: Lexicon Politics, State, Society. 3600 current terms from recall to twelve-mile zone . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-423-50894-0 , p. 427.
  43. ↑ Left-wing extremism. In: Rudolf Weber-Fas : Lexicon politics and law. Past and present (= UTB , Volume 2978). Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Paderborn 2008, ISBN 978-3-8252-2978-8 , p. 168.
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  45. ↑ Matthias Trefs: left-wing extremism. In: Dieter Nohlen , Florian Grotz (Hrsg.): Small Lexicon of Politics . 5th revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-60411-9 , pp. 345-347.
  46. ↑ Klaus Schubert , Martina Klein: Das Politiklexikon . 5th updated and expanded edition. Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-8012-0394-8 . (see Federal Agency for Civic Education )
  47. ^ Alfred Stümper: Left extremism. In: Ingo Wirth (Ed.): Kriminalistik-Lexikon . Criminology. Hüthig Jehle Rehm publishing group, Heidelberg et al. 2011, ISBN 978-3-7832-0804-7 , p. 377.
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  128. ^ Interior authority Hamburg: Autonomous - Anarchists - Anti-imperialists
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  134. ↑ Gero Neugebauer: From the SED / PDS to the party Die LINKE. Oscillating between democracy and extremism. In: Ulrich Dovermann (Ed.): Left extremism in the Federal Republic of Germany (=  series of publications by the Federal Agency for Civic Education. Volume 1135). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-8389-0135-0 , pp. 95–122.
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  136. ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Verfassungsschutzbericht 1974 . Bonn 1975, p. 4.
  137. ↑ Hubert Kleinert : History of left radicalism in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1990. In: Ulrich Dovermann (Ed.): Left extremism in the Federal Republic of Germany (=  series of publications by the Federal Agency for Civic Education. Volume 1135). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-8389-0135-0 , pp. 49–94.
  138. ↑ Richard Stöss, Uwe Backes, Hans-Gerd Jaschke (moderation): Discussion on the subject of left-wing extremism. In: Ulrich Dovermann (Ed.): Left extremism in the Federal Republic of Germany (=  series of publications by the Federal Agency for Civic Education. Volume 1135). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-8389-0135-0 , pp. 291–318, here p. 294.
  139. ↑ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution: Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2018 . Ed .: Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home. 2019, ISSN  0177-0357 , p. 118-167 .
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  143. ^ Johannes Wiedemann: Dropout program now also for left-wing extremists . In: Die Welt , October 6, 2011.
  144. ^ Antonie Rietzschel: Dropout program for left-wing extremists . In: Der Tagesspiegel , October 28, 2011.
  145. ↑ Martin Kaul: Hotline into a new life . In: taz , October 6, 2011.
  146. ↑ BT-Drs. 17/11412 : Answer to the short question from the DIE LINKE parliamentary group (BT-Drs. 17/11132): Experiences with the “dropout program for left-wing extremists” of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution one year after its start.
  147. ↑ Sebastian Erb: Only one got out . In: taz , November 9, 2012; Marc Brandstetter: BfV “Success Program” exit aid for left-wing extremists: an autonomous man broke away from the scene , right end of the line , November 11, 2012; Steffen Richter: Drop-out hotline for left-wing extremists fails , Zeit online , November 9, 2012; Svenna Triebler: No call on this number . In: Jungle World , No. 46, November 15, 2012.
  148. ↑ Max Heim : Left-Wing Extremism? Topic missed! . In: Neues Deutschland , February 5, 2014.
  149. ↑ Drop- out programs for left-wing extremists do not work. (No longer available online.) February 14, 2018, archived from the original on August 25, 2018 ; accessed on February 15, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rbb24.de
  150. ↑ Eckard Jesse, Tom Thieme: Extremism in the EU states in comparison. In: Eckard Jesse, Tom Thieme (ed.): Extremism in the EU states . VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-17065-7 , p. 431 ff.
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  153. ↑ Thomas Schubert: Extremism in Denmark. In: Eckhard Jesse, Tom Thieme (ed.): Extremism in the EU states . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-17065-7 , pp. 65–81, here p. 80.
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  155. ^ Uwe Backes: Extremism in France. In: Eckhard Jesse, Tom Thieme (ed.): Extremism in the EU states . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-17065-7 , pp. 131–148, here p. 135.
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  171. ↑ A series of left-wing extremist violence shakes Basel , NZZ, September 8, 2017
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  179. ↑ «The greatest threat to the state» . Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 4, 2008.
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  181. ↑ Karsten Dustin Hoffmann: Left-wing extremism in the mirror of science and journalism , bpb.de, October 1, 2013.
  182. ↑ also published as volume 10237 of the series of publications of the Federal Agency for Civic Education ( bpb.de 2015 )