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{{short description|Danish politician}}
[[Image:Bertel Haarder.jpg|thumb|250px|Bertel Haarder]]
{{Infobox politician
| image = Bertel Haarder, January 2010 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| name = Bertel Geismar Haarder
| office = [[Minister of Education (Denmark)|Minister of Education]]
| primeminister = [[Poul Schlüter]]
| term_start = 10 September 1982
| term_end = 25 January 1993
| predecessor = [[Dorte Bennedsen]]
| successor = Ole Vig Jensen
| office1 = [[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants, Integration]] and [[Minister of European Affairs (Denmark)|European Affairs]]
| primeminister1 = [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]
| term_start1 = 27 November 2001
| term_end1 = 1 January 2003
| office2 = [[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration]]
| primeminister2 = [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]
| term_start2 = 1 January 2003
| term_end2 = 2 August 2004
| office3 = [[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants, Integration]] and [[Minister for Development Cooperation (Denmark)|Development Cooperation]]
| primeminister3 = [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]
| term_start3 = 2 August 2004
| term_end3 = 18 February 2005
| office4 = [[Minister of Education (Denmark)|Minister of Education]] and [[Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (Denmark)|Ecclesiastical Affairs]]
| primeminister4 = [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]
| term_start4 = 18 February 2005
| term_end4 = 23 November 2007
| office5 = [[Minister of Education (Denmark)|Minister of Education]] and [[Minister of Nordic Cooperation (Denmark)|Nordic Cooperation]]
| primeminister5 = [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]<br/>[[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]
| term_start5 = 18 February 2005
| term_end5 = 23 November 2007
| office6 = [[Minister of the Interior (Denmark)|Minister of the Interior]] and [[Ministry of Health (Denmark)|Health]]
| primeminister6 = [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]
| term_start6 = 23 February 2010
| term_end6 = 3 October 2011
| office7 = [[Minister for Culture (Denmark)|Minister for Culture]] and [[Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (Denmark)|Ecclesiastical Affairs]]
| primeminister7 = [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]
| term_start7 = 28 June 2015
| term_end7 = 28 November 2016
| office8 = Member of the [[Folketing]]
| termstart8 = 8 February 2005
| constituency8 = [[Zealand (Folketing constituency)|Zealand]] (from 2011)<br/>{{nowrap|[[Greater Copenhagen (Folketing constituency)|Greater Copenhagen]] (2007-2011)}}<br/>Vestsjælland (2005-2007)
| termstart9 = 9 January 1975
| termend9 = 30 September 1999
| constituency9 = København (1977-1999)<br/>Nordjylland (1975-1977)
| constituency_MP10 = [[Denmark (European Parliament constituency)|Denmark]]
| term_start10 = 1994
| term_end10 = 2001
| parliament10 = European
| office11 = President of [[Nordic Council]]
| termstart11 = 2011
| termend11 = 2011
| termstart12 = 2020
| termend12 = 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|9|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aabenraa Municipality|Rønshoved]], [[Denmark]]
| party = [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]]
| alma_mater = [[Aarhus University]]
| termend8 = 1 November 2022
}}
'''Bertel Geismar Haarder''' (born 7 September 1944, in Rønshoved, near [[Aabenraa]]) is a Danish writer, teacher and politician, who was a member of the [[Folketing]] for the [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]] political party. He has served as minister several times, including [[Minister of Education (Denmark)|Minister of Education]] from 1982 to 1993 and again in 2005 to 2010, and most recently as [[Minister for Culture (Denmark)|Minister for Culture]] and [[Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (Denmark)|Ecclesiastical Affairs]] from 2015 to 2016 in the [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen II Cabinet|L. L. Rasmussen II Cabinet]]. He is a former member of European Parliament, serving from 1994 to 2001. He has also served as president of [[Nordic Council]] on two occasions, first in 2011 and latest from 2020 to 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bertel Haarder |url=https://www.ft.dk/medlemmer/mf/b/bertel-haarder |website=Ft.dk |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bertel Haarder, Nordisk Råds præsident 2021 |url=https://www.norden.org/da/information/bertel-haarder-nordisk-raads-praesident-2021 |website=Norden.org |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>


==Political career==
'''Bertel Geismar Haarder''' (born [[September 7]] [[1944]]) is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[politician]] and currently the [[Education Minister (Denmark)|Education Minister]] and the [[Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark]] in the [[Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II]]. He represents [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]], the Danish [[liberalism|liberal]] [[political party|party]]. From [[November 2001]] to [[February 2005]] he was [[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration]] in the [[Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I]], and enacted a policy of tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark.
Haarder was first elected to the [[Folketing]] (Parliament) in 1975. Until 1977 he was a member of the Folketing representing [[North Jutland County]] constituency, and from 1977 to 1999 he was a member of the Folketing from [[Copenhagen County]] constituency. From 2005 to 2007, he was a member from [[Vestsjælland County]] constituency, and since 2007 he has been a member from [[Greater Copenhagen (Folketing constituency)|Greater Copenhagen]] constituency. He was also a [[Member of the European Parliament]] from 1994 to 2001, and he served as Vice-Chairman of the European Parliament from 1997 to 1999.


From [[September 10]] [[1982]] to [[January 25]] [[1993]] he was Education Minister in various cabinets of [[Poul Schlüter]]. From [[September 10]] [[1987]] to [[January 25]] [[1993]] he was also the [[Minister for Science, Technology and Progress (Denmark)|Minister for Science, Technology and Progress]].
From 10 September 1982 to 25 January 1993 he was Education Minister in various cabinets of [[Poul Schlüter]]. From 10 September 1987 to 25 January 1993 he was also the [[Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark)|Minister of Research]].


From November 2001 to February 2005 he was [[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration]] in the [[Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I]], and enacted a policy of tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark. From February 2005 until February 2010 Haarder was once more the [[Education Minister (Denmark)|Education Minister]] in the [[Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II]]. From February 2010 to October 2011 he was [[Interior and Health Minister (Denmark)|Interior and Health Minister]] in the [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet]]
Bertel Haarder was a [[Member of the European Parliament]] from [[1994]] to [[2001]].


Furthermore, from February 2005 to November 2007 he was minister [[Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark|for Ecclesiastical Affairs]] and from November 2007 until February 2010 the [[Minister of Nordic Cooperation (Denmark)|Minister of Nordic Cooperation]] in the [[Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen III]]. In February 2010 the veteran minister took over as [[Interior and Health Minister (Denmark)|Interior and Health Minister]] until October 2011. He is the longest serving Danish minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farvel til Haarder og Jelved: Her er de andre længst siddende folketingsmedlemmer |url=https://www.altinget.dk/artikel/her-er-folketingets-laengst-siddende-medlemmer |website=Altinget.dk |date=March 2021 |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>
==Trivia==

Bertel Haarder is famous within Venstre and [[Venstres Ungdom]] for his ability to write humorous and satirical songs. Haarder usually writes a song for the annual party congress and Venstres Ungdom's national congress. If he chooses to critizise other ministers in the song, he usually makes fun of himself as well.
In 2021 Haarder announced he would not be standing at the [[2022 Danish general election]] and subsequently lost his seat in the Folketing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=Bertel Haarder genopstiller ikke til Folketinget - TV 2 |url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2021-02-26-bertel-haarder-genopstiller-ikke-til-folketinget |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=nyheder.tv2.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref>
Currently a Demonstration is about to start because of the sudden discard of the group exam

==Personal life==
Haarder was born 7 September 1944 on [[Rønshoved højskole]], son of Hans Haarder and Agnete Haarder. He graduated in Political Science from [[Aarhus University]] in 1970. From 1968 to 1973 he worked as a teacher on [[Askov Højskole]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bertel Haarder |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Bertel_Haarder |website=Denstoredanske.lex.dk |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> From 1971 to 1973 he worked as a teacher at Haderslev State Teacher Training College. From 1973 to 1975 he worked as a lecturer at Aalborg Teacher Training College.<ref>{{Cite web|title=*|url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/bertel-haarder|access-date=2021-11-16|website=The Danish Parliament|language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Statskollektivisme og Spildproduktion'' (1973)
*''Institutionernes Tyranni'' (1974)
*''Den organiserede arbejdsløshed'' (1975)
*''Danskerne år 2002'' (1977)
*''Midt i en klynketid'' (1980)
*''Kampen om gymnasiet'' (1982, co-author)
*''Ny-liberalismen – og dens rødder'' (1982, co-author)
*''Grænser for politik'' (1990)
*''Slip friheden løs'' (1990)
*''Lille land, hvad nu?'' (1994)
*''Den bløde kynisme'' (1997)
*''Op mod strømmen - med højskolen i ryggen'' (2012)
*''Bertels bedste - sange og fortællinger fra Borgen'' (2018)

== Honours and decorations ==
* [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg|60px]] [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Cross 1st Class]]
* [[File:St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg|60px]] [[Order of St. Olav|Order of St. Olav, Grand Cross]]
* [[File:Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander 1st Class.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Polar Star|Order of the Polar Star, Commander 1st Class]]
* [[File:ISL Icelandic Order of the Falcon - Grand Cross BAR.png|60px]] [[Order of the Falcon|Order of the Falcon, Grand Cross]]
* [[File:Order of the Dannebrog S.K.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Dannebrog|Order of the Dannebrog, Grand Cross]]
* [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 4th Class BAR.png|60px]] [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star]]
* [[File:Order of the White Rose Ribbon.PNG|60px]] [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]]

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [https://www.ft.dk/medlemmer/mf/b/bertel-haarder Biography on the website of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget)]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.ft.dk/BAGGRUND/Biografier_english/Bertel_Haarder.htm CV] – from the website of the Danish ''[[Folketing]]''


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{{succession box|
{{succession box|
title=[[Education Minister of Denmark]]|
title=[[Minister of Education (Denmark)|Minister of Education]]|
before=[[Dorte Bennedsen]]|
before=[[Dorte Bennedsen]]|
years=[[10 September]] [[1982]] – [[25 January]] [[1993]]|
years= 1982 1993|
after=[[Ole Vig Jensen]]|
after=[[Ole Vig Jensen]]|
}}
}}
{{succession box|
{{succession box|
title=[[Minister for Science, Technology and Progress (Denmark)|Minister for Science, Technology and Progress]]|
title=[[Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark)|Minister of Research]]|
before=New office|
before=New office|
years=[[September 10]] [[1987]] – [[January 25]] [[1993]]|
years= 1987 1993|
after=[[Svend Bergstein]]|
after=[[Svend Bergstein]]|
}}
}}
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title=[[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration]]|
title=[[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration]]|
before=New office|
before=New office|
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years=2001 2004|
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after=[[Rikke Hvilshøj]]|
}}
}}
{{succession box|
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title=[[Minister for European Affairs (Denmark)|Minister for European Affairs]]|
before=New office|
before=New office|
years=[[27 November]] [[2001]][[18 February]] [[2005]]||
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after=Office abolished|
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{{succession box|
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title=[[Minister for Development Cooperation of Denmark]]|
title=[[Minister for Development Cooperation of Denmark|Minister for Development Cooperation]]|
before=none ([[Anita Bay Bundegaard]])|
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years=[[2 August]] [[2004]] – [[18 February]] [[2005]]|
years=2004 2005|
after=[[Ulla Tørnæs]]|
after=[[Ulla Tørnæs]]|
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title=[[Education Minister of Denmark]]|
title=[[Education Minister of Denmark]]|
before=[[Ulla Tørnæs]]|
before=[[Ulla Tørnæs]]|
years=[[18 February]] [[2005]] –|
years=2005 – 2010|
after=Incumbent|
after=[[Tina Nedergaard]]|
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}}
{{succession box|
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title=[[List of Ministers for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark|Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark]]|
title=[[List of Ministers for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark|Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark]]|
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before=[[Tove Fergo]]|
years=[[18 February]] [[2005]] –|
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title=[[Minister of Nordic Cooperation (Denmark)|Minister of Nordic Cooperation]]|
before=[[Connie Hedegaard]]|
years=2007 – 2010|
after=[[Karen Ellemann]]|
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Minister of the Interior (Denmark)|Minister of the Interior]]|
before=[[Karen Ellemann]]|
years=2010 – 2011|
after=[[Margrethe Vestager]]|
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Ministry of Health (Denmark)|Minister of Health]]|
before=[[Jakob Axel Nielsen]]|
years=2010 – 2011|
after=[[Astrid Krag]]|
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Minister for Culture (Denmark)|Minister for Culture]] and [[Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (Denmark)|Ecclesiastical Affairs]]|
before=[[Marianne Jelved]]|
years=2015 – 2016|
after=[[Mette Bock]]|
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}}
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|list1 = {{Folketing members 2019–2022}}
|list2 = {{Folketing members 2015–2019}}
|list3 = {{Folketing members 2011–2015}}
|list4 = {{Folketing members 2007–2011}}
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Danish politicians|Haarder, Bertel]]
[[Category:1944 births|Haarder, Bertel]]
[[Category:Living people|Haarder, Bertel]]


[[da:Bertel Haarder]]
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[[de:Bertel Haarder]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aabenraa Municipality]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Denmark]]
[[Category:Danish Interior Ministers]]
[[Category:Danish Ministers for Ecclesiastical Affairs]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Denmark]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Denmark]]
[[Category:Aarhus University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Danish writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Danish educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Danish writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Danish educators]]
[[Category:Venstre (Denmark) politicians]]
[[Category:Venstre (Denmark) MEPs]]
[[Category:MEPs for Denmark 1994–1999]]
[[Category:MEPs for Denmark 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Falcon]]
[[Category:Commanders First Class of the Order of the Polar Star]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1975–1977]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1979–1981]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1981–1984]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1984–1987]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1987–1988]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1988–1990]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1990–1994]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1994–1998]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 1998–2001]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 2005–2007]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 2007–2011]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 2011–2015]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 2015–2019]]
[[Category:Members of the Folketing 2019–2022]]

Latest revision as of 21:28, 28 April 2024

Bertel Geismar Haarder
Minister of Education
In office
10 September 1982 – 25 January 1993
Prime MinisterPoul Schlüter
Preceded byDorte Bennedsen
Succeeded byOle Vig Jensen
Minister for Refugees, Immigrants, Integration and European Affairs
In office
27 November 2001 – 1 January 2003
Prime MinisterAnders Fogh Rasmussen
Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration
In office
1 January 2003 – 2 August 2004
Prime MinisterAnders Fogh Rasmussen
Minister for Refugees, Immigrants, Integration and Development Cooperation
In office
2 August 2004 – 18 February 2005
Prime MinisterAnders Fogh Rasmussen
Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs
In office
18 February 2005 – 23 November 2007
Prime MinisterAnders Fogh Rasmussen
Minister of Education and Nordic Cooperation
In office
18 February 2005 – 23 November 2007
Prime MinisterAnders Fogh Rasmussen
Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Minister of the Interior and Health
In office
23 February 2010 – 3 October 2011
Prime MinisterLars Løkke Rasmussen
Minister for Culture and Ecclesiastical Affairs
In office
28 June 2015 – 28 November 2016
Prime MinisterLars Løkke Rasmussen
Member of the Folketing
In office
8 February 2005 – 1 November 2022
ConstituencyZealand (from 2011)
Greater Copenhagen (2007-2011)
Vestsjælland (2005-2007)
In office
9 January 1975 – 30 September 1999
ConstituencyKøbenhavn (1977-1999)
Nordjylland (1975-1977)
Member of the European Parliament
for Denmark
In office
1994–2001
President of Nordic Council
In office
2011–2011
In office
2020–2021
Personal details
Born (1944-09-07) 7 September 1944 (age 79)
Rønshoved, Denmark
Political partyVenstre
Alma materAarhus University

Bertel Geismar Haarder (born 7 September 1944, in Rønshoved, near Aabenraa) is a Danish writer, teacher and politician, who was a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. He has served as minister several times, including Minister of Education from 1982 to 1993 and again in 2005 to 2010, and most recently as Minister for Culture and Ecclesiastical Affairs from 2015 to 2016 in the L. L. Rasmussen II Cabinet. He is a former member of European Parliament, serving from 1994 to 2001. He has also served as president of Nordic Council on two occasions, first in 2011 and latest from 2020 to 2021.[1][2]

Political career[edit]

Haarder was first elected to the Folketing (Parliament) in 1975. Until 1977 he was a member of the Folketing representing North Jutland County constituency, and from 1977 to 1999 he was a member of the Folketing from Copenhagen County constituency. From 2005 to 2007, he was a member from Vestsjælland County constituency, and since 2007 he has been a member from Greater Copenhagen constituency. He was also a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2001, and he served as Vice-Chairman of the European Parliament from 1997 to 1999.

From 10 September 1982 to 25 January 1993 he was Education Minister in various cabinets of Poul Schlüter. From 10 September 1987 to 25 January 1993 he was also the Minister of Research.

From November 2001 to February 2005 he was Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I, and enacted a policy of tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark. From February 2005 until February 2010 Haarder was once more the Education Minister in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II. From February 2010 to October 2011 he was Interior and Health Minister in the Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet

Furthermore, from February 2005 to November 2007 he was minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs and from November 2007 until February 2010 the Minister of Nordic Cooperation in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen III. In February 2010 the veteran minister took over as Interior and Health Minister until October 2011. He is the longest serving Danish minister.[3]

In 2021 Haarder announced he would not be standing at the 2022 Danish general election and subsequently lost his seat in the Folketing.[4]

Personal life[edit]

Haarder was born 7 September 1944 on Rønshoved højskole, son of Hans Haarder and Agnete Haarder. He graduated in Political Science from Aarhus University in 1970. From 1968 to 1973 he worked as a teacher on Askov Højskole.[5] From 1971 to 1973 he worked as a teacher at Haderslev State Teacher Training College. From 1973 to 1975 he worked as a lecturer at Aalborg Teacher Training College.[6]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Statskollektivisme og Spildproduktion (1973)
  • Institutionernes Tyranni (1974)
  • Den organiserede arbejdsløshed (1975)
  • Danskerne år 2002 (1977)
  • Midt i en klynketid (1980)
  • Kampen om gymnasiet (1982, co-author)
  • Ny-liberalismen – og dens rødder (1982, co-author)
  • Grænser for politik (1990)
  • Slip friheden løs (1990)
  • Lille land, hvad nu? (1994)
  • Den bløde kynisme (1997)
  • Op mod strømmen - med højskolen i ryggen (2012)
  • Bertels bedste - sange og fortællinger fra Borgen (2018)

Honours and decorations[edit]

External links[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Bertel Haarder". Ft.dk. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Bertel Haarder, Nordisk Råds præsident 2021". Norden.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Farvel til Haarder og Jelved: Her er de andre længst siddende folketingsmedlemmer". Altinget.dk. March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  4. ^ "Bertel Haarder genopstiller ikke til Folketinget - TV 2". nyheder.tv2.dk (in Danish). 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  5. ^ "Bertel Haarder". Denstoredanske.lex.dk. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  6. ^ "*". The Danish Parliament. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Education
1982 — 1993
Succeeded by
Preceded by
New office
Minister of Research
1987 — 1993
Succeeded by
Preceded by
New office
Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration
2001 — 2004
Succeeded by
Preceded by
New office
Minister for European Affairs
2001 – 2003
Succeeded by
Office abolished
Preceded by
New office
Minister for Development Cooperation
2004 — 2005
Succeeded by
Preceded by Education Minister of Denmark
2005 – 2010
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark
2005 – 2007
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Nordic Cooperation
2007 – 2010
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of the Interior
2010 – 2011
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Health
2010 – 2011
Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for Culture and Ecclesiastical Affairs
2015 – 2016
Succeeded by