Airbus A400M

Airbus A400M Atlas
Airbus A400M (prototype)
Type:	military transporter
Design country:	Germany France Spain United Kingdom
Manufacturer:	Airbus Defense and Space
First flight:	December 11, 2009
Commissioning:	1 August 2013
Production time:	In series production since November 2010
Number of pieces:	95 (including 5 prototypes and MSN056 in test operation; as of April 28, 2020)

The Airbus A400M Atlas is a military transport aircraft from Airbus Defense and Space . The A400M is increasingly replacing or supplementing the largely obsolete inventory of tactical transport aircraft of the Transall C-160 and Lockheed C-130 Hercules types in the air forces of seven European NATO countries . It is characterized by higher payload, transport volume, speed and range and thus increases European capabilities in the field of strategic air transport . Like its predecessors, the four-engine shoulder- wing aircraft is equipped with turboprop engines and a drivable stern ramp, can operate from short, unpaved runways and can drop parachutists and loads from the air. The intended range of applications also includes uses as a hospital and tanker aircraft . The new development of the EPI TP400-D6 engines required for the project was carried out by the specially founded company consortium Europrop International .

After decades of preliminary planning, the contract concluded in 2003 between the procurement organization OCCAR and Airbus comprised the development, production and initial support of 180 machines at a fixed price of 20 billion euros. The first delivery was scheduled for October 2009. The clients are Belgium , Germany , France , Luxembourg , Spain , Turkey and the United Kingdom . Malaysia was added as a further customer in 2005 . After several delays, the first flight took place on December 11, 2009. Airbus succeeded in renegotiating the contract, whereupon the customer states took over part of the billions in additional costs, canceled some machines and accepted a later delivery. The unit price thus climbed from 125 million euros to 175 million euros.

On August 1, 2013, the French armed forces took delivery of the first serial copy. The first operational mission took place at the end of December 2013, a flight to Mali . After Turkey and Great Britain, the German Air Force was the fourth customer to receive its first aircraft in December 2014, followed by Malaysia in March 2015 and Spain in November 2016. The 50th machine was delivered in summer 2017.

While the aircraft type is in operation in several air forces, the development of promised partial capabilities and the entire delivery have been further delayed. The final version is expected in 2021, more than eleven years late. Aircraft that have already been delivered are to be retrofitted by 2027, provided that individual capabilities that are too difficult to implement are not even eliminated. Users complain of a low level of operational readiness and quality deficiencies in initial flight operations. The project will burden the finances of the Airbus group with provisions of over EUR 8.8 billion.

development

Types to be replaced or alternative to the A400M:
•  Transall C-160
•  Lockheed C-130
• C-130J-30
•  Airbus A400M
•  Boeing C-17 (from top to bottom)

conditions

The A400M is intended to meet the increased demands on military air transport services. As a tactical and strategic transporter, the Airbus A400M is intended to give the European armed forces the ability to react quickly to internal and non-European crises and to relocate large amounts of material and personnel thanks to its high range, speed and loading capacity, a spacious loading space and flexible deployment options. In addition to purely military tasks, the aircraft is to be available for the evacuation and rescue of citizens and humanitarian aid missions (see also Petersberg tasks ). Compared to the types that the A400M replaces, the payload and range are roughly double. The option of in-flight refueling also increases the range; with the conversion kit, the transporter in turn becomes a tanker. Loads up to the size of an armored personnel carrier or medium-sized helicopter should be absorbed. The tactical capabilities of the previous models are to be largely retained or improved. These include low-level flight , autonomous operations without ground staff, ground facilities and ground-based landing aids, short take-off and landing capabilities on unprepared areas, steep descent and all-weather use. Paratroopers should be able to set down and loads should be able to be loaded and unloaded via a stern ramp without further aids or dropped in flight from a great height or close to the ground.

Beginnings

When the need to replace the gradually obsolete fleet of transport aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Transall C-160 in European countries was recognized in the early 1980s , Aérospatiale , British Aerospace , Lockheed and Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB ) The Future International Military / Civil Airlifter Consortium (FIMA) in December 1982 to investigate the feasibility of a joint military transporter. In 1985 the Defense Ministers of the Independent European Program Group standardized the requirements for the machine, which paved the way for international cooperation on this project. Three years later, a requirement profile (Outline Staff Target) for the new machine was available. In the meantime, in 1987, Aeritalia and CASA had joined FIMA; Lockheed dropped out of the project two years later. In 1991, the EuroFlag consortium was founded by the companies in Rome to develop and build the machine. At the same time, the prefeasibility and later feasibility phase was started, which was supposed to examine the feasibility of the development goals in relation to the customer's wishes. In September 1994, a 1: 1 model of the A400M under the name Future Large Aircraft (FLA) was on display at the Farnborough Air Show . A year later, the EuroFlag consortium dissolved again, with the project now being continued by Airbus .

In 1996 the requirements of the European Staff Requirement (ESR) , which have since changed and are constantly causing discussion, were updated. In September 1997, seven states submitted an invitation to tender and in December of the same year basically opted for the aircraft, now known as the A400M, although no binding commitments were made. The decision for a European in-house development was controversial. In Germany, Defense Minister Volker Rühe favored the idea of ​​a cooperation between Antonov and Airbus with the aim of further developing the prototype Ukrainian transport aircraft Antonow An-70 instead of commissioning Airbus to build a new “Future Large Aircraft”. In 1998, Airbus rejected the AN-70 as a basis for the FLA project. In addition, the acquisition of the American types Lockheed C-130 J and Boeing C-17 was examined. Based on the invitation to tender and the ESR, Airbus Military Company (AMC) submitted an offer in January 1999. The offer included fixed services at fixed prices and dates (commercial approach).

The European deficits that became clear in 1998/1999 during the intervention in the Kosovo war , which led to dependence on the USA even in intra-European operations, underlined the need for the long-planned aircraft.

Since 2000

Model of the Airbus A400M (2006)

On May 16, 2000, UK Defense Secretary Geoff Hoon announced plans to purchase 25 A400Ms for the Royal Air Force . On June 9, 2000, about a month before the Airbus parent company EADS went public , the political decision of the two main customers in favor of Airbus was announced in Mainz. It fell during the 75th Franco-German summit between President Jacques Chirac and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder . Germany stated an operational requirement of around 75 and France of 50 aircraft. The focus was on the further development of the European security and defense policy and the formation of a coherent and common European air transport fleet. The summit declaration contained the wish to the industry involved to look for ways of cooperation with Russia and Ukraine. Since the development of the Airbus A380 was pending and the decision was made to set up a European satellite-based reconnaissance network ( SAR-Lupe / Helios ), France's Prime Minister Lionel Jospin spoke of Europe's ability “to embark on great industrial adventures”.

In June 2001, the armaments agency OCCAR was chosen as the contract partner for the project, and on December 18, 2001, a contract for the delivery of 196 aircraft was signed in Brussels . However, it did not come into force because the German Bundestag refused to finance the 73 machines intended for the Bundeswehr. Only after the German share had been reduced to 60 units was the final contract signed in Bonn on May 27, 2003 for 180 machines at a price of 20 billion euros. In the same month, the engine of a European consortium (see drive ) was selected for the machine - instead of an offer from Pratt & Whitney Canada. On June 26th, 2008, the van was officially presented at EADS in Seville .

Construction of the first prototype began at the end of 2007 . The A400M should go into series production from 2008. The rollout of the first machine on the final assembly line in Seville took place on June 26, 2008, the first ground tests began on September 3, 2009. According to Airbus, the first flight of an Airbus A400M was planned for late summer or autumn 2008; the first delivery originally planned for October 2009 was initially postponed by six months - with the risk of a delay of a further six months. France should receive the first A400M in spring 2010; it was to be delivered to the Bundeswehr in 2011. Since the old Hercules and Transall machines cannot stay in operation for so long, an interim solution was sought on various occasions. The German Air Force decided to charter six Antonov An- 124-100s via the SALIS program, which has since been developed. Lockheed Martin also made a lease offer for four Hercules C-130J .

On April 22, 2008, Carlos Suarez, who is responsible for the Airbus military division in Seville, announced that the internal costs for the project had increased by 1.4 billion euros. He also confirmed that Airbus was still having problems with the A400M's engines. Alone the approval of the digital monitoring and control software (FADEC) of the engines according to civil standards led to a time delay of over a year with the corresponding increase in price.

Rollout of the first Airbus A400M, EADS employees in the foreground (June 26, 2008)

On November 24, 2008, Airbus announced further delays due to engine problems, together with a cost increase of another 314 million euros. Program manager Tom Williams also announced that the first flight would take place towards the end of 2009.

On January 10, 2009, the Financial Times Deutschland (FTD) published an article according to which the Airbus Group was “facing a complete overhaul of the EUR 20 billion fixed price order for 180 machines”. The reason given was that neither the planned dead weight of the aircraft nor the targeted payload could be achieved at the moment. It is now assumed that it will be delivered in 2013. In particular, there are problems with the engine software (which , according to MTU Aero Engines , is three times as complex as that of the Airbus A380 ); the volume of the propeller drive; the aircraft controls and the aircraft weight being 12 t too high; In addition, the loading ramp is currently not able to roll a tank into the aircraft without damaging it at the ramp-aircraft transition.

On February 3, 2009 it was announced that Airbus was no longer necessarily sticking to the implementation due to financial problems due to the increased financial requirements due to the technical problems and the program delay. Furthermore, according to industry circles, simulations by Airbus have shown that steep approaches - also known as the “ Sarajevo approach ” - would trigger propeller flutter with the current state of technology. Due to the serious technical problems, the long delay of the entire project and the high cost increases, neither a termination of the project nor an alternative plan was ruled out in the political discussion.

On July 24, 2009, however, the defense ministers of the countries involved agreed to stick with the project and reschedule funding and deadlines within six months. A delay of four years compared to the original plan was expected.

Prototype lands at Farnborough International Airshow (2010)

In January 2010 the exact additional costs were unknown. Der Spiegel spoke of around 11.3 billion euros, around half of which is said to be due to problems with the engines. Other press reports speak of 5 billion euros. Originally, Airbus wanted the American world market leader Pratt & Whitney Canada to develop the engines more cheaply . However, European states insisted on buying from a European consortium , which had to start a completely new development. Because of this decision, Airbus saw joint responsibility with the ordering countries and threatened to discontinue the project if they did not give a commitment to participate in the additional costs by the end of January 2010.

Despite the high additional costs, the states and the aviation group EADS agreed in early March 2010 to build the aircraft. The states should agree to a price increase of ten percent (about two billion euros). They provided a further 1.5 billion euros, which will be repaid by Airbus in the event of additional export sales of the A400M. A total of five machines were planned for the flight test program, which together are to fly 4370 flight hours (Fh) (of which 1850 Fh for civil, 2520 Fh for military certifications).

MSN004 at ILA  2012

On November 5, 2010, it was announced that funding for the A400M had been secured. EADS had agreed on a solution for the military transporter with the seven buyer states:

• Germany ordered 53 machines instead of the 60 planned; the remaining seven orders will be converted into an option.
• The Bundeswehr does without the required fully automatic low-level flight capability of the A400M. "With these measures, the German share of the price increase of around 670 million euros will be compensated."
• Series production of the urgently needed machines should begin towards the end of 2010.
• France should get its first machine in 2013.
• The delivery of the first machine to the Bundeswehr was planned for 2014. All machines for the German Air Force are to be delivered by 2020.

Production of the first series machines began at Airbus in Bremen in November 2010. The Armée de l'air planned to declare operational readiness for the first time after receiving the seventh machine, which would have been the case in 2014 had it been delivered without delay. On November 23, 2011, Airbus Military announced that final assembly of the first aircraft destined for France (MSN007) had begun. The hull had arrived in Seville the day before. The wings and the nose section had been at the Spanish production facility of the Airbus subsidiary since October 26, 2011.

Due to cracks on the fuselage parts made of a certain aluminum alloy, Airbus announced to its customers in May 2016 that they would have to be replaced on all machines that had already been delivered. The conversion is estimated at seven months per aircraft and should, if possible, be combined with regular overhauls and retrofits. In addition, damage to the propeller gearbox became known that requires unscheduled maintenance work during flight operations and that the manufacturer would like to remedy by replacing components and "adapting" the gearbox.

Flight testing

A400M on its first flight (Dec. 11, 2009)

Five prototypes are used to test and certify the aircraft. Before the first flight in December 2009, Airbus planned 1850 flight hours for this fleet to achieve civilian certification and a further 2520 flight hours until the military certification and commissioning, which was planned for the end of 2012. Almost nine years after the first flight, Airbus announced in November 2018 that 10,000 hours have now been achieved in the ongoing flight test.

First flight

The first flight took place in Seville on December 11, 2009 and lasted 3 hours and 47 minutes. The take-off weight was 127 tons, 13 tons of which was accounted for by the equipment for the test flight and 2 tons for water ballast. On board were the military chief test pilot Edward Strongman, the test pilot Ignacio Lombo, the flight engineer responsible for the engines Jean-Philippe Cottet, the flight engineer Eric Isorce, responsible for the on-board systems, and the flight engineers Didier Ronceray and Gerard Leskerpit. The start took place at 10:15 a.m. ( CET ). After an overflight in landing configuration, the landing took place at 2:02 p.m. During the first flight, one of the control computers for the engines detected a failure, so that one of the four engines was automatically put into idle for safety reasons. The problem might have been resolved by restarting the engine; However, since the aircraft would have landed with a stationary propeller if the restart had failed, it was waived.

Operation on unpaved slopes

An RAF A400M takes off from a beach in Wales

With its twelve-wheel main landing gear, the A400M should achieve a better aircraft classification number , i.e. less stress on the flight operations areas, than the lighter C-130 with only four-wheel main landing gear. As of December 2016, the A400M was certified for operation on grass slopes, while the certification process was still running after tests on gravel and sand slopes.

In a test series in summer 2013, the second prototype with the registration number EC-402 completed 25 landings as well as taxi attempts and aborted take-offs on a gravel runway near Ablitas in northeastern Spain . The certification tests with around 40 take-offs and landings as well as ground maneuvers on the grass runway and exposed ground took place in Écury-sur-Coole, France , in September 2015 . In May 2012, attempts on the grass runway at Cottbus-Drewitz airfield had to be aborted after the left landing gear sank into the grass floor when braking hard during an aborted take-off maneuver.

In August 2016, Airbus carried out tests on a sand runway at the specially prepared Woodbridge Airfield in England. In August 2016, the French Air Force carried out a test campaign with its own aircraft on a laterite runway in Madama , Niger . It was found that intensified repair work by pioneers was necessary to remove ruts after A400M landings and to make the runway usable again for smaller transport machines. A Royal Air Force aircraft landed and took off for the first time in 2017 on a designated stretch of beach near Pembrey in Wales.

Air refueling capability

Air refueling probe above the cockpit

During a test flight on December 5, 2013, air refueling was carried out for the first time , during which fuel was delivered from a Transall C-160 to an A400M. The first “dry” test was carried out in 2010. In August 2014, further tests were carried out with the A400M as a tanker aircraft, 68 "contacts" (docking maneuvers on the tanker aircraft) were carried out and a total of 18.6 t of fuel was transferred in 35 maneuvers. In February 2015, fuel was delivered to two aircraft at the same time for the first time during flight tests.

It was not foreseeable by the end of 2015 whether the guaranteed ability to refuel helicopters in the air, as required by France, could be realized. To maintain a safe distance between the helicopter rotors and the aircraft, the refueling hoses on the A400M must be extended further from the containers attached to both wings than on the shorter Lockheed KC-130 . This increases the tendency for the tubes to become unstable. In addition, there is strong turbulence caused by the wings. France provided funds to purchase other tanker aircraft for this purpose. Airbus awarded a research contract to the ONERA institute to investigate the possibility of longer refueling hoses; the first tests in the wind tunnel were completed in mid-2016.

In 2019, the flight tests for the approval of the CHT (Cargo Hold Tanks) air refueling system that can be carried in the hold were successfully completed. The A400M can transport two of the 7,200 liter tanks in its hold. The tests included the development and certification of the hold tanks using the latest Fuel Quantity Management System software. The final certification should take place in 2019. Further work was carried out on the further development of the night tank vision system and first experiments with regard to the air-to-air refueling capabilities of helicopters.

List of prototypes

Serial number	License plate	First flight	Base	Planned flight hours	Testing areas
MSN001	F-WWMT	Dec 2009	Toulouse	1200 h	First flight of the A400M, general flight behavior, flutter tests, definition of the acceleration limits. After 475 flights with almost 1445 hours, it was removed from the test program on November 4, 2013 and stopped. MSN001 has served as an exhibit at the Aeroscopia Museum at Toulouse-Blagnac Airport since July 2015 .
MSN002	EC-402	Apr 8, 2010	Seville	1100 h	Testing of flight performance parameters, flights for civil approval, take-offs and landings on unpaved runways.
MSN003	F-WWMS	May 2010	Toulouse	0975 h	Adjustment of the autopilot, tests with different types of fuel and temperatures, testing of the hydraulic system and navigation systems, cold tests. Airbus announced in early November 2013 that MSN003 was no longer required for the test program.
MSN004	EC-404	Jan. 2011	Seville	0870 h	Air-to-air refueling, loading and transportation of cargo.
MSN006	F-WWMZ EC-406	Dec 2011	Toulouse	0225 h	First aircraft almost in series condition, testing the interaction of the components, consumption and reliability tests, tests for the electromagnetic compatibility of the systems, cold weather tests and development of the cargo loading systems.

The machine MSN005 missing in the order was not built. Originally, the test program was to be carried out with six machines. MSN005 should have taken over flights at the end of the test program to check the reliability of the systems. Airbus ultimately decided to use the first production aircraft (MSN007) for this. With the MSN056, a series-standard machine was initially put into test and demonstration operation at Airbus in 2018.

Skill standards

Intended skill standards (outdated)

military clearance	fully integrated skills	from serial number	Year (approx.)
IOC	Transport of troops, vehicles and military pallets up to 32 tons	MSN007	2013
SOC  1	Settling out of the air (limited) Self-protection (limited)	MSN015	Fall 2014
SOC 1.5	Deposition from the air Self-protection Air refueling (limited)	approx MSN032	2015
SOC 2.0	Extended tactical range of operations Additional performance increases	approx MSN045	2016
SOC 2.5	Full range of aerial refueling search and rescue services	approx MSN090	2017
SOC 3	Low altitude	approx MSN120	2019

The Airbus A400M did not have its full range of services right from the start. Rather, the first series copies were delivered in an Initial Operating Capability Version (IOC), a military qualification that initially made strategic air transport possible. As the serial number progresses, delivery with Standard Operating Clearance (SOC) is aimed for, which extends the tactical spectrum of the aircraft.

The initial operating clearance required for the first delivery was granted on July 31, 2013. This contractually agreed standard was awarded by the Organization for Joint Armaments Cooperation (OCCAR) , which issues the certificate on behalf of the first-time customer countries (Belgium, Germany, France, Great Britain, Luxembourg, Spain and Turkey).

The other plan specifications could not be met. The first German machine was not delivered in the SOC 1 capability standard as planned. In late 2015, Airbus sought to renegotiate as some functions and capabilities were further delayed while others were ahead of schedule. In June 2016, France received the first machine intended for tactical missions with limited self-protection, dropping and air refueling capabilities. In February 2018, Airbus reached an agreement with the customers on an extension of the delivery and the possibility of deleting certain points of the specification in individual negotiations, the implementation of which proves to be too difficult.

Admission

Although the Airbus A400M was mainly designed and developed for military use, it is also approved according to the guidelines for civil aircraft construction; a fact that contributed significantly to the complexity of the development and to the increase in price.

Civil type certification

On May 9, 2012 Airbus Military received the provisional civilian approval (Restricted Type Certificate) for the A400M from the EASA . On March 13, 2013, the full civilian type certification followed according to the requirements of the CS-25 standard . It only relates to the civilian parts of the project and does not include the transport of people and loads in the hold.

Military approval

Air cargo parachute dropped from a French A400M during Exercise Mobility Guardian 2017

In order to harmonize the partly different approval procedures of the participating countries, the military components of the aircraft are checked by the joint Certification Qualification Organization . It includes representatives from all partner nations, for Germany representatives of the WTD 61 model test center for aircraft . On this basis, the individual nations issue their respective military type certification. Traffic approval is also required for each individual aircraft . The quality assurance required for this on the final assembly line was delegated to the Spanish General Directorate for Armaments and Materials (Dirección General de Armamento y Material - DGAM). A Spanish export certificate of airworthiness serves as the basis for the national military traffic approval of the A400M.

The common basis for military certification was approved on July 19, 2013 on the recommendation of the Certification and Qualification Committee (CQC), which consists of representatives from the seven first customer countries. Accordingly, the French procurement authority DGA (Direction Générale de l'Armement) issued the French military type certification for the A400M on July 24, 2013. The IOC award of July 31, 2013 was the last step before the approval of the first series production aircraft MSN007 by the DGA and the subsequent delivery of the machine to the French air force.

construction

The Airbus A400M is a shoulder -wing wing plane with a T-tail and a pressurized cabin . 30 percent of the construction, including the wings (without the wing center box), are made of composite materials . The fuselage is made of conventional metal construction.

A400M cockpit

Cockpit and avionics

The A400M is equipped with a fly-by-wire flight control system. The cockpit is fully night vision compatible and offers space for the two pilots and an additional crew member for special operations. The cockpit is equipped with two head-up displays (HUD) and eight liquid crystal screens (LCD, 6 inches). Three screens each for each pilot (primary flight display, navigation display and video display) and two common screens for monitoring and the flight management system . The HUD is certified as the primary display. The flight management system (FMS400) from Thales Avionics SA and Diehl Aerosystems GmbH is a further development of the flight management system of the Airbus A380 . The optional EVS vision enhancement system ( Enhanced Vision System ) for perspective terrain representation on the screens based on a forward-looking infrared sensor ( Forward Looking Infrared ). The automatic monitoring of flight parameters ( flight envelope protection ) limits the maximum load in tactical use to 3  g and the angle of inclination in steep turns to 120 °. The maximum roll rate of 30 degrees per second is twice as high as that of civil Airbus models.

drive

Turboprop vs. Turbofan

In the pre-development phases of the A400M, various technical solutions were investigated, particularly with regard to wing positions and drive concepts. Turbofan and advanced turboprop engines, each with two or four engines, were examined for the alternative propulsion systems . The decision in favor of a turboprop engine with four engines was made for the following reasons:

• The lower fuel consumption of the turboprop drive compared to the turbofan drive (approx. 20% less) results in a lower fuel storage volume and thus a smaller and lighter aircraft. This reduces operating costs and improves maneuverability.
• With the turbo- prop drive , various tactical requirements could be better met (take-off and landing performance, steep descent , backward rolling, slow flight, faster response to thrust changes in low flight).
• The air flow accelerated by the propellers over the wings by the propellers already at low aircraft speeds contributes to the lift to such an extent that the lift aids could be constructed more simply and more robustly and movable slats could be dispensed with.
• Less susceptibility to damage from foreign objects in unprepared areas. The air inlet is higher above the floor and has a foreign body separator.

These advantages, which are mainly effective in the tactical range of operations, are offset by a lower flight speed than with strategic transporters with turbofan drive, whereby the speed has been increased compared to the propeller-driven tactical predecessor models.

Engines

Propeller and engine of the Airbus A400M

Europrop TP400 engine at ILA 2012

The A400M has four turboprop engines of the specially developed type EPI TP400-D6 . Europrop International (EPI), a joint venture between the European engine manufacturers Rolls-Royce plc , ITP , MTU Aero Engines and Snecma, was founded to develop, manufacture and support it .

The three-shaft engine with the air inlet below achieves an output of 11,000 shaft HP (8090 kW), which is delivered to an eight- blade variable-pitch propeller Ratier -FH-386 via a separate propeller gear from Avio Aero . The propeller axis is offset upwards in relation to the engine shaft. The propeller has a diameter of 5.34 meters and is made of woven fiber composite materials . Due to the counter-rotating propeller movement (see direction of rotation of the propellers ), two different gears and propellers are installed on each aircraft.

Technical specifications

• Type: 3-shaft turboprop
• Output (uprated): more than 8200 shaft kW (11,000 PS )
• Compression ratio: 25
• Propeller diameter: 5.3 m
• Propeller speed: 840 min ⁻¹
• Weight: 1860 kg (dry)
• Length: 3500 mm

The power of the engine in the turboprop area is only guaranteed by two engines, the relatively old Russian Kuznetsov NK-12 (among others in the Antonow An-22 and Tupolew Tu-95 ) and the Ukrainian Ivchenko Progress D-27 (built into the Antonow An-70 ) exceeded.

control

The engines are equipped with a FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control) control supplied by BAE Systems and Hispano-Suiza , which also regulates the propeller's angle of attack . MTU developed the software.

Direction of rotation of the propellers

The two propellers of a wing rotate in opposite directions; When viewed in the direction of flight, clockwise on engines 1 and 3, and on engines 2 and 4, the gear changes the direction of rotation. This means that the propellers move downwards between the two engines (“Down between engines”, DBE). The air flow is symmetrical and is concentrated in the center of the wing, increasing lift and lateral stability. The propeller torque balances out within the blades. This means that the wing and tail unit can be constructed more symmetrically. The yaw effect in the event of failure of an external engine (“critical engine”) is reduced. The vertical stabilizer, which has to compensate for this effect, could be designed smaller. The principle is used for the first time with the A400M. The engines of the largest Russian and Ukrainian fan guns, on the other hand, have two propellers rotating in opposite directions on the same hub, so that no counter-torque acts on the wing structure. On the C-130 Hercules, all propellers turn clockwise.

Auxiliary power unit

The auxiliary power unit (APU) and other components of the emergency power supply such as the ram-air turbine are supplied by Hamilton Sundstrand . The APU is located in the upper part of the fuselage in the rear right wing root.

Hold

Hold

The company Rheinmetall Defense Electronics supplies the loadmaster control system. The system consists of a workstation and eight side wall lock panels. Up to nine standard military pallets (2.74 m × 2.23 m) together with 54 soldiers seated on either side or up to 116 fully equipped soldiers or paratroopers in four rows can be transported in the hold. For a medical evacuation , 66 NATO standard stretchers with 25-person medical personnel can be accommodated. For the lowering of paratroopers and to make it easier to leave the parachute in the laminar flow of the aircraft, extendable wind deflectors are attached in front of the side doors .

Self protection

The self-protection equipment is put together individually by the operators. The components offered by Airbus for this purpose can be supplemented with self-procured components. In addition to an inert gas system for the aircraft tanks and ballistic protection for the crew, including bulletproof cockpit windows, decoys and electronic self-protection measures in various stages against enemy air defense are possible, but not included in the basic model of the A400M.

Efficiency

Range of the A400M from Paris
green: 20 t payload, 6390 km
red: 30 t payload, 4535 km

The loading space of the A400M measures 17.7 m × 4 m × 3.85 m (L × W × H) and should be able to accommodate one of the following loads:

• 116 soldiers ,
• six (3 × 2 arranged) off-road vehicles of the Wolf type or similar with a trailer,
• two Unimog U 2450 L trucks ,
• eight weapon carriers of the Wiesel 2 type ,
• two helicopters of the type Apache AH-64 , Eurocopter Tiger or Super Lynx ,
• a medium-sized transport helicopter of the type NH90 or AS 332 Cougar ,
• three transport tanks of the type M113 ,
• an armored personnel carrier of the type Puma (in protection level A without additional armor), VBCI , Warrior , Patria AMV , CV 9030 or an armored transport vehicle Boxer ,
• a self-propelled howitzer M109 or CAESAR ,
• a multiple rocket launcher artillery system MLRS (MARS),
• two crawler excavators .

When used tactically, the transport aircraft has a guaranteed payload of 25 tons.

The A400M should be able to transport a maximum payload of 37 tons and thus have a range of around 3,100 kilometers. It is not designed for the transport of heavy loads such as the Leopard 2 main battle tank or the Panzerhaubitze 2000 . The maximum weight for single vehicles is 32 tons. With a lower payload, more fuel can be filled, which increases the range; see adjacent map. Compared to larger strategic transport aircraft such as the Boeing C-17 , these are relatively low values, so that the competitiveness of the Airbus design for strategic air transport was in part called into question. For example, it is assumed that five machines of this type would be necessary to provide the performance of an Antonov An-124 .

However, the A400M combines the ability to carry out long-haul transport at altitudes of up to 37,000 feet and in civil air corridors with the capability of extended low- altitude flights and great versatility in tactical situations. With a payload of 20 tons, its range is a good double that of the stretched version of the C-130J (Super Hercules). The maximum payload is almost twice as large compared to the C-130J stretch .

For landing and take-off, even under unfavorable weather conditions, a poorly prepared runway less than 1000 meters long and without special technical equipment is sufficient. The landing gear is also designed for landings on grass, sand or gravel surfaces.

Transporting goods and personnel between airports is not the only application for the A400M. It is also intended to drop off goods with and without parachutes and paratroopers . In addition, similar to the Airbus A310 of the Air Force , it should be able to be set up with hospital equipment (“ MedEvac ”) to transport injured people.

With a short-term conversion, the A400M can be equipped with equipment for air refueling . It can then supply other aircraft from its normal tank supply, which can be supplemented by additional tanks in the hold. Advantages over large jets such as the A310-300 MRTT lie in a lower and thus theoretically more suitable minimum speed and height for the refueling of helicopters as well as in the much larger number of aircraft. Again, the speed range of the A400M also allows faster combat aircraft to be refueled.

production

The final assembly of the A400M will take place in the Airbus factory at Seville Airport . Pre-assembled components from other international plants are delivered there with the Airbus Beluga , including the fuselage from Bremen as the largest component. The work shares were originally divided between the countries according to the number of machines ordered. South Africa and Malaysia also received production orders worth several hundred million euros for their A400M orders; South Africa retained this even after the cancellation in 2009. According to a list from 2013, more than 200 supplier companies are involved, including 74 from France, 47 from Germany and 40 from the United States . Airbus names the number of 7200 people who are employed by the consortium itself with the A400M, as well as 33,000 at supplier companies.

Manufacturer of important components

country	company	place	production
Germany	airbus	Bremen	Assembly of the hull (without front section) and equipment with the systems. For this purpose, parts of the fuselage from Turkey are being delivered with the Airbus Beluga.
Germany	airbus	Stade	Vertical tail (Vertical tail plane - VTP), blade shells made of CFRP
Germany	Europrop International	Munich	EPI TP400 engine
Germany	Premium Aerotec	augsburg	Premium Aerotec develops and manufactures almost the entire rear fuselage, the shells of the central part of the fuselage as well as the upper cargo door made of carbon fiber composites (CFRP) and the metallic pipe systems.
Germany	Liebherr	Lindenberg	Manufacture of several flight-critical actuation and flight control systems such as the various rudders and the hydraulic systems required for control.
France	Aerolia	Saint de Méaulte	Front landing gear cover
France	airbus	Nantes	Center wing box (Central wing box - CWB)
France	airbus	Saint-Nazaire	Fuselage bow
France	Airbus , Saint-Eloi plant	Toulouse	Engine suspension
France	Saffron Landing Systems	Bidos	landing gear
France	Ratier-Figeac	Figeac	propeller
France	SOCATA	Tarbes	Landing gear housing
France	Stelia Aerospace	Rochefort	Loading ramp
Italy	Avio Aero		Propeller gear
Spain	Airbus Defense and Space	Seville	Production of the horizontal tail plane (horizontal tail plane - HTP) and the engine cowlings. Final Assembly Line (FAL)
South Africa	Denel Aerostructures		u. a. Cladding of the fuselage-surface transition (wing-to-fuselage fairing - WFF)
Turkey	TAI	Ankara	The Turkish armaments company TAI developed the ailerons , the spoiler , several parts of the aircraft fuselage , the parachutist doors and the emergency exits . The company is also responsible for the interior cabling, interior and exterior lighting of the aircraft and water-bearing elements.
United Kingdom	airbus	Filton	Wings

Production rate

After Airbus had ramped up production to 20 machines in 2017, a reduction to 15 machines for 2018, 11 machines for 2019 and 8 from 2020 was announced. The production period will be extended until at least 2030. With this, Airbus responded to low demand, a lack of follow-up orders, delayed partial developments and existing stocks. Because of this, the delivery rate falls more slowly than the production rate.

Orders and users

Unloading cargo pallets from a Royal Air Force A400M at Pope Field Airfield , USA

The first customers Belgium , Germany , France , Luxembourg , Spain , Turkey and the United Kingdom wanted to purchase 180 machines together. Originally, 225 machines were planned, but this number fell due to the withdrawal of Italy and Portugal from the project and the reduction in the German and Turkish contingents. In 2005 an order was placed by Malaysia for four machines. Chile originally planned to purchase three machines, but never received an order. In 2009, South Africa canceled the purchase of eight machines that was completed in 2005 due to increased costs and delivery delays. In Germany, France and Turkey the Airbus A400M will replace the Transall C-160 , in the rest of the world mainly the Lockheed C-130 Hercules.

Because the aircraft that were firmly ordered became more expensive by several billion euros - of which Airbus bears the majority of the additional costs itself - the number of aircraft was further reduced by the ordering countries. Airbus boss Thomas Enders said that the minimum purchase of 170 copies was necessary, otherwise the production would no longer be profitable for Airbus.

The following quantities were ordered by the buyer states:

Order date	country	delivery	number	comment
May 27, 2003	Germany	since Nov. 2014, planned until 2026	53	Reduced from the original 60 in October 2010; 13 were meanwhile intended for resale.
May 27, 2003	France	since August 2013	50	14 will be accepted by 2018, 11 more according to the financial plan in the period 2019-2025.
May 27, 2003	Spain	since 2016	27	Of these, 13 have been postponed until after 2024.
May 27, 2003	United Kingdom	Late 2014 to 2022	22nd	Reduced from the original 25.
May 27, 2003	Turkey	since December 2013	10
May 27, 2003	Belgium	planned for 2020–2023	7th
May 27, 2003	Luxembourg	planned for 2020	1
April 28, 2005	South Africa	-	0	8 canceled.
Dec 8, 2005	Malaysia	March 2015 to 2017	4th	Malaysia was the first customer to receive all of the aircraft it ordered.
All in all			174

Extraditions

As of August 31, 2019, 84 machines were handed over to customers. Germany received 31 machines and the United Kingdom 20, France 15, Turkey 9, Spain 5 and Malaysia 4. A reduction in the production rate to 8 machines each is planned for the years 2020–2022; production is scheduled to end in 2030. The result for the Bundeswehr would be that in 2026 it would take over the last transporter with all the agreed capabilities and in 2027 all A400Ms previously delivered would be retrofitted.

Inflow year	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	total
Extraditions	2	8th	11	17th	19th	17th	12	5	91
Including Germany		1	2	4th	8th	10	6th	2	33

Users

Germany

German Airbus A400M (54 + 01) at the ILA  2016

In July 2019, the German Air Force deployed an A400M in the tanker version for the first time. It is supposed to supply aircraft of the international coalition in the so-called Counter Daesh operation from the Jordanian Al-Asrak airbase . (Image of an air refueling demonstration by the Air Force on April 29, 2018)

The A400M of the German Air Force will be stationed at Wunstorf Air Base near Hanover at Lufttransportgeschwader 62 and at Lechfeld Air Base. The first German machine was handed over to the Air Force on December 18, 2014 and transferred to Wunstorf on December 19. The delivery of the 53 aircraft intended for the Bundeswehr is to last until 2026.

37 of the 53 German A400M are equipped for tactical missions. This includes additional self-protection and avionics equipment such as an infrared vision system, the tactical data link ( Link 16 ), an inert gas system for the aircraft tanks, ballistic protection for the crew, the self-protection equipment Defensive Aids Sub-System (DASS) with missile warning system, radar Warning receiver and defense system with chaff / flare dispensers. The sixth A400M, delivered in December 2016, is the first German machine with - still limited - tactical capabilities. For additional protection against small infrared-controlled missiles, a DIRCM system will later serve as the second stage of the DASS , which will be supplied by the Israeli arms company Elbit Systems together with Diehl Defense .

At the Wunstorf site, a multinational training center not only trains German, but also E.g. French pilots on the Airbus A400M. This includes an Airbus Defense and Space developed and Thales made flight simulator for the A400M, which was put into operation on January 8, 2015. In the first three years it was planned to use it to train 60 pilots. In addition, there is a cargo hold trainer manufactured by Rheinmetall Defense Electronics , a 1: 1 model of the cargo hold, in Wunstorf for training the cargo masters and air handling personnel . Technicians practice maintenance procedures with the Cockpit Maintenance Operations Simulator (CMOS).

When taking over the first machine, the Bundeswehr discovered a large number of defects as well as some temporary and permanent underperformance. On the first international flight as part of the operational test, at the beginning of April 2015, using the maximum take-off weight of 141 tons, water treatment systems were delivered by direct flight from Wunstorf to Dakar in Senegal , 4800 km away . In December 2015, the second and third aircraft were delivered to the Air Force. The first copy was christened “Wunstorf” in April 2016 in honor of the location of the station.

Until 2015, the Airbus A400M was intended to be the only transport aircraft in its class for the German Armed Forces after the Transall was withdrawn. In 2016, plans were announced to additionally procure a small number of Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules for use at smaller airfields, for the use of special forces and for evacuation operations and to operate them jointly with France.

On February 12, 2016, soldiers from the German MINUSMA contingent were relocated to Bamako in Mali for the first time . In April 2016, the aircraft flew to Djibouti for the first time to support the German EUNAVFOR Atalanta contingent with material and personnel. In October of the same year, a German A400M (without armoring kit, and therefore only with an exemption from the Air Force inspector ) flew directly to Gao airfield for the first time to deliver large-volume equipment for the Heron reconnaissance drone, which is used there for MINUSMA.

In addition to regular logistical transport flights to Jordan , Lithuania , Mali and Kosovo , in 2017, in addition to the British and French, two German aircraft were involved in the largest deployment of the A400M fleet to date, the evacuation and supply flights in the Caribbean after Hurricane Irma .

The Bundeswehr complains of a low level of operational readiness and quality defects in initial flight operations. Of the eight A400Ms that were available to the Air Force on average in 2017, an average of three or 38% were operational.In November 2017, it was reported that none of the 14 aircraft were ready to fly in one day. A defect that occurred on February 7, 2017 on the first official flight of Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen with an A400M became particularly well known . Due to a leaky hydraulic connection on a propeller, she had to use a Transall for the return flight from Kaunas , where she had paid a visit to the NATO Battlegroup Lithuania . In June 2018, according to the federal government, of 19 machines delivered, an average of 15 were available and eight were ready for use. At least three daily operations with German A400M were possible. Of the eight A400Ms that were newly delivered to the Bundeswehr in 2017, only four were ready for use at the time of a parliamentary question in October 2018.

After carrying out operational tests, the Air Force announced at the end of May 2018 that the A400M had been approved for air refueling with the Drogue Hose System . Both jets and fan guns can be refueled. In principle, every A400M is pre-equipped for refueling, several kits are procured. In April 2019, several Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon of the Tactical Air Force Wing 71 from Wittmund ( East Friesland ), which are deployed for the same duty VAPB in Ämari , Estonia , were refueled for the first time.

Equipped with a so-called armoring kit, which protects the transport aircraft against ballistic attacks, soldiers were flown for the first time to the Resolute Support mission to Mazar-i Sharif in northern Afghanistan on July 23, 2018 . These flights have been carried out at regular intervals since the end of July 2018.

After equipping it with the armoring kit and renovating the runway in Gao, it has been possible for the A400M to fly to Gao with passengers in regular flight operations since September 2018.

On August 1, 2018, the MedEvac role for the A400M was also reported as ready for use. An eleven-person medical team on board can care for two intensive care patients as well as two patients from the intermediate care category and two more from the low care level. A total of four such conversion kits should be available. The A400M complements the capabilities of the A310 MRTT and the Transall C160 in strategic medical evacuation. The first MedEvac missions were flown at the end of October and November 2018.

The growth of the fleet makes it possible to take on transport orders for allied armed forces as part of the EATC . On December 7th, a Puma helicopter of the French Army was brought from Villacoublay (France) to Cayenne ( French Guiana ) and a delegation to Argentina .

In June 2019, the Federal Office for Equipment, Information Technology and Use of the Bundeswehr (BAAINBw) commissioned Airbus Defense and Space to integrate the J-MUSIC Directed Infrared Counter Measure (DIRCM) system into the Defensive AIDS Sub-System (DASS) for the defense against infrared-guided missiles. to integrate and certify the German A400M. The DE DIRCM system is provided by Diehl Defense in cooperation with the Israeli company Elbit Systems .

From July 5, 2019, a German A400M tanker version was put into operation for the first time. It is supposed to supply aircraft of the international coalition in the so-called Counter Daesh operation from the Jordanian Al-Asrak airbase . Up to and including August 17, 2020, the A400M carried out 1,187 air refueling operations for coalition aircraft in 280 operational flights with 1,169 flight hours.

France

French A400M in Cayenne , French Guiana , March 2014

The Armée de l'air , the first ever user, has stationed its first A400M since August 2013 with the MEST A400M 2/338 (Multinational Entry into Service Team A400M 02/0338), which held the introductory course at the Orléans-Bricy military airfield . The French Air Force officially took over its first machine on September 30, 2013.

The training of the crews and technicians takes place together with Germany, the tactical training in Orléans , the type rating of the pilots and the training of the technicians in Wunstorf .

On December 29, 2013, the French Air Force carried out the first official flight from Orléans to Mali. Some specimens are named after cities with (also earlier) air force bases such as Cambrai , Colmar , Lyon , Metz , Orléans or Toulouse .

Due to the unsatisfactory availability of the French A400M, Airbus set up a task force with the aim of increasing operational readiness to 50% of the ten currently available machines by April 2018.

In September 2018, the Armée de l'air began using the A400M in support of Operation Barkhane from the unpaved, sometimes very short field airfields Tessalit and Ménaka (Mali) and Aguélal and Madama (Niger).

Relay teams:

• ET 1/61 "Touraine", transport squadron, at the Orléans-Bricy military airfield , reactivated since September 17, 2014

Planned:

• ET 1/64 "Béarn", transport squadron, until 2017 a Transall squadron at the military airfield Évreux-Fauville
• ET 2/64 “Anjou”, transport relay, still in Évreux-Fauville and equipped with Transall

Malaysia

Landing of Malaysia's first A400M in Kuala Lumpur, March 2015

The Royal Malaysian Air Force's four A400M Atlas are operated by the newly established 22nd Squadron at the TUDM Subang Air Force Base in Kuala Lumpur . The first flight of the Malaysian version took place on January 30, 2015 and the first delivery on March 9, 2015. The first aircraft was received at its new home base on March 15, 2015, the takeover of the last was in Seville on March 9, 2017.

Spain

Spain took delivery of its first A400M on November 17, 2016. The Ejército del Aire uses the new transporter on the Base Aérea de Zaragoza in the 31st Squadron (Ala 31) . So far, two squadrons with Lockheed C-130 Hercules have been stationed there. Due to the economic crisis , only 14 of the 27 machines ordered are to be delivered by 2022, the other 13 not until 2025. Spain equips all machines for satellite communication and procures flexible kits for self-protection and air refueling: Nine self-defense systems and armor, nine wing-mounted and three hull-supported refueling systems.

In January 2019, the Ejército del Aire flew an A400M to Bamako , Mali for the first time . The flight was in support of EUTM Mali and Operation Barkhane.

Turkey

The first flight of the Turkish version took place on August 9, 2013. The Turkish government announced in December 2013 that it did not want to accept the plane. The reasons for this remained unclear. The first copy only arrived at Kayseri Airport in Turkey on April 4, 2014 . The Türk Hava Kuvetleri operate their A400M Atlas through the local 12th Air Transport Main Operations Base Command.

United Kingdom

The ZM400 City of Bristol the RAF flies over the eponymous city

The Royal Air Force stationed all transport aircraft at RAF Brize Norton ; Since November 14, 2014, this has included the A400M, which is to equip two squadrons and a retraining unit in the long term. The first flight of the British version took place on August 30, 2014. The RAF also announced in March 2013 that it did not want to use the Atlas as a tanker and that it would not procure any conversion kits, as these capabilities would already be covered with the Voyager .

• 70th  Squadron , 1st Squadron , reassigned as A400M unit on October 1, 2014, commencement of transport service on July 23, 2015. In September 2015, a squadron aircraft moved to the United States to test the possibilities of American combat vehicles such as to transport the Stryker .
• 30th Squadron (expected from 2018), currently a Hercules unit
• 24th Squadron , retraining unit (flies the Hercules in parallel)

If necessary, the 206th Squadron uses the machines for testing. The first copy bears the name "City of Bristol " in honor of the British production site . On March 3, 2015, it delivered cargo to the RAF Akrotiri base in Cyprus on its first mission as part of the testing .

Further orders

The Belgian air force and the armed forces of Luxembourg want to form a joint binational fleet with a total of eight A400Ms. It is to be stationed at the 15th Wing Luchttransport on the Melsbroek Vliegbasis near Brussels from 2020 . Luxembourg participates with the purchase of an aircraft and with six pilots and load masters each who are trained in Belgium. The Luxembourg crews are also allowed to fly on the Belgian planes and vice versa.

In early 2017, the Indonesian government approved financing for the purchase of five Airbus A400M to modernize the country's air force. On March 29, 2017, the Indonesian company Pelita Air and Airbus signed a letter of intent for the purchase of a number of A400Ms for civil protection, which has yet to be determined. In March 2018 it was announced that the intention was to purchase two aircraft for civilian transport, which the state-owned Indonesian Trading Company (PPI) will procure and operate with the support of the Indonesian Air Force .

List of production aircraft

The list begins with the serial number MSN007 , which had its maiden flight on March 6, 2013 and was delivered to France on August 1, 2013. For the preceding serial numbers, see the list of prototypes .

Serial number	First flight	delivery	nation	License plate	Remarks
MSN007	0March 6, 2013	01 August 2013	France	F-RBAA	First series A400M.
MSN008	0June 7, 2013	0November 6, 2013	France	F-RBAB
MSN009	0August 9, 2013	0April 4, 2014	Turkey	13-0009
MSN010	23rd January 2014	July 25, 2014	France	F-RBAC
MSN011	February 24, 2014	August 13, 2014	France	F-RBAD
MSN012	May 12, 2014	0September 8, 2014	France	F-RBAE
MSN013	July 30, 2014	22nd December 2014	Turkey	13-0013
MSN014	October 10, 2014	December 12, 2014	France	F-RBAF
MSN015	August 30, 2014	17th November 2014	United Kingdom	ZM400
MSN016	23 October 2014	05th February 2016	United Kingdom	ZM401	After the installation of the self-defense system in Getafe , the aircraft was used by Airbus Defense & Space as a test vehicle.
MSN017	19th November 2014	February 27, 2015	United Kingdom	ZM402
MSN018	October 14, 2014	December 18, 2014	Germany	54 + 01
MSN019	23rd January 2015	19th June 2015	France	F-RBAG	First machine delivered to France with the ability to free-fall parachutists via the tailgate.
MSN020	March 22, 2015	0July 6, 2015	United Kingdom	ZM403
MSN021	April 10, 2015	05th February 2016	United Kingdom	ZM404
MSN022	January 30, 2015	0March 9, 2015	Malaysia	M54-01
MSN023	0May 9, 2015	-	Turkey		Crash on first flight .
MSN024	02nd July 2015	September 10, 2015	United Kingdom	ZM405
MSN025	17th July 2015	0October 2nd, 2015	United Kingdom	ZM406
MSN026	07th August 2015	May 11, 2016	United Kingdom	ZM407
MSN027	20th August 2015	December 12, 2016	United Kingdom	ZM408
MSN028	0September 9, 2015	November 25, 2015	Turkey	14-0028
MSN029	0October 2nd, 2015	December 18, 2015	Germany	54 + 02
MSN030	October 14, 2015	02nd December 2015	Germany	54 + 03
MSN031	November 16, 2015	December 22, 2015	France	F-RBAH	First French aircraft with an EVS (enhanced vision system) .
MSN032	19th November 2015	23rd December 2015	Malaysia	M54-02
MSN033	04th February 2016	June 10, 2016	France	F-RBAI
MSN034	January 25, 2016	16th September 2016	United Kingdom	ZM409
MSN035	15th February 2016	July 14, 2016	Germany	54 + 04
MSN036	unknown	June 11, 2016	Malaysia	M54-03
MSN037	May 18, 2016	July 27, 2016	France	F-RBAJ
MSN038	0May 9, 2016	July 22, 2016	United Kingdom	ZM410
MSN039	26th August 2016	October 28, 2016	United Kingdom	ZM411
MSN040	July 14, 2016	0September 9, 2016	Germany	54 + 05
MSN041	September 30, 2016	December 21, 2016	Germany	54 + 06
MSN042	October 31, 2016	March 16, 2017	United Kingdom	ZM412
MSN043	unknown	December 12, 2016	Germany	54 + 07	First German aircraft with tactical skills and the self-protection system DASS (Defensive Aids Sub-System) .
MSN044	05th September 2016	17th November 2016	Spain	T.23-01
MSN045		February 10, 2017	United Kingdom	ZM413
MSN046	October 26, 2016	January 31, 2017	Germany	54 + 08
MSN047		17th March 2017	United Kingdom	ZM414
MSN048		June 30, 2017	Germany	54 + 10
MSN049		May 31, 2017	Germany	54 + 09
MSN050		March 12, 2017	Malaysia	M54-04
MSN051	01st February 2017	0April 7, 2017	Turkey	15-0051
MSN052		June 14, 2017	United Kingdom	ZM415
MSN053		0January 3, 2017	France	F-RBAK
MSN054		27th September 2017	Germany	54 + 11
MSN055		July 14, 2017	Turkey	16-0055
MSN056	0February 6, 2018		United Kingdom	ZM416
MSN057		11th August 2017	Germany	54 + 12
MSN058		17th October 2017	United Kingdom	ZM416
MSN059		29th September 2017	Germany	54 + 13
MSN060		19th October 2017	United Kingdom	ZM417
MSN061		17th November 2017	Germany	54 + 14
MSN062		01st December 2017	France	F-RBAL
MSN063		07th December 2017	Germany	54 + 15
MSN064		January 12, 2018	Germany	54 + 16
MSN065		19th December 2017	France	F-RBAM
MSN067		0March 7, 2018	Germany	54 + 17
MSN069		March 22, 2018	Germany	54 + 18
MSN070	19th October 2017	22nd December 2017	Spain	TK.23-02
MSN071		15th May 2018	Germany	54 + 19
MSN072	January 30, 2018	04th May 2018	United Kingdom	ZM418
MSN073	January 30, 2018	20th March 2018	France	F-RBAN
MSN074	March 27, 2018	September 27, 2018	Germany	54 + 20
MSN076	April 27, 2018	September 27, 2018	Spain	TK.23-03
MSN077	April 13, 2018	June 28, 2018	United Kingdom	ZM419
MSN078	April 25, 2018	June 21, 2018	Turkey
MSN079		August 9, 2018	Germany	54 + 21
MSN080	June 29, 2018	17th October 2018	Turkey	17-0080
MSN081	0June 6, 2018	December 13, 2018	Germany	54 + 22
MSN082	18th September 2018	January 10, 2019	Spain	T.23-04
MSN083	0August 6, 2018	0December 6, 2018	Germany	54 + 23
MSN084	15th October 2018	January 24, 2019	Germany	54 + 24
MSN085	0October 2, 2018	December 21, 2018	Germany	54 + 25
MSN086	November 21, 2018	03rd May 2019	Germany	54 + 26
MSN087	0November 9, 2018	0March 7, 2019	Germany	54 + 27
MSN088	January 23, 2019	April 30, 2019	Germany	54 + 28
MSN089		April 26, 2019	France	F-RBAO
MSN090	February 21, 2019	23 May 2019	Germany	54 + 29
MSN091	March 11, 2019	June 27, 2019	Germany	54 + 30
MSN092	April 16, 2019	0August 8, 2019	Germany	54 + 31
MSN093		20th June 2019	Turkey	17-0095
MSN094	June 10, 2019	07th August 2019	Turkey	17-0096
MSN095		04th December 2019	France	F-RBAP
MSN096	18th September 2019	January 16, 2020	Germany	54 + 32
MSN097	0June 6, 2019	August 2019	Spain	T .23-05
MSN098	11th July 2019	October 30, 2019	Spain	T .23-06
MSN099	October 11, 2019	January 10, 2020	Spain	T .23-7
MSN100	October 11, 2019		Germany	54 + 33
MSN101	02nd December 2019	March 12, 2020	Spain	T.23-08
MSN102	January 16, 2020	April 24, 2020	France	F-RBAQ
MSN103		June 22, 2020	Germany	54 + 34
MSN104	April 13, 2020		Luxembourg	CT-01
MSN106			Belgium	CT-02
MSN107			Germany
MSN108			Spain
MSN109			Belgium	CT-03
If known, the date of delivery to the customer in Seville is given as the delivery date, otherwise that of the transfer to the home base.

Incidents

→ Main article : A400M crash near Seville

On May 9, 2015, the A400M with the serial number MSN023 intended for the Turkish Air Force crashed on its first test flight in Spain. Four crew members were killed and two others seriously injured.

The technical investigation report handed over to the Spanish judiciary in September 2017 confirmed a bug in the engine software that had become known early after the accident as the cause of the accident, without naming a person directly responsible.

Technical specifications

Simplified model of the main landing gear

Airbus A400M, silhouettes

Parameter	Data
crew	two pilots, one cargo master
length	45.10 m
span	42.36 m
Wing area	221.50 m²
Wing extension	8.12
Wing loading	minimum (empty weight): 355 kg / m² maximum (max. starting weight): 637 kg / m²
height	14.70 m
Cargo space dimensions	Length: 17.71 m Width: 4.00 m Height: 3.85 m (4.00 m behind the wings)
Cargo hold volume	340 m³
Empty mass	078,600 kg
Max. Landing mass	122,000 kg
Max. Takeoff mass	141,000 kg
Max. payload	037,000 kg (31,500 kg for individual freight, e.g. armored vehicles)
Max. Fuel supply	50.5 t
Top speed	approx. 750 km / h at an altitude of 10,000 m 555 km / h at sea level
Service ceiling	12,300 m for special operations 11,275 m normal
Range	3300 km (with max.payload) 4535 km (with 30 t payload) 6390 km (with 20 t payload) 8700 km ( transfer range )
minimum required runway length	0625 m
minimum required runway length	0940 m (1690 m at MTOW 141 t and start according to civil rules)
Engines	4 × EPI TP400 -D6- turboprop engines with 8,250 kW each

Trivia

• In the film Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation , an A400M was used for a stunt scene in which Tom Cruise boarded the plane during the take-off process.
• In the film The Jerico Project with Kevin Costner in the leading role, the A400M was explicitly mentioned and shown in two scenes (departure Dover Air Force Base ).

See also

• List of military transport aircraft

literature

• Katia Vlachos-Dengler: Carry That Weight . Improving European Strategic Airlift Capabilities. Ed .: RAND Corporation . Santa Monica 2007 (English, rand.org - dissertation).

Web links

Commons : Airbus A400M  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

• A400M at Airbus Defense & Space (English)
• Sectional drawing of the Airbus A400M (PDF; 1.7 MB; description in English). ( Memento from September 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

Remarks

1. ↑ The claim that was made in a DPA report from February 27, 2018 , that on average only three out of 15 German A400Ms were ready for use in 2017 is false . The increase from 8 to 15 machines mainly took place in the second half of 2017, the average total stock over the year was thus well below 15 machines. See the graphic in the report on the material readiness of the main weapon systems of the Bundeswehr 2017 , p. 86, or the delivery data .
2. ↑ The delivery data come mainly from non-official sources and can relate to the formal handover or the transfer flight. They are therefore of limited informative value.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Airbus delivers the first A400M transport aircraft to France. In: airliners.de. German Press Agency , August 1, 2013, accessed on February 7, 2015 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b} Krischan Förster: Bremen's flying grizzly. In: weser-kurier.de. Bremer Tageszeitungen AG , November 27, 2010, accessed on February 15, 2011 . 
3. ↑ Craig Hoyle: RIAT: A400M reborn as 'Atlas'. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, July 6, 2012, accessed on July 10, 2012 : "Airbus Military's A400M transport has been formally named the Atlas by its European customer nations, during a rain-affected ceremony at the Royal International Air Tattoo ( RIAT). "  
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} A400M - Delivery to the point of need. (No longer available online.) In: airbusdefenceandspace.com. Airbus Defense and Space, archived from the original on April 17, 2017 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
5. ↑ A400M takes off for the first time in Seville. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, December 11, 2009, accessed February 15, 2012 . 
6. ↑ How the Airbus A400M should become a success story after all. January 2, 2019, archived from the original on August 22, 2019 ; accessed on August 22, 2019 . 
7. ↑ Breakdown project: Airbus delivers first A400M. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online , August 3, 2013, accessed August 2, 2013 . 
8. ^ The Aviationist: Airbus A400M tactical airlifter makes combat debut in Mali. January 2, 2014, accessed January 13, 2014 . 
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10. ↑ ^{a b c d} Spain takes delivery of its first A400M. In: Flight Revue . November 17, 2016, accessed November 17, 2016 . 
11. ↑ Thomas Wiegold : The 50th (delivered) A400M goes to the Bundeswehr. In: eyes straight ahead! September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017 . 
12. ↑ ^{a b c d} Armaments Report March 2018. (PDF; 4 MB) Federal Ministry of Defense, March 19, 2018, pp. 119–121 , accessed on March 22, 2018 . 
13. ↑ ^{a b} Exclusive: Europe's A400M army plane may see some features axed. Reuters, February 12, 2018, accessed February 13, 2018 . 
14. ↑ Cristina Martín: Airbus vuela con turbulencias: buenas cifras, pero pone fin al A380 y las provisiones del A400M ya ascienden a más de 8,800 million. In: hispanidad.com. February 14, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 (Spanish). 
15. ↑ ^{a b} Klaus Wieland (Airbus Germany): The future transporter for the European Air Forces (PDF) November 29, 2001, pp. 20–23 (lecture at the HAW Hamburg)
16. ↑ Airbus A400M - operational tasks. Federal Office for Equipment, Information Technology and Use of the Bundeswehr , accessed on July 31, 2015.
17. ^ R. Hewson: The Vital Guide to Military Aircraft. 2nd Edition. Airlife Press, 2001.
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21. ↑ AMC rebuffs An-70 as the basis of Future Large Aircraft project. In: Flight International. May 27, 1998, accessed February 22, 2017 . 
22. ^ Julian Moxon: Airbus Military gets ready in time for FLA decision day. In: flightglobal.com. Flight International, January 27, 1999, accessed July 13, 2015 .  
23. ↑ Constanze Stelzenmueller: The Luftikus. In: The time. June 21, 2001. Retrieved April 10, 2017 . 
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25. ↑ Lifted off. In: Time No. 23/2000. May 31, 2000, accessed April 29, 2018 . 
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27. ↑ 75th Franco-German Summit in Mainz - Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council (June 9, 2000). ( Memento of April 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Federal Foreign Office , German-French website.
28. ↑ 75th Franco-German Summit in Mainz - Joint press conference by President Jacques Chirac, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin and Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in Mainz (June 9, 2000). ( Memento of April 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Federal Foreign Office, German-French website.
29. ↑ Germany buys military aircraft for 8.3 billion euros. In: faz.net. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 21, 2003, accessed on July 13, 2015 .  
30. ↑ A400M - The MSN001 test aircraft - rollout in Seville. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue , June 27, 2008, accessed November 24, 2012 . 
31. ↑ Military transporters cost Airbus dearly. Reuters Germany, April 22, 2008, accessed on February 15, 2012 : “The internal costs have increased by 1.4 billion euros, said Carlos Suarez, who is responsible for the Airbus military division, in Seville on Tuesday. However, he did not want to quantify the total cost of the development program. Suarez also admitted that Airbus still had problems with the engines. " 
32. ↑ Airbus A400M first flight in the second half of 2009. In: aero.de. November 24, 2008, accessed on February 15, 2012 : “Airbus plans the first flight of the A400M military transporter in the second half of 2009.“ It is unlikely that we will make the maiden flight before then, ”said Airbus program manager Tom Williams on Monday in a statement. […] The first A400M should go to the French armed forces in October 2009. This date has already been postponed by six months - with the risk of a delay of another six months. The Bundeswehr has to wait until 2011 for the first of the 60 A400Ms it has ordered. Airbus stopped manufacturing the military transporter earlier this month. " 
33. ↑ Gerhard Hegmann: Series of breakdowns in military transporters - A400M technology overwhelms Airbus. In: ftd.de. Financial Times Deutschland , January 12, 2009, archived from the original on July 30, 2012 ; accessed on June 2, 2016 . 
34. ↑ MTU conjures peace for the A400M designers. In: Welt-Online. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
35. ↑ Hasnain Kazim, Anne Seith: Expensive transport aircraft: Airbus project A400M is on the brink. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online, February 3, 2009, accessed June 2, 2016 . 
36. ↑ Jens Flottau: Mission impossible. In: sueddeutsche.de. Süddeutsche Zeitung , May 17, 2010, accessed on May 31, 2016 . 
37. ↑ Sascha Lange: The Airbus A400M about to end? (PDF; 62 kB) Effects and ways out for the air transport capability of the Bundeswehr. In: swp-berlin.org. Science and Politics Foundation, accessed on May 31, 2016 (SWP Aktuell 7). 
38. ↑ Jens Flottau: The breakdown Airbus. (No longer available online.) In: sueddeutsche.de. Süddeutsche Zeitung , May 17, 2010, archived from the original on December 2, 2009 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 . 
39. ↑ Posse around A400M - Airbus gives European governments an ultimatum. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online, January 5, 2010, accessed June 2, 2016 . 
40. ↑ A400M - incorrectly calculated. In: ftd.de. Financial Times Deutschland , January 4, 2010, archived from the original on January 16, 2010 ; accessed on June 3, 2016 . 
41. ↑ Airbus boss plans to stop the A400M. In: ftd.de. Financial Times Deutschland , January 4, 2010, archived from the original on March 23, 2010 ; accessed on June 3, 2016 . 
42. ↑ Jens Flottau: After a long dispute - breakthrough for the military transporter A400M. In: sueddeutsche.de. Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 5, 2010, accessed on May 31, 2016 . 
43. ↑ Financing for the A400M is in place. Die Zeit, November 5, 2010, accessed on February 7, 2015 . 
44. ^ French Air Force's First A400M Begins Final Assembly. Air Forces Monthly, February 2012, p. 11.
45. ^ First A400M for the French Air Force takes shape in Seville. (No longer available online.) Airbus Military Press Center, February 14, 2012, archived from the original on February 19, 2012 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
46. ↑ Matthias Gebauer: Armaments project A400M: Airbus recalls military aircraft because of cracks. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online, March 13, 2016, accessed June 2, 2016 . 
47. ↑ Matthias Gebauer: Engine problems with the A400M: Bundeswehr plans for an emergency. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online, May 12, 2016, accessed June 2, 2016 . 
48. ↑ ^{a b} Craig Hoyle: A400M thrusting forward. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd , December 11, 2009, accessed June 2, 2016 . 
49. ↑ A400M has achieved over 10,000 hours of flight testing. In: Aerobuzz.de. November 8, 2018, accessed November 12, 2018 . 
50. ↑ A400M: Pilots did not tell about problems on the first flight. In: Spiegel Online. January 24, 2010, accessed June 2, 2016 . 
51. ↑ Financial Times Deutschland: A400M pilots withhold problems ( memento from January 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed January 25, 2010.
52. ↑ cf. the presentation by Airbus Marketing Manager Damien Allard in a video for the Indian specialist portal StratPost , published on September 15, 2015.
53. ↑ Chris Pocock: A400M Makes Progress Toward Full Promised Performance. In: AINonline. October 20, 2016, accessed January 19, 2017 . 
54. ↑ A400M ends attempts on unprepared slope in Ablitas. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, September 4, 2013, accessed June 28, 2015 . 
55. ↑ Manufacturer's video for the tests on the unprepared runway. (No longer available online.) In: airforce-technology.com. Airbus Military, archived from the original on June 30, 2015 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 . 
56. ↑ L'Airbus A400M sur le terrain en herbe d'Ecury-sur-Coole. The Airbus A400M on the grass runway at Ecury-sur-Coole. In: France 3 Champagne-Ardenne. France Télévisions, September 11, 2015, accessed November 16, 2015 (French, with videos). 
57. ↑ ^{a b} Nicole Nocon: Superstar of the air ends up in the Lausitz. (No longer available online.) In: lr-online.de. Lausitzer Rundschau , May 23, 2012, archived from the original on May 25, 2012 ; accessed on May 23, 2012 : "In the next few days, Airbus Military will put its A400M military transporter to the test in Drewitz." 
58. ↑ Finished A400M tests in Brandenburg. (No longer available online.) In: Airliners.de. May 24, 2012, archived from the original on May 27, 2012 ; Retrieved May 24, 2012 . 
59. ↑ Airbus cancels tests of the A400M in Drewitz. (No longer available online.) In: lr-online.de. Lausitzer Rundschau, May 23, 2012, archived from the original on May 25, 2012 ; Retrieved May 24, 2012 . 
60. ↑ Beth Stevenson: Video: A400M carries out sand strip landing tests. In: Flightglobal. August 24, 2016, accessed August 25, 2016 . 
61. ↑ L'A400M se pose à Madama. In: defense.gouv.fr. Ministère de la Défense, September 13, 2016, accessed September 30, 2016 (French). 
62. ↑ Le 25e régiment du génie de l'air prépare le terrain pour l'A400M Atlas. In: defense.gouv.fr. Ministère de la Défense, October 4, 2016, accessed October 5, 2016 (French). 
63. ↑ Tom Demerly: Airbus A400M Atlas Tactical Transport Completes Beach Landing Trials. In: The Aviationist. June 23, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2018 . 
64. ↑ Craig Hoyle: A400M refueled in flight for first time. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, December 5, 2013, accessed on May 31, 2016 : "An Airbus Military A400M has received fuel in-flight for the first time, with one of the program's three development aircraft having achieved the milestone behind a French air force Dassault-Breguet C160 Transall. [...] This follows an extensive rewriting process, which was initiated following early trials performed behind a Vickers VC10 tanker in 2010 " 
65. ↑ Beth Stevenson: A400M undergoes tanker test campaign. In: Flightglobal.com. August 28, 2014, accessed on September 1, 2014 (English): “The A400M performed 33 dry contacts over five flights. The transport also transferred 18.6t of fuel to a Hornet during 35 wet contacts, Airbus adds. " 
66. ↑ Craig Hoyle: Airbus advances A400M tanker testing. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, February 18, 2015, accessed on February 18, 2015 : “'In the course of four flights, the A400M performed 74 contacts and dispensed 27.2t of fuel' to two Spanish air force Boeing F / A -18As, Airbus says. The activity was conducted at altitudes between 20,000ft and 33,000ft, and at air speeds ranging from 180kt (333 km / h) to 300kt, it adds. " 
67. ↑ Jens Flottau, Amy Svitak: Enders: Digital Transformation Is Next Big Airbus Group Project. In: aviationweek.com. Aviation Week, June 9, 2015, accessed on June 27, 2015 (English): “The French are the only ones who have a requirement for helicopter refueling. We have not solved it, and I'm not sure we're going to. There are certain physical boundaries, for instance if your rotors come too close to the structure, or if your hoses are too long they become unstable. " 
68. ↑ L'A 400M ne ravitaillera pas les hélicoptères en vol. In: usinenouvelle.com. L'Usine Nouvelle, February 19, 2015, accessed June 27, 2015 (French). 
69. ↑ ^{a b c} Chris Pocock: Airbus Proves More A400M Capabilities, and Eyes Exports. In: ainonline.com. AINonline, November 2, 2015, accessed on November 16, 2015 .  
70. ^ Julien Bonnet: Après le crash de l'A400M, l'armée française étudie l'acquisition de C130 américains. In: usinenouvelle.com. L'Usine Nouvelle, May 21, 2015, accessed June 27, 2015 (French). 
71. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: New A400M problem: No air refueling of helicopters? In: augengeradeaus.net. April 3, 2015, accessed June 27, 2015 . 
72. ↑ Pierre Tran: Airbus Targets Helo Refueling, Paratrooper Airdrops for A400M. In: defensenews.com. Defense News, November 2, 2015, accessed November 16, 2015 .  
73. ↑ French aerospace laboratory details A400M refueling tests. July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016 . 
74. ↑ A400M tests cargo hold tanks. February 21, 2019, accessed August 22, 2019 . 
75. ↑ A400M has completed flight tests with cargo hold tanks. March 1, 2019, accessed August 22, 2019 . 
76. ↑ A400M Flight Test Prototypes. Airliners.net Forum, January 4, 2010, accessed January 26, 2012.
77. ↑ First A400M prototype retires. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, November 27, 2013, accessed June 29, 2015 . 
78. ↑ Airbus A400M Atlas. In: http://musee-aeroscopia.fr/ . Musée Aeroscopia, accessed on June 29, 2015 . 
79. ↑ L'A400M entre au musée Aéroscopia. In: France 3 Midi-Pyrénées. July 16, 2015, accessed July 16, 2015 (French). 
80. ↑ Craig Hoyle: Second A400M takes off. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, April 9, 2010, accessed December 4, 2015 . 
81. ^ ^{A b} Karl Schwarz: Civil approval in sight - A400M test program is in full swing. In: FlugRevue. January 2012, p. 54 ff.
82. ↑ Cold testing in Hamburg. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, December 1, 2010, accessed May 31, 2016 . 
83. ↑ Fifth A400M Flown . In: Air International . Key Publishing, February 2012, ISSN  0306-5634 , p. 9 (English).
84. ↑ Fifth A400M takes off for maiden flight. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue , December 20, 2011, accessed December 21, 2011.
85. ^ Jean-Michel Guhl: Airbus Military begins final assembly of the first production A400M for France ( Memento from December 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Latinaero.com, November 23, 2011.
86. ↑ ZM421 Royal Air Force Airbus A400. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved December 22, 2018 . 
87. ↑ ^{a b} David Donald: Airbus Gears Up To Deliver RAF's First A400M. AIN online, July 11, 2014, accessed July 16, 2014 .  
88. ^ The A400M achieves first military standard acceptance through Initial Operating Clearance (IOC). (No longer available online.) In: occar.int. July 31, 2013, archived from the original on February 7, 2015 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
89. ↑ Airbus Military A400M Receives Initial Operating Clearance (IOC). (No longer available online.) In: pressrelations.de. EADS Space Transportation, archived from the original on May 12, 2014 ; Retrieved July 31, 2013 . 
90. ↑ Christian Schmidt: Timely delivery of the Airbus A400M to the German Air Force. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: tobias-lindner.de. December 9, 2013, archived from the original ; accessed on May 29, 2019 . 
91. ↑ Chris Pocock: Progress Reported On Latest A400M Problems. In: ainonline.com. AINonline, June 22, 2016, accessed June 24, 2016 . 
92. ↑ Information and answers to the SPIEGEL inquiry of July 18, 2013 on the A400M project. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: bmvg.de. Federal Ministry of Defense, July 19, 2013, archived from the original on December 19, 2014 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 .  
93. ↑ A400M receives limited civil registration. In: Aero.de. May 9, 2012, Retrieved May 10, 2012 . 
94. ↑ Type certification of the A400M - EASA-TCDS-A.169. (PDF; 259 kB; Version 6) In: easa.europa.eu. December 17, 2015, accessed January 12, 2016 . 
95. ↑ Airbus Military A400M receives full civil type certification from EASA. (No longer available online.) AIRBUS press release, archived from the original on May 1, 2013 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
96. ↑ ^{a b} Answer to a Spiegel inquiry from July 18, 2013 on the A400M project. (PDF; 103 kB) In: bundeswehr-journal.de. Federal Ministry of Defense, June 19, 2013, accessed on May 14, 2016 . 
97. ↑ cf. Type certification of the A400M - EASA-TCDS-A.169, Version 6 of December 17, 2015, p. 13.
98. ↑ Christian Dewitz: Airplane with a wing - The Airbus A400M. bundeswehr-journal , August 4, 2013, accessed on December 13, 2013 .  
99. ↑ Fred George: Pilot Report Proves A400M's Capabilities. Aviation Week flies Europe's A400M, which offers strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. In: aviationweek.com. Aviation Week & Space Technology, June 10, 2013, accessed July 12, 2015 .  
100. ↑ ^{a b} A400M (Future Large Aircraft) military transport aircraft. In: airforce-technology.com. Retrieved August 16, 2014 .  
101. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Mike Gerzanics: A400M flight test. As Airbus Military prepares to deliver its first production example to the French air force, Flightglobal puts Europe's new airlift and refueling asset through its paces. In: flightglobal.com. Flight International, June 2013, accessed July 12, 2015 .  
102. ↑ TP400-D6 Turboprop - A European Collaboration Program. Royal Aeronautical Society Lecture, Hamburg, September 19, 2006 (PDF; 2 MB).
103. ↑ Daniel Reckzeh: Aerodynamic design of the A400M high-lift system. (PDF, 400 kB) 26th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, 2008, accessed on August 25, 2016 (English). 
104. ^ ^{A b} Jean-Pierre Masseret, Jacques Gautier: L'Airbus militaire A400m on the "chemin critique" de l'Europe de la defense. 3. L'avion. In: senat.fr. French Senate , 2009, accessed on 12 July 2015 (French, report of the French Senate Commission on the A400M, 2008/2009).  
105. ↑ Willy JG Bräunling: Aircraft engines: Fundamentals, aero-thermodynamics, ideal and real cycle processes, thermal turbo machines, components, emissions and systems. 4th edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-642-34538-8 , p. 602.
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108. ↑ Dan Coulom: Hamilton Sundstrand supports Airbus A400M certification. In: bizjournals.com. The Business Journals, July 9, 2012, accessed August 16, 2014 .  
109. ^ Karl Schwarz: Buoyancy for A400M. In: FlugRevue. January 2011, p. 52. "A fold-out wind deflector [...] ensures a good flow when dropping parachutists down."
110. ↑ ^{a b} inlet of the A400M transport aircraft. (PDF) Response of the Federal Government to the Minor Question from Members Elke Hoff, Birgit Homburger, Dr. Rainer Stinner, another member of the parliament and the FDP parliamentary group - printed matter 16/3405. In: bundestag.de. German Bundestag, November 29, 2006, p. 3 , accessed on July 31, 2015 .  
111. ↑ ^{a b} Problems with the A400M and their consequences for the Bundeswehr. (PDF) In: bundestag.de. German Bundestag, January 8, 2008, p. 5 , accessed on November 13, 2014 .  
112. ↑ Airbus A400m. In: luftwaffe.de. Air Force, accessed April 15, 2017 . 
113. ↑ ^{a b} University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Theo Liebig, A400M program manager, November 3, 2005, (PDF; 7.1 MB).
114. ↑ Chris Pocock: Airbus A400's mercy role could be its best. In: AINonline. February 17, 2008, accessed September 5, 2016 . 
115. ↑ ^{a b} Craig Hoyle: South Africa signs for A400M transports. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd , May 3, 2005, accessed September 5, 2016 . 
116. ^ Alberto Gutierrez: Industrial aspects and Global Supply Chain of the A400M Program. (PDF; 3.2 MB) Airbus Military , May 23, 2013, accessed on June 2, 2016 (English). 
117. ^ Jean-Pierre Masseret, Jacques Gautier: L'Airbus militaire A400m on the "chemin critique" de l'Europe de la Defense. F. La Répartition du travail. In: senat.fr. French Senate, 2009, accessed on 12 July 2015 (French, report of the French Senate Commission on the A400M, 2008/2009).  
118. ↑ First delivery of the A400M with technology from Liebherr-Aerospace. August 9, 2013, accessed October 19, 2016 . 
119. ↑ Current Customers / Airbus. Denel Aerostructures, accessed June 27, 2015 . 
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122. ↑ Pierre Tran: Airbus cutting 3,700 jobs across Europe, slashing A400M aircraft production. In: DefenseNews. March 7, 2018, accessed March 8, 2018 . 
123. ↑ ^{a b} South Africa is the first country to cancel the A400M military transporter. In: reuters.com. Reuters , accessed November 5, 2009 . 
124. ↑ Airbus is considering additional provisions for A400M program. In: Handelsblatt. February 7, 2018, accessed February 8, 2018 . 
125. ↑ Bund does not get rid of 13 transport machines. In: Handelsblatt. March 17, 2017, accessed February 8, 2018 . 
126. ↑ Projet de loi de programmation militaire 2019–2025. (PDF; 1 MB) Le rapport annexé. Ministère des Armées, p. 42 , accessed on February 17, 2018 (French). 
127. ^ ^{A b c} Tony Osborne: Spain Postponing Nearly Half Of A400M Orders. In: aviationweek.com. Aviation Week, December 1, 2015, accessed December 3, 2015 . 
128. ↑ London cancels aircraft from A400M order. In: aero.de. Retrieved March 30, 2010 . 
129. ↑ Airbus A400M Atlas. In: mil.be. La Défense, accessed December 24, 2018 (French). 
130. ↑ Airbus delivery is postponed to 2020. In: Tageblatt.lu. March 9, 2018, accessed March 9, 2018 . 
131. ↑ ^{a b} Hani Shamira Sharudin: RMAF receives second A400M aircraft. In: New Straits Times Online. January 13, 2016, accessed November 18, 2016 . 
132. ↑ RMAF to receive fourth Airbus early next year. In: Astro Awani. September 28, 2016, accessed November 18, 2016 . 
133. ↑ A400M Orders & deliveries. (PDF; 312 kB) Accessed October 22, 2019 (English). 
134. ↑ Ulrich Rapreger: A400M plans of the Bundeswehr. European Security & Technology, July 25, 2019, accessed February 29, 2020 . 
135. ↑ Transport plane A400M take off on the Lechfeld
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138. ↑ First Air Force A400M has landed. In: haz.de. Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung , December 19, 2014, accessed on May 31, 2016 . 
139. ↑ ^{a b} Armaments Report December 2018 (PDF; 4 MB) Federal Ministry of Defense, December 2018, pp. 99-101 , accessed on December 30, 2018 . 
140. ↑ ^{a b} A400M Fleet - Tactical Skill Growth. Luftwaffe, December 15, 2016, accessed December 18, 2016 . 
141. ↑ Germany receives first A400M for tactical missions . Flugrevue.de of December 12, 2016.
142. ↑ Gerhard Hegmann: A400M gets a laser defense system from Israel. In: welt.de. Die Welt , November 17, 2014, accessed July 31, 2015.
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145. ↑ A400M simulator in operation. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, February 9, 2015, accessed December 4, 2015 . 
146. ↑ Dirk Kurbjuweit, Gordon Repinski, Gerald Traufetter: Too fat to fly . In: Der Spiegel . No. 5 , January 24, 2015, ISSN  0038-7452 , p. 16-23 ( online ).
147. ^ Gerhard Hegemann: Military transporter A400M apparently has 161 defects. In: welt.de. Die Welt , January 28, 2015, accessed December 4, 2015 . 
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149. ↑ To Africa and back - with the A400M to Dakar. In: luftwaffe.de. Air Force Press and Information Center, April 9, 2015, accessed June 27, 2015 . 
150. ↑ Thomas Erken: The name Wunstorf flies around the world. In: luftwaffe.de. Air Force Press and Information Center, April 21, 2016, accessed June 3, 2016 . 
151. ↑ Federal Ministry of Defense: Military Aviation Strategy 2016 , p. 28 ( PDF; 3.21 MB ).
152. ^ Ag: Supplement to the A400M: Germany and France want to run Hercules together: eyes straight ahead. In: augengeradeaus.net. Retrieved October 4, 2016 . 
153. ↑ A400M flies soldiers to Mali. In: luftwaffe.de. Retrieved July 19, 2017 . 
154. ↑ Mali: A400M brings large equipment to Gao. In: bundeswehr.de. Retrieved July 19, 2017 . 
155. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: Material situation of the Bundeswehr: More exercises, more stress - less ready for action. In: augengeradeaus.net. February 26, 2018, accessed May 4, 2018 . 
156. ^ Report on the operational readiness of the main weapon systems of the Bundeswehr 2017. (PDF) Federal Ministry of Defense, February 26, 2018, p. 86 f. , accessed May 4, 2018 . 
157. ↑ Bundeswehr A400M stay on the ground. In: ntv.de. November 28, 2017, accessed May 4, 2018 . 
158. ↑ Andrea Shalal: German air force blames hydraulic leak for Airbus A400M breakdown. Reuters, February 16, 2017, accessed May 4, 2018 . 
159. ↑ Von der Leyen broke down with a breakdown plane. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online , February 7, 2017, accessed February 11, 2017 . 
160. ↑ Drucksache 19/3609 - The Federal Government's answer to the minor question from MPs Sevim Dağdelen, Christine Buchholz, Heike Hänsel, other MPs and the Die Linke parliamentary group. - Printed matter 19/2921 - Problems with military orders: Airbus A400M. German Bundestag, July 30, 2018, accessed on August 23, 2018 . 
161. ↑ Bundeswehr: Only every third new tank is ready for use. In: Zeit Online . October 21, 2018, accessed October 31, 2018 . 
162. ↑ Last operational test passed - A400M can refuel jets. In: http://www.luftwaffe.de . PIZ Luftwaffe, May 25, 2018, accessed August 4, 2018 . 
163. ↑ Fourfold premiere in the airspace over Estonia. In: https://www.luftwaffe.de . PIZ Air Force, April 1, 2019, accessed April 27, 2019 . 
164. ↑ A milestone in protected air transport. In: http://www.luftwaffe.de . PIZ Luftwaffe, July 23, 2018, accessed August 4, 2018 . 
165. ↑ A400M flies regularly in use. In: http://www.luftwaffe.de . PIZ Deutsche Luftwaffe, December 6, 2018, accessed on December 15, 2018 . 
166. ↑ Upgrading: Runway in Mali inaugurated. In: https://www.bmvg.de . Press and Information Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense, September 4, 2018, accessed on December 5, 2018 . 
167. ↑ Direct flight of the A400M to Gao. (No longer available online.) In: https://www.bmvg.de . Press and information staff of the Federal Ministry of Defense, December 5, 2018, archived from the original on December 6, 2018 ; accessed on December 5, 2018 . 
168. ↑ A400M as a flying intensive care unit. In: https://www.bmvg.de . PIZ Luftwaffe, August 1, 2018, accessed August 1, 2018 . 
169. ↑ Why a German A400M transports a French PUMA Helicopter… In: https://eatc-mil.com . PAO EATC, December 21, 2018, accessed December 11, 2018 . 
170. ↑ Airbus awarded contract to integrate and certify the DIRCM System for the German Air Force A400M. In: https://www.airbus.com . Airbus Defense and Space, June 19, 2019, accessed June 29, 2019 . 
171. ↑ Use against IS: A400M flies to Jordan. In: https://www.ndr.de . July 5, 2019, accessed July 7, 2019 . 
172. ↑ Increase in skills in the Air Force - first A400M tanker contingent relocated to use. In: https://www.presseportal.de . PIZ Luftwaffe, May 7, 2019, accessed July 7, 2019 . 
173. ^ Jürgen KG Rosenthal: Airbus A400M "ATLAS" in service for the Armée de l'Air. (No longer available online.) Hardthoehenkurier, April 14, 2014, p. 40 , archived from the original on May 12, 2014 ; accessed on May 9, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
174. ↑ Touraine is back. (No longer available online.) In: eatc-mil.com. EATC, September 19, 2014; archived from the original on September 24, 2014 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
175. ^ Christian Schubert: First Airbus transporter goes to France. In: faz.net. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , September 30, 2013, accessed on September 30, 2013 . 
176. ↑ Anthony Osborne: Germany, France To Embark On Joint A400M Training. In: aviationweek.com. October 1, 2013, accessed September 19, 2014 . 
177. ↑ Craig Hoyle: French Mali mission gives A400M operational debut. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, January 6, 2014, accessed on January 6, 2014 (English): "Performed from Orléans air base on December 29, 2013, with the service's second of an eventual 50 A400Ms, the 6h 40min sortie also involved taking French defense minister Jean-Yves Le Drian to the African state, as part of a tour also involving him visiting Chad and Niger. " 
178. ↑ Helen Chachaty: Objectif disponibilité pour les français A400M. In: Le Journal de l'Aviation. March 12, 2018, accessed on May 4, 2018 (Another three machines were being retrofitted.). 
179. ↑ L'A400M POURSUIT SES EXPÉRIMENTATIONS SUR TERRAIN SOMMAIRE AU SAHEL. In: http://www.defens-aero.com . November 13, 2018, accessed May 2, 2019 (French). 
180. ↑ ET 1/61 Touraine set up again with A400M. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, September 18, 2014, accessed September 19, 2014 . 
181. ↑ Craig Hoyle: Malaysia's first A400M gets airborne. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, February 3, 2015, accessed on February 3, 2015 (English): “Malaysia's first A400M tactical transport has made its flight debut, with the Airbus Defense & Space type having completed a 90min sortie from Seville, Spain, on 30 January. " 
182. ↑ La Malaisie réceptionne son dernier A400M ( French ) March 13, 2017. Accessed March 13, 2017.
183. ↑ ^{a b} Airbus Defense and Space: Turkey accepts its first A400M. defense.gouv.fr, April 5, 2014, accessed August 14, 2014 .  
184. ^ First Turkish A400M Going Through Acceptance Tests. In: flightglobal.com. Retrieved April 7, 2014 . 
185. ↑ ^{a b} Royal Air Force takes over their first A400M. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, November 18, 2014, accessed November 18, 2014 .  
186. ↑ Craig Hoyle: No tanker role for UK A400Ms. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, March 15, 2013, accessed on April 25, 2013 : "'The Ministry of Defense has recently refreshed its study into requirements for air-to-air refueling capability,' Dunne said on March 14. 'This concluded that [the A330] Voyager will meet all requirements; therefore, there is no need for an air-to-air refueling capability by the A400M Atlas. '" 
187. ↑ 70 Squadron. (No longer available online.) In: raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force, archived from the original on September 9, 2015 ; accessed on June 30, 2015 (English). 
188. ↑ LXX Sqn Stand-Up. (No longer available online.) In: raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force, July 24, 2015; Archived from the original on June 10, 2016 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
189. ↑ James Drew: RAF A400M stretches legs on US detachment. In: flightglobal.com. September 28, 2015, accessed on September 28, 2015 (English): "The A400M from RAF Brize Norton, in Oxfordshire, has deployed to Fort Bliss in Texas to participate in a September 27" network integration evaluation exercise ", and will conduct checks with the armored Stryker, as well as other heavy military equipment. " 
190. ↑ UK's first A400M aircraft named "City of Bristol". In: gov.uk. Ministry of Defense, Defense Equipment and Support, February 9, 2015, accessed July 8, 2015 . 
191. ^ Atlas Delivers First Operational Payload. (No longer available online.) In: raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force, March 5, 2015, archived from the original on May 13, 2015 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
192. ↑ Is the deal with Luxembourg bursting? (No longer available online.) In: tageblatt.lu. Tageblatt , November 14, 2014, archived from the original on June 22, 2015 ; accessed on June 22, 2015 . 
193. ↑ Ridzwan Rahmat: Indonesia approves acquisition of five Airbus A400Ms for USD2 billion ( Memento from January 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Janes.com from January 19, 2017.
194. ↑ L'Indonésie signe une lettre d'intention avec Airbus Defense & Space pour l'achat d'A400M. In: Le Journal de l'Aviation. March 29, 2017, accessed March 30, 2017 (French). 
195. ↑ Indonesia wants to procure two A400M civilians. Flug Revue, March 8, 2018, accessed March 8, 2018 . 
196. ↑ ^{a b} Dominic Perry: First production A400M makes maiden. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd , March 7, 2013, accessed on March 17, 2013 (English): "Aircraft MSN7 took off from Airbus's San Pablo facility near Seville at 11:48 local on 6 March and returned to the site after a flight lasting 5h 42min. " 
197. ↑ ^{a b} Airbus delivers the first A400M transport aircraft to France. In: airliners.de. August 1, 2013, accessed February 7, 2015 . 
198. ↑ Second production Airbus Military A400M makes maiden. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue , June 13, 2013, accessed on February 7, 2015 . 
199. ^ First Airbus Military A400M for Turkey makes maiden flight. (No longer available online.) In: airbusgroup.com. Airbus Group, August 12, 2013, archived from the original on September 28, 2016 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English). 
200. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Airbus A400 Production List. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved March 8, 2017 .  
201. ↑ Armée de l'air: The Armée de l'Air receives its third A400M. In: defense.gouv.fr. July 25, 2014, accessed July 26, 2014 (French).  
202. ↑ DGA delivers the fourth French A400M. In: defense.gouv.fr. Ministère de la Défense, August 13, 2014, accessed August 14, 2014 (French).  
203. ^ A. Muñiz Zaragüeta: Atlas MSN012 Ready to take-off to test flight. In: airliners.net. May 12, 2011, accessed September 9, 2014 .  
204. ↑ DGA receives the fifth French A400M Atlas. In: defense.gouv.fr. September 9, 2011, accessed September 9, 2014 (French).  
205. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Airbus A400M: All deliveries and orders. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, accessed December 26, 2015 . 
206. ↑ Beth Stevenson: RAF's first A400M Atlas completes maiden flight. In: Flightglobal.com. September 1, 2011, accessed September 1, 2014 .  
207. ^ Second Airbus A400M for UK makes its maiden flight. (No longer available online.) In: airbusdefenceandspace.com. Airbus defense and space, October 31, 2014, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English).  
208. ^ ^{A b} Moray Pickering: Two new A400Ms due into Brize Norton. In: militaryaviationreview.com. February 5, 2016, accessed February 7, 2016 . 
209. ^ Craig Hoyle: A400M Atlas delivers the goods for RAF. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd , February 16, 2015, accessed July 10, 2015 . 
210. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: German A400M: First flight, new Luftwaffe design. In: augengeradeaus.net. October 14, 2014, accessed October 14, 2014 .  
211. ↑ ^{a b} Livraison du 7e A400M Atlas au ministère de la Défense. In: defense.gouv.fr. Ministère de la Défense, June 19, 2015, accessed June 20, 2015 (French). 
212. ↑ Craig Hoyle: Third A400M arrives for RAF duty. In: flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information Ltd, July 6, 2015, accessed July 6, 2015 . 
213. ↑ First A400M flies for Malaysia. In: Flugrevue.de. Airbus Defense & Space, February 3, 2015, accessed February 7, 2015 . 
214. ↑ Malaysia takes over A400M. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, March 10, 2015, accessed on March 11, 2015 . 
215. ↑ ^{a b} Military aircraft: Airbus A400M crashed in Spain. In: spiegel.de. Der Spiegel , May 9, 2015, accessed on May 9, 2015 . 
216. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} Airbus A400M Production List. In: abcdlist.nl. Accessed March 9, 2018 .  
217. ↑ 14-0028 Turkish Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 028. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
218. ↑ 54 + 02 German Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 029. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
219. ↑ 54 + 03 German Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 030. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
220. ↑ F-RBAH Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) Airbus A400M - cn 031. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
221. ↑ M54-02 Royal Malaysian Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 032. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
222. ↑ F-RBAI Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) Airbus A400M - cn 033. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
223. ↑ ^{a b} New Registrations. In: skyliner-aviation.de. Albatros Verlag, June 11, 2016, accessed on June 12, 2016 (English). 
224. ↑ ZM409 Royal Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 034. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
225. ↑ 54 + 04 German Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 035. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved June 1, 2016 . 
226. ↑ F-RBAJ Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) Airbus A400M-180 - cn 037. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved November 17, 2016 . 
227. ↑ ZM410 Royal Air Force Airbus A400M-180 - cn 038. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved October 9, 2016 . 
228. ↑ ZM411 Royal Air Force Airbus A400M-180 - cn 039. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved November 17, 2016 . 
229. ↑ 54 + 05 German Air Force Airbus A400M - cn 040. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved October 9, 2016 . 
230. ↑ 54 + 06 German Air Force Airbus A400M-180 - cn 041. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved November 17, 2016 . 
231. ↑ ^{a b} Thomas Wiegold: Now seven A400M in the Air Force (CORRECTION). In: augengeradeaus.net. December 22, 2016, accessed January 5, 2017 . 
232. ↑ ZM412 Royal Air Force Airbus A400M-180 - cn 042. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved November 17, 2016 . 
233. ↑ Airbus hands over sixth A400M in tactical configuration. (No longer available online.) In: hartpunkt.de. December 12, 2016, archived from the original on December 20, 2016 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 . 
234. ↑ 54 + 08 German Air Force Airbus A400 - cn 046. In: planespotters.net. Retrieved May 9, 2017 . 
235. ↑ Update: A400M crashed in Seville. In: Flugrevue.de. Flug Revue, May 11, 2015, accessed May 31, 2016 . 
236. ↑ Rocío Velis: Defensa confirma que un error del software paró los motores del A400M. In: El Correo de Andalucía. September 15, 2017, Retrieved September 16, 2017 (Spanish). 
237. ↑ Specifications - Performance - A400M. (No longer available online.) Airbus Military, archived from the original on April 15, 2012 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English).  
238. ^ Strategic Payload Range Capability. Airbus Military, accessed December 2, 2010 .  
239. ↑ A400M makes Tom Cruise's mission possible. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 1, 2015 ; accessed on May 29, 2019 (English).