Stadtschwarzach
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Stadtschwarzach
Schwarzach am Main market
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| Height : | 198 m |
| Area : | 1.67 km² |
| Residents : | 941 (1987) |
| Population density : | 563 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | April 1, 1971 |
| Postal code : | 97359 |
| Area code : | 09324 |
 Location of Stadtschwarzach (bold) within the Schwarzach municipality
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Stadtschwarzach is a district of the market Schwarzach am Main in the Lower Franconian district of Kitzingen in Bavaria. Stadtschwarzach was an independent municipality until it merged with five other places in the 1970s. The settlement was founded as a planned town in the 13th century and had town charter until 1818. Stadtschwarzach is closely connected to the neighboring Münsterschwarzach and its monastery, whose abbots temporarily ruled Stadtschwarzach.
Today Stadtschwarzach, as the most populous village in the municipality, is the unofficial capital of Schwarzach am Main, where service companies have settled. Tourism only plays a subordinate role because the rich history of the place can no longer be read in the cityscape. Instead, Stadtschwarzach has developed into a traffic junction in the northern district of Kitzingen, which has grown together with the neighboring towns of Münsterschwarzach and Gerlachshausen.
Geographical location
Geography and natural location
Stadtschwarzach is located in the south of the Schwarzach municipality. Münsterschwarzach can be found in the north . Gerlachshausen , Münsterschwarzach and Stadtschwarzach form the center of the municipality as a coherent settlement area, which extends as a wide strip parallel to the banks of the Main. Further to the east is Düllstadt , which also belongs to the municipality of Schwarzach am Main. The south is the district of the small Langheimer hamlet Haidt taken, the hamlet Stephan Berg is Stadtschwarzach the next. To the south-south-west, Hörblach is another district of Schwarzach. On the other hand, Schwarzach- Schwarzenau is on the right-hand side of the Main .
Closest, larger towns are Volkach , which is about 7 kilometers away, and Kitzingen , which is about 8 kilometers away. The next big city is Würzburg, about 22 kilometers away .
In terms of nature, Stadtschwarzach lies in the so-called Schwarzacher valley widening (also the Schwarzacher basin). The section of the Middle Main Valley is part of the Mainfränkische Platten and is characterized by its flat sections directly adjoining the Main. Here three streams with originally almost the same bed flow into the Main at a distance of only about 250 m, pushing flat alluvial fans in front of them. The valley widening is also densely populated because of its fertile soil.
The district is located in the Maingau climate zone, which is one of the driest and warmest climate zones in Germany. This also explains the viticulture in the area around Stadtschwarzach. Geologically, Keuper rocks already predominate on the east side of the Main , which are actually particularly typical for the so-called Steigerwald foreland further east. In addition, drifting sand areas protrude into the district, which are increasingly to be found further south around Albertshofen.
Stadtschwarzach is dominated hydrologically by the Main , even though the settlement had no access to the river until the 1970s. The Main flows past in the west about 1 kilometer away. The two streams Silberbach and Schwarzach , which flow in the north towards the Main, are particularly significant for the city . The Silberbach still accompanies the former Stadtschwarzacher fortification in the north and fed the moat with water. In addition, the Wenzelbach in the south today forms the municipality boundary with Kleinlangheim.
Local division
The built-up area of Stadtschwarzach is still dominated by the former, medieval old town . As a three-gate city, it was oriented north towards Münsterschwarzach / Kloster, south-east towards Düllstadt / Bamberg and south-west towards Hörblach / Würzburg. In the first half of the 19th century only the area of the old town was built on and the structures were still visible in the area. The community cemetery can be found within the former city walls in the south of the old town.
It was not until the 20th century that the planned designation of new building areas began . Such areas emerged in particular along the arterial roads in the southeast and southwest. In the second half of the 20th century, the proximity to Bundesstrasse 22 also led to the settlement of several industrial companies, for which an industrial area in the south of the Silberbach, further east of the built-up area, was designated. The federal road still forms the southern boundary of the development today.
The wastewater treatment plant for the community of Schwarzach am Main has been located near the Main on Stadtschwarzacher district on State Road 2450 since 1973. The Schwarzacher Becken Association School , which was founded in 1962, can also be found between Münsterschwarzach and Stadtschwarzach . Several small lakes can be found between Stadtschwarzach and the school area. On Kolpingstrasse in the south of the built-up area, a large sports field was created for the local clubs.
history
Prehistory and early history
The Schwarzach Basin has a long history of settlement that goes back to the Palaeolithic . However, this does not apply to Stadtschwarzach itself, as finds were only made in the surrounding areas of the other Schwarzach districts. 4000 years ago, corded ceramists from the Neolithic period settled in the area around Schwarzenau. The Urnfield period is represented by several finds around Hörblach.
From the earlier Iron Age , partition wall shells of the Hallstatt people from the period between 800 and 500 BC have been preserved around Schwarzenau , which can be seen today in the Museum für Franken . Their grave goods were still made of bronze. Graves from the La Tène period have been identified around Gerlachshausen . The Celtic tribe of the Bojer established a permanent settlement in Schwarzenau around the turn of the ages. At the same time, Celtic finds were made on the other side of the Main .
The basin was then settled by Alemanni , who disappeared around AD 260. They made way for the Burgundians who settled between the Main and Schwarzach until the 4th century. These Germanic tribal associations also established the name Schwarzach for the flowing water in the center of the valley widening. From the 5th century onwards, Frankish tribes began to advance into the area from the west and slowly displaced the established population.
The Franks , who deliberately colonized the region from the 8th century on, brought Christianity with them to the Main. They also founded many new settlements, so that the older literature speculates that Stadtschwarzach was also one such foundation. The place where the later city of Schwarzach is located was on the east side of an old ford , which developed into an important main crossing. At the same time, the Schwarzach Bach also formed the border between the two Franconian administrative areas of Volkfeld (in the north) and Iffgau (in the south).
Early and High Middle Ages
There are different opinions in research about the first mention of Schwarzach in the sources of the Middle Ages . The local historiography assumes that Schwarzach was mentioned for the first time in 844 in a document from Bishop Gozbald von Würzburg. Since the 8th century, the Schwarzach women's monastery is said to have been located on the "Kirchberg" in the south of today's city area. Later, Benedictines from the Steigerwald took over the branch and moved it to the place of today's Münsterschwarzach.
The historiography of the monastery itself, above all Franziskus Büll, assumes that women's and men's monasteries already grew on the Schwarzachbach. He identified Stadtschwarzach as a planned city from the High Middle Ages from the Staufer period and made several arguments for this thesis. The lack of sources in the early days of the settlement can be a coincidence; however, there are no archaeological finds that were excavated at the site of the later city.
In addition, the name Stadtschwarzach caused confusion. The later city did not get its name after the Silberbach or the Castellbach , on which it lies, but was named after the Schwarzach river, the next but one tributary to the Main. It is therefore more likely that the name of the existing, neighboring monastery will be included . This is also supported by the small size of the district without access to the Main (before the land consolidation), so that it can be assumed that Stadtschwarzach's district was separated from the existing ones.
The planned floor plan and the strange course of the streets through the place are further indications of a planned foundation of Stadtschwarzach. It can be assumed that the place was founded as a trading post by the monks of Münsterschwarzach at the instigation of Abbot Herold . The new town, which was first mentioned in 1228/1230, took in the monastery servants who originally settled in the settlement on Mannlehen west of the abbey, which is often threatened by floods .
There is no town census document, but the many rights that the abbot of Münsterschwarzach was able to unite in Stadtschwarzach in the early days indicate that the settlement was planned under his supervision. So the abbots in Stadtschwarzach were initially allowed to appoint the mayor , appointed bailiffs, customs officers and all officials except the town bailiff. In return, the young city received market rights , a wall, its own dimensions and a court center in the Prince Diocese of Würzburg.
Nevertheless, the Counts of Castell must also have had an influence on Stadtschwarzach. In 1227 Ludwig zu Castell sold his goods and rights to the Bishop of Würzburg before he embarked on a crusade . This led to arguments with the other family members. The city was thus drawn into the armed conflicts at the Main Triangle between the Würzburg bishops and various noble families. In 1228 there was the (first) battle of Schwarzach, in which the counts were defeated and the city had to cede to the bishop in 1230. In 1283 they destroyed Stadtschwarzach together with the Lords of Henneberg .
Late Middle Ages
In the late Middle Ages, the disputes about the affiliation of Stadtschwarzach were settled. Bishop, monastery and the counts shared the rulership of the city. Castell had received the central court of Würzburg as a fief , while the abbots built on the parish of Stadtschwarzach in particular . A parish church was mentioned for the first time in 1326 and rose in the middle of the 14th century to become an independent power factor up to the Steigerwald ( Großbirkach ), independent of the older monastery parish .
The bishops of Würzburg took advantage of the city's location at an important main crossing point between the Maindreieck and Steigerwaldvorland and began to mint coins in Stadtschwarzach as early as the High Middle Ages . A denarius with the image of Bishop Hermann I von Lobdeburg from the early days of the city's development has been preserved in Munich . How long the mint in Stadtschwarzach was used is unclear. Stadtschwarzach rebelled against the rule of the bishop in 1400, but lost as a member of the League of Eleven Cities in the Battle of Bergtheim against Gerhard von Schwarzburg and was often pledged in the following period.
At the beginning of the 15th century the city was assigned to Lamprecht von Seckendorff , who acted as bailiff on behalf of the bishop. But Seckendorff owed money to the powerful low-nobility Erkinger von Seinsheim . Seinsheim staged an attack on the city in 1430, but was betrayed and lost many of his men in one battle. As early as 1401 and 1409, Stadtschwarzach was attacked and partially burned down by Rothenburg's troops under Heinrich Toppler and the Lords of Aufseß.
In 1454 Georg von Seinsheim zu Stephansberg declared the city's original feud . He drove the cattle of the city black people into his castle. Thereupon the citizens destroyed the then existing suburb in front of the Hörblacher Tor, which belonged to the people of Seinsheim. In 1460 the Kitzingen soldiers of the Margrave of Ansbach under Vogt Georg von Gebsattel occupied the town. Only the neighboring towns of Volkach, Dettelbach, Düllstadt and Sommerach , called for help, were able to drive the attackers away.
Despite these many armed conflicts in the 15th century, the townspeople succeeded in building a new church, which was designated by Auxiliary Bishop Eberhard on January 3, 1424 . However, construction on the choir of the Kreuzkirche had only begun in 1475. It was completed in 1475. In 1488, a cross brotherhood was founded in the city, which shaped the spiritual life for a long time. The spiritual upswing went hand in hand with the establishment of a pilgrimage , which aimed at a miraculous image of Our Lady.
Early modern age
At the transition to the 16th century, the taxes that the Stadtschwarzacher had to pay to Würzburg had become so great that the citizens complained to the bishop. Shortly thereafter, the German Peasants' War broke out in 1525 and the Stadtschwarzacher joined the peasant horde to plunder the hated mansions in the area. They set fire to the Münsterschwarzach monastery, burned down Stephansberg Castle and took part in the siege of Marienberg Fortress . After the uprising was put down, three ringleaders were executed on the market square of the city of Schwarzach.
In 1531, the Münsterschwarzach monastery sold its remaining rights to the city, so that the settlement was now completely in the hands of the Würzburg bishop. In 1554, for this reason, the city was drawn into the conflict over the Margrave Albrecht Alcibiades , who plundered the bishopric . On June 13, 1554, one of the decisive battles of the so-called Margrave War took place near the city. Already in 1546 troops of the Schmalkaldic League set up camp in front of the city. → see also: Battle of Stadtschwarzach
The frequent attacks and sieges triggered a gradual decline of the settlement. Two crop failures in 1572 and 1574 also contributed to this, which destroyed the food sources of the farmers of Stadtschwarzach. In 1585 the plague raged . Finally, around 1600, the previously independent Stadtschwarzach was moved to the Dettelbach High Foundation . The city was able to keep the older Zent as the seat of the court.
The history of the Thirty Years' War is not easy to grasp in the sources of the Stadtschwarzacher Archive. In 1622 there were first skirmishes between Protestants and Catholics around the city. The neighboring Hörblach became a total devastation in the following years , in Gerlachshausen only one resident lived. Perhaps the missing sources are an indication of the destruction of the archive by the Swedes, as was done in nearby Volkach. In 1662 the Counts of Castell waived their claims to the city's main court .
In 1714 the town hall of the city was built in its current form, perhaps its predecessor was destroyed in the Thirty Years War. However, Stadtschwarzach suffered from drafts and billeting in the 18th century . In 1758 you had to make contributions to a Prussian corps . In 1792 Austrian troops were in quarters. The Main crossing between Schwarzenau and Stadtschwarzach, which in the meantime was served by a ferry, made the Schwarzach Basin a center of the coalition wars in Franconia . From 1800, troops crossed the Main here year after year.
Modern times: In Bavaria
After Napoleon Bonaparte had added the areas on the left bank of the Rhine that belonged to Bavaria to his new empire in 1802, he had to compensate the allies of Bavaria somehow. He succeeded in doing this by secularizing the spiritual territories that had existed since the Middle Ages in 1803 and integrating them into Electoral Palatinate Bavaria. Stadtschwarzach, part of the old Würzburg monastery, became a Bavarian city. The neighboring Münsterschwarzach lost its abbey.
With the Peace of Pressburg, Ferdinand , Grand Duke of Tuscany received Würzburg on December 26, 1805 . He established the Grand Duchy of Würzburg , which only existed for a few years. After an agreement between Austria and the young Bavarian kingdom, Ferdinand left Würzburg in 1814. On June 21, 1814, the city and thus its surrounding area finally became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria . As early as 1811, Stadtschwarzach had become the seat of a deanery for the Diocese of Würzburg.
In the meantime billeting in the Wars of Liberation continued. In 1812 the Main Ferry was expanded into a floating bridge over which more soldiers could cross. On May 1, 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte also crossed the Main. The dissolution of the neighboring monastery was accompanied by an economic decline that also affected the city. This was reinforced by a bad harvest that hit Stadtschwarzach in 1816.
Those responsible, in particular the city's magistrate , finally decided in 1818 to renounce the privileges of a city and henceforth to operate as a market town . Above all, administrative costs were saved. The outward signs of a city, symbolized by the fortifications, had already disappeared around 1791 when most of the walls were torn down and the moat was leveled. In the 19th century the Würzburger Tor disappeared in the direction of the Main.
In 1866 the nave of the church was re-listed. In 1873 the forerunner of today's volunteer fire brigade was founded and fire fighting was centralized. During the First World War , a total of 20 city black people died on Europe's battlefields, and in the Second World War , 36 people died. Two houses were set on fire by the advancing Americans in April 1945 before the place was taken without a fight.
With the connection to the long-distance water supply Franconia in 1956, Stadtschwarzach became independent of the community's wells. A short time later, the former city received its own sewer system . With the founding of the Association School Schwarzacher Becken in 1965, communal cooperation began across communal boundaries. In 1971 Stadtschwarzach, Schwarzenau and Hörblach merged to form a large community, in 1973 Düllstadt, Gerlachshausen and Münsterschwarzach joined.
Place name
The place name refers to the history of the place and its location. Stadtschwarzach was probably founded as an expansion site by the monastery (Münster-) Schwarzach further south. That is why the place was given the name of the founding monastery, which in turn refers to the stream flowing through Münsterschwarzach . The Schwarzachbach was already established by the Germanic tribal associations and its name indicates the dark color of the brook bed .
The ending -ach is derived from the Old High German -aha, which means something like flowing water, river, but its origin is already borrowed from Indo-European. The prefix black, on the other hand, indicates a dark coloration of the water (cf. Stadelschwarzach , Schwarzenau). The young settlement received another prefix, Stadt-, which refers to its urban, bourgeois character in contrast to the Münsterschwarzach, which is inhabited by monks. At times the city was just called Schwarzach.
The spelling Stadtschwarzach, or, after the renunciation of city rights, Markt Schwarzach, only slowly gained acceptance in the 18th century. In the 14th century there was talk of the “civitas Swarzach” (Latin town of Schwarzach), and the spelling “Swarzcach” (1326) and “Swartzach” (14th century) were common. In the past, the name Schwarzach was used synonymously for the city. With two nicknames , the Stadtschwarzacher are occupied by the places in the area. They are called bread sacks (or Broot'säck in Main Franconian ) and Speierlein (or Schbajərli).
Administration and courts
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The following administrative units were superordinate to Stadtschwarzach.
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Stadtschwarzach was judicially subject to the following instances.
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coat of arms
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Blazon : "In blue, a slanting flag on a golden rod, quartered by silver and red." |
| Justification of the coat of arms: The city black coat of arms has several predecessors. In the oldest depiction from 1396, two diagonally crossed abbot's staves could still be seen as a symbol for the city's founder, the abbey. In a seal from 1460, the so-called Rennfähnlein appears for the first time as a symbol of the Würzburg monastery, which was probably recorded after the Kitzinger attacked the city. The back of the seal was still covered with the bars. It has only appeared in the coat of arms since the 16th century. |
politics
From mayor to local spokesman
In connection with the town charter, which was handed down in writing, the residents of town Blackach in the High Middle Ages were probably also given the right to elect one of their own mayors . In contrast to many other places in the area that did not have this right, the mayor had real design options and was, as it were, the head of the city. Opposite him was a mayor who was appointed by the abbot of Münsterschwarzach and later by the prince-bishop of Würzburg and who represented the interests of the authorities .
| List of mayors of Stadtschwarzach (selection) | |||||||
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| Surname | Term of office | ||||||
| Ulrich Butner | gen. 1428 | ||||||
| Simon Falkenstein | gen. 1866 | ||||||
| Eduard Rogati | gen. 1918 | ||||||
With the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria at the beginning of the 19th century, the division of office into Lord Mayor and Sub-Mayor was abolished. From then on, the terms of office of the mayors became longer, while in the medieval and early modern city a new election usually took place after a year. Through the rise to citizenship, Stadtschwarzach residents now received rights and duties and were no longer subject to the respective rule.
With the municipal reform , Stadtschwarzach lost its centuries of independence and became the most populous part of the municipality of Schwarzach am Main. The first mayor of this new municipality was Hans Dresch junior from the city of Black, who had previously been involved in local associations. Today the 1st Mayor of Schwarzach am Main, Volker Schmitt, and one of his deputies, Ralf Henninger, come from the district.
Population development
Concrete population figures for Stadtschwarzach are only available from the second half of the 19th century. In 1875, only 514 people lived in the former city. 25 years later, with 461 inhabitants, the all-time low was reached, which is probably also due to the economic decline after the renunciation of city rights. Then the population rose again, before the Second World War 607 people lived in Stadtschwarzach.
The small community grew strongly during the war due to refugees and displaced persons . In 1946, 852 people lived in Stadtschwarzach. However, Stadtschwarzach lost many of these involuntary residents again in the 1950s. Nevertheless, new families also settled in the new development areas of the village. In 1987, with 941, most of the people lived in the district. Today the district Stadtschwarzach has about 1030 inhabitants.
| year | Residents | year | Residents | year | Residents |
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| 1875 | 514 | 1919 | 518 | 1952 | 774 |
| 1880 | 568 | 1933 | 546 | 1961 | 743 |
| 1890 | 505 | 1939 | 607 | 1970 | 883 |
| 1900 | 461 | 1946 | 852 | 1987 | 941 |
Culture and sights
Architectural monuments
Holy Cross Church
Unlike many other Main Franconian cities, the Catholic parish church Heilig-Kreuz is not located in the center of the settlement, but was built far south of Stadtschwarzach on today's Kirchstrasse. It was mentioned for the first time in 1326 and was initially closely linked to the Münsterschwarzach Abbey, as the abbots also exercised the right of patronage . Nevertheless, the parish Stadtschwarzach had a large parish that reached into the Steigerwald.
The current church was built in the 15th century, with the retracted choir being the last element to be completed in 1475. In 1866 the late medieval nave was torn down to have more space for the faithful (the abbey church had disappeared around 1840). After a lightning strike in 1940, the church was given the characteristic pyramid helmet . The tower itself was increased by one storey in the course of the Counter Reformation in the 16th century.
The furnishings of the Heiligkreuzkirche are shaped by their medieval and early modern importance. From the middle of the 15th century, a miraculous Vesper picture drew pilgrims into the church. The rich reliquary also contributed to this, including a skull of St. Stephen and splinters of the stone on which Jesus had received the crown of thorns . The bells, two of which date from the Middle Ages, are particularly significant.
town hall
The Stadtschwarzach town hall is still the administrative center for the community of Schwarzach am Main and is located on the market square of the former town. It was rebuilt in 1714, and it was inaugurated a year later. Above the portal, a coat of arms of Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Greiffenclau zu Vollraths was attached, who at that time ruled Stadtschwarzach. Three other bishop's coats of arms ( Echter , Aschhausen , Ehrenberg ), all of which were probably only created in the 18th century, point to the close connection between the city and the spiritual rulers.
The town hall presents itself as a two-story, eaves-standing hipped roof building . In the direction of the market square, a small roof turret was attached to the building. The windows all have ears , only next to the portal on the long side with a blown gable is a pointed arched gate from 1876. The remains of a neck pillory in the building are as at the Marketplace page spoils admitted.
Engelwirtshaus
A particularly striking building on the edge of the former market square is the so-called Engelwirtshaus. It was completed in its current form in 1583 and, as an officially sanctioned taproom, was an important public institution in the city for a long time . With the decline of the city, the use of the inn also changed. Initially, several private individuals were responsible for building it as a residential building. Including the Lang family, after whom it was also called the Lang House for a long time. Today the meeting room of the community administration and the community archive of Schwarzach am Main are housed here.
The long house is an eaves side house in the forms of the Renaissance . The Engel inn ends with a hipped roof and was built on two floors. On the street side, five single-lane rectangular windows with profiled walls structure the building. The round arched portal made of sandstone , which is accompanied by two seat posts on the left and right, is particularly striking . The half-timbered structure on the upper floor is made up of different ornaments, cross friezes and St. Andrew's crosses.
Remnants of the city wall
Only a few remains of the former city fortifications have survived. Stadtschwarzach already received the right to build a fortification with a wall , a moat and three gates together with its founding deed, so that the first wall can be dated to the 13th century. Probably the construction work lay with the citizens, who repeatedly renovated and repaired the wall. It was only in the course of the improvement in weapon technology in the Thirty Years' War that the wall lost its military importance.
Similar to other main cities, the wall was allowed to fall into disrepair in the following centuries and nothing was invested in it. After 1791, the leveling of the ditch was pushed ahead by raffling off the newly created land to townspeople , who were allowed to cultivate them for an annual fee ( ditch gardens ). The wall almost completely disappeared after the loss of town charter and the moat was built over in the 20th century. Today, remnants of the wall built into properties are reminiscent of the former wall, especially along the Wiesenleite street. The Würzburg Gate, which was demolished in the 19th century, has been identified in its original location.
Private houses and yards
Very few historical buildings have survived in Stadtschwarzach. All are located inside the city wall ring and reflect the bourgeois living culture of the city black people. The oldest monument is the house at Schmiedsgasse 2 in the north of the former old town. It comes from the 16th century and was built as an eaves, two-storey saddle roof building with a Renaissance stepped gable .
The building on Marktplatz 4 dates from around the same time. The actual house has not survived, but the associated barn with its half-hipped roof still exists. A pointed arched portal walled into the barn can be attributed to the post-Gothic period. In Kirchgasse 5, an old drapery with ears has been preserved on a renovated building, which, according to an inscription, dates from 1743. On the same house there is a figure of St. Anthony from the 1750s.
Wayside shrines and small memorials
As a predominantly Catholic community, several wayside shrines or tortures have been preserved as field monuments in Stadtschwarzach and its surrounding area . They refer to the popular piety of past centuries and were set for the glory of God and as signposts, or they had a function of warning. In addition, the typical Franconian house figures can be found in the former old town . Many of these small monuments were extensively renovated in the 20th century, and copies were also made.
A Pietà can be identified as the oldest object of popular piety in Stadtschwarzach , which was set up at the Silberbach and was created at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. On the other hand, there is a so-called cross tug from 1716 on the market square, which instead of a picture panel shows Christ carrying the cross. Close by is a bourgeois cartouche with an eagle framed by two putti. An immaculata , which also dates from the 18th century, is attached to a corner of the house on the market square.
Several wayside shrines are somewhat younger, and their essays already cite the forms of the Rococo . They mostly have a bulbous base, a rectangular shaft and a richly decorated panel depicting one or more saints. St. Laurentius was depicted in Kirchgasse , while St. Wendelin can be seen in Rosengasse . From 1731 there was a torture depicting the Most Holy Trinity and a coronation of Mary. On the other hand, a stick on Schweinfurter Strasse that shows a crucifixion scene is particularly splendid. However, it was replaced by a copy in 1960.
A wayside shrine in Kirchgasse 8, near the parish church, can already be assigned to classicism . Its essay was made with four metal reliefs of saints. On the other hand, the depiction of a Pietà in one of the new development areas in Bamberger Strasse dates from the 19th century. At the same time as a war memorial , however, a Vespers picture in the center of the market square, which was created in 1920 for the victims of the First World War, serves as a war memorial .
The high altar in the Kreuzkirche
The town hall on the market square
Remains of the city wall in the northwest
The door walls of Haus Kirchgasse 5
The Kreuzschlepper on the market square
The top of the Rococo wayside shrine on Schweinfurter Strasse
The Pietà in the market square
Soil monument old town
The former old town is not placed under protection as an ensemble , but the underground remains and the structures of the town center are listed by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation as a ground monument . The Stadtschwarzach old town was probably created in the course of a relocation of the settlement belonging to the monastery with servants and employees of the abbey. This foundation was made in the south of the monastery with a view to the historical course of the road.
Stadtschwarzach presented itself in the Middle Ages and early modern times as a so-called Rundling , a planned settlement with an almost circular floor plan. The only entrances to the city were the Schweinfurt or Münsterschwarzacher Tor in the north, the Hörblacher or Würzburger Tor in the south-west and the Düllstadter or Bamberger Tor in the south-east. The center of the settlement was the market square, to which all the main streets led. For a long time, the small-scale structure of the city stood in contrast to the spacious abbey .
Cross Brotherhood and Seelhaus
In the past, two institutions had a decisive influence on the spiritual life of Stadtschwarzach. Both were founded at the turn of the 15th to the 16th century by the knight Nicolaus (Clas) Crontal von Dettelbach, who had come to some prosperity as Würzburg councilor and seal keeper . It is about the so-called Kreuzbruderschaft , which was closely connected with the pilgrimage to the Stadtschwarzach parish church, and the Seelhaus , which was established for poor pilgrims from abroad. It is unclear when both institutions disappeared.
Nicolaus von Dettelbach founded the Kreuzbruderschaft as early as 1488 and appointed, among other things, the respective incumbent pastors of the city to be their procurators . In 1602 the brotherhood book was reissued by the pastor Sigismund Wermerskirchius, probably because the brotherhood was about to fall asleep. In 1610 the Würzburg prince-bishop confirmed the re-establishment. The Brotherhood of the Cross succeeded in gaining many members outside of the Würzburg Monastery. Processions and, above all, the display of the particles of the True Cross kept in the Kreuzkirche made it a religious center of Franconia.
Since the middle of the 15th century there has been a pilgrimage to Stadtschwarzach, which, however, was mostly visited by poorer pilgrims. That is why Nicolaus von Dettelbach donated a lake house on November 19, 1501, which was supposed to be subordinate to the Mother of God and St. Elisabeth . At first there was only an undeveloped square that was handed over to the mayors together with the funds for a new building. For the time being, they set up a hostel in Hans Beyfuss' house and after completion had to account for the donor's descendants.
Miniatures in the episcopal chronicle
The Würzburg bishop's chronicle of Lorenz Fries ( Histori der bischofen zu Wirtzburg , 1546) is one of the most important documents on the history of the medieval and early modern monastery of Würzburg. A total of three versions of the work could be proven, which were created by the secret scribe of the bishops Lorenz Fries or by his successor Johann Schätzler. The 192 miniatures and 176 coats of arms were made by Martin Seger and his workshop.
With three depictions in the episcopal chronicle, Stadtschwarzach plays a special role within the work. The frequent armed conflicts that ravaged the city in the 15th century probably played a role in the choice of motifs. On Folio 225R of the raid is to see the Erkinger of Seinsheim on 3 February 1430th The approaching riders were depicted on the right, the city itself occupies the left side of the picture. With its many towers, it probably stems from the draftsman's imagination.
On Folio 313r an event has shown that under the bailiff said to have occurred Lamprecht of Seckendorf. Seckendorff is said to have heavily burdened the citizens of the city with taxes. In 1457 he even convened the city council and captured the four richest people in order to extort ransom . However, the miniature only shows the arrest of three councilors. The display is very clear, the captors Seckendorff be in a kind of the same color uniform shown.
The events of 1460, however, are shown on folio 319r. The attack of the margrave bailiff Georg von Gebsattel has already failed in the picture and his soldiers are fleeing through a hole in the city wall, which was caused by the carelessness of citizen Stumpf, who left his post on the Thomaserker. The Kitzingen city flag with the bridge , which the supposed conquerors of Stadtschwarzach hoisted on a city tower, is remarkable .
Lourdes Chapel
The small chapel on the edge of the former old town was built in the last decade of the 19th century. At that time a representation of the Madonna of Lourdes came from the French pilgrimage site to Stadtschwarzach. In 1892 the chapel was consecrated by the local pastor. The small church presents itself as a hall building . It is east-facing and has a polygonal choir closure. Inside, a cycle of frescoes on the life of Mary was put up by a local artist .
Regular events
Several regular events shape the course of the year in Stadtschwarzach. They are mostly of Christian origin and are still celebrated in the Catholic district today. The pilgrimage tradition of the city of Black Saxony is particularly old . In the 15th century, a miraculous figure of Our Lady drew many pilgrims here. In particular, the monks of the nearby Münsterschwarzach visited the neighboring town on the Wednesday after Holy Week , on Palm Sunday and on Whitsun .
In return, the city black people also frequently visited the monastery and its rich reliquary. After the Stadtschwarzach Church lost its relics in the Peasants' War in 1525, the pilgrimage here slowly fell asleep. It was not until the 18th century that the people of the city of Schwarz started to make a pilgrimage to Gößweinstein once a year . In 1753, 1,600 people are said to have walked from "Stadt Schwarzag" to what is today Upper Franconia . Around 1900, Christof Kieser, from the city of Blacks, attributed healing from an illness to the pilgrimage.
Economy and Infrastructure
economy
The foundation of the city of Stadtschwarzach, which was probably carried out by the Münsterschwarzach monastery in the Staufer period, was primarily due to economic reasons. The settlement formed a trading post on a Main ford , which mediated between the Würzburg area and the Steigerwald foreland as far as Bamberg. The livelihood of the population, however, was agriculture . In addition, there was also a wine trade with products from the surrounding area, which were sold in what is now Saxony .
The markets that were granted to the city when it was founded were probably only of regional interest. In the 15th century, Stadtschwarzach had two annual markets and a weekly market for daily needs. In 1810, four annual fairs were held. In the meantime, however, the wine trade had declined, mainly due to the cessation of the monastery as a buyer. This decline also led to the renunciation of the town charter in 1818.
Today, the industrial area in the east of the district plays an economic role for Stadtschwarzach. The fashion company René Lezard was founded here in 1978 and attracted several comparable providers who opened outlet stores in Stadtschwarzach . René Lezard filed for bankruptcy in 2019, so the Stadtschwarzach location is likely to be threatened with closure. The operations of the Münsterschwarzach Abbey are also important for Stadtschwarzach. These include the Vier-Türme-Verlag and large horticultural companies.
Stadtschwarzach is the primary care center for the community of Schwarzach am Main. Here are bakeries and butcher shops located. The Raiffeisen banks and Sparkasse Kitzingen also have branches here. Real supermarkets can be found in nearby Dettelbach or in the next medium- sized center in Volkach. Excursion tourism has been promoted in recent years, the community of Schwarzach am Main is organized in the so-called “village treasures” and is also part of the (unofficial) Volkacher Mainschleife tourism region . The main destination for tourists, however, is the monastery church in neighboring Münsterschwarzach.
traffic
Stadtschwarzach is now an important traffic junction in the northern district of Kitzingen. The development of the city in the High Middle Ages is probably closely related to its location. In the west of today's city there was a ford near Schwarzenau, on which a ferry developed that existed until the 20th century and was then replaced by a bridge over the Main . In addition, a convoy from Kitzingen led in the direction of (Volkach-) Schweinfurt through Stadtschwarzach.
Southwest of Stadtschwarzach today the federal road 22 , which ends here from Bamberg, crosses with the state road 2271 ( Schweinfurt -Kitzingen) and the state road 2450 (Dettelbach). State road 2271 initially ran through the town and was rebuilt as a bypass road after 1973 . Bamberger Strasse, Hörblacher Strasse (within the old town of Würzburger Strasse) and Schweinfurter Strasse all play a role in the inner-city development, all of which meet at the historic market square in the city center.
Shipping on the Main does not play a role for Stadtschwarzach, the next river port is in Kitzingen, a Mainland in Volkach. Two bus stops can be found in the district of Stadtschwarzach. These are the Hörblach junction stop and the Post stop in the town center. You are served by two lines of the OVF , line 8108 (Würzburg-Dettelbach- Nordheim am Main ) and 8110 (Kitzingen-Dettelbach / Schwarzach-Volkach).
education
The former town already had a school in the Middle Ages, and a schoolmaster is mentioned several times in the sources. The local school was rebuilt under Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn . Today the St. Josef kindergarten , which was founded on February 17th, 1967, is housed in the premises of the old elementary school in Kirchgasse in the south of the old town . It comprises two groups and one nativity group .
In addition, Stadtschwarzach is one of the founding communities of the Association School Schwarzacher Becken, whose buildings were built on a meadow between Stadtschwarzach and Münsterschwarzach. In 1962 Düllstadt, Gerlachshausen, Münsterschwarzach and Stadtschwarzach merged to form one of the first school associations in Lower Franconia . The school opened its doors in 1965. The district of the primary school today includes all districts of the community of Schwarzach am Main.
Stadtschwarzach is located in the district of the Dettelbach-Volkach Middle School Association and is assigned to the Rudolf-von-Scherenberg Middle School in Dettelbach. Secondary schools can be attended with the girls' secondary school in Volkach and the secondary school in Dettelbach. There are high schools in Münsterschwarzach ( Egbert-Gymnasium ), Volkach-Gaibach ( Franken-Landschulheim Schloss Gaibach ), Wiesentheid ( Steigerwald-Landschulheim ) and Kitzingen ( Armin-Knab-Gymnasium ).
Associations and associations
Due to the size of the place and its central location, most of the clubs in the community of Schwarzach exist in Stadtschwarzach. The volunteer fire brigade has a special tradition, the predecessor of which went back to a private initiative of Sergeant Franz Anton Ungemach in 1873. The defense was officially founded on February 10, 1877. For a time it was located in the Engelwirtshaus in the center of the village, and in 1990 the fire brigade got its own house. Today the fire brigade maintains a command vehicle (ELW 2), two fire fighting group vehicles (LF 16/12, LF 16/16) and a towing ladder (AL 18). Acting commander is Christoph Dülch.
Other, older associations are the Stadtschwarzach choral society , which was founded in 1910. The initiator was the sculptor Hans Dresch, whose son and grandson of the same name still run the association today. In 1912 the choral society received its own flag. A mixed choir was founded from the choral society in 1945/1946 , and a children's choir was established in 1999. In 2005 the members were given a new rehearsal room in the old schoolhouse by the community. Other local associations are:
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Personalities
- Wilhelm von Grumbach (1503–1567), imperial knight and bailiff of Dettelbach and Stadtschwarzach 1528–1531 and 1541–1544
- Sigismund Wermerskirch (er) (called 1594–1610), parish priest and humanist, Wermerskircher wrote a local history of Dettelbach in 1602
- Joseph Gutenäcker (1800–1866), historian and numismatist
literature
Literature about Stadtschwarzach
- Franziskus Büll: The Monastery Suuarzaha. A contribution to the history of the Münsterschwarzach women's monastery from 788 (?) To 877 (?) . Münsterschwarzach 1992.
- Franziskus Büll, Josef Gerlach: Schwarzach am Main in old views . Zaltbommel NL 1991.
- Hans Dresch: The Schwarzacher miniatures in the Würzburg episcopal chronicle of Lorenz Fries . In: Hans Dresch (Ed.): 25 years Markt Schwarzach am Main. Two essays on the anniversary year . Stadtschwarzach 1999. pp. 1-6.
- Hans Dresch, Philipp Eckl, Norbert Lucas, Lothar Nagel, Georg Ruhsert, Christian Schuster, Matthias Tilgner: 50 years of the Stadtschwarzach tribe 1962–2012. German Scouting Society St. Georg . Stadtschwarzach 2012.
- Hans A. Dresch: Sources and reports on the history of the market town of Schwarzach am Main. Part 1 . Schwarzach am Main 1986.
- Hans A. Dresch: Schwarzacher seal . In: Freiwillige Feuerwehr Stadtschwarzach (Hrsg.): Festschrift. 125 years of the Stadtschwarzach volunteer fire brigade. July 14-16, 2000 . Schwarzach am Main 2000. p. 82.
- Hans A. Dresch, Hans Rüthlein: Stadtschwarzach in the mirror of the times . In: Freiwillige Feuerwehr Stadtschwarzach (Hrsg.): Festschrift. 125 years of the Stadtschwarzach volunteer fire brigade. July 14-16, 2000 . Schwarzach am Main 2000. pp. 66–81.
- Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V. (Ed.): 100 Years of the Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V. group singers festival Kitzingen singing group in the Franconian Singers Association 19./20. June 2010 . Münsterschwarzach 2010.
- Adelhard Kaspar: The cross brotherhood of Stadtschwarzach . In: Ludolf Mayer (Hrsg.): Festschrift for the anniversary of the parish church Stadtschwarzach on September 17, 1967. Construction of the choir in 1467, renewal of the nave in 1867 . Münsterschwarzach 1967. p. 27.
- Adelhard Kaspar: Stadtschwarzach and its church . In: Ludolf Mayer (Hrsg.): Festschrift for the anniversary of the parish church Stadtschwarzach on September 17, 1967. Construction of the choir in 1467, renewal of the nave in 1867 . Münsterschwarzach 1967. pp. 17-26.
- Friedrich Merzbacher: The sanctuaries of the parish church of Stadtschwarzach . In: Würzburger Sonntagsblatt 97th year. 1950 / No. 16 . P. 191.
- Friedrich Merzbacher: The late medieval parish Stadtschwarzach . In: Würzburger Diözesangeschichtsverein (Hrsg.): Würzburger Diözesangeschichtsblätter 13th Jhg. 1951 . Würzburg 1951. pp. 82-102.
- Without an author: Chronicle of the volunteer fire brigade Stadtschwarzach . In: Freiwillige Feuerwehr Stadtschwarzach (Hrsg.): Festschrift. 125 years of the Stadtschwarzach volunteer fire brigade. July 14-16, 2000 . Schwarzach am Main 2000. pp. 16–40.
- without an author: educational establishments in the parish . In: Ludolf Mayer (Hrsg.): Festschrift for the anniversary of the parish church Stadtschwarzach on September 17, 1967. Construction of the choir in 1467, renewal of the nave in 1867 . Münsterschwarzach 1967. pp. 31-39.
- Peter A. Suess: Schwarzach . In: Jesko Graf zu Dohna (Ed.): Kulturpfad. In the footsteps of the Counts of Castell . Münsterschwarzach 2004. pp. 90–91.
- Gabriel Vogt: The city black pilgrimage . In: Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V. (Ed.): 100 Years of the Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V. group singers festival Kitzingen singing group in the Franconian Singers Association 19./20. June 2010 . Münsterschwarzach 2010. p. 55.
Other literature used
- Hans Bauer: Old and new coats of arms in the Kitzingen district . In: Yearbook of the district of Kitzingen 1980. In the spell of the Schwanberg . Kitzingen 1980. pp. 53-70.
- Hans Bauer: District of Kitzingen. An art and culture guide . Market wide 1993.
- Wolfgang Brückner, Wolfgang Schneider: Catalog of places of grace, places of worship and worship in the diocese of Würzburg . In: Wolfgang Brückner, Wolfgang Schneider (ed.): Pilgrimage in the Diocese of Würzburg. Places of grace, places of worship and worship in Lower Franconia (= Church, Art and Culture in Franconia, Vol. 3) . Würzburg 1996. pp. 55-269.
- Monika Fritz-Scheuplein, Almut König, Sabine Krämer-Neubert, Norbert Richard Wolf: Dreidörfer fools stand on three rafters. Ortnecknames in Lower Franconia . Würzburg 2012.
- Johann Ludwig Klarmann: The Steigerwald in the past. A contribution to Franconian cultural studies . Gerolzhofen 2 1909.
- Rudi Krauss: place names in the district of Kitzingen . In: In: Yearbook for the district of Kitzingen 2012. In the spell of the Schwanberg . Dettelbach 2012. pp. 233-244.
- Hans-Eckhard Lindemann: Historic town centers in Main Franconia. History - structure - development . Munich 1989.
- Victor Metzner: The traffic routes in the northern district of Kitzingen in the area of the Mainschleife until the middle of the 19th century . In: Yearbook for the district of Kitzingen. Under the spell of the Schwanberg 2016 . Kitzingen 2016. pp. 195–204.
- Ulrich Wagner, Walter Ziegler (ed.): Lorenz Fries. Chronicle of the Bishops of Würzburg 742–1495. Volume VI. The miniatures of the bishop's chronicle (= Fontes Herbipolensis. Editions and studies from the Würzburg city archive) . Wuerzburg 1996.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data Processing (Ed.): Official local directory for Bavaria, territorial status: May 25, 1987 . Issue 450 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich November 1991, DNB 94240937X , p. 366 ( digitized version ).
- ^ Büll, Franziskus: Das Monasterium Suuarzaha . P. 47.
- ^ Büll, Franziskus: Das Monasterium Suuarzaha . P. 17.
- ↑ a b Rüthlein, Hans (among others): Stadtschwarzach in the mirror of time . P. 68.
- ^ Büll, Franziskus: Das Monasterium Suuarzaha . P. 19.
- ^ Büll, Franziskus: Das Monasterium Suuarzaha . P. 53 and 58.
- ↑ Suess, Peter A .: Schwarzach . P. 90.
- ↑ Kaspar, Adelhard: Stadtschwarzach and his church . P. 21 f.
- ↑ Rüthlein, Hans (among others): Stadtschwarzach through the ages . P. 69.
- ↑ a b Kaspar, Adelhard: Stadtschwarzach and his church . P. 22.
- ^ A b Kaspar, Adelhard: The cross brotherhood of Stadtschwarzach . P. 27.
- ↑ Merzbacher, Friedrich: The late medieval parish Stadtschwarzach . P. 100.
- ↑ a b Rüthlein, Hans (among others): Stadtschwarzach in the mirror of time . P. 74.
- ↑ a b c Rüthlein, Hans (among others): Stadtschwarzach in the mirror of time . P. 76.
- ↑ a b Rüthlein, Hans (among others): Stadtschwarzach in the mirror of time . P. 78.
- ^ Krauss, Rudi: place names in the district of Kitzingen . P. 238 f.
- ^ Dresch, Hans A .: Sources and reports on the history of the market town of Schwarzach am Main . P. 9 and 13.
- ^ Fritz-Scheuplein, Monika (among others): Ortsnecknames in Lower Franconia . P. 60 and 42.
- ^ Bauer, Hans: Old and new coats of arms in the district of Kitzingen . P. 65.
- ^ Dresch, Hans: Schwarzacher Siegel . P. 82.
- ↑ Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V. (Ed.): 100 Years of the Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V . P. 25 f.
- ↑ Schwarzach am Main: Municipal Council Committees , accessed on December 24, 2019.
- ↑ Schwarzach am Main: districts , accessed on December 23, 2019.
- ↑ Bavarian State Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Historical municipality register: The population of the municipalities of Bavaria in the period from 1840 to 1952 (= contributions to Statistics Bavaria . Issue 192). Munich 1954, DNB 451478568 , p. 205 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb00066439-3 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Official city directory for Bavaria, territorial status on October 1, 1964 with statistical information from the 1961 census . Issue 260 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1964, DNB 453660959 , Section II, Sp. 884 ( digitized version ).
- ^ Bavarian State Statistical Office (ed.): Official place directory for Bavaria . Issue 335 of the articles on Bavaria's statistics. Munich 1973, DNB 740801384 , p. 189 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Merzbacher, Friedrich: The healing properties of the parish church of Stadtschwarzach . P. 191.
- ↑ a b Bauer, Hans: District of Kitzingen . P. 42.
- ^ Lindemann, Hans-Eckhard: Historic town centers in Mainfranken . P. 52 f.
- ^ Büll, Franziskus (among others): Schwarzach am Main in old views . Pictures 31 and 32.
- ↑ Merzbacher, Friedrich: The late medieval parish Stadtschwarzach . P. 89.
- ^ Dresch, Hans: The Schwarzacher miniatures in the Würzburg episcopal chronicle of Lorenz Fries . P. 1 f.
- ^ Wagner, Ulrich (among others, ed.): Lorenz Fries . Volume VI. P. 187.
- ^ Dresch, Hans: The Schwarzacher miniatures in the Würzburg episcopal chronicle of Lorenz Fries . P. 6.
- ^ Brückner, Wolfgang (among others): Catalog of places of grace, places of worship and worship in the diocese of Würzburg . P. 228 f.
- ^ Vogt, Gabriel: The city black pilgrimage . P. 55.
- ↑ Schwarzach am Main: Village Treasures , accessed on December 23, 2019.
- ^ Cf.: Metzner, Viktor: The traffic routes in the northern district of Kitzingen .
- ↑ Rüthlein, Hans (among others): Stadtschwarzach through the ages . P. 81.
- ^ OVF: Stadtschwarzach , accessed on December 23, 2019.
- ↑ above: Education and training facilities in the parish . P. 33.
- ↑ above: Chronicle of the volunteer fire brigade Stadtschwarzach . P. 26 and 30th
- ↑ KFV-Kitzingen: Stadtschwarzach Voluntary Fire Brigade , accessed on December 24, 2019.
- ↑ Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach e. V. (Ed.): 100 Years of the Gesangverein Stadtschwarzach 1910 e. V . P. 30.
- ↑ See: Dresch, Hans (et al.): 50 years of the Stadtschwarzach tribe 1962–2012 .
- ↑ Klarmann, Johann Ludwig: The Steigerwald in the past . P. 210.
- ↑ Wikisource: Joseph Gutenäcker , accessed December 23, 2019.
