Vrchlabí

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Vrchlabí
Vrchlabí coat of arms
Vrchlabí (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Královéhradecký kraj
District : Trutnov
Area : 2766 ha
Geographic location : 50 ° 38 '  N , 15 ° 37'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 37 '33 "  N , 15 ° 36' 44"  E
Height: 477  m nm
Residents : 12,461 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 543 01
License plate : H
traffic
Street: Jilemnice - Trutnov
Railway connection: Kunčice nad Labem – Vrchlabí
structure
Status: city
Districts: 3
administration
Mayor : Jan Sobotka (as of 2010)
Address: Zámek 1
543 01 Vrchlabí
Municipality number: 579858
Website : www.muvrchlabi.cz

Vrchlabí (German Hohenelbe ) is a town in Okres Trutnov in the Královéhradecký kraj region in the Czech Republic .

Geographical location

The city is located in northern Bohemia , 20 km west of Trutnov ( Trautenau ), and is also known as "the gateway to the Giant Mountains". It is located in the southern part of the Giant Mountains at an altitude of 484 m above sea level and is the second town on the upper reaches of the Elbe after Špindlerův Mlýn ( Spindleruv Mlyn ) . This flows through the city from north to south.

Neighboring towns are Strážné ( Pomeranian village ) in the north, Dolní Dvůr ( Niederhof ) in the northeast, Černý Důl (Schwarzenthal) and Lánov (Langenau) in the east, Kunčice and Horní Branná ( Brennei ) in the south, Jilemnice ( Starkenbach ) in the southwest and Benecko in the northwest .

history

Marketplace
Old town
Main road
House front in the old town
Hohenelbe Castle
Augustinian monastery

A village with the West Slav place name Wrchlab was probably created in the 13th century during the colonization of the foreland of the Giant Mountains. It was first mentioned in writing in 1359 when it belonged to a Haschek (Hašek) on Wrchlab, whose descendants kept it until the beginning of the 16th century. The place, also known as Gießdorf by German miners from 1409 , initially belonged to the Trutnov feudal lordship , from which it was detached and independent again in 1525. In 1533 it was fiefdom owned by Johann von Tettau , who sold it to the royal chief miner Christoph von Gendorf that year . In the following year, Emperor Ferdinand I. elevated Gießdorf or Wrchlab to a town with the name Hohenelbe , allowed the use of a coat of arms and granted it the right to hold two annual markets and one weekly market; also other privileges for mining ore.

Under Christoph von Gendorf Hohenelbe adopted the Evangelical Lutheran faith. He campaigned for a Protestant community life in the spirit of the reformer Martin Luther and had a church, a rectory, a school and, from 1546–1548, a three-story moated castle built in the Renaissance style. After his death in 1563 his daughter Eustachie, widow of the Liegnitz chancellor Wolf Bock von Hermsdorf, inherited Hohenelbe. After Eustachie's death, the estates were divided between her daughters. In 1624, at the beginning of the re-catholicization in Bohemia , Christoph Gendorfers grandson Wilhelm Miřkovský von Stropčic (Vilém Miřkovský ze Stropčic) sold Hohenelbe to Field Marshal Duke Albrecht von Wallenstein , who incorporated it into his Duchy of Friedland . The armory he built, in which local ore was processed, resulted in an economic boom in the mountain town of Hohenelbe. After Wallenstein's murder in Eger in 1634 and the return of his fortune to the Royal Chamber , the Hohenelbe transferred this to Field Marshal Baron Kamil Rudolf von Morzin, from a noble family in Friuli, as a reward for military service during the Thirty Years War . After his death in 1646, the Hohenelbe lordship and the income from the towns were inherited by Countess Aloisia Czernin von und zu Chudenitz . With their descendants, the Czernin-Morzin, the Czernin-Morzin'sche domain Hohenelbe and Maschendorf in the Giant Mountains remained until 1881.

Paul von Czernin-Morzin had the rule changed from the allod to a majority rule in 1646 . During the reign of Wenzel von Czernin-Morzin, an Augustinian monastery was built from 1705 to 1725 , in which Wilhelm Dientzenhofer († 1807), a son of Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer , was prior. In 1750, Joseph Haydn joined the Morzin as Kapellmeister for two years for an annual salary of 300 guilders. In 1796 the rule was changed back to allodial rule.

After the ore deposits were exhausted at the end of the 18th century, the textile industry became the main livelihood. From the last quarter of the 18th century until the 1930s, the textile industry shaped the craft and industrial development of the city of Hohenelbe. In 1788, the Kiesling brothers' company began producing cloth. At the beginning of the 19th century, the town became too small for new industrial settlements and new textile complexes were built in the Lower and Upper High Elbe and in Harta (Podhůří) . At the same time, the first textile printing works came into being. In 1803 Wenzel Zirm founded the first of many textile bleaching and fabric processing companies, which later became the company of the von Leuzendorf & Waengler families .

In 1834 the Hohenelbe allodial rule with the Langenau estate that was combined with it had 14,363 inhabitants. It included the town of Hohenelbe, the town of Schwarzenthal ( Černý Důl ) , the villages of Fuchsberg (Liščí Kopec) , Harta (Podhůří) , Klein Langenau (Malý Lánov) , Middle Langenau , Neudorf (Nová Ves) , Nieder Hohenelbe (Dolejší Vrchlabí) , Nieder Langenau ( Dolní Lánov ) , Niederhof ( Dolní Dvůr ) , Ober Hohenelbe (Hořejší Vrchlabí) , Ober Langenau , Pelzdorf , Schmidtdorf and Schreibendorf (Kněžice) , a part of Mönchsdorf as well as the Giant Mountains forests up to the Silesian border, which are divided into three parts of the mountains. The first mountain portion comprised the cottage settlements lyre houses (Jelení boudy) , Ox trench (Přední Labská) , Planurbauden (Boudy na Pláni) , Seven reasons Bauden (Sedmidolí) with Bradlerbauden (Brádlerovy Boudy) , Daftebauden (Moravská bouda) and Spindler Bauden (Špindlerovka) , column and Sacherbauden, also called Spindelmühlbauden ( Špindlerův Mlýn ) , St. Petersbauden (Svatý Petr) , Tafelbauden (Tabulové Boudy) as well as the individual Petermannbaude ( Petrova bouda ) on the Great Balaclava with a total of 163 houses. The second mountain part included the Fries Bauden (Friesovy boudy) , Abundance Bauden (Hříběcí boudy) , goose Bauden (Husí boudy) , Hanapetershau (Hanapetrova paseka) , wedge Bauden (Klínové boudy) , Lahr Bauden (Lahrovy boudy) , Pantenberg (Klášterka) , Strážné ( Strážné ) , Rennerovky (Rennerovky) , Saxon towns (Šestidomí) , the Schöne Lahn (Krásná Pláň) , pond houses (Jezerní Domky) and white meadow cottages ( Luční bouda ) including Rennerbaude with 126 houses. In the third mountain part, consisting of the Auer Wiesbaden Bauden (Tetřeví boudy) , Berghäuser, Böhnischbauden (Bönischovy boudy) , Bohnwiese (BoBi boudy) , Book Mountain cottages, Fuchs Mountain cottages (Liščí boudy) , gold height Bauden , boiler Bauden (Kotelní boudy) , Krummerwegbauden and mirror Bauden (Zrcadlovky) were 44 scattered houses. The town of Hohenelbe at that time consisted of 360 houses in which 2757 people lived.

After the abolition of hereditary subordination , Hohenelbe / Vrchlabí became the seat of the district administration of the Hohenelbe district and the judicial district of Hohenelbe in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1850 . Elementary schools and a community school for boys and girls, a technical school for weaving and in 1909 a secondary high school , to which girls had access after 1918, were established in the city.

After the First World War and the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the city of Hohenelbe had 6984 inhabitants on December 1, 1930 (1203 of them = 17% Czechs ). As a result of the Munich Agreement Hohenelbe was, that was predominantly inhabited by Germans, 1,938 members of the German Empire, occupied by German troops and was until 1945 the district Hohenelbe , Region of Usti nad Labem , in the Reich District of Sudetenland the German Reich .

In 1941, a forced labor camp with Jews was set up in Ober-Hohenelbe . End 1944 150 Jewish forced laborers came a command of the satellite camp Parschnitz the Gross-Rosen concentration camp there.

Expulsion of German-speaking residents

After the end of World War II in the were Munich Agreement (September 1938) again transferred to Germany territory of Czechoslovakia assigned and the majority German-speaking population of Hohenelbe sold . Their property was confiscated by the Beneš Decree 108 and the Catholic Church expropriated during the communist era 1948–1989 . The Czech Republic made no compensation for the confiscated assets. The expellees founded the Heimatkreis Hohenelbe Riesengebirge eV with archive and museum in their sponsored cities in Germany, Bensheim in Hesse and Marktoberdorf in Allgäu .

As a result, the number of residents initially decreased and was offset by incorporations and immigration. At the end of 1960 the Okres Vrchlabí was abolished and the city was assigned to the Okres Trutnov .

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1830 2,875 in 359 houses
1833 2,757 in 360 houses
1857 3,383
1900 6,600 German residents
1930 6,984 thereof 1,203 Czechs
1939 6,345
Population since the end of the Second World War
year 1970 1980 1991 2001 2003
Residents 11,119 12,419 13,416 13,171 12,898

Tourism and economy

Vrchlabí is one of those cities in the Krkonoše Mountains that do not only live from income from tourism . Other employers are Škoda Automobil , Kablo (cables), AEG identification systems ( RFID transponders) and OCZ ( LCD displays). Due to the large number of shops and supermarkets, Vrchlabí is also a shopping town for the surrounding towns. In 2005 a large part of the Trutnov district administration was transferred to Vrchlabí. The administration of the cross-border Giant Mountains National Park is headquartered in Vrchlabí, which offers numerous cafes and restaurants in addition to the historical city center and its sights. In winter there are cross-country trails and smaller ski areas on the local mountain Žalý ( Heidelberg , 1018 m), on the Kněžický vrch and on the Bubákov slope . In summer, a well-marked network of hiking trails and mountain bike routes opens up the area in the southern Giant Mountains .

Attractions

  • The former castle of Counts Czernin-Morzin (Vrchlabský zámek) with four octagonal towers was built in 1546–1548 next to an old water fort , rebuilt in 1820, the castle walls removed and the moats filled in. Today it contains the city office.
  • The Renaissance town hall from 1591 was rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1732 and restored in 1927.
  • Wooden houses from the 16th century
  • Augustinian monastery

City structure

The city of Vrchlabí consists of the districts

  • Hořejší Vrchlabí ( Upper High Elbe )
  • Podhůří (Harta) and
  • Vrchlabí (Hohenelbe)

Twin cities

sons and daughters of the town

literature

  • Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 , pp. 194-195.
  • Hans Ulrich Engel: Castles and palaces in Bohemia. Based on old templates (= castles, palaces, mansions. Vol. 17). 2nd Edition. Weidlich, Frankfurt am Main 1978, ISBN 3-8035-8013-7 , p. 54 f. and illustration on p. 179.
  • Lillian Schacherl: Bohemia. Cultural image of a landscape. Prestel, Munich 1966, pp. 264, 265.
  • Jan Šícha, Eva Habel, Peter Liebald, Gudrun Heissig: Odsun. The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans. Documentation on the causes, planning and realization of an "ethnic cleansing" in the middle of Europe in 1945/46. Sudeten German Archive, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-930626-08-X .

Web links

Commons : Vrchlabí  - collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ↑ Anton Bakesch: The forest conditions on the Gräfl. Czernin-Morzinschen domains Hohenelbe and Marschendorf in the Giant Mountains. For orientation of the PT participants in the excursion of the Bohemian Forest Association in August 1906. Publishing house of the Bohemian Forest Association, Prague 1906.
  3. ^ Adolph I Lehmann: General address book and business manual for the Imperial and Royal Capital and Residence City of Vienna and its surroundings . Ed .: Förster. 12th edition. tape 2 . Vienna 1874, p. 82 .
  4. ↑ City of Vrchlabi: History of the city of Vrchlabi. Retrieved December 4, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia. Represented statistically and topographically. Volume 3: Bidschower Kreis. Calve, Prague 1835, pp. 180-196.
  6. ^ Rudolf M. Wlaschek: Jews in Böhmen . Munich: Oldenbourg, 1990, p. 153
  7. ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 194, item 3) below.
  8. ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 2: Bidschower Kreis , Prague 1835, p. 189, item 1).
  9. ↑ Maximilian Dormizer and Edmund Schebek: The income situation in the Czech Ore Mountains . Prague 1862, p. 4 .
  10. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 9, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 442 .
  11. ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Hohenelbe district (Czech. Vrchlabí). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  12. ↑ http://www.czso.cz Czeski Urząd Statystycznys