Traditionally Romansh-speaking area of ​​Graubünden

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The distribution area of ​​West Upper German (= Alemannic) dialect features in the 19th and 20th centuries. It has a major influence on the traditional Romansh-speaking area of ​​Graubünden (= orange-colored areas)

The traditional Romansh-speaking area of ​​Graubünden (TR) is traditionally summarized as those places in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in which a Romansh idiom was predominantly spoken between the beginning of the 16th century and the beginning of the 19th century .

development

At the time of the Roman Empire , Latin dominated the area under consideration here and beyond . The Rhaeto-Romanic dialects and idioms that developed from Latin in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages were not only spoken in the area of ​​today's Graubünden. In the north, for example, the Rhaeto-Romanic language area extended almost to Lake Constance for centuries, where a Germanic-Romance language border had been established at the Hirschensprung (valley narrow point of the Alpine Rhine Valley north of Rüthi ). The politically and stately significant border between the dioceses of Chur (for a long time belonging to the Archdiocese of Milan , i.e. oriented to the south) and Constance ( Archdiocese of Mainz ) could not have been without significance . Until the beginning of the modern era , the area of ​​the Rhaeto-Romanic language was reduced by general Germanization and immigration of Walsers . At the end of the 15th century, Chur became German-speaking.

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Germanic-Romance language borders remained relatively stable, which is why one can speak of a “traditional” Romansh- speaking area (TR) . The northern border of the Rhaeto-Romanic language area stretched across Graubünden during this time. Germanic-speaking enclaves existed in it , above all the following are to be mentioned: firstly, the Walser areas of Obersaxen , Valsertal , Safiental , Tschappina , Rheinwald , Avers and Mutten , which arose in the High Middle Ages, and secondly, the small non-Walser area of ​​the southern Heinzenberg with Thusis and Thusis and, which became German-speaking in the 16th century Masein and, thirdly, the neighboring Urmein and the Rongellen , which is already part of the shame and was Germanized from the Walser Tschappina in the Middle Ages.

A profound change has been taking place in TR since the beginning of the 19th century. In many places, Romansh has already disappeared, and German is indispensable even in today's most Romansh communities. There are therefore no monolingual Rhaeto-Romanic communities, only those in which Romansh has a certain advantage. There are many attempts to explain these changes: Among other things, the accession of Graubünden to German-dominated Switzerland in 1803, the increase in importance of the German-speaking capital Chur, the function of German as the language of the elite and social advancement , more traffic and mobility through industrialization and modernization and tourism .

Rhaeto-Romanic still has a relatively strong position in the Val Lumnezia (Lugnez), in the Val Müstair (Münstertal), in the Cadi and in the Engiadina Bassa (Lower Engadine). On the other hand, it suffered the greatest losses in the lower Hinterrheintal ( Heinzenberg [Mantogna] and Domleschg [Tumleastga] ). In the Surses (Oberhalbstein), in the Foppa (Gruob), in the Val Schons (Schams), in the Albula valley and in the Engiadin'Ota (Upper Engadin), the decline in Romansh is more or less strong.

Bivio is the only municipality in the TR in which Italian has played an essential role; Village schooling is currently starting there in Italian, later teaching in Italian and German.

Romansh is not a standardized language. Rather, it is a collective term for five idioms, some of which are quite different, with their own written language and their even more numerous dialects. Perhaps to counteract the decline, the German Swiss linguist invented Heinrich Schmid on behalf of the Lia Rumantscha 1982, the common written language Rumantsch Grischun (RG), which represents a compromise between the five Romansh languages and especially at the level of written language a cohesion and thus a To strengthen the Romansh-speaking areas of Graubünden. At most of the Romance schools in Central Grisons and the Münstertal as well as in the lower Oberland, teaching is no longer in the written local idiom, but in the RG. Since 2003, new cantonal school books (in addition to German and Italian) are no longer written in all five Romansh language forms, but only in the RG. However, many novels feel snubbed by the RG, which differs greatly from the original languages, and fight it "bitterly to desperately". So far, most community schools are still teaching in the respective idiom.

Tabular overview

The following table gives an overview of the political communities of the TR. The status is the census year 2000; for changes that have taken place and planned for the independence of municipalities since 2000, see Municipal Mergers in Switzerland . Those municipalities are assigned to the TR in which, according to the first Swiss population censuses, Romansh was the majority language . The borderline case of assignment to the TR is Fürstenau , where in 1880 Romansh is the majority language with only 26.6%; the Samnaun and Sils im Domleschg , which remained Romanesque beyond the 16th century , are no longer counted as part of the TR (1860 by 10%). Initial sorting: language (from east to west) - region - official municipality name.

idiom region Official municipality name Romansh. Parish name Pop. 1880 Pop. 2000 Councilor. Mutt. 1880 Councilor. bestb. 2000 Councilor. Knows. 2000 Official School.
Vallader Mustair Fuldera 117 - 1.7 79.5 74.8 92.2 R. R-DR
Vallader Mustair Lü 72 - 13.9 73.6 82.3 87.1 R. R-DR
Vallader Mustair Mustair 529 + 40.8 86.8 72.9 85.6 R. R-DR
Vallader Mustair Santa Maria Val Mustair 391 - 16.4 80.8 69.7 81.7 R. R-DR
Vallader Mustair Tschierv 154 0.0 81.8 77.3 91.6 R. R-DR
Vallader Mustair Valchava 186 + 8.6 68.8 80.7 89.6 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Ardez 663 - 36.7 94.6 73.8 88.8 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Ftan 523 - 1.3 89.3 57.8 75.6 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Guarda GR 266 - 45.9 95.5 62.5 78.5 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Lavin 271 - 35.8 83.4 75.9 85.6 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Ramosch 517 - 14.9 85.1 84.1 92.2 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Scuol 913 + 132.4 81.7 49.4 70.3 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Sent GR 1105 - 21.7 88.4 68.3 84.5 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Susch 402 - 50.5 73.9 65.3 85.4 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Tarasp 346 - 5.2 92.2 38.4 46.6 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Tschlin 660 - 40.6 87.1 71.4 84.7 R. R-DR
Vallader Closely. Bassa Zernez 540 + 77.6 84.3 61.1 80.2 R. R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Bever GR 148 + 326.4 81.1 18.9 45.3 D. R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Celerina / Schlarigna Schlarigna 329 + 311.2 76.9 12.8 34.9 D. R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Madulain 68 + 164.7 69.1 22.2 42.8 D. R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Pontresina Puntraschigna 383 + 472.1 45.7 7.9 25.3 D. RD
Putér Closely. Ota La Punt-Chamues-ch 229 + 188.2 71.6 20.6 47.6 RD R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Samedan 757 + 305.4 46.8 16.7 42.2 D. RD
Putér Closely. Ota St. Moritz San Murezzan 402 + 1290.3 50.2 4.7 12.8 D. DR
Putér Closely. Ota S-chanf 418 + 48.3 86.4 51.8 67.9 R. R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Sils in the Engadin / Segl Segl 214 + 250.9 68.2 12.0 33.0 D. R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Silvaplana Silvaplauna 266 + 243.2 73.3 10.6 34.1 RD R-DR
Putér Closely. Ota Zuoz 420 + 222.1 85.2 25.8 46.5 R (D) R-DR
Surmiran / Putér Albula Bergün / Bravuogn Bravuogn 628 - 17.2 80.4 10.6 26.7 D. DR
Surmiran / Putér Albula Filisur 299 + 55.9 36.5 3.0 7.3 D. D.
Surmiran Albula Alvaneu Alvagni 311 + 29.6 80.1 16.9 31.0 D. DR
Surmiran Albula Alvaschein Alvaschagn 141 + 9.2 95.0 40.3 61.0 RD R-DR
Surmiran Albula Brienz / Brinzauls Brinzauls 146 −19.9 98.6 31.6 52.1 D. R-DR
Surmiran Albula Lantsch / Lenz Lantsch 334 + 45.2 96.1 36.7 51.3 R. R-DR
Surmiran Albula Mon 128 - 32.8 100.0 52.3 67.4 R. R-DR
Surmiran Albula Stierva 194 - 34.0 98.5 66.4 80.5 R. R-DR
Surmiran Albula Surava 137 + 82.5 82.5 10.8 30.4 D. DR
Surmiran Albula Tiefencastel Casti 217 + 6.0 88.9 37.8 58.3 RD R-DR
Surmiran Albula Vaz / Obervaz Vaz 785 + 242.8 92.0 9.0 18.9 (R) D DR
Surmiran Sursès Bivio Beiva 163 + 25.2 67.5 12.3 33.8 I. I-DI
Surmiran Surses Cunter 162 + 22.2 86.4 51.0 64.1 R. R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Marmorera Murmarera 151 - 67.5 98.7 34.7 53.1 RD R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Mulegns 121 - 72.7 93.4 57.6 66.7 R. R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Riom-Parsonz 404 - 19.1 99.0 63.9 79.2 R. R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Salouf 316 - 35.1 99.1 77.6 86.3 R. R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Savognin Savognin / Suagnign 503 + 75.3 96.2 53.1 70.1 R. R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Sur Sour 151 - 38.4 99.3 75.3 84.9 R. R-DR
Surmiran Sursès Tinizong-Rona 579 - 36.3 94.0 50.1 68.3 R. R-DR
Sutsilvan Already Other 603 + 10.9 65.5 9.1 22.1 (R) D DR
Sutsilvan Already Ausserferrera Farera 126 - 62.7 98.4 2.1 23.4 D. DR
Sutsilvan Already Casti-Wergenstein Casti-Vargistagn 73 - 23.3 98.6 55.4 71.4 RD R-DR
Sutsilvan Already Clugin Clugen 47 - 29.8 100.0 3.0 15.2 D. DR
Sutsilvan Already Donath Donat 157 - 15.3 99.4 56.4 75.9 RD R-DR
Sutsilvan Already Innerferrera Calantgil 54 - 9.3 100.0 4.1 6.1 D. DR
Sutsilvan Already Wages GR Lon 81 - 38.3 96.3 52.0 76.0 RD R-DR
Sutsilvan Already Mathon GR Maton 98 - 46.9 94.9 53.8 82.7 D. R-DR
Sutsilvan Already Patzen-Fardün Pazen-Farden 81 - 21.0 97.5 48.4 75.0 RD R-DR
Sutsilvan Already Pignia 112 - 0.9 96.4 19.8 29.7 D. DR
Sutsilvan Already Zillis-Reischen Ziràn-Reschen 337 - 2.1 92.9 12.7 30.3 D. DR
Sutsilvan Mantogna Cazis Tgazas 790 + 99.4 49.0 4.7 8.6 D. D.
Sutsilvan Mantogna Flerden Flearda 122 + 31.1 63.9 3.8 7.5 D. D.
Sutsilvan Mantogna Portein Purtagn 47 - 44.7 44.7 0.0 0.0 D. D.
Sutsilvan Mantogna Prec Preaz 248 - 28.2 89.9 2.8 7.9 D. D.
Sutsilvan Mantogna Sarn 184 - 13.6 62.5 0.0 2.5 D. D.
Sutsilvan Mantogna Tartare 187 - 15.5 5.3 0.6 9.5 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Almens Alpine pastures 256 - 15.2 77.0 2.8 5.5 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Feldis / Veulden Denial 173 - 25.4 94.8 14.0 29.5 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Fürstenau GR Farschno 288 + 8.0 20.1 3.2 9.3 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Piping Pasqual 302 + 35.4 89.1 3.7 10.0 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Pratval 65 + 269.2 64.6 4.2 7.9 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Toboggan Redden 142 + 97.9 62.2 3.9 9.3 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Rothenbrunnen Givòlta 82 + 414.6 70.7 7.6 14.2 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Sharans Scharàns 502 + 62.7 70.3 2.1 5.0 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Divorce Sched 220 - 36.8 97.7 19.4 31.7 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Trans Tear 89 - 22.5 70.8 8.7 11.6 D. D.
Sutsilvan Tumleastga Tumegl / Tomils Tumegl 275 + 16.7 87.3 4.0 13.1 D. D.
Sutsilvan / Sursilvan Il Plaun Bonaduz Panaduz 624 + 289.9 75.6 5.4 11.8 D. D.
Sutsilvan / Sursilvan Il Plaun Domat / Ems Domat 1445 + 341.0 89.5 11.0 23.5 D. DR
Sutsilvan / Sursilvan Il Plaun Rhäzüns Razén 560 + 114.5 95.9 10.1 25.2 D. DR
Sutsilvan / Sursilvan Il Plaun Trin 890 + 24.5 95.6 19.8 41.3 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Il Plaun Flims Flem 851 + 199.5 87.2 6.7 18.0 D. DR
Sursilvan Foppa Andiast 242 - 4.1 99.2 85.8 93.5 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Castrisch 434 - 5.1 92.4 48.5 70.9 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Falera 338 + 49.1 99.1 67.5 78.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Flond 195 - 8.2 96.4 50.8 72.1 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Ilanz Glion 872 + 185.3 60.8 29.9 51.4 D. DR
Sursilvan Foppa Laax Lag 293 + 292.5 93.9 40.1 56.1 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Ladir 88 + 21.6 97.7 57.0 75.7 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Luff 271 - 32.5 98.2 59.6 79.8 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Pigniu 81 - 44.4 98.8 91.1 100.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Rueun 399 + 15.3 98.7 72.0 82.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Intoxication 251 + 41.8 96.4 69.4 83.7 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Sagogn 480 + 24.4 95.8 57.1 77.7 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa No 397 + 51.6 81.9 53.2 66.1 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Schnaus 130 - 23.8 70.0 45.5 65.7 RD DR
Sursilvan Foppa Sevgein 163 + 27.0 97.5 54.6 73.9 RD R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Siat 231 - 18.2 98.7 82.5 89.4 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Surcuolm 91 + 42.9 97.8 44.6 63.8 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Vrin 384 - 35.2 99.5 95.6 98.8 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Foppa Waltensburg / Vuorz Vuorz 413 - 7.3 95.4 63.4 78.1 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Camuns 82 - 26.8 100.0 78.3 88.3 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Cumbel 303 - 5.0 99.7 85.1 92.7 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Duvin You in 117 - 31.6 99.1 48.8 75.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Sword 251 - 1.6 100.0 73.7 87.9 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Lumbar clean 530 - 24.7 100.0 89.5 93.7 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Morissen Murissen 187 + 12.8 98.9 91.5 95.3 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Pitasch 138 - 14.5 94.2 60.2 89.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Riein 190 - 62.6 96.3 63.4 76.1 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Surcasti 160 - 53.1 100.0 86.7 90.7 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Tersnaus 78 - 10.3 93.6 74.3 90.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Uors-Peiden 226 - 60.2 92.9 66.7 77.8 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Vignogn 164 + 9.1 100.0 88.8 93.9 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Lumnezia Vella 285 + 54.7 100.0 83.9 92.3 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Breil / Brigels Breil 880 + 34.9 98.6 80.5 88.6 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Disentis / Mustér Template 1304 + 66.6 97.2 75.3 86.3 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Medel (Lucmagn) Medel 561 - 16.2 98.8 92.8 96.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Slim 179 - 48.6 98.3 81.5 92.4 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Sumvitg 1235 + 6.3 98.7 88.0 94.0 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Tujetsch 784 + 94.5 99.5 66.2 75.3 R. R-DR
Sursilvan Cadi Trun GR 956 + 38.3 98.3 79.0 87.8 R. R-DR

literature

  • Jean-Jacques Furer: The Current Situation of Romansh . Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 3-303-01202-4 .
  • Peter Masüger: From Old Rhaeto-Romanic to «Tschalfiggerisch» . In: Terra Grischuna 48/1, 1990, ISSN  1011-5196 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jean-Jacques Furer: The current situation of the Romanesque . Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 3-303-01202-4 , pp. 13-21
  2. ↑ Furer, p. 14
  3. ↑ Furer, p. 21
  4. ↑ Furer, p. 79
  5. ↑ Furer, p. 23
  6. ↑ Furer, p. 80
  7. ↑ Furer, p. 128
  8. ↑ After Furer, pp. 140-145
  9. ↑ After Furer, p. 140
  10. ↑ Furer, pp. 135 and 144
  11. ↑ The sub-dialect of Vallader in Val Müstair is the Jauer . In Trin, Bonaduz, Domat and Rhäzüns dialects from Central Grisons, but Sursilvan as the standard language. Central Grisons dialects in Filisur and Bravuogn, but Putèr as the standard language.
  12. ↑ Albula = middle and upper Albula valley (districts Alvaschein, Belfort and Bravuogn); Closely. Ota = Engiadin'Ota / Upper Engadin ( Upper Engadin District ); Closely. Bassa = Engiadina Bassa / Lower Engadine (Ramosch, Suot Tasna and Surtasna districts); Foppa = Gruob (Ruis and Ilanz districts, without Riein and Pitasch, with Surcuolm); Il Plaun = Imboden (Imboden district); Lumnezia = Val Lumnezia / Lugnez (Lumnezia district, with Riein and Pitasch, without Surcuolm); Mantogna = Heinzenberg (Thusis district); Müstair = Val Müstair (Val Müstair district); Schons = Schams (Schams district, including Val Ferrera); Sursès = Oberhalbstein (Sursès district); Tumleastga = Domleschg (Domleschg district).
  13. ^ Rhaeto-Romanic community name. Only indicated if it differs from the official municipality name. The Romance spelling of the community names is not based on the Rumantsch Grischun , but on the corresponding regional language form.
  14. ↑ 1880 census: population (local population)
  15. ↑ Change in the number of inhabitants from 2000 compared to 1880 in% (2000 census: economic domicile)
  16. ↑ 1880 census: Proportion of Romansh native speakers in the total population in%
  17. ↑ 2000 census: percentage of those who state Romansh as their mother tongue in relation to the total population
  18. ↑ 2000 census: Proportion of those who report knowledge of Romansh to the total population in%
  19. ↑ official language . R = Romansh, D = German, I = Italian. The official language can be determined by the municipalities through legal norms. If such an official anchoring exists, the language abbreviation is shown in bold .
  20. ↑ type of school. R-DR = first 3 years of school in Romansh, then increasingly German. D = German. DR = German, Romansh school subject for a minimum of 3 years. RD = bilingual. I-DI = first 3 school years in Italian, then increasingly in German.
  21. ↑ 1888
  22. ↑ 1888
  23. ↑ 1888
  24. ↑ 1888
  25. ↑ 1888
  26. ↑ In 1888, 23.8% said Romansh was their mother tongue.
  27. ↑ Up to 2000 type of school DR.
  28. ↑ Up to 2000 type of school DR.