Carnation family

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Carnation family
A Carthusian carnation (Dianthus carthusianorum, left), illustration and B Heath clove (Dianthus deltoides, right), illustration

A Carthusian carnation ( Dianthus carthusianorum , left), illustration and
B Heath clove ( Dianthus deltoides , right), illustration

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family
Scientific name
Caryophyllaceae
Yuss.

The carnation family (Caryophyllaceae) are a family in the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). They are mostly herbaceous plants with opposite, entire, sessile leaves and characteristic " forked " branching. The flowers are usually radial symmetry and hermaphroditic , the fruits are mostly capsules . They occur worldwide in all climatic zones . Most of their approximately 2200 species are found with Holarctic distribution in the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere . Varieties of many species are used as ornamental plants .

etymology

The name Caryophyllaceae is derived from the generic name Caryophyllus (today Dianthus ) , which is no longer recognized . This name was used even before Carl von Linné as a name for various carnation plants, for example by Paulus Hermannus in 1687 in the Horti Academici Lugduno-Batavi Catalogus . It comes from the Greek karyophyllon , which is used to designate the clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ), a myrtle family (Myrtaceae). The name was transferred to the latter due to the similarity of the dried flower bud of the clove with the nail-shaped shell of the Carthusian carnation ( Dianthus carthusianorum ) surrounded by brown scaly bracts . The German name "Nelke" (from the Middle High German negelkin " Nägelchen ") is based on the comparison of its aromatic, nail-shaped flowers with the shape-like buds of cloves.

features

Tribus Paronychieae: Bald hernia ( Herniaria glabra ), illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The Pink family are mostly one- , two-year or perennial herbaceous plants , rarely there are woody plants such subshrubs , shrubs and vines . The xylem in the different life forms (herbaceous to woody plants) consists mainly of parenchyma and small vessels with diameters of 20 to 50 μm. The vascular bundles have no internal phloem . The secondary growth in thickness usually takes place over the normal cambium ring , sometimes also over several concentric cambia (e.g. Spergularia ).

The dichasial branching is typical for all carnation plants (see figure below). The lumps are often swollen. The vascular bundles emerging here into the leaves leave only a gap in the stem axis (i.e. the nodes are unilacunar).

The leaves are almost always cross-opposite , undivided, oblong in shape and with entire margins . The leaves are often sessile and the two leaves of a knot fused together at the base ( gamophylly ). Stipules are rare and occur only in the subfamilies Paronychioideae and Silenoideae.

Inflorescences and flowers

White carnation
1  flower  branch, 2 male flowers, 3  female flowers, 4  fruit, 5  seed
Flower diagrams
A  Lychnis (with partitions in the lower part of the ovary)
B  Silene (partitions missing)

The terminal inflorescences are usually so-called dichasias (see figure below). In many species, however, the dichasium is reduced, for example to a coil in Stellaria pendula , to a false umbel (umbellate) in Holosteum umbellatum or even to single flowers.

The flowers are radial symmetry and usually five-fold and hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual. Some species are dioecious (for example Silene dioica ) or andromonözisch or also gynodiözisch . The original flower formula is:

The inflorescence is usually divided into a calyx and a crown . The calyx is free (Paronychioideae, Alsinoideae) or overgrown (Caryophyllidae). The petals are always free. With the Caryophyllidae the petals are "nailed", i. H. they have a long stem (“nail”) and a “plate”, at the transition there is often a secondary crown (ligula). Characteristic is the regular to the left covering ("left turned") bud position of the petal plates of many carnation plants. In many Alsinoideae the petals are strongly bilobed, giving the impression that the crown is ten-fold. Some genera only have a simple flower cover ( broken herbs , herniaria )

The stamens are originally ten and are in two circles. They are not grown together. Sometimes they are fused to the crown or calyx at the base, but mostly free. All stamens are fertile (fertile). The number of stamens can be reduced to five ( herniaria ) or to four, three or one (in some Stellaria media forms). The pollen sacs open with longitudinal slits. The pollen sac wall has a fibrous, thickened middle layer (endothecium). The inner layer of the pollen sac wall, the tapetum , is glandular. The pollen grains have three to twelve openings (apertures), which can have different shapes depending on the type (colpat, porat, foraminat or rugat). The male gametophytes are three-celled. Many species are proterandric , i. H. the male organs mature before the female ones.

The ovary is above and overgrown. The originally five carpels are often reduced to three ( Silene , Stellaria ) or two ( Dianthus ). Accordingly there are two to five styles and scars . The ovary is, characteristic of the whole order , lysikarp, i.e. H. the ovules are basal or on a free central column (hence the old name of the order as Centrospermae.) The formation is explained by the dissolution of the partitions between the individual carpels. In some genera, remains of the partition walls are still preserved in the basal part of the ovary (e.g. Lychnis ). Each ovary usually contains many ovules, rarely only one. The individual ovules stand obliquely on their stalk (kampylotrop).

This results in the following, more general flower formula:

  • Dichasial inflorescence ( Cerastium sp. ). tt "" the consecutive axes

  • Basic scheme of a dichasium

  • "Nailed" petals of Dianthus : "plate" (red) and "nail" (white)

  • The deeply slit petals of Stellaria media make the crown appear ten-fold

Fruits and seeds

Rough carnation seeds ( Dianthus armeria )

The carnations usually produce capsule fruits , less often berries ( Silene baccifera ) or nuts ( Scleranthus , Herniaria ). The capsules open with teeth (denticid) in the area of ​​the stylus.

The seeds mostly have a nuclear endosperm , a perisperm , and contain starch . The embryo has no chlorophyll . Germination takes place epigeously .

Chemical characteristics

The carnations have anthocyanins as flower pigments , but not the betalaine that is typical for the carnation-like plants .

The existing saponins and sapogenins are the basis of the medicinal use of some species. In the plant, on the other hand, glycosides of the saponins usually play the role of protection against invading fungi.

Characteristic of the family Caryophyllaceae are also mono- and di-C-glycosyl flavones and O-glycosides derived therefrom. The Silenoideae often store short-chain galactans (lactosin) instead of starch in their subterranean organs . Alkaloids are rare.

This family lacks cyanogenic compounds, iridoids and ellagic acid .

Other features

Most species carry out C3 photosynthesis , a few species carry out photosynthesis of the C4 type (e.g. Polycarpaea ).

Of the sieve-tube plastids important for the systematics of the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) , the carnation family is the only family to have plastids of type P III, which is characterized by polygonal protein crystalloids.

The basic chromosome number is x = mostly 7 to 15 (5 to 19).

Flower ecology

The pollinator Braunkolbiger Braun-Dickkopffalter ( Thymelicus sylvestris ) on a flower of the heather carnation ( Dianthus deltoides )

The pollination is usually done by insects ( Entomogamie ). But there are also autogamy and cloistogamy .

Many large-flowered species of the subfamily Caryophyllidae are pollinated by butterflies and represent so-called stem-plate flowers. Several of these species are pollinated by moths, for example the pigeon catchfly . They usually have pale flowers that do not open until the afternoon, smell and produce plenty of nectar . Many glue herbs and related species are pollinated by species of the moth genera Hadena (family owl butterflies ) and perizoma (family Spanner ), which, however, also lay their eggs in the ovules. The interrelationships are similar to those between fig and fig wasp , but they are not clearly symbiotic . Depending on the supply of other pollinators and other factors, the relationships vary from parasitism to symbiosis.

Occurrence

The carnations are found worldwide, they are only absent in the Amazon and Congo basins and Western Australia . Its main area of ​​distribution is in the northern temperate latitudes, especially in the Mediterranean region, western Asia and the Himalayas. There are relatively few species in sub-Saharan Africa, America, and Oceania.

At least in Central Europe there are relatively few forest plants. Most species grow in rather open vegetation: dry grasslands, scree slopes, ruderal and sea valley locations.

Some genera, such as Cerastium and Arenaria , are widespread " weeds ".

Systematics

The family Caryophyllaceae was set up in 1789 with the name "Caryophylleae" by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 299. Type genus is Caryophyllus Mill. (Published on 28 January 1754; today a synonym of Dianthus L. ), but this name is in accordance with the nomenclature rules of the ICBN not valid because Caryophyllus L. (published on May 1, 1753, and today a synonym of Syzygium P.Browne ex Gaertn. ) Was previously published as a genus of Myrtaceae.

Synonyms for Caryophyllaceae Juss. nom. cons. are: Alsinaceae Bartl. nom. cons., Dianthaceae Vest , Herniariaceae Martinov , Illecebraceae R.Br. nom. cons., Paronychiaceae Juss. , Scleranthaceae Bercht. & J. Presl , Silenaceae Bartl. , Spergulaceae Bartl. , Stellariaceae Bercht. & J. Presl , Telephiaceae Martinov .

The affiliation of the family to the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) is undisputed, even if their representatives do not contain betalaine. Within the carnation-like family, the closest related family is that of the Molluginaceae , with which they share the absence of betalaine and the presence of anthocyanins.

The carnation family (Caryophyllaceae) comprises 83 to 89 genera with 2200 to 3000 known species . The largest genera are Silene (600 to 700 species), Dianthus (320 to 600 species), Stellaria (175 species), Arenaria (210 to more than 300 species) and Gypsophila (around 150 species).

Traditionally, the genera are divided into three subfamilies according to morphological aspects: The Paronychioideae are characterized by stipules, the Alsinoideae have free sepals, while those of the Silenoideae are fused. At least the first two should not be monophyletic groups. A consistent modern system based on phylogenetic aspects did not exist until 2006.

Tribus Corrigioleae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Telephium imperati
Tribe Paronychieae: habit, leaves and flowers of Achyronychia cooperi
Tribe Paronychieae: Cardionema ramosissimum
Tribus Paronychieae: Cartilage herb ( Illecebrum verticillatum )
Tribe Paronychieae: Paronychia kapela
Tribe Paronychieae: Scopulophila rixfordii
Tribe Polycarpaeae: habitus and leaves of Drymaria cordata
Tribe Polycarpaeae: Habitus of Ortegia hispanica
Tribe Polycarpaeae: habit, leaves and flowers of Polycarpon tetraphyllum
Tribus Alsineae: Antarctic pearlwort ( Colobanthus quitensis ) in the Antarctic
Tribus Alsineae: habit, leaves, inflorescence and flower of Eremogone capillaris
Tribe Alsineae: Salzmiere ( Honckenya peploides )
Tribus Alsineae: habit, leaves and flowers of Pseudostellaria jamesiana
Tribus Alsineae: Section of an inflorescence of Schiedea adamantis
Tribe Geocarpeae: Geocarpon minimum
Tribe Sclerantheae: habitus of Scleranthus perennis

Here are the subfamilies with their tribes and genera:

  • Subfamily Paronychioideae Meisn. (with stipules ): It contains three tribes with about 33 genera:
    • Tribus Corrigioleae: It contains only two genera:
    • Tribe Paronychieae: It contains about 15 genera:
      • Achyronychia Torr. & A.Gray : It contains only one type:
      • Cardionema DC. (Syn .: Pentacaena Bartl. ): The six or so species occur on the coasts of western North America (only one species) and in South America from Ecuador to Peru to Chile .
      • Chaetonychia (DC.) Sweet (sometimes in Paronychia Mill. ): It contains only one species:
      • Cometes L .: The only two species occur in dry regions from northeast Africa and Ethiopia to northwest India.
      • Dicheranthus Webb : It contains only one species:
      • Gymnocarpos Forssk. (Syn .: Lochia Balf. F. , Sclerocephalus Boiss. ): The tenor sospecies occur from Macaronesia to northwestern China and Mongolia , with a center of biodiversity in tropical East Africa; among them:
      • Broken herbs ( Herniaria L. ): The approximately 45 species are distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean region, Africa, Central Asia and the Andes. They are neophytes in many areas of the world.
      • Illecebrum L .: It contains only one species:
        • Cartilage herb ( Illecebrum verticillatum L. ): It occurs in Western Europe, the Mediterranean area and the Canary Islands.
      • Mason jar ( Paronychia Mill. , Syn .: Anychia Michx. , Nyachia Small , Siphonychia Torr. & A.Gray ): The 110 or so species are in warm-temperate areas in Eurasia, Africa, the USA (26 species), South America (from Peru to Bolivia); they have the focus of their distribution in the Mediterranean area and in Asia Minor. Including:
      • Philippiella Speg. : It contains only one type:
      • Pollichia Aiton : it contains only one species:
      • Pteranthus Forssk. : It contains only one type:
      • Scopulophila M.E.Jones : The only two species thrive quartzite outcrops only in the Southwestern United States in Arizona, California and Nevada before in altitudes from 1,200 to 1600 meters on limestone and.
      • Sphaerocoma T.Anderson (Syn .: Hafunia Chiov. ): The only two species occur in north-eastern Sudan , in Egypt, Saudi Arabia in Iran and western Pakistan.
    • Tribus Polycarpaeae DC. : It contains about 16 genera:
      • Cerdia Moçiño & Sessé ex DC. : The four species occur only in Mexico .
      • Drymaria Willd. : The 48or sospecies are distributed from the southwest USA (nine species) across Mexico, the Caribbean Islands , Central and South America to Patagonia and the Galápagos Islands . In large areas of the Old World (Indonesia, eastern and southern Africa, Australia and on the Pacific islands) there are neophytes.
      • Haya Balf. f. : It contains only one type:
      • Krauseola Pax & K. Hoffm . : Of the only two species occurring in tropical East Africa, one occurs in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia and the other ( Krauseola mosambicina Pax & Hoffm. ) Extends to Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal .
      • Loeflingia L .: Of the approximately seven species, only one occurs in North America, the other species are distributed in the western Mediterranean and the Sahara.
      • Microphyes Phil. (Syn .: Wangerinia E. Franz ): The only three species occur in Chile.
      • Ortegia Loefl. : It contains only one type:
      • Pirinia M.Král : It only contains one species:
      • Polycarpaea Lam. (Syn .: Calycotropis Turcz. , Reesia Ewart , Robbairea Boiss. ): The approximately 50 species occur in the tropics and subtropics mainly in the Old World, few species exist in the Neotropics . In Florida, one species ( Polycarpaea corymbosa ) is a neophyte.
      • Nail herbs ( Polycarpon Loefl. ): The 9 to 16 species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics in western North America (two species), South America, Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean region and Asia; including:
        • Four-leaved nailwort ( Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. ): It is native to Europe, North Africa and West Asia. The species is a neophyte in many areas of the world, for example in eastern North America and Australia.
      • Polytepalum Suess. & Beyerle : It only contains one type:
      • Sanctambrosia Skottsb. ex cuddle : it contains only one type:
      • Spark ( Spergula L. ): The five or so species are native to Eurasia, with a focus on biodiversity in the Mediterranean area. There are three types of neophytes in North America.
      • Schuppenmieren ( Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl , Syn .: Arenaria subg. Spergularia Pers. , Delia Dumortier , Lepigonum Wahlenb. ): The 25 to 60 species are in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere of western North America (eleven Species) widespread across Mexico and Central America to western South America and the Mediterranean region. They are mostly halophytes . Two species are native to southern Africa and two more are neophytes there.
      • Stipulicida Michx. : It contains only one type:
      • Xerotia Olive. : It contains only one type:
  • Subfamily Alsinoideae Fenzl (with free sepals , without stipules): It contains five tribes with about 29 genera:
    • Tribus Alsineae: It contains about 24 genera:
      • Sand herbs ( Arenaria L .; Syn .: Brewerina A.Gray , Cernohorskya Á.Löve & D.Löve , Gooringia F.N.Williams , Gouffeia Robill. & Castagne ex Lam. & DC. , Spergulastrum Michx. , Willwebera Á.Löve & D. Löve ): The 210 to over 300 species are widespread in the temperate to arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. They come from western North America (nine species) via Mexico and Central America to the South American Andes and also thrive in Eurasia.
      • False system D.Don : It contains only one type:
        • Brachystemma calycinum D.Don : It occurs in northeast India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, China, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.
      • Bufonia Sauvages : The 20 or so species occur in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands, including for example:
      • Horn herbs ( Cerastium L. , Syn .: Provancheria B. Boivin ) The approximately 100 species are distributed almost worldwide. They are most common in temperate to cool areas of the northern hemisphere (27 species in North America).
      • Perlwurz ( Colobanthus Bartl. ): The 20 to 25 species are mainly found in the mountain regions and the southern area of ​​South America and occur in New Zealand and Australia (four species). Among them one of two flowering plant species that are native to the Antarctic:
      • Eremogone Fenzl (sometimes in Arenaria L. ): The approximately 89 species are common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. A particularly large number of species occur in western North America (14 species), in the Eurasian mountains and in Asia Minor.
      • Spurre ( Holosteum L. ): The only four species are distributed in Europe and the Mediterranean area to Ethiopia and Central Asia; For example, one species is a neophyte in Argentina, Western Europe, South Africa and North America:
      • Honckenya Ehrh. (Syn .: Honkenya Ehrh. Orth. Var.): It contains only one type:
        • Chickweed ( Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh .: It occurs with four subspecies on the coasts of North America and Eurasia.
      • Lepyrodiclis Fenzl : The only three to four species are distributed in Central and Southwest Asia, two of which are found in China. For example, one species is an invasive plant in Germany, Japan and the USA.
      • Mieren ( Minuartia Loefl. , Sometimes in Arenaria L .; Syn .: Alsinanthe (Fenzl) Rchb. , Alsine Gaertn. , Alsinopsis Small , Greniera J.Gay , Hymenella Moc. & Sessé , Lidia Á.Löve & D.Löve , Minuopsis WAWeber , Porsildia Á.Löve & D.Löve , Queria Loefl. , Rhodalsine J.Gay , Selleola Urb. , Tryphane Rchb. , Wierzbickia Rchb. ): The 120 to 175 species are from the arctic to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere to North Africa and Asia Minor spread to the Himalayas. One species is native to Chile and there are also species in Mexico. There are 33 species in North America.
      • Umbilical chickweed ( Moehringia L. , sometimes in Arenaria L. ): The approximately 25 species are widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.
      • White chickweed ( Moenchia Ehrh. ) The approximately three species are native to the European Mediterranean area. For example, one species is a neophyte in North America, South Africa and Australia.
      • Myosoton Moench : It contains only one species:
        • Water intestine ( Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench , Syn .: Cerastium aquaticum L. , Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. ): It is common in temperate Eurasia and in many areas of the world a neophyte.
      • Plettkea Mattf. : The four or so species are found in the Andes and rise in Peru to altitudes of 4,000 to 5,000 meters.
      • Pseudostellaria Pax (Syn .: Krascheninikovia Turcz. Ex Fenzl ): Of the approximately 21 species, almost all occur in eastern and northern Asia (nine species in China and seven species in Korea), only three species are in the western USA and one species is located in Southeast Europe.
      • Pycnophyllopsis Skottsb. : The only two species occur in the Andes.
      • Reicheella Pax : it contains only one species:
      • Mast herbs ( Sagina L. ): The 15 to 30 species are widespread in the cool, temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, few species occur in the subtropics . There are ten species in North America), some species thrive in tropical mountains.
      • Schiedea Cham. & Schltdl. (Syn .: Alsinidendron H.Mann ): The approximately 34 species only occur in Hawaii and thrive there in many different habitats.
      • Star chickweed ( Stellaria L. , Syn .: Alsine L. , Fimbripetalum (Turcz.) Ikonn. , Mesostemma Vved. ): The 120 to 190 species are distributed worldwide, mainly in the temperate and cool areas of the northern hemisphere. There are 64 species in China, 28 of them only there. There are 29 species in North America. One species is native to southern Africa and two others are neophytes there.
      • Thurya Boiss. & Balansa : It contains only one species:
      • Thylacospermum Fenzl : It contains only one species:
      • Wilhelmsia Rchb. (Syn .: Merckia Fisch. Ex Cham. & Schltdl. ): It contains only one species:
        • Wilhelmsia physodes (Fisch. Ex Ser.) McNeill (Syn .: Arenaria physodes Fisch. Ex Ser. , Merckia physodes (Fisch. Ex Ser.) Fisch. Ex Cham. & Schltdl. ): It occurs only in northwestern North America and northeastern Asia in front.
    • Tribe Geocarpeae: It contains only one genus:
    • Tribe Habrosieae: It contains only one genus:
    • Tribus Pycnophylleae: It contains only one genus:
      • Pycnophyllum J.Rémy : The approximately 17 species occur in the Andes.
    • Tribe Sclerantheae: It contains only two genera:
      • Pentastemonodiscus Rech. F. : It contains only one type:
      • Ball herbs ( Scleranthus L. ): The ten or so species are distributed in Europe in temperate and Mediterranean regions and in Asia, Africa and Australia (six species, five of which are only there). Two types are neophytes in many areas of the world, for example in North America.
  • Subfamily Caryophylloideae (with overgrown sepals, without stipules): For their branches and genera, see main article Caryophylloideae .

Humans and carnations

Baby's breath ( Gypsophila elegans ) as a cut flower

use

Use as an ornamental plant

Carnations are most important as ornamental plants and cut flowers . At least 70 species are grown as horticultural crops.

The genus Dianthus , especially the varieties of Dianthus caryophyllus , the cut carnation , is of particular importance for cut flowers . In 2007, cloves were traded worldwide for $ 498 million. The largest auction center for cut flowers in Europe is located in Aalsmeer , today with the company name FloraHolland . In 2005, for example, 57 million cut carnations were sold there, 38 million of which were imported. This makes the cut carnation one of the ten best-selling cut flowers in the international cut flower trade. The two main producing countries for cut carnations are Colombia ($ 262 million in 2007) and Kenya ($ 36 million in 2007). Varieties of some other Dianthus species are traded to a lesser extent as cut flowers. Another representative of the carnation family that is important for floristry is the gypsophila ( Gypsophila spec.).

Varieties of the genera Agrostemma , Arenaria , Cerastium , Dianthus , Gypsophila , Lychnis , Minuartia , Paronychia , Sagina , Saponaria , Scleranthus and Silene are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. Depending on the species, they are suitable for beds or rock gardens.

Use as a medicinal plant

Structure of a saponin in broken herb

Some species are of interest as medicinal plants because of their saponin content. Gypsophila species provide the drug Saponinum album. The common soapwort ( Saponaria officinalis ) is also used medicinally. Saponins in the bald herb reduce excessive blood pressure in laboratory rats and promote the filtration rate of their kidneys; Broken herb is used in herbal studies as a diuretic for flushing therapy for urinary stones, kidney gravel and cramps.

According to Hildegard von Bingen, the chickweed ( Stellaria media ) is a preventive means against bruising after bruises.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dianthus superbus , Pseudostellaria heterophylla , Stellaria dichotoma var. Lanceolata and Vaccaria hispanica are used for a variety of purposes.

As a poisonous plant, the corn wheel ( Agrostemma githago ) used to be important, as the seeds of the field weed often ended up in flour as a contamination of the grain. The high saponin content (6–7%, mainly githagoside ) causes irritation of the mucous membranes, but also respiratory paralysis and shock. The medical effects were also examined. During famine, the leaves were eaten cooked (poisonous problem!).

The medicinal effects of Cerastium arvense , Cerastium viscosum , Silene acaulis , Silene baccifera , Silene conoidea , Silene firma , Silene nigrescens , Stellaria alsine , Stellaria dichotoma and Stellaria media were examined. From arenaria serpyllifolia ( Arenaria serpyllifolia ) from the water chickweed ( Myosoton aquaticum ) of Drymaria cordata , Paronychia argentea , Paronychia capitata , Spergula arvensis , Spergularia rubra , some Dianthus types, and few Gypsophila Types The medical effects were studied.

Use as a food crop

The young green plant parts of the water intestine ( Myosoton aquaticum ) are eaten cooked during famine. They are sweet and tender and are rich in minerals.

The aboveground plant parts of the common sandwort ( Arenaria serpyllifolia ) are used as herbs.

The green parts of Cerastium fontanum , Cerastium furcatum , Cerastium holosteoides subsp. glandulosum , Cerastium semidecandrum and Cerastium viscosum are eaten raw or mostly cooked.

The green plant parts of Silene acaulis , Silene baccifera , Silene gallica , Silene firma and Silene vulgaris are eaten raw or mostly cooked.

The green parts of Stellaria alsine , Stellaria diversiflora , Stellaria jamesiana , Stellaria media , Stellaria neglecta , Stellaria nipponica and Stellaria radians are eaten raw or mostly cooked. From Stellaria jamesiana the underground plant parts are eaten raw or cooked mostly, they are sweet and tasty. The ground seeds of Stellaria media are used, for example, to thicken soups, they contain 17.8% proteins and 5.9% fats.

The green parts of the plants of Spergula arvensis are eaten. The young, green parts of the plant are eaten cooked by Lychnis fulgens . The leaves of Drymaria cordata are eaten raw or mostly cooked.

During famine, the dried and ground seeds of Spergula arvensis and Spergularia rubra are used to bake bread.

The leaves of Vaccaria hispanica are used as a spice. The ground seeds are eaten and contain a lot of starch, 13.8–16.1% proteins and 1.6–3.2% fats. (Problem poisonous!)

Herbal tea can be brewed from the above-ground parts of Paronychia capitata and from the flowers of Paronychia argentea and Paronychia jamesii .

The aboveground plant parts of Dianthus superbus are used as herbs. The petals (without their base) of Dianthus caryophyllus and Dianthus plumarius are used, similar to those of rose species, for decorating and making beverages, desserts and salads; they smell and taste good.

The green plant parts of Honckenya peploides are used as sour-tasting herbs or like sauerkraut. Their seeds are used ground, sometimes added to other flour.

Other use

Soap can be made from all parts of the plant, but especially the roots of the common soapwort ( Saponaria officinalis ); therefore the name. Some Silene species, Gypsophila licentiana , Gypsophila struthium , Lychnis fulgens and Lychnis flos-cuculi can also be used to make soap

History and meaning

Philippe de Marlier: Bouquet of Carnations in a Glass Vase, 1639. The three petals on the table symbolize the nails of Christ on the cross.

According to legend, the carnations were bought in 1270 by the army of the French King Louis IX. Discovered there during the siege of Tunis , brought home and grown in the gardens.

The reputation of the cloves to have an aphrodisiac effect was carried over to the cloves in the Middle Ages. From the Middle Ages, they were considered a symbol of engagement, love and marriage. She adorned many bridal pictures. As a sign of divine love, she can be found on many depictions of Mary, especially from the 15th to 17th centuries.

At the end of the 18th century, carnations were all the rage. Heinrich Christian Brocke wrote, for example, in 1771: “Just as the fashions change in all things, so it is with the flowers, so that now a carnation with a jagged leaf is little more respected, because the French, of whom we are the Concerns fashions, are faithful imitators who love carnations with the round leaves very much. "

During the French Revolution, the red carnation was a sign of the aristocrats who walked the guillotine with a red carnation in their buttonhole.

Red carnation ( Silene dioica ) on postage stamp

However, since the first May 1st demonstrations in 1890, the red carnation has become a symbol of the international labor movement. Since it was forbidden to carry flags, red carnations were chosen as the symbol. However, even these signs fell under the police ban, so that wearing the red carnation also led to arrests. Red carnations still adorn the graves of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, for example . The social democratic members of the Austrian National Council still wear a red carnation in their buttonhole at the opening session after an election, the members of the ÖVP a white carnation.

The Portuguese Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974 takes its name from the flowers that the revolutionary democracy-loyal troops carried in their gun barrels.

Madonna with the Carnation , Leonardo da Vinci, between 1473 and 1478

Carnations did not play a major role in popular belief in German-speaking countries. According to the “ concise dictionary of German superstition ”, the red light carnation was considered a remedy for a lack of menstruation, the carrying of consecrated light carnations against delusion on the way. According to popular belief, carnations blossom out of the blood of those innocently killed. The bloody nails of the cross of Christ are said to have turned into red carnations. The tearing off of Carthusian carnations leads to storms, that of blood carnations or also Carthusian carnations leads to nosebleeds.

Carnations in literature

Of the carnation plants, only carnations are practically represented in German-language literature and these also only play a very subordinate role. In poems it is sometimes used in connection with the rose or in other lists of flowers. The following lines from the Des Knaben Wunderhorn collection are an example :

No rose, no carnation can bloom so beautifully,
As if two souls in love stand together.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe even lets the carnation have its say in the poem Das Blümlein Wunderschön :

Carnation
That may well be me, the carnation,
Here in the guard's garden,
How else would the old man
wait for me with so much care?
In the beautiful circle of leaves urge,
and fragrance for life,
and all a thousand colors.

Count
One shouldn't scorn the carnation,
it is the gardener's delight:
soon it must stand in the light,
soon he will protect it from the sun;

The Brothers Grimm also recorded the fairy tale The Carnation in their children's and house tales . Annette von Droste-Hülshoff couldn't resist the rhyming couple "carnation - wilted":

But when a fresh breath
has touched the deadly dead nettle:
Then it holds like rose and carnation
and thinks it is royally adorned.

Nor does Heinrich Heine in his new poems:

I break roses, I break carnations,
Scattered and sorrowful;
I don't know who to give it to; -
My heart and the flowers are fading.

In one of Clemens Brentano's Rhine fairy tales , the carnation is mentioned in a clearly erotic context: “As he looked into her lovely face while praying, a little golden bee was buzzing around her and wanted to touch her red mouth, which she made for a fragrant red one Carnation stopped, settle down. "

Theodor Storm dedicated his own poem to the carnations:

Carnations

I made a bouquet early in the morning,
which I sent to my loved one;
I didn't let her tell her from whom,
and who picked the flowers.

But when I came to the dance in the evening
and acted furtively and gently, then
she wore the carnations on her bosom,
and looked at me and laughed.

The Viennese theater poet Johann Nestroy named one of his magic antics “ Nagerl und Gloschuh ” , after the Viennese name “ Nagerl ”, which goes back to the Middle High German word negellîn for carnation.

Extinct (0, EX) and
endangered (1, CR) species in German-speaking countries
Species name D. A. CH
Agrostemma pallida 1 1
Arenaria procera subsp. glabra 1
Dianthus collinus 1
Dianthus serotinus 1
Gypsophila fastigiata 0
Herniaria incana 0
Illecebrum verticillatum 1
Minuartia viscosa 1
Minuartia stricta 0
Moenchia mantica CR
Silene conica 1 CR
Silene linicola 0 0
Silene viridiflora 1
Silene viscosa 0
Spergula morisonii 1
Spergula pentandra 1
Spergularia echinosperma 1
Spergularia segetalis 0
Stellaria crassifolia 1
Stellaria palustris CR
Vaccaria hispanica 1 1 CR

Hazard and protection

The IUCN leads in 2013. 61 species of the family Caryophyllaceae with different classifications in their database of endangered species. In Germany, 19 species and subspecies with the classifications 0 to 3 (extinct to endangered) are on the red list in 1996 , in Austria in 1999 29 species and subspecies with the classifications 0 to 4 (extinct to potentially endangered) and in Switzerland 20 species and Subspecies in the classifications NT to EX (near threatened to extinguished).

swell

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd edition, Birkhäuser, Springer, 1996, ISBN 978-3-0348-9976-5 (reprint), p. 131 f, limited preview in the Google book search.
  2. ^ Fritz Hans Schweingruber : Stem anatomy of Caryophyllaceae. In: Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. Volume 202, Issue 4, 2007, pp. 281-292, doi: 10.1016 / j.flora.2006.07.004 .
  3. ↑ Wilhelm Troll : Practical introduction to plant morphology. Second part, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1957, pp. 345–351, 392–394 (without ISBN).
  4. ^ Stefan Böttger, Matthias F. Melzig: Triterpenoid saponins of the Caryophyllaceae and Illecebraceae family. In: Phytochemistry Letters. Volume 4, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 59-68, doi: 10.1016 / j.phytol.2010.08.003 .
  5. ↑ Susan Kephart, Richard J. Reynolds, Matthew T. Rutter et al .: Pollination and seed predation by moths on Silene and allied Caryophyllaceae: evaluating a model system to study the evolution of mutualisms. In: New Phytologist. Volume 169, 2006, pp. 667-680, doi: 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2005.01619.x .
  6. ↑ Jussieu: Genera Plantarum 1789, p. 299. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ↑ Caryophyllaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 15, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b c d Caryophyllaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Richard K. Rabeler, Ronald L. Hartman: Caryophyllaceae - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, Part 2 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 .
  10. ↑ cf. Strasburger 2002, p. 821 and APG page , queried July 9, 2006.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Dequan Lu, Zhengyi Wu, Lihua Zhou et al .: Caryophyllaceae , p. 1 ff. - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 6 - Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001 ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g A. Doust: Entry in New South Wales Flora Online - PlantNET - The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia .
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 , limited preview in Google Book Search.
  14. ↑ a b Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae : In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  15. ↑ Simone Fior, Per Ola Karis, Gabriele Casazza, Luigi Minuto, Francesco Sala: Molecular phylogeny of the Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllales) inferred from chloroplast matK and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 93, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 399-411, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.3.399 .
  16. ↑ a b c d e Caryophyllaceae at the Biodiversity Explorer of Iziko - Museums of South Africa.
  17. ↑ Bengt Oxelman, Britta Ahlgren, Mats Thulin: Circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Gymnocarpos (Caryophyllaceae-Paronychioideae). In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 59, No. 2, 2002, pp. 221-237, Abstract: doi: 10.1017 / S0960428602000045 .
  18. ↑ Shahina Ghazanfar: Caryophyllaceae , In: Flora of Pakistan. Volume 175, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 1986, online at Tropicos.org of the Missouri Botanical Garden .
  19. ↑ Sangtae Lee, Kyeong-In Heo, Seung-Chul Kim: A New Species of Pseudostellaria (Caryophyllaceae) from Korea. In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. Volume 22, Issue 1, July 2012, pp. 25–31, doi: 10.3417 / 2009141 .
  20. ↑ Ann K. Sakai, Stephen G. Weller, Warren L. Wagner et al .: Adaptive Radiation and Evolution of Breeding System in Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), an Endemic Hawaiian Genus , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 93, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 49-63, doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2006) 93 [49: ARAEOB] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  21. ↑ Ann Willyard, Lisa E. Wallace, Warren L. Wagner et al .: Estimating the species tree for Hawaiian Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) from multiple loci in the presence of reticulate evolution , In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 60, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 29-48, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.04.001 .
  22. ↑ a b Guyslain K. Ngeleza, Andrew Muhammad: European Union Preferential Trade Agreements with Developing Countries and Their Impact on Colombian and Kenyan Carnation exports to the United Kingdom. IFPRI Discussion Paper, Volume 862 from the International Food Policy Research Institute , 2009, pp. 1–19 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  23. ↑ Bloemenveiling Aalsmeer Key figures 2005 ( Memento of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 69, 109, 209, 299, 419, 545, 579, 640, 808, 820, 831, 841).
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Entries on Caryophyllaceae at Plants For A Future . Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  26. ↑ H. Rhiouani et al .: Effects of saponins from Herniaria glabra on blood pressure and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In: Therapy. 54 (6), 1999, pp. 735-9, PMID 10709449 .
  27. ↑ Beatrice Gehrmann, Wolf-Gerald Koch, Claus O. Tschirch, Helmut Brinkmann: Medicinal Herbs: A Compendium. Haworth Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7890-2530-2 (hardcover), ISBN 0-7890-2531-0 (softcover), p. 103.
  28. ↑ Österreichische Apothekerzeitung No. 24/2005, The medicinal plants of Hildegard von Bingen - viewed critically. III, online ( Memento from May 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
  29. ↑ Klaus Ertz: Philippe de Marlier. A bouquet of carnations in a glass vase . In: The Flemish Still Life 1550–1680 . Luca Verlag, Lingen 2002, p. 304, ISBN 3-923641-48-6
  30. ↑ a b c d shock wave rider
  31. ↑ Interesting facts from the history of carnations: ( Memento from February 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ In: Observations of some flowers, their construction, and preparation of the earth. 2nd ed. 1771, quoted according to interesting facts from the history of the carnations: ( Memento from February 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ a b www.gartentechnik.de
  34. ↑ to www.sagen.at - Lichtnelke
  35. ↑ to www.sagen.at - Carnation
  36. ↑ Achim von Arnim: Des Knaben Wunderhorn , quoted from: German literature from Lessing to Kafka - study edition , digital library 1, Directmedia Publishing Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89853-101-5 .
  37. ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Berlin edition volume 1. Aufbauverlag, Berlin, 1960 ff., P. 120; quoted from: German literature from Lessing to Kafka - study edition , digital library 1, Directmedia Publishing Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89853-101-5 .
  38. ^ Droste-Hülshoff: On Sundays after Christmas , in: Complete works in two volumes . Based on the text of the original prints and the manuscripts. Edited by Günther Weydt and Winfried Woesler, Vol. 1, Munich: Winkler, 1973; quoted from: German literature from Lessing to Kafka - study edition , digital library 1, Directmedia Publishing Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89853-101-5 .
  39. ^ Heinrich Heine: Works and letters in ten volumes . Edited by Hans Kaufmann, 2nd edition, Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau, 1972, p. 276; quoted from: German literature from Lessing to Kafka - study edition , digital library 1, Directmedia Publishing Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89853-101-5 .
  40. ^ Brentano: Rheinmärchen, works. Edited by Friedhelm Kemp, Vol. 3, Munich: Hanser, p. 19 .; quoted from: German literature from Lessing to Kafka - study edition , digital library 1, Directmedia Publishing Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89853-101-5 .
  41. ↑ Theodor Storm: Nelken , in: Complete works in four volumes . 4th edition, construction, Berlin 1978, volume 1, p. 209; quoted from: German literature from Lessing to Kafka - study edition , digital library 1, Directmedia Publishing Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89853-101-5 .
  42. ↑ Peter Wehle : Do you speak Viennese? From Adaxl to Zwutschkerl. Verlag Carl Ueberreuther, Vienna / Heidelberg 1980, ISBN 3-8000-3165-5 ; P. 208.
  43. ^ A b Ludwig & Schnittler: Rote Liste Pflanzen, Germany 1996 - PDF , accessed on July 17.
  44. ↑ a b Harald Niklfeld: Red List of Endangered Plants Austria. 2nd edition, Green Series of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Youth and Family 1999, ISBN 3-85333-028-2 .
  45. ↑ a b according to the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment ( memento of August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), red list download.
  46. ↑ Caryophyllaceae in the IUCN 2013 Red List of Threatened Species . Accessed December 17, 2013.

literature

  • Dietrich Frohne, Uwe Jensen: Systematics of the plant kingdom with special consideration of chemical characteristics and plant drugs . 4th revised edition. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / Jena / New York 1992, ISBN 3-437-20486-6 .
  • Peter Sitte , Elmar Weiler , Joachim W. Kadereit , Andreas Bresinsky , Christian Körner : Textbook of botany for universities . Founded by Eduard Strasburger . 35th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1010-X .
  • Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 1, 1961, H. Wild: Caryophyllaceae: full text and key online .
  • Rob D. Smissen, John C. Clement, Phil J. Garnock-Jones, Geoffrey K. Chambers: Subfamilial relationships within Caryophyllaceae as inferred from 5 ′ ndhF sequences. In: American Journal of Botany. 2002, Volume 89, Issue 8, pp. 1336-1341, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.89.8.1336 .
  • Anne K. Greenberg, Michael J. Donoghue: Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae. In: Taxon. Volume 60, Issue 6, December 2011, pp. 1637-1652.
  • Samuel Brockington, Patricia Dos Santos, Beverley Glover, Louis Ronse De Craene: Androecial evolution in Caryophyllales in light of a paraphyletic Molluginaceae. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 100, Issue 9, 2013, pp. 1757–1778, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.1300083 .
  • Caryophyllaceae - online as PDF , In: Santiago Castroviejo, Manuel Laínz, Ginés López González et al. (Ed.): Flora Ibérica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, Vol. II. Platanaceae-Plumbaginaceae (partim) . Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 1990, ISBN 84-00-07034-8 , p. lii + 897 .

Web links

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This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 7, 2006 .