Jesuit school
Jesuit schools are schools that were founded by the Jesuit order against the background of the Counter Reformation to train their own offspring and to influence the education and training of future decision-makers.
The Jesuit order derives its educational principles from the world and life view of St. Ignatius of Loyola . In 1599, out of the educational work of the young order and for the growing number of colleges, the Ratio Studiorum , a kind of study regulation for Jesuit schools. The schools and universities founded by the Jesuits (e.g. the University of Vilnius in what was then Poland) were intended to guarantee that future generations would grow up firmly rooted in the Catholic faith - in modern terms, they thus secured long-term cultural hegemony .
The order as an educational institution
The Jesuits have long played a dominant role in Europe's educational system. The suggestion for the establishment of educational establishments went back to Ignatius von Loyola himself, who suggested in 1551 that besides theology also logic and the ancient classics be taught there; later mathematics , astronomy , physics and philosophy were added. At the beginning of the 18th century there were numerous schools all over Europe. B. the sons of nobles were taught. But representatives of lower social classes were also able to advance socially with the help of training and even get into government offices.
Although the Jesuits opposed the aims of the Enlightenment such as tolerance , belief in progress and skepticism towards everything that does not stand up to rational criticism, the age named after them would have been inconceivable without the broad educational offer of the Jesuit order. Today, Jesuit education is known worldwide as a particularly broad, humanistic and enlightened education.
Another important contribution was that in publications of the order, such as the Journal de Trévoux, contemporary literature could be discussed publicly without fear of the inquisition or censorship. For this reason even Voltaire regretted the decline of the order later in the 18th century.
Today, the Jesuits run universities, schools and boarding schools around the world, in which they impart general educational content to a total of more than 2 million young people with the aim of preparing them for their later life according to the principles of the (Catholic) Christian conception of man : “To people for others ”they should mature.
Ratio Studiorum
The Ratio Studiorum is a guide or instruction for learning. The original title is Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum Societatis Iesu . The Ratio Studiorum has been the authoritative guide to Jesuit education and training worldwide since 1599 . It regulated the entire educational system of the Societas Jesu and remained binding until the abolition of the order in 1773.
The manual has several international authors, but the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome is in charge. The origins go back to the records of Ignatius von Loyola himself. Ignatius wrote down the first instructions for self-reflection to his early companions as early as 1522 and 1541 and form the basis of retreats to this day .
The establishment of a school network was not yet planned at the time the Society of Jesus was founded. This only developed later from the daily work of the young religious community . The Order, which was rapidly growing in young men, needed an equally rapidly growing system of training. In just a few years, a dense network of schools and universities emerged across Europe. By the time Ignatius died in 1556, the Jesuit order had already operated 74 schools; by the end of the century there were already over 1000 schools worldwide. The Jesuit school system was originally geared towards training the next generation of the order. At the end of the 16th century, it also opened up to secular students.
Under the order general Claudio Acquaviva in 1581 a committee of twelve Jesuit fathers was convened without any results worth mentioning. In 1584 a new committee was convened consisting of the following six Fathers: Johann Azor ( Spain ), Gaspar González ( Portugal ), James Tyrie ( Scotland ), Peter Busée ( Holland ), Anthony Ghuse ( Flanders ), and Stephan Tucci ( Sicily ). This committee developed a draft called Ratio by 1586 . The draft was sent to the various provinces of the order to be commented on by practicing teachers. It was not yet intended to be used in practical lessons. In 1591 a preliminary version was created from the draft and the reflections that were incorporated, which were to be introduced in all Jesuit schools within three years. In the following years the committee evaluated the results and published the final work in 1599.
The Ratio Studiorum is characterized by unity, firmness and clarity in aim and means as well as systematic order in the development of the students' intellectual abilities. It is not a systematic structure of the education and teaching system at the Jesuit colleges, but offers the subject matter and teaching methods in the form of a collection of practical rules for the heads of universities and grammar schools and their executive bodies. It is aimed at the provincial offices, rectors, prefects of studies and professors and contains instructions on the organization of teaching at the colleges, on teaching content, goals and methods. It defines the competencies of the various managers, specifies conditions for admission and exit and regulates the procedure for examinations and awarding of prizes.
Principles of Jesuit Education
Up until the Ratio Studiorum , there was initially no explicit educational program, but the Jesuit schools had a number of things in common:
- Waiving school fees in order to be accessible to the poor;
- Compatibility of Christianity with contemporary humanism, d. H. Representation of the optimistic image of man and orientation to the classics;
- Conveying the subject matter in an appealing form, d. H. through disputations and theater;
- Offer of a developed religious program alongside the school offer;
- Emphasis on personal role models.
All of these regulations are based on the Jesuit educational concept. Characteristic for a Jesuit school are:
- Appreciation of the individual
- Ability to reflect
- Commitment to Justice
- keep the question of God alive
Today's main features of Jesuit education
An international working group of the order has reflected on the basic features of Jesuit education in recent years and formulated it in 1986. Here is a schematic overview:
- Ignatius sees in God as his Creator and Lord the most important and absolute reality. Jesuit education is world and life affirmative in its basic mood. This shows in a fundamental openness to all questions; also in the willingness to see the world in its innermost roots as good. Jesuit education aims at the holistic education of the individual. This upbringing has a religious dimension that influences the whole upbringing.
- Everyone is known and loved by God. This love calls for a personal response that must be given in full freedom. Jesuit upbringing places emphasis on individual attention and care for each student. It emphasizes personal initiative and encourages you to continue learning for a lifetime.
- In humans, this free answer does not come naturally. The reason for this is sin and its consequences. It is important to recognize and overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of freedom. Jesuit education aims at the ability to distinguish clearly and critically and to make a free, responsible decision.
- Jesus Christ is at the center. He is a person like us and calls us to love to seek the will of the Father and to follow him in the sign of the cross. Jesuit education sees in Jesus Christ the model of human life. She understands prayer, worship and commitment for the neighbor as an expression of faith.
- A loving, free answer cannot remain mere theory; it must necessarily lead to decisive social action. "Love must be placed more in works than in words". Jesuit education seeks to train “men and women for others” who develop a feeling for social justice and who are also ready to put their ideals into practice.
- Ignatius lives in a determined bond with the Church. Jesuit education encourages active participation with the church community and supports the ecumenical cause.
- The answer to God's call is said to be "of greater value and greater importance." Jesuit education seeks to awaken the readiness for "bigger and better". That means the most complete development of skills, combined with the willingness to use them for others.
- Ignatius gathers companions: Working as a community for the kingdom of God is far more effective than doing it individually or in small groups. Jesuit education emphasizes the cooperation of Jesuits and non-Jesuits in a common mission and task. It requires unity in the setting of goals and in the educational commitment and takes place in a structure that promotes community.
- Ignatius and his companions make decisions in a prayerful process of individual and community "discernment". Decisions made are reflected, reviewed and adapted to new circumstances. Jesuit education is adaptable in its means and methods in order to achieve its goals as effectively as possible. It supports the further training required in each case, especially the teachers.
Schools and Universities in Europe
Germany
High schools
- Aloisius College (Bonn-Bad Godesberg)
- Canisius College Berlin
- College of St. Blasien
- Sankt Ansgar School , Hamburg (shaped by Jesuits, sponsored by the Archdiocese of Hamburg)
High schools founded as Jesuit schools
- Erasmus-Gymnasium Amberg
- St. Michael-Gymnasium (Bad Münstereifel)
- Mauritius High School Büren
- Kurfürst-Maximilian-Gymnasium Burghausen
- High school Josephinum Hildesheim
- Görres-Gymnasium (Koblenz)
- Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium Konstanz
- Rabanus-Maurus-Gymnasium Mainz
- Friedrich Wilhelm High School (Trier)
- Rudi-Stephan-Gymnasium Worms
Former high schools
- Jesuit College Baden-Baden
- Jesuit College Düsseldorf
- Jesuit College Erfurt
- Jesuit College Goslar
- Jesuit College Kaufbeuren
- Jesuit College Munich
- Jesuit College Münster
- Jesuit College Landshut
- Jesuit College Passau (today Leopoldinum Gymnasium )
- Jesuit College Straubing
- Jesuit College Würzburg; see Wirsberg high school and seminary in Würzburg
Universities
- University of Ingolstadt ( Ingolstadt ) (see also Jesuit College Ingolstadt )
- University of Philosophy Munich ( Munich )
- Philosophical-Theological University of Sankt Georgen ( Frankfurt am Main )
- University of Wroclaw ( Breslau )
France
- Collège Henri-IV de La Flèche
- Lycée Saint-François-Xavier in Vannes
- Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague (colloquially "Franklin") in Paris
- La Providence in Amiens
Italy
Lithuania
Austria
- City Archives Wiener Neustadt , Lower Austria
- Academic high school (Graz) , Styria
- Karl Franzens University Graz
- Jesuit College Graz , Bürgergasse 2
- Jesuit College Klagenfurt
- Academic high school Innsbruck , Tyrol
- Stella Matutina Feldkirch 1856–1979, Vorarlberg
- Academic Gymnasium (Vienna)
- Jesuit high school in Krems
Poland
Switzerland
- Jesuit College Lucerne (Jesuit High School Franz Xaver), see Jesuit Church (Lucerne)
Czech Republic / Bohemia
- Jesuit College (Brno)
- Jesuit College (Březnice)
- Clementinum in Prague
- Jesuit College (Český Krumlov)
- Jesuit College (Cheb)
- Jesuit College (Chomutov)
- Jesuit College Glatz in Glatz
- Jesuit College (Hradec Králové)
- Jesuit College (Jičín)
- Jesuit College (Jihlava)
- Jesuit College (Jindřichův Hradec)
- Jesuit College (Klatovy)
- Jesuit College (Kroměříž)
- Jesuit College (Kutná Hora)
- Jesuit College (Litoměřice)
- Jesuit College (Olomouc)
- Jesuit College (Opava)
- Jesuit College (Prague New Town)
- Telč Jesuit College
- Jesuit College (Uherské Hradiště)
- Jesuit College (Znojmo)
Other schools and universities
Argentina
- Universidad del Salvador ( Buenos Aires )
- Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel ( San Miguel , Buenos Aires)
- Universidad Católica de Córdoba ( Córdoba )
Belize
Brazil
- Faculdade Jesuíta de Filosofia e Teologia , Belo Horizonte
- Colégio e Faculdade São Luís , São Luis
- Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Recife
- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo
- Centro Universitário da FEI , São Bernardo do Campo
Chile
Dominican Republic
- Instituto Filosófico Pedro Francisco Bonó ( Santo Domingo )
- Colegio Loyola ( Santo Domingo )
- Instituto Politécnico Loyola ( San Cristóbal )
- Instituto Agronómico San Ignacio de Loyola ( Dajabón )
- Escuelas Radiofónicas Santa María ( La Vega )
Ecuador
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador ( Quito )
- Colegio San Gabriel ( Quito )
- Colegio San Luis Gonzaga ( Quito )
- Colegio Javier ( Guayaquil )
- Unidad Educativa Borja ( Cuenca )
- Unidad Educativa San Felipe Neri ( Riobamba )
- Unidad Educativa Cristo Rey ( Portoviejo )
El Salvador
- Colegio Externado San José ( San Salvador )
- Colegio Padre Arrupe ( San Salvador )
- Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" ( San Salvador )
Guatemala
India
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
- Loyola School , Thiruvananthapuram
- Loyola College, Thiruvananthapuram
- St. Xavier's College , Thiruvananthapuram
- St. Michael's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School , Kannur
- St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School , Kozhikode
Maharashtra
- Saint Xavier's College , Mumbai
- Xavier Institute of Engineering , Mumbai
- St. Xavier's Technical Institute , Mumbai
- St. Xavier's Boys' Academy , Mumbai
- St. Xavier's College of Education , Churchgate, Mumbai
- St. Xavier's College of Management and Research , Colaba, Mumbai
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
- Loyola College , Chennai
- Loyola College of Education , Chennai
- Loyola Institute of Business Administration , Chennai
- Loyola - ICAM College of Engineering and Technology , Chennai
- Loyola College , Thiruvannamalai ; Vettavalam
- St. Joseph's College , Tiruchirapalli
- Arul Anandhar College , Karumathur, Madurai
- St. Xavier's College , Palayamkottai , Thirunelveli
- St. Xavier's College of Education , Palayamkottai
- Loyola Institute of Technology and Science , Thovalai
West Bengal
- St. Joseph's College , Darjeeling
- St. Xavier's College, Calcutta , Kolkata
- North Bengal St. Xavier's College, Rajganj , Siliguri
Indonesia
- Canisius College, Jakarta
- Loyola College, Semarang
- De Britto College, Djogjakarta
- Gonzaga College, Jakarta
Japan
Cameroon
Canada
Manitoba
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
Ontario
- Regis College , the theological faculty of the University of Toronto
Quebec
- Loyola College , the theological faculty at Concordia University ( Montreal )
- Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf , high school and CÉGEP
Saskatchewan
Colombia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ( Bogotá )
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ( Cali )
- Colegio San Bartolomé la Merced ( Bogotá )
- Colegio San Pedro Claver ( Bucaramanga )
- Colegio San Luís Gonzaga ( Manizales )
- Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola ( Medellín )
- Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé ( Bogotá )
- Colegio San José ( Barranquilla )
- Colegio Santa Luisa ( Bogotá )
- Colegio San Francisco Javier ( Pasto )
- Colegio San Juan Berchmans ( Cali )
Lebanon
Mexico
- Universidad Iberoamericana ( Tijuana )
- Universidad Iberoamericana ( Torreón )
- Universidad Iberoamericana ( Mexico City )
- Universidad Loyola del Pacífico ( Acapulco )
- Universidad Iberoamericana ( León )
- Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Occidente ( Guadalajara )
- Universidad Iberoamericana ( Puebla de Zaragoza )
- Instituto Superior Intercultural Ayuuk ( Jaltepec , Oaxaca )
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Paraguay
- Instituto Superior de Estudios Humanísticos y Filosóficos ( Asunción )
- Colegio Técnico Javier ( Asunción )
- Colegio Cristo Rey ( Asunción )
Peru
United States
Colleges and universities
- Boston College
- Canisius College
- College of the Holy Cross
- Creighton University
- Fairfield University
- Fordham University
- Georgetown University
- Gonzaga University
- John Carroll University
- LeMoyne College
- Loyola College in Maryland
- Loyola Marymount University
- Loyola University Chicago
- Loyola University New Orleans
- Marquette University
- Regis University
- Rockhurst University
- Saint Joseph's University
- Saint Louis University
- Saint Peter's College
- Santa Clara University
- Seattle University
- Spring Hill College
- University of Detroit Mercy
- University of San Francisco
- University of Scranton
- Wheeling Jesuit University
- Xavier University
High schools
Arizona
California
- Bellarmine College Preparatory ( San José )
- Cristo Rey High School ( Sacramento )
- Loyola High School ( Los Angeles )
- Jesuit High School ( Sacramento )
- Marin Catholic High School (Greenbrea)
- St. Ignatius College Preparatory ( San Francisco )
- Verbum Dei High School ( Los Angeles )
- Xavier College Preparatory Palm Desert
Colorado
District of Columbia
new York
- Canisius High School ( Buffalo )
- Cristo Rey New York High School ( New York City )
- Fordham Preparatory School ( New York City )
- Loyola School ( New York City )
- McQuaid Jesuit High School ( Rochester )
- Regis High School ( New York City )
- Xavier High School ( New York City )
Wisconsin
- Marquette University High School (Milwaukee)
See also
- List of important Jesuits
- List of the oldest schools in the German-speaking area
- Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities
Web links
- Literature on the subject of the Jesuit school in the catalog of the German National Library
- http://www.jesuiten.org/
- http://www.jesuit.org.uk/
- http://www.jesuits-europe.info/
- http://www.jesuit.org/
Individual evidence
- ^ History of the Jesuit Church and School in Lucerne
- ↑ Until 1763 belonged to the Bohemian Order Province ( provincia Bohemiae ) and was then connected to the Order Province of Silesia , founded in 1755 , due to the transition of the County of Glatz to Prussia . After the repeal of the Jesuit order in 1773 by Pope Clemens XIV. The Glatzer Kolleg was not repealed until three years later by the Prussian King Friedrich II .
- ^ Marquette University High School