Pointed keels
Pointed keels | ||||||||||||
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Magnificent pointed keel ( Oxytropis splendens ) |
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Oxytropis | ||||||||||||
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The pointed keels or flag peas ( Oxytropis ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). The approximately 310 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere in North America , Eurasia and Africa .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The pointed keel species are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants that form a woody rhizome . There are stemless as well as stem-forming species.
The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is usually pinnate unpaired or the terminal leaflet is reduced to a spine; in some species only one leaflet is present. The leaflets are entire and asymmetrical at the base. The conspicuous, mostly durable stipules can be fused with the petiole , free or fused together.
Inflorescences and flowers
The lateral, racemose , spiky or capid inflorescences contain one to many flowers. The bracts are usually triangular or lanceolate-triangular. Bracts are usually missing or there are sometimes narrow triangular ones.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are bell-shaped to tubular and the calyx teeth are almost the same. The five purple, purple, white or pale yellow petals stand together in the typical shape of the butterfly flower . The petals are long nailed, mostly free and fall off after the anthesis . Wings and shuttles are shaped differently depending on the species. The shuttle has a distinct tip at the front. The topmost of the ten stamens is free. The sitting or stalked, single carpel is hairy or hairy and usually contains many ovules . The stylus, which is straight or more often curved, has a terminal scar.
Fruits and seeds
The legumes are often bloated, have a compartment, more often they are two-compartment due to a false longitudinal septum and usually contain several seeds. The surface of the fruit is bare or hairy. The relatively small seeds are lenticular, kidney-shaped or spherical, without strophiole .
ecology
From an ecological point of view, these are butterfly flowers with a simple folding mechanism. The wings and shuttle are articulated. The pollination is done by bees or other langrüsselige Apoideen in mountainous areas often by butterflies .
Within their habitat they are important forage crops for wild animals (with some showing high toxicity ). In the northern Rockies they are the food of bighorn sheep and mountain goats . They are also a source of food for pigeon hares such as the Koslow pigeon hare of Tibet. In addition to the high feed value of the protein-rich seeds, they are also z. T. winter cows and serve wild animals and domestic animals as important winter food. Since they also occur in high density, for the Bulgarian Pirin Mountains 40,000 flowers of the alpine keel were reported at two observation points in a recording period, they are also specifically eaten there by sheep there.
Like other legumes, pointed keels fix nitrogen from the air. This takes place through a symbiosis in the legume root with specialized carbon- heretrophic N 2 fixers. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms settle in the root cells of the keel. As they are nourished by the root exudates in the rhizoplane, they are much more productive for binding atmospheric nitrogen than free-living microorganisms. In pointed keels there are bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with some species and many physiological races that live together with the pointed keels in the root nodules . In the nutrient-poor distribution areas of the pointed keels in the high Arctic and in the high mountains, plants that fix nitrogen symbiotically are among the key species, as they enrich the soil with nitrogen. Pointed keels exert an influence on plant communities that goes beyond the pure fixation of nitrogen in the soil. Due to the high demand for phosphorus, they reduce the availability of soil phosphorus, suppress competition through allelopathic effects and suppress germination and the establishment of seedlings. Due to their upholstery, they can also reduce the availability of light and water for other species. The role of N-fixation, which occurs either via rhizobia (legumes) or mycorrhiza (Ericaceae, Dryas ), is important via the transfer of nitrogen to non-N-fixing plants. In the living environment of the Arctic and alpine altitudes, the positive interaction and competition of species is essential for plant communities due to cold, drought and nitrogen regulation. The role of the pointed keels like other legumes of the continental cold regions as well as alpine habitats is described in the ecological literature with the English technical term Ecosystem Engineers by modifying energy and nutrient flows . Key species such as pointed keel and the dryas that are often associated with them , as “super-dominant” types of periglacial landscapes, are particularly important in the pioneering phase, as they initiate soil development and consolidate loose substrates.
For the Alpine region, the Alpenspitzkiel ( Oxytropis campestris ) is one of the species that regularly occur as alpine floods in the gravel terraces of the Wilefrivers. Here, too, in addition to the Alpine pointed keel, the high proportion of Fabaceae in the species set is striking ( Astragalus alpinus , Lotus corniculatus , Trifolium repens ). Fabaceae have a competitive advantage on the nutrient-poor raw soils due to their symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
The seeds of the pointed keels are to be assigned to the wind spreaders (general semachory ). They are generally maroon and kidney-shaped and are characterized by their hard shell. They are impermeable to both gas exchange and water. Pointed keel seeds show a physical dormancy . Successful initiation of seed germination occurs after it has been mechanically damaged, i. H. perforated. The Oxytropis seeds germinate regardless of climatic conditions and temperatures; Stratification by exposure to cold did not correlate positively with germination success under laboratory conditions, but mechanical scarification of the semen cuticle did. Scarification under natural conditions occurs in periglacial climatic zones through frequent changes in frost or wind chippings; Among other things, the Alpen-Spitzkiel is also a typical representative of the societies at wind edges in its alpine distribution area . If the shell does not break open, the germination rate is less than 10%. In culture, a scarification of the seeds is therefore necessary for successful germination. The hard shell is roughened with fine sandpaper or briefly (20–60 min) treated in the laboratory with concentrated sulfuric acid or boiling water. This allows Oxytropis seeds to swell in the water within a short time. Sulfuric acid and boiling water sometimes kill the embryo. These methods have a much lower germination success than mechanical roughening. The seeds end their dormancy immediately.
The hard-shelled seeds of the pointed keels have a uniform structure: the embryonic cavity of the cotyledons is enclosed by an outer cuticle and a thick macrosklereid . The surface of the seed cuticle is also characteristic of the pointed quills: When viewed under the electron microscope, specific seed coat patterns can be seen that can be characteristic of individual sections. However, under the light microscope, the seed coats appear smooth. Since the seed coat patterns of the genus Oxytropis differ generally from Astragalus , they are another feature of the genus separation.
In the ecosystems of the lower Arctic on the Victoria Island of Canada, pointed keels in Dryas - Salix - legume heaps are characteristic. Here they always occupy hilltops with good drainage.
evolution
From an evolutionary point of view, Boris Aleksandrovich Yurtsev (Russian Борис Александрович Юрцев) sees the development of the genus Oxytropis from alpine hemicryptophytes to cryptophytes of the Arctic, which has changed due to microphyllous growth, a reduction in the number of petals per pod and give important taxonomic characteristics for the adaptive radiation of the genus . From a cytotaxonomic point of view , diploid species in southern Siberian mountains developed into polyploid arctic ones . In contrast to arctic species of the genus Astragalus, there are no mesophytes in arctic Oxytropis species . Ecologically, the pointed keel species vary between xeromesophytes and cryo-xeromesophytes to steppe xerophytes , xero- petrophytes or cryo-xerophytes. Only one subspecies ( Oxytropis middendorfii subsp. Middendorfii ) grows in mesomorphic herb-dwarf shrub-moss-tundra. Yurtsev assumes that the ancestors of today's pointed keel species may have settled on unstable rubble and boulders, which enabled them to adapt to low summer temperatures and to change to habitats in tundras.
Occurrence and socialization
distribution
The genus pointed keels ( Oxytropis ) is widespread in the northern hemisphere in North America , Eurasia and Africa . The Oxytropis species thrive in temperate , subarctic and arctic regions. Pointed keels still inhabit the arctic islands north of the polar circle. They were picked up at 75 ° 54'N at Ibbett Bay, Canada. They colonize neither the oceanic regions of the southern tip of South Greenland nor Iceland or Svalbard . Only in the continental cold tundra do they also extend beyond the arctic archipelagos such as Wrangel Island . The amphibering area between Chukotka and Alaska is a center of Arctic distribution . In the amphiatlantic arctic legumes are rarely found or very rare due to the oceanic humid climate. In both New England and the northern British Isles in Scotland, Oxytropis species are rare and endangered species. Reintroduction campaigns such as the silky-haired keel ( Oxytropis halleri ) are being carried out in Scotland for such endangered populations .
When looking at the entire area, it is noticeable that the high mountain elements at Oxytropis are directly related to the steppe flora. The Eurasian or circumpolar continental arctic + alpine (Altay-Alpine + arctic) species develop in the Siberian-East Asian and Northwest American regions. This is much greater than in Europe and Northeast America, where there are considerable gaps in distribution. Accumulation and clan development in the mountainous countries around Central Asia and the Rocky Mountains emphasize the continental character of distribution. In the high mountains of southern and central Europe, only a few of the species belonging here are more widespread ( Oxytropis pyrenaica ). Most of them are restricted to central parts of the Alps and scattered, mostly limited areas of the Carpathian Mountains and the Dinaric-Pindian region ( Oxytropis lapponica ). In addition to the widespread Eurasian and circumpolar high mountain species, there are south-central European elements from the same family groups, some of which are widespread ( Oxytropis pyrenaica ), but mostly like Oxytropis triflora , Oxytropis foetida mainly in central parts of the Alps and more or less continental areas of the other high mountains are restricted. Also to be mentioned is Oxytropis halleri , which has a more or less disjoint south-central European alpine distribution and is returning in Scotland. In the case of the Alpine pointed keel ( Oxytropis campestris ), the occurrence of wind edges ( Elynetum ) is characteristic in the Alps . Braun-Blanquet then set up the Oxytropi-Elynion association in the Elyno-Seslerietea blue grass class for lawns exposed to wind on shallow limestone soils. A vicarious variant is developed in the Dinarides in the plant sociological association Oxytropidion dinaricae with the Dinaric pointed keel . At the edge of the wind there is a lack of snow, cold and the exposure to the summit winds as dry and cold locations comparable to the continental climate zones. With the wind effect, there is a stronger evaporation than on normal sunny locations, which leads to a dominance of the naked song ( Kobresia myosuroides ). Like Oxytropis , the nude song also finds its distribution center in the southern Siberian mountains.
Among the steppe plants of Oxytropis , the occurrences extend from the submeridional mountains ( Mongolia , Altai , Caucasus , eastern sub-Mediterranean mountainous regions) to the upstream hills and plains ( Oxytropis pilosa ) to the north . These species are elements of the dry grassland. However, some of the species are no longer restricted to the mountain and hill steppes of Europe, but only to the central Alps ( Oxytropis purpurea ). Not a single pointed keel is widespread in the oceanic deciduous forest region of Western Europe, which clearly shows the continental distribution character that is emerging.
For the Tibetan-Himalayan area, Bernhard Dickoré and Monika Kriechbaum realistically stated only 30–40 good species with large distribution areas due to the fact that the species lists are often only based on individual collections. Here it is especially the drier northwest in the Pamir and Karakoram as well as in the NE of the Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai), where the center of diversity of Central Asia and the Mongolian highlands is found. Habitats like the one described in 2006 Oxytropis iridum are altitudes of 3500 - 4150 m (up to 4660 m). These are semi-arid locations within the tree line with an average annual temperature of 5.2 ° C and 258 mm of annual precipitation. For Oxytropis iridum , steep rocky and rubble slopes with little vegetation cover (approx. 50%) are named.
Diversity
From their distribution center in southern Siberia , they spread in a pre-glacial circumpolar manner . They represent one of the few species-rich genera in the tundras of the Palearctic . Among the legumes , only the genus of the pointed keels was able to repopulate Arctic habitats in species-rich radiation . According to the Checklist of the Panarctic Flora (Elven et al. O. Year), 2043 vascular plants are specified for the Arctic. After Carex (137), Salix (68), Potentilla (60), Oxytropis is the most species-rich genus with 46 species, followed by Draba (44), Papaver (36), Poa (35), Puccinellia and Saxifraga (31).
In 1948, 276 taxa were identified for the former territory of the USSR . There are 133 species in China , 74 of them only there (as of 2010).
The following 13 species occur in Central and Southeastern Europe : Field or Alpine keel ( Oxytropis campestris ), Dinaric keel ( Oxytropis dinarica ), Glandular keel ( Oxytropis fetida ), silk-haired keel ( Oxytropis halleri ), Swiss pointed keel ( Oxytropis helvetica ) , mountain Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis jacquinii ), Lapland Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis lapponica ), Pyrenean Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis neglecta ), Shaggy Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis pilosa ), Prenj-Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis prenja ) Three flower-Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis triflora ), Oxytropis urumovii , Vinschgau silk-haired keel ( Oxytropis xerophila ).
In addition to the flower color, the size of the plants is an important distinguishing feature of the European pointed keel species. The size of the field or alpine keel ( Oxytropis campestris ) mostly varies depending on the altitude , but it is rarely found as a miniature form . The similar Dinaric keel varies much more in its five subspecies and varieties, with the size gradually decreasing towards the south . In the related and similar Bulgarian endemic Oxytropis urumovii , only very small plant specimens occur, which are barely a third the size of the Alpine keel or the nominate form of the Dinaric keel. Other species such as the Prenj pointed keel or the Swiss pointed keel are miniature forms that are unmistakable in their habitat, as they never exceed 10 centimeters in height.
Habitats
The Oxytropis species thrive in sandy and gravelly , generally well- drained soils around glacial lakes , on mountain scree slopes and moraines as well as mountain grasslands . Arctic representatives colonize very different microhabitats in different species : press hills , river terraces, tundras, slopes, open ridges of the flat tundra; Floating soil on solifludial slopes, moderately to well-drained areas, gravel, sand, silt, marl boulder . Locations with high organic content and lime-rich substrates. Pointed-keel species are absent in desert and semi-desert landscapes around the world and are mostly found in mountain habitats in the temperate zones. The deep tap roots stabilize river banks, slopes and artificial dams within their habitat .
As pioneer plants , they colonize the volcanoes of Kamchatka after volcanic eruptions . Pointed keel species can consolidate loose volcanic material through specific properties of their root system. They colonize habitats that do not yet show any land cover , which contributes to soil development through this activity and leads to further colonization by other plant species. The symbiosis of pointed keel species with nodule bacteria continues to support this development. Among the legumes that are typically distributed in the arctic ( Oxytropis , Astragalus , Hedysarum ), only Oxytropis has undergone intense speciation .
While the presence of the Alps-pointed keel in his part-transmission areas in the European Alps from postglacial immigration from unknown Pleistocene refuge space is explained, other species such as Oxytropis urumovii from Bulgarian Pirin probably glacial relicts . Schönswetter et al. In 2004, the lack of phylogeographic patterns in the genes of the Alpine keel in the Alps, Pyrenees and Tatras and its good adaptation to steppe habitats led to the conclusion that this species may have migrated from lowland steppes and tundra areas to the mountains during the Ice Age .
Socialization
Plant - sociological units of alpine high mountains of the subtropical to temperate latitudes have pointed keel species as their character and characteristic species : in the southeast Dinarides it is the association Oxytropidion dinaricae (with Oxytropis dinarica and Oxytropis prenja ) on alpine limestone grasslands of the summits and ridges of the high Dinarides , in Iran there is the class Oxytropidetea persica (with Oxytropis persica ) for snow-soil societies on silicate rock in the Elburs Mountains , in the western Alps there is the plant-sociological order Oxytropido-Kobresietalia with the association Oxytropido-Elynion.
Systematics and botanical history
The genus Oxytropis was established by Augustin Pyrame de Candolle in 1802. However, due to a takeover of the phrase Astragalus montanus by Adrian van Royens by Linné, which was based on an Onobrichis montana , which Clusius could no longer clearly assign , is in the nominal type species Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. an inclusion of the groups around Oxytropis pyrenaica or Oxytropis jaquinii is given. Later emendations , for example through bunges, caused even more confusion, so that French and German botanists included two different pointed keel species in the epithet montana . Therefore, the epithet montana was excluded from further taxonomic use by Walter Gutermann and Hermann Merxmüller in 1961 as a noun ambiguum in Oxytropis ( Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. Partim et auct. Patim, non sensu stricto (sec. Bunge), noun ambiguum rejiciendum ). The generic name Oxytropis is derived from the Greek words oxys for pointed and tropis for ship's keel and refers to the tip attached to the ship, which morphologically distinguishes the genera Oxytropis and Astragalus . A synonym for Oxytropis DC. nom. cons. is Spiesia Neck. ex Kuntze .
The genus Oxytropis belongs to the tribe Galegeae in the subfamily Faboideae within the family of the Fabaceae . It used to be a subgenus of the genus Astragalus , Astragalus subg. Oxytropis , led.
At present (as of mid-2015), molecular genetic data do not yet allow a comprehensive phylogenetic delimitation within the genus Oxytropis and there are no revisions of individual kin groups based on such data . In general, many Oxytropis species are morphologically similar, which was already noted in the only monograph of the genus Oxytropis by Alexander von Bunge in 1874. In 1874, Bunge divided the 181 species of the genus Oxytropis into Oxytropis DC in his work Species Generis. in four sub-genres with 19 sections. The flora of the USSR in 1948 under the direction of the processing of the genus Oxytropis by Alexander Grossheim took over the structure from Bunge, but supplemented the Bunges taxonomic processing and structure in many ways. A general revision of the genre is still pending.
The genus Oxytropis contains about 310 species. Depending on the taxonomic view of individual authors and countries, the scope of the genus and the species is controversial:
- Oxytropis acanthacea Jurtzev : It occurs in Mongolia only in the provinces of Bajan-Ölgii-Aimag and Chowd-Aimag and in the Asian part of Russia only in the Autonomous Republic of Tuva .
- Oxytropis aciphylla Ledeb. (Syn .: Oxytropis kossinskyi . B.Fedtsch & Basil. , Oxytropis lycotriche Bunge ): It is in Russia , in Mongolia , in the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia , in the Uighur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang and the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Ningxia and Qinghai common .
- Oxytropis adamsiana (Trautv.) Jurtzev : In the Asian part of Russia it occurs only in Buryatia , in Chita Oblast and in the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug .
- Oxytropis adenophylla Popov : It occurs in the Asian part of Russia only in Buryatia, Irkutsk and in Chita Oblast.
- Oxytropis admiranda Rech. F. : It occurs in Afghanistan .
- Oxytropis adscendens Gontsch. : It occurs in Kazakhstan only in Shymkent and Taras and in Kyrgyzstan only in Frunze .
- Oxytropis aellenii Vassilcz. : It occurs in Iran .
- Oxytropis afghanica Rech. F. & Koie : It occurs in Afghanistan.
- Oxytropis ajanensis (Rule & Tiling) Bunge : It occurs in Khabarovsk ,Russia.
- Oxytropis alajica Drobow : This endemic occurs in Kyrgyzstan only in Osh .
- Oxytropis alavae Rech. F. : It occurs in Iran.
- Oxytropis alberti-Regelii Vassilcz. : It occurs in Kazakhstan only in Schymkent.
- Oxytropis albiflora Bunge : It occurs in the Asian part of Russia only in Sacha .
- Oxytropis albovillosa B. Fedsch . : It occurs in Kazakhstan only in Shymkent and Taras, in Kyrgyzstan only in Frunze and Osh and in Uzbekistan only in Tashkent .
- Oxytropis almaatensis Bajtenov : This endemic occurs in Kazakhstan only near Alma-Ata .
- Oxytropis alpestris Shishkin : It occurs in the Asian part of Russia only in Gorno-Altaisk .
- Oxytropis alpina Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis alpicola Turcz. , Oxytropis frigida Kar. & Kir. ): It is distributed in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan .
- Oxytropis altaica (Pall.) Pers. : It is common in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and the Asian part of Russia.
- Oxytropis ambigua (Pall.) DC. : It iswidespreadin Xinjiang, Kazakhstan (only Pavlodar , Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya), in Mongolia (only Khenti , Khuvsgul ) and in Russian Bashkiria , Altai , Gorno-Altaysk , Tuva , Sacha.
- Oxytropis amethystea Arv.-Touv. : It occurs in Spain as well as France .
- Oxytropis ammophila Turcz. : It occurs in the Asian part of Russia only in Khakassia , Krasnoyarsk and Tuva.
- Oxytropis ampullata (Pall.) Pers. : It is common in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and in the Asian part of Russia in Gorno-Altaisk, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk and Tuva.
- Oxytropis anaulgensis Pavlov : It occurs in Kazakhstan only in Shymkent and Taras and in Uzbekistan only in Tashkent.
- Oxytropis andersii Vassilcz. : It occurs in Afghanistan .
- Oxytropis anertii Nakai : It occurs in the Chinese province of Jilin and in Korea .
- Oxytropis approximata Lessen : It occurs in Chelyabinsk , Bashkiria and Perm .
- Oxytropis arassanica Gontsch. : It occurs in Kazakhstan only in Shymkent and Dzhambul and in Uzbekistan only in Tashkent.
- Oxytropis arbaeviae Vassilcz. : It occurs in Kazakhstan only in Dzhambul and in Kyrgyzstan only in Frunze .
- Oxytropis arctica R.Br.
- Oxytropis arenae-ripariae Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis argentata (Pall.) Pers. (Syn .: Astragalus argentatus Pallas , Oxytropis argyraea DC. , Oxytropis argyrophylla Ledeb. , Oxytropis recognita Bunge ): It occurs in Xinjiang and Siberia .
- Oxytropis armeniaca Sosn. ex Mulk.
- Oxytropis arystangalievii Bajtenov
- Oxytropis aspera Gonch.
- Oxytropis assadliensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis assiensis Vassilcz. : It is common in Tibet , Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
- Oxytropis asterocarpa Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis astragaloides Boriss.
- Oxytropis atbaschi Saposhn.
- Oxytropis aucheri Boiss.
- Oxytropis aulieatensis Vved.
- Oxytropis auriculata C.W.Chang : It only thrives in the grasslands of Sichuan .
- Oxytropis austrosachalinensis N.S. Pavlova
- Oxytropis avis Saposhn.
- Oxytropis avisoides P.C.Li : This endemic thrives on hills at altitudes of 4600 to 4700 meters only in Baxoi in Tibet.
- Oxytropis babatagi Abdusal.
- Oxytropis baburi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis baicalia (Pall.) Pers.
- Oxytropis baissunensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis bajtulinii Kotukhov
- Oxytropis baldshuanica B. Fedsch.
- Oxytropis bargusinensis Peschkova
- Oxytropis barkolensis X.Y.Zhu, H.Ohashi & YBDeng (Syn .: Oxytropis flavovirens H.Ohba, S.Akiyama & SKWu. ): It thrives on alpine mats, hills, on the edges of Juniperus centrasiatica forests, exposed grasslands, dry slopes and in rivers at altitudes of 2000 to 3400 meters only in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis baxoiensis P.C.Li : It only thrives at altitudes of 3900 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis bella B. Fedsch. (Syn .: Oxytropis trichosphaera Freyn ): It is distributed in Tibet, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
- Oxytropis bellii (Britton) Palib.
- Oxytropis beringensis Jurtzev
- Oxytropis besseyi (Rydb.) Blank.
- Oxytropis bicornis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis bicolor Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis angustifolia Ulbr. ): It is common in Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei , Henan , Nei Mongol, Ningxia , Shaanxi , Shandong and Shanxi .
- Oxytropis biflora P.C.Li : It thrives on alpine meadows and along rivers only at altitudes of around 5000 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis biloba Saposhn.
- Oxytropis binaludensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis birirensis Ali : This endemic occurs only in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .
- Oxytropis bobrovii B. Fedsch.
- Oxytropis bogdoschanica Jurtzev
- Oxytropis boguschi B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis borissoviae Polozhij
- Oxytropis bosculensis Golosk.
- Oxytropis bracteata Basil.
- Oxytropis bracteolata Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis brevicaulis Ledeb.
- Oxytropis brevipedunculata P.C.Li : It thrives on alpine mats and along rivers only at altitudes of 5200 to 5400 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis bungei Kom.
- Oxytropis cabulica (Boiss.) Boiss.
- Oxytropis cachemiriana Cambess. (Syn .: Oxytropis proboscides Bunge ): It occurs in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in Kashmir and in western Tibet.
- Oxytropis caerulea (Pall.) DC. (Syn .: Astragalus baicalensis . Pall , Astragalus coeruleus . Pall , Oxytropis chinensis Bunge , Oxytropis filiformis var. Monticola Malyshev , Oxytropis mandshurica Bunge ): It is in Russia, Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol and Shanxi spread.
- Oxytropis caespitosa (Pall.) Pers.
- Oxytropis caespitosula Gonch.
- Oxytropis calcareorum N.S. Pavlova
- Oxytropis callophylla Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis calva Malyshev
- Oxytropis campanulata Vassilcz.
- Field pointed keel or Alpine pointed keel ( Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. )
- Oxytropis cana Bunge
- Oxytropis candicans (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis canopatula Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis capusii Franch.
- Oxytropis caputoi Moraldo & la Valva
- Oxytropis caraganetorum Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis carpatica R. Uechtr.
- Oxytropis chakassiensis Polozhij
- Oxytropis chantengriensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis charkeviczii Vyschin
- Oxytropis chesneyoides Gontsch.
- Oxytropis chinglingensis C.W.Chang (Syn .: Oxytropis humilis C.W.Chang ): It thrives in sunny grasslands and meadows on sunny slopes at altitudes from 1800 to 3900 meters in Tibet and Shaanxi.
- Oxytropis chionobia Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis oligantha Bunge ): It is distributed in Xinjiang (only in Tian Shan ) and in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
- Oxytropis chionophylla Schrenk
- Oxytropis chitralensis Ali : This endemic occurs only in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Oxytropis chorgossica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis chrysocarpa Boiss.
- Oxytropis ciliata Turcz. : It is common in Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Nei Mongol and Ningxia.
- Oxytropis cinerascens Bunge : It occurs in India and Tibet.
- Oxytropis cinerea Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis coelestis Abdusal.
- Oxytropis coerulea (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis collettii fish.
- Oxytropis columbina Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis confusa Bunge
- Oxytropis crassiuscula Boriss. : It occurs in the Pakistani Chitral and in the Alai Mountains.
- Oxytropis cretacea Basil.
- Oxytropis cuspidata Bunge
- Oxytropis czapandaghi B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis czekanowskii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis czerskii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis czukotica Jurtzev
- Oxytropis danorum Rech. F.
- Oxytropis darpirensis Jurtzev & APKhokhr.
- Oxytropis dashtinavarensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis dasypoda Boiss.
- Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. : It is widespread in North America, Russia, Mongolia, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis densa Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis stipulosa Kom. ): It iswidespreadin Kashmir , in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis densiflora P.C.Li : The two varieties since 2000 thrive on slopes and in grasslands at altitudes of 3200 to 4000 meters in Tibet and Gansu.
- Oxytropis diantha Maxim.
- Oxytropis dichroantha Schrenk (Syn .: Oxytropis algida Bunge ): It is distributed in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan .
- Oxytropis didymophysa Bunge
- Dinaric pointed keel ( Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. )
- Oxytropis diversifolia E. Peter : It occurs in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia .
- Oxytropis dorogostajskyi Kuzen.
- Oxytropis dubia Turcz.
- Oxytropis duthieana Ali
- Oxytropis echidna Vved.
- Oxytropis erecta com.
- Oxytropis eriocarpa Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis komei Saposhn. ): It is common in Xinjiang, Russia and Mongolia.
- Oxytropis ervicarpa Vved. ex filim.
- Oxytropis evenorum Jurtzev & APKhokhr.
- Oxytropis exserta Jurtzev
- Oxytropis falcata Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis hedinii Ulbr. , Oxytropis holdereri Ulbr. , Oxytropis popovii Vassilcz. ): It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 5200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang and Tibet.
- Oxytropis farsi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis fasciculiflorum Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis fedtschenkoana Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis ferganensis Vassilcz.
- Glandular keel ( Oxytropis fetida (Vill.) DC. )
- Oxytropis fetisowi Bunge
- Oxytropis fetisowii Bunge
- Oxytropis filiformis DC. (Syn .: Oxytropis caerulea (Pall.) Turcz. Non Oxytropis caerulea (Pall.) DC. ): It is distributed in Russia, Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.
- Oxytropis floribunda (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis foalensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis fominii Grossh.
- Oxytropis foucaudii Gillot
- Oxytropis fragilifolia N.Ulziykh.
- Oxytropis fragiliphylla Q.Wang, ChangY.Yang, XYZhu & H.Ohashi : It was first described in 2001. It thrives on subalpine mats at altitudes of 1800 to 2800 meters Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis fruticulosa Bunge
- Oxytropis fuscescens Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis ganningensis C.W.Chang : It thrives in valleys and on grasslands on slopes at altitudes of 1100 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Ningxia.
- Oxytropis gebleri Bunge
- Oxytropis gebleriana Schrenk
- Oxytropis gerzeensis P.C.Li : It thrives on meadows at altitudes of 3400 to 5200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.
- Oxytropis gilgitensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis giraldii Ulbr. (Syn .: Oxytropis ningxiaensis C.W.Chang. ): It thrives at altitudes of 2100 to 3600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Sichuan.
- Oxytropis glabra DC. (Syn .: Oxytropis diffusa Ledeb. , Oxytropis drakeana Franch. , Oxytropis glareosa Vassilcz. , Oxytropis salina Vassilcz. , Oxytropis tenuis Palib. ): It is in Kazakhstan, Russia, in Mongolia, in Inner Mongolia, in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis glandulosa Turcz.
- Oxytropis globiflora Bunge : It is distributed in Tibet, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
- Oxytropis gloriosa Ali : This endemic occurs only in the Pakistani province of Chitral.
- Oxytropis gmelinii Boriss.
- Oxytropis golengolensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis gorbunovii Boriss.
- Oxytropis gracillima Vassilcz. non bunge
- Oxytropis graminetorum Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis grandiflora (Pall.) DC. (Syn .: Oxytropis collina Turcz. ): It is distributed in Siberia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Jilin and Ningxia.
- Oxytropis griffithii Boiss.
- Oxytropis gubanovii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis gueldenstaedtioides Ulbr. : It thrives in grasslands on slopes in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi.
- Oxytropis guinanensis Y.H.Wu : This endemic thrives in deserts at altitudes of around 3200 meters only in Guinan Countyin the Chinese province of Qinghai.
- Oxytropis guntensis B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis gymnogyne Bunge
- Haller Spitzkiel, silk hair Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis halleri cooking , Syn .: Oxytropis xerophila Good man , Oxytropis halleri subsp. Velutina (Schur) O.Schwarz , Oxytropis velutina Schur , Oxytropis halleri subsp. Villoso-sericea (Shuttlew.) Bech. , Oxytropis halleri subsp. korabensis (Kümmerle & Jáv.) Chrtek & Chrtková )
- Oxytropis hedgei Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis helenae N.S. Pavlova
- Swiss pointed keel ( Oxytropis helvetica Scheele )
- Oxytropis heratensis Bunge
- Oxytropis heterophylla Maxim.
- Oxytropis heteropoda Bunge
- Oxytropis heterotricha Turcz.
- Oxytropis hidakamontana Miyabe & Tatew.
- Oxytropis hindukushensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis hippolyti Boriss.
- Oxytropis hirsuta Bunge : It is distributed in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and western Siberia.
- Oxytropis hirsutiuscula Freyn : It is distributed in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan , Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and in western Siberia.
- Oxytropis hirta Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis komarovii Vassilcz. ): It is distributed in Russia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang , Henan , Jilin, Liaoning , Shaanxi, Shandong and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis holanshanensis H.C.Fu : It thrives in valleys and on stony slopes at altitudes of 2000 to 2400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Ningxia and in southwestern Inner Mongolia (only in Helan Shan ).
- Oxytropis humifusa Kar. & Kir. (Syn .: Oxytropis albana Steven , Oxytropis glacialis Strach. & Winterb. Ex Bunge , Oxytropis melanotricha Bunge ): It is in Xinjiang, Tibet, India, Kashmir , in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Nepal , Afghanistan , Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
- Oxytropis hypoglottoides (Baker) Ali : It occurs in the Pakistani province of Chitral and in Turkistan.
- Oxytropis hypsophila Bunge
- Oxytropis hystrix Schrenk (Syn .: Oxytropis spinifer Vassilcz. ): It occurs in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan.
- Oxytropis imbricata Kom.
- Oxytropis immersa (Baker) B. Fedsch . (Syn .: Oxytropis incanescens Freyn , Oxytropis pamirica Danguy ): It is with two varieties in Xinjiang, Tibet, Iran, the Pakistani provinces of Chitral and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and Russian Tian Shan as well as common in the Alai Mountains.
- Oxytropis inaria (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis incana Jurtzev
- Oxytropis includens Basil.
- Oxytropis indensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis inopinata Jurtzev
- Oxytropis inschanica H.C.Fu & SHCheng : It thrives on dry slopes and gravelly areas in valleys at altitudes of 1800 to 2100 meters in Inner Mongolia.
- Oxytropis integripetala Bunge
- Oxytropis intermedia Bunge
- Oxytropis interposita Sipliv.
- Oxytropis iranica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis iridum Dickoré & M.Kriechb.
- Oxytropis iskanderica B. Fedsch.
- Oxytropis itoana Tatew.
- Oxytropis jabalambrensis (Pau) Podlech
- Oxytropis japonica Maxim.
- Oxytropis jonesii Barneby
- Oxytropis jucunda Vved.
- Oxytropis jurtzevii Malyshev
- Oxytropis kamelinii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis kamtschatica Hulten
- Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis leucocephala Ulbr. , Oxytropis longipedunculata C.W.Chang , Oxytropis thionantha Ulbr. ): It occurs in Nepal, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan.
- Oxytropis karataviensis Pavlov
- Oxytropis karavaevii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis karjaginii Grossh.
- Oxytropis kaspensis Krasnob. & Pshenich.
- Oxytropis katangensis Basil.
- Oxytropis kateninii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis kazidanica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis kermanica Freyn & Bornm.
- Oxytropis ketmenica Saposhn.
- Oxytropis khinjahi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis klementzii N.Ulziykh.
- Oxytropis kodarensis Jurtzev & Malyschev
- Oxytropis kokrinensis A.E.Porsild
- Oxytropis komarovii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis kopetdagensis Gontsch.
- Oxytropis kopetdaghensis Gontsch.
- Oxytropis kotschyana Boiss. & High.
- Oxytropis krylovi Shipcz.
- Oxytropis krylovii Schipcz. : It occurs in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan and western Siberia.
- Oxytropis kubanensis Leskov
- Oxytropis kuchanensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis kuhistanica Abdusal.
- Oxytropis kukkonenii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis kunarensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis kunashiriensis Kitam.
- Oxytropis kuramensis Abdusal.
- Oxytropis kusnetzovii Krylov & Steinb.
- Oxytropis kyziltalensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis ladygini Krylov
- Oxytropis ladyginii Krylov : It occurs in Xinjiang, Mongolia and Russia.
- Oxytropis lagopus Nutt.
- Oxytropis lambertii Pursh
- Oxytropis lanata (Pall.) DC. : It occurs in Inner Mongolia and Siberia.
- Oxytropis lanceatifoliola H.Ohba, S.Akiyama & SKWu : It was first described in 2000. This endemic thrives on dry, alluvial slopes at an altitude of about 4100 meters only in Ruoqiang in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis langshanica H.C.Fu : It thrives in sandy deserts in Inner Mongolia.
- Oxytropis lanuginosa Kom.
- Lapland pointed keel ( Oxytropis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Gay , Syn .: Oxytropis amoena Kar. & Kir. , Oxytropis carinthiaca Fisch.-Oost. , Oxytropis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Gaudin Oxytropis thomasii Gaudin ): He is in the Indian state of Punjab, in Kashmir, Nepal , in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in Tibet, in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi as well as Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, Norway , Sweden , in Switzerland , Austria , Hungary , Italy and widespread in Spain .
- Oxytropis lasiocarpa Gonch.
- Oxytropis lasiopoda Bunge
- Oxytropis latialata P.C.Li : This endemic thrives on mountain slopes at altitudes of around 5100 meters only in Baingoin in Tibet.
- Oxytropis latibracteata Jurtzev : Of the two varieties, one is endemic to Gonghe in Qinghai and the other thrives at altitudes of 1700 to 3800 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Hebei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Sichuan as well Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis lavrenkoi N.Ulziykh.
- Oxytropis laxiracemosa Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis lazica Boiss.
- Oxytropis lehmanni Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis aequipetala Bunge ): It occurs in Tibet, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
- Oxytropis leptophylla (Pall.) DC. : The two varieties are common in Russia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Jilin and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis leptophysa Bunge
- Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Bunge
- Oxytropis leucocyanea Bunge
- Oxytropis leucotricha Turcz.
- Oxytropis lhasaensis X.Y.Zhu : It was first described in 2004. This endemic thrives on sandy banks of rivers at altitudes of around 3700 meters only in Lhasa in Tibet.
- Oxytropis liliputa Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis linczevskii Gontsch.
- Oxytropis linearibracteata P.C.Li : This endemic thrives on dry slopes and alluvial cones at altitudes of about 4200 meters only in the Xian pull in Tibet.
- Oxytropis lipskyi Gonch.
- Oxytropis lithophila Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis litwinowii B. Fedsch.
- Oxytropis longialata P.C.Li : This endemic thrives in sandy and gravelly locations in valleys at altitudes of 4000 to 4100 meters only in Lhari in Tibet.
- Oxytropis longibracteata Kar. & Kir.
- Oxytropis longipedunculata C.W.Chang
- Oxytropis longirostra DC.
- Oxytropis lupinoides Grossh.
- Oxytropis luteo-coerulea (Baker) Ali : This endemic occurs only on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan in the Kurram valley.
- Oxytropis lydiae Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis macrobotrys Bunge
- Oxytropis macrocarpa Kar. & Kir.
- Oxytropis macrodonta Gonch.
- Oxytropis macrosema Bunge
- Oxytropis maduoensis Y.H.Wu : This endemic thrives on alpine mats on slopes at altitudes of 4300 to 4600 meters only in Madoi in Qinghai.
- Oxytropis maidantalensis B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis malacophylla Bunge
- Oxytropis malloryana Dunn : It thrives on stony southern slopes at altitudes of 3800 to 4600 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis maqinensis Y.H.Wu : It thrives in gravelly areas, on sunny slopes and on alpine mats at altitudes of 3300 to 4500 meters in Qinghai.
- Oxytropis marco-poloi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis margacea Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis martjanovi Krylov
- Oxytropis masanderanensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis masarensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv.
- Oxytropis megalantha H. Boissieu
- Oxytropis megalorrhyncha Nevski
- Oxytropis meinshausenii Schrenk : It is distributed in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Sichuan and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis melaleuca Bunge
- Oxytropis melanocalyx Bunge : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 5100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Tibet.
- Oxytropis merkensis Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis kanitzii N.D.Simpson ): It is widespread in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Tibet.
- Oxytropis mertensiana Turcz.
- Oxytropis michelsonii B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis micrantha Bunge
- Oxytropis microcarpa Gonch.
- Oxytropis microphylla (Pall.) DC. (Syn .: Oxytropis chiliophylla Royle ex Benth. , Oxytropis grenardi Franch. , Oxytropis ingrata Freyn , Oxytropis polyadenia Freyn , Oxytropis tibetica Bunge ): It is in the northern part of the Indian state of Punjab, Nepal, in the Russian Dauria , in the Alai Mountains , Kashmir ,Widespreadin Indian Punjab , Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis microsphaera Bunge
- Oxytropis middendorffii Trautv.
- Oxytropis minjanensis Rech. F.
- Oxytropis mixotriche bunge
- Oxytropis moellendorffii Bunge ex Maxim. (Syn .: Oxytropis limprichtii Ulbr. , Oxytropis schensiensis Kom. , Oxytropis sylinchanensis Franch. ): It thrives on roadsides on hills and gravelly upper areas of hills at altitudes of 2400 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hebei and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis mollis Royle ex Benth. (Syn .: Oxytropis thomsonii Benth. Ex Bunge , Oxytropis iridum Dickore & Kriechb. ): It occurs in the northern part of the Indian state of Punjab, in Tibet, Nepal, Kashmir and in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Oxytropis mongolica Kom.
- Berg-Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. , It was discarded from the nomenclature because it was not known which species Linnaeus originally meant and the synonym Oxytropis jacquinii Bunge was used from 1961 to 2009. )
- Oxytropis monophylla Grubov : It occurs in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia.
- Oxytropis morenarum Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis multiceps Torr. & A.Gray
- Oxytropis multiramosa P.C.Li
- Oxytropis mumynabadensis B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis muricata (Pall.) DC. : It occurs in Siberia, in northern Mongolia and in Ningxia.
- Oxytropis myriophylla (Pall.) DC. : It is common in Russia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis nana Torr. & A.Gray
- Pyrenees keel ( Oxytropis neglecta Ten. )
- Oxytropis neimongolica C.W.Chang & YZZhao : It thrives on sunny slopes, grasslands, northern slopes, Stipa communities on dry desert prairies at altitudes of 1000 to 2200 meters in Inner Mongolia.
- Oxytropis neo-rechingeriana Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis nepalensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis niedsitziana Popov
- Oxytropis nigrescens (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis nikolai Filim. & Abdusal.
- Oxytropis nitens Turcz.
- Oxytropis nivea Bunge
- Oxytropis nuda Basil.
- Oxytropis nuristanica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis nutans Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis qiemoensis H.Ohba, S.Akiyama & SKWu ): It is widespread in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as well as Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis obnapiformis C.L. Porter
- Oxytropis ochotensis Bunge
- Oxytropis ochrantha Turcz. (Syn .: Oxytropis chrysotricha Franch. , Oxytropis daqingshanica Y.Z.Zhao & ZongY.Zhu , Oxytropis turczaninovii Jurtzev ): It is in Russia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Ningxia, Qingxia , Shanxi, Sichuan and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge : It thrives on weedy slopes, grasslands and alpine mats at altitudes of 1,800 to 4,500 meters in Inner Mongolia, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis ochroleuca Bunge : It is distributed in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as well as Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis ochrolongibracteata X.Y.Zhu & H.Ohashi : It was first described in 2000. It thrives on hillsides, roadsides, in dry valleys, on the banks of rivers, on alpine meadows and between bushes at altitudes of 1700 to 4300 meters in Tibet and Gansu.
- Oxytropis ocrensis F.Conti & Bartolucci : described from the central Apennines from Monte Ocre.
- Oxytropis oreophila A. Gray
- Oxytropis ornata Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis ovczinnikovii Abdusal.
- Oxytropis owerinii Bunge
- Oxytropis oxyphylla (Pall.) TLC. (Syn .: Oxytropis andaensis P.H.Huang & LHZhuo , Oxytropis arenaria Jurtzev , Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtzev , Oxytropis hailarensis Kitag. , Oxytropis hulunbailensis H.C.Fu & Cheng f. , Oxytropis lanata var. Psilocarpa Kitag. , Oxytropis selengensis Bunge , Oxytropis verticillaris Ledeb. ) : It occurs in Korea , Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai and Shaanxi.
- Oxytropis oxyphylloides Popov
- Oxytropis pagobia Bunge : It thrives at altitudes of 2100 to 3800 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis pakistanica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis pallasii Pers.
- Oxytropis pamiroalaica Abdusal.
- Oxytropis panjshinica Podlech & I.Deml
- Oxytropis parasericeopetala P.C.Li : This endemic thrives in the grasslands in valleys at altitudes of 4500 to 5000 meters only in Lhasa in Tibet.
- Oxytropis parryi A. Gray
- Oxytropis parvanensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis pauciflora Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis alpicola Bunge , Oxytropis friabilis H.Ohba, S.Akiyama & SKWu , Oxytropis tschujae Bunge ): It occurs in Kazakhstan, Russia, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pavlovii B. Fedsch. & Basil.
- Oxytropis pellita Bunge
- Oxytropis penduliflora Gontsch. : It is common in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Xinjiang and Qinghai.
- Oxytropis persica Boiss.
- Oxytropis peschkovae Popov
- Oxytropis physocarpa Ledeb.
- Oxytropis piceetorum Vassilcz.
- Shaggy pointed keel ( Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. ): It is common in Europe, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pilosissima Vved.
- Oxytropis platonychia Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis kuhazensis Vass. ): It occurs in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Russian Tian Shan as well as in the Alai Mountains .
- Oxytropis platysema Schrenk : It is distributed in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Tibet and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis podlechii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis podocarpa A. Gray
- Oxytropis podoloba Kar. & Kir. (Syn .: Oxytropis brachybotrys Bunge ): It is common in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as well as Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis politovii Sumnev.
- Oxytropis polyphylla Ledeb.
- Oxytropis poncinsii Franch. (Syn .: Oxytropis introflexa Freyn ): It is common in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Tibet, Xinjiang and Gansu.
- Oxytropis popoviana Peschkova
- Oxytropis potaninii Palib.
- Prenj pointed keel ( Oxytropis prenja (Beck) Beck )
- Oxytropis proboscidea Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis glacialis Benth. Ex Bunge , Oxytropis nivalis Franch. ): It thrives at altitudes of 4100 to 5300 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Yunnan and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis prostrata (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis protopopovii Kom.
- Oxytropis proxima Boriss.
- Oxytropis przewalskii Kom .: It only thrives on sunny slopes in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pseudocoerulea P.C.Li : It thrives in grasslands and on strach-lined slopes at altitudes of 2000 to 3800 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pseudofrigida Saposhn. : It thrives on alpine mats between bushes at altitudes of about 1400 meters 1400 in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa Goncharov ex Grubov : It thrives in sandy locations along the Qinghai Lake at altitudes of 3000 to 3100 meters in Qinghai.
- Oxytropis pseudohirsuta Q.Wang & Chang Y.Yang : It was first described in 2001. It thrives in grasslands on slopes at altitudes of 700 to 1700 meters in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pseudohirsutiuscula Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis pseudoleptophysa Boriss.
- Oxytropis pseudomyriophylla S.H.Cheng ex XYZhu, H.Ohashi & YBDeng : It thrives on hills and roadsides along fields at altitudes of 1400 to 2600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis pseudorosea Filim.
- Oxytropis puberula Boriss.
- Oxytropis pulvinoides Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis pumila fish. ex DC. : It occurs in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pumilio (Pall.) Ledeb.
- Oxytropis purpurea (Bald.) Markgr.
- Oxytropis pusilla Bunge : It thrives at altitudes of 3700 to 5000 meters in Tibet and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis pusilloides Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis putoranica M.M. Ivanova
- Oxytropis qamdoensis X.Y.Zhu, YFDu & H.Ohashi : It was first described in 2002. It thrives between shrubs on dry and stony slopes at altitudes of 3200 to 3300 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis qilianshanica C.W.Chang & CLZhang ex XYZhu & H.Ohashi : It was first described in 2000. It thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 5100 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Qinghai.
- Oxytropis qinghaiensis Y.H.Wu (Syn .: Oxytropis qinghaiensis Y.H.Wu ): It thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 4700 meters in Qinghai.
- Oxytropis qingnanensis Y.H.Wu (Syn .: Oxytropis nangqianensis X.Y.Zhu nom. Illeg. Superfl.): It thrives in forests in almost alpine areas at altitudes of 3900 to 4100 meters in Qinghai.
- Oxytropis qitaiensis X.Y.Zhu, H.Ohashi & YBDeng : It thrives in meadows and on slopes at altitudes of 1900 to 2400 meters in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis racemosa Turcz. (Syn .: Oxytropis acutirostrata Ulbr. , Oxytropis gracillima Bunge non Vassilcz. , Oxytropis koreana Nakai , Oxytropis psammocharis Hance ): It is Korea, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning , Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi are common.
- Oxytropis ramosissima Kom .: It thrives on active and partially stabilized sand dunes and sandy slopes at altitudes of 900 to 1400 meters in Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi.
- Oxytropis rechingeri Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis reniformis P.C.Li : It thrives on grasslands on mountain slopes at altitudes of 4300 to 4600 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis retusa Matsum.
- Oxytropis reverdattoi Jurtzev
- Oxytropis revoluta Ledeb.
- Oxytropis rhizantha Palib.
- Oxytropis rhodontha Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis rhynchophysa Schrenk
- Oxytropis riparia Litv.
- Oxytropis rosea bunge
- Oxytropis roseiformis B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis rostrata Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis rubriargillosa Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis rubricaudex Hulten
- Oxytropis rudbariensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis ruebsaamenii B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis rupifraga Bunge : It occurs in Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan.
- Oxytropis ruthenica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis sacciformis H.C.Fu : This endemic thrives on the slopes of sand dunes only in Ulanqab Meng in Inner Mongolia.
- Oxytropis sachalinensis Miyabe & Tatew.
- Oxytropis sajanensis Jurtzev
- Oxytropis salangensis Podlech & I.Deml
- Oxytropis salicetorum Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis saperlebulensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis saposhnikovii Krylov : It thrives on frozen sites on stony alpine slopes in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis sarkandensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis sata-kandaonensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis satpaevii Bajtenov
- Oxytropis saurica Saposhn.
- Oxytropis savellanica Boiss. ex Boiss. (Syn .: Oxytropis carduchorum Hedge ): It is in Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, southern Transcaucasia, in Russian Tian Shan and in the Alai Mountains, in Kashmir, in the Pakistani province of Chitral, in Tibet and in the Chinese Qinghai Province widespread.
- Oxytropis scabrida Gontsch.
- Oxytropis scammaniana Hulten
- Oxytropis schachimardanica Filim.
- Oxytropis scheludjakovae Karav. & Jurtzev
- Oxytropis schmorgunoviae Jurtzev
- Oxytropis schrenkii Trautv.
- Oxytropis semenowii Bunge
- Oxytropis semiglobosa Jurtzev
- Oxytropis seravschanica Gonch.
- Oxytropis sericea Torr. & A.Gray
- Oxytropis sericopetala C.EC fish. : It thrives in sandy locations, sand dunes, on hills, in grasslands, in flooded gravel locations at altitudes of 2600 to 4600 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis setosa (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis sewerzowii Bunge
- Oxytropis shanxiensis X.Y.Zhu : It was first described in 2005. It thrives in grasslands on hills in the Chinese provinces of Shandong and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis shirkuhi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis shokanbetsuensis Miyabe & Tatew.
- Oxytropis siah-sangi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis sichuanica C.W.Chang : It thrives on the edges of forests , in grasslands on mountain ridges at altitudes of 3900 to 4200 meters in Sichuan.
- Oxytropis sikaramensis (Sirjaev & Rechinger f.) Ali : This endemic occurs only in the Pakistani part of the Kurram valley.
- Oxytropis sinkiangensis C.W.Chang : It thrives in the wasteland at altitudes of 500 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis siomensis Abdusal.
- Oxytropis sitaipaiensis C.W.Chang : It has been found in Shaanxi with two varieties since 2000 on gravelly valley floors and on slopes at altitudes of 800 to 2000 meters.
- Oxytropis siziwangensis Y.Z.Zhao & Zong Y.Zhu : This endemic thrives on sandy locations only in Ulanqab Meng in Inner Mongolia.
- Oxytropis sojakii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis songorica (Pall.) DC. : It thrives in grasslands, stony dry slopes, alpine to subalpine mats at altitudes of 1300 to 2800 meters in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis spicata (Pall.) O. Fedsch. & B.Fedtsch.
- Oxytropis splendens Douglas
- Oxytropis squamulosa DC. (Syn .: Oxytropis leucopodia Ledeb. ): It is distributed in Russia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis staintoniana Ali : It occurs only in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Oxytropis stenofoliola Polozhij
- Oxytropis stenophylla Bunge
- Oxytropis stracheana Baker
- Oxytropis stracheyana Bunge : She is Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, in the Indian division Kumaon in the state of Uttarakhand , in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in Tibet and in the Russian Tian Shan as well as in the Alai Mountains, in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis straussii Bornm.
- Oxytropis strobilacea Bunge
- Oxytropis stukovii Palib.
- Oxytropis suavis Boriss.
- Oxytropis subcapitata Gonch.
- Oxytropis subfalcata Hance
- Oxytropis submutica Bunge
- Oxytropis subnutans (Jurtzev) Jurtzev
- Oxytropis subpodoloba P.C.Li : It thrives in gravelly riparian vegetation and on southern slopes at altitudes of 3500 to 4200 meters in Tibet.
- Oxytropis subverticillaris Ledeb.
- Oxytropis sulphurea (DC.) Ledeb.
- Oxytropis sumneviczii Krylov
- Oxytropis suprajenissejensis Kuvaev & Sonnikova
- Oxytropis surculosa Rech. F.
- Oxytropis surmandehi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis susamyrensis B. Fedsch.
- Oxytropis susumanica Jurtzev
- Oxytropis sutaica N.Ulziykh.
- Oxytropis sverdrupii Lynge
- Oxytropis sylvatica (Pall.) DC.
- Oxytropis szovitsii Boiss. & Buhse
- Oxytropis tachtensis Franch.
- Oxytropis takhti-soleimanii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis talassica Gontsch.
- Oxytropis talgarica Popov
- Oxytropis taochensis Kom .: It thrives in meadows, on roadsides, on upper areas of hills and in sandy locations in valleys at altitudes of 2000 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Sichuan.
- Oxytropis tashkurensis S.H.Cheng ex XYZhu, YFDu & H.Ohashi : The first description was made in 2000. It thrives in grasslands, on southern slopes and on alpine mats at altitudes of 1800 to 3600 meters in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis tatarica Baker : It occurs in the northern part of the Indian state of Punjab, in Kashmir, Tibet, Nepal and perhaps in western Turkistan.
- Oxytropis tenuirostris Boriss.
- Oxytropis tenuissima Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis terekensis B. Fedsch .
- Oxytropis teres (Lam.) DC.
- Oxytropis thaumasio-morpha Rech. F.
- Oxytropis tianschanica Bunge (Syn .: Oxytropis brachycarpa Vassilcz. , Oxytropis pulvinata Saposhn. ): It occurs in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Tibet and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis tichomirovii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis tilingii Bunge
- Oxytropis todomoshiriensis Miyabe & Miyake
- Oxytropis tomentosa Gonch.
- Oxytropis tomoriensis Kit Tan, Shuka & G. Vold : It occurs only on the southern tip of Tomorr insouthernAlbania.
- Oxytropis tompudae Popov
- Oxytropis torrentium Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis tragacanthoides DC. (Syn .: Oxytropis paratragacanthoides Vassilcz. ): It occurs in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis trajectorum B. Fedsch.
- Oxytropis transalaica Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis trichocalycina Bunge : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis trichophora Franch. : It thrives on hills, along roadsides and in grasslands at altitudes of 800 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi.
- Oxytropis trichophysa Bunge : It occurs in western Siberia, Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang.
- Three-flowered pointed keel ( Oxytropis triflora Hoppe )
- Oxytropis triphylla (Pall.) Pers.
- Oxytropis tschatkalensis L.I.Vassiljeva
- Oxytropis chimganica Gontsch.
- Oxytropis tudanensis X.Y.Zhu, H.Ohashi & Si Feng Li : It thrives on hills at altitudes of 2800 to 4900 meters in Tibet and Gansu.
- Oxytropis tukemansuensis X.Y.Zhu, H.Ohashi & YBDeng : This endemic only occurs at altitudes of around 4200 meters in Tashkorgan in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis tunnellii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis tyttantha Gontsch.
- Oxytropis ugamensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis ugamica Gonch .
- Oxytropis ulzijchutagii Sanchir
- Oxytropis uniflora Jurtzev
- Oxytropis uralensis (L.) DC.
- Oxytropis urumovii Jáv.
- Oxytropis uschakovii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis vadimii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis vakhdzhiri Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis valerii Vassilcz. : It thrives on the top of hills and pebbly sites at altitudes of 3500 to 4000 meters in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis varlakovii Serg.
- Oxytropis vassilczenkoi Jurtzev
- Oxytropis vassilievii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis vasskovskyi Jurtzev
- Oxytropis vavilovii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis vermicularis Freyn : It thrives on the upper areas of hills and gravelly locations at altitudes of 3500 to 4000 meters only in southwestern Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis viae-amicitiae Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis viridiflava Kom.
- Oxytropis viscida Torr. & A.Gray
- Oxytropis volkii Rech. F.
- Oxytropis vositensis Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis vvedenskyi Filim.
- Oxytropis wendelboi Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis williamsii Vassilcz.
- Oxytropis wrangelii Jurtzev
- Oxytropis wutaiensis Tatew. & Hurus. : This endemic thrives in grasslands only in Wutai Shan in Shanxi.
- Oxytropis xinglongshanica C.W.Chang : The first description took place in 2004 and since 2007 there is a second variety. Depending on the variety, they thrive on hills or in valleys at altitudes of 1800 to 2600 meters in Gansu.
- Oxytropis yanchiensis X.Y.Zhu, H.Ohashi & LRXu : This endemic occurs on hills only at altitudes of about 2200 meters in Yiwu in Xinjiang.
- Oxytropis yazdi Vassilcz. : It occurs in Iran.
- Oxytropis yekenensis X.Y.Zhu, H.Ohashi & YBDeng : It thrives on the upper areas of hills at altitudes of about 1400 meters in Xinjiang. in front.
- Oxytropis yunnanensis Franch. (Syn .: Oxytropis konlonica H.Ohba ): It thrives at altitudes from 1800 to 4900 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Oxytropis zangolehensis Vassilcz. : It occurs in Iran.
- Oxytropis zaprjagaevae Abdusal. : It occurs in Tajikistan only in Gorno-Badakshan.
- Oxytropis zekogensis Y.H.Wu : It thrives on the banks of rivers and on alpine meadows at altitudes of 2700 to 3400 meters in the Chinese province of Qinghai.
Willow plants and willow weeds
Pasture plants
Like many other legumes, pointed keel species are relatively protein-rich plants that can also store atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. While the European species are unproblematic in pasture management, the alpine keel is considered a good fodder plant, which is partly available to the cattle as winter cattle, its fodder importance is mostly only sporadic on poor grasslands in populations with few populations and mostly with continuous grazing characterized by failure, but without any quantitatively measurable benefit. Since all Central European species in the population are either endangered or scattered or rarely occurring, they have no significance for grazing, even from conservation measures.
According to older information from Gustav Hegi's Illustrated Flora of Central Europe , the Alpine keel contains 80.3% organic matter (19.75% raw protein, 3.7% raw fat, 16.97% raw fiber and 39.61% nitrogen-free extracts, etc.)
Other ingredients and effects of the substances in Central European species are known in part. The seeds of the pointed keels contain hydrocyanic acid glycosides and about 4% fatty oil. Quinolizidine alkaloids were also detected.
"Willow weeds"
Some particularly widespread North American species are an undesirable, pathological source of food for sheep, goats, cattle, horses as well as for large wild species due to a toxic alkaloid as poisonous plants . Due to the wide distribution in the pasture areas of the Plains , they have a significant potential for damage , for which the ministries of agriculture have issued a warning to pasture cattle breeders. The common name in the Anglo-Saxon area of the Oxytropis species - Locoweed - which can be traced back to the Spanish loco for crazy and weed (" weed "), indicates this neuropathological effect. It is owed to the description of the symptoms of poisoned animals, which after long ingestion of pointed keel species are observed as disoriented , weakened, nervous and as segregated by other animals. About the occurring in Spitzkiel Inolizin alkaloid swainsonine symptoms of locoweed disease called two to three weeks after admission to what by emaciation, lethargy quickly becomes clearly visible and depressive behavior as dull eyes and brittle fur. In particular, the prognosis for horses is unfavorable, since their further use as a carrying or draft animal is no longer necessary. Horses with locoism are permanently irritated in their assessment, eyesight and nerves: infected horses jump over small crevices, but step into a deep ditch.
Overall, the mortality of grazing cattle increases sharply after ingesting pointed keel species. After an initial poisoning , animals also react more intensely to subsequent poisoning. Grazing cattle are happy to accept pointed keel species, especially in spring and autumn, but the dry flower stalks can also provide a source of food in winter. Pointed keel species in particular represent. which occur in the classic pasture areas of the North American West in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains in the spring, before grass grows an important source of food that the cattle gladly eat. After regular feed intake of Oxytropis , dependencies can develop in the grazing animals, which then search selectively for the plants. Pointed keel species are poisonous in all their parts and stages. Grazing animal death occurs after one to three months from large numbers of Oxytropis sericea .
The four main effects of swainsonine poisoning in grazing cattle are: neurological damage, emaciation, reproductive disorders and miscarriages, and congestive heart failure of the right ventricle in high mountain grazing animals .
The most important pasture weed among the North American pointed keel species is Oxytropis sericea ( white point loco ), and Oxytropis lambertii ( Lambert locoweed ) and Oxytropis campestris agg, which is also found in Canada . (also common in the Alps as the Alpine pointed keel ) Species that occur in areas with grazing livestock and hardly lose the toxic substances even after several years of storage. Oxytropis sericea is encouraged by heavy grazing, extinction over large pastures is rarely possible.
The following North American, Central and East Asian species are currently classified as poisonous plants: Oxytropis campestris var. Spicta , Oxytropis lambertii , Oxytropis ochrocephala , Oxytropis puberula and Oxytropis sericea .
use
Pointed keel species are used as medicinal and ornamental plants and are rich in vitamins .
medicine
Traditional medicine
As far as is known, only a few pointed keel species were used in folk medicine by North American Indians . They were used as ritual or medicinal ablutions in sweat lodge ceremonies. In Mexico the species Oxytropis lamberti is called “hierba loca” , “maddening herb”.
oncology
The cytotoxic , i.e. H. The cell killing properties of some species could be used in cancer therapy , but not yet sufficiently researched.
Renaturation and erosion protection
In Alaska, British Columbia, and China, pointed keels are recommended for renaturation and erosion control. With their tap roots, the species stabilize slopes at risk of erosion in the long term. As pioneer plants, they can also colonize inhospitable locations thanks to their nitrogen self-sufficiency.
Ornamental plant
Pointed keel species are used in gardens as ornamental plants, as both the leaf rosettes with the fine pointed leaves, which are often woolly or silky hairy, and the dense inflorescences and flowers on the long inflorescence shafts are decorative.
They are mainly planted in rock gardens , raised beds or alpine plants. Some species are difficult to cultivate , which is probably due to the lack of nodule bacteria of the genus Rhizobium . All species of pointed keel in cultivation need well-drained, deep, gravelly soils and like to be in full sun.
Are used as ornamental plants: Oxytropis campestris ( Oxytropis campestris ), Oxytropis foetida , Oxytropis halleri , Oxytropis jacquinii , Oxytropis lambertii , Oxytropis lapponica , Oxytropis Lazica , Oxytropis megalantha , Oxytropis pilosa , Oxytropis pyrenaica , Oxytropis sericea , Oxytropis shokanbetsuensis , Oxytropis splendens , Oxytropis uralensis .
supporting documents
literature
- Langran Xu, Xiangyun Zhu, Bojian Bao, Mingli Zhang, Hang Sun, Dietrich Podlech , Stanley L. Welsh, Hiroyoshi Ohashi, Kai Larsen, Anthony R. Brach: Galegeae. , P. 322 : Xiangyun Zhu, Stanley L. Welsh, Hiroyoshi Ohashi: Oxytropis , p. 453 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 . (Sections Systematics and Distribution)
- BA Yurtsev: Survey of Arctic legumes with emphasis on the species concept in Oxytropis. In: Norske Vidensk. Akad. I. Mat. Naturvitensk. Kl., Skr. Ny ser. 38, 1999, pp. 295-318 local copy
- TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (Eds.): Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 124–128 ( Oxytropis on pp. 124–128 in the Google book search).
- Walter Gutermann, Hermann Merxmüller : The European clans of Oxytropis Sectio Oxytropis. In: Communications from the Botanical State Collection, Munich. Volume 4, 1961, pp. 199-276. Here pp. 231-233.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el Xiangyun Zhu, Stanley L. Welsh , Hiroyoshi Ohashi: Oxytropis , p. 453 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Syed Irtifaq Ali: Oxytropis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, BK Shishkin, EG Bobrov (ed.): Flora of the USSR Volume XIII. Leguminosae: Oxytropis, Hedysarum. Israel Program for Scientific Translations / Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Jerusalem / Washington, DC 1972, ISBN 0-7065-1241-3 (English, translated by R. Lavoott; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1948) digitized . P. 2.
- ↑ Propagation of three native alpine legumes (PDF)
- ^ Smith & Yan Xie 2009: Koslov's Pika. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; Pp. 282-283. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- ↑ Ekaterina K. Kozuharova 2000: Reproductive Biology of Oxytropis urumovii Jav. and Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. (FABACEAE). Annual fo Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski ", Faculty of Biology, Book 2, Vol. 91: 49-61
- ↑ Walter Larcher 2001: Ecophysiology of plants: life, performance and coping with stress of plants in their environment. 6th revised edition, Ulmer, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-8252-8074-8
- ↑ Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda, Aksenova, AA, Makarov, Mikhail, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Logvinenko, OA, ter Braak, Cajo and Cornelissen, Johannes 2012: Legumes affect alpine tundra community composition via multiple biotic interactions. Ecosphere 3/4, April 2012, Article 33.
- ↑ Alpine floods on the Tyrolean Lech
- ↑ Alpine rivers with riparian trees of Myricaria germanica in the Eastern Alps
- ^ PM Schneider 1964: Dispersion biology and plant communities. Acta Botanica Croatica, Vol. Extraord. 1964: 79-87
- ↑ Alla b. Kholina and Nina M. Voronkova 2012: Seed Cryopreservation of Some Medicinal Legumes. Hindawi Publ. Corp. Journal ov Botany. Volume 2012. Article ID 186891, doi: 10.1155 / 2012/186891
- ^ I. Matijevic, D. Babic, B. Radak, B. Bokic, G. Anackov 2018: Testing the Seed Germination of Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. 1802 (Fabaceae). Botanica Serbica, vol. 42/1: 117. (Botanica Serbica: PDF)
- ^ I. Matijevic, D. Babic, B. Radak, B. Bokic, G. Anackov 2018: Testing the Seed Germination of Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. 1802 (Fabaceae). P. 117
- ↑ Seed anatomy in Alaskan Oxytropis
- ↑ The Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map: AVHRR-derived base maps, environmental controls, and integrated mapping procedures DA WALKER, WA GOULD, HA MAIER and MK RAYNOLDS (PDF)
- ↑ a b c Boris A. Yurtsev: Survey of Arctic legumes with emphasis on the species concept in Oxytropis. In: Norske Vidensk. Akad. I. Mat. Naturvitensk. Kl., Skr. Ny ser. 38, 1999, pp. 295-318.
- ^ A b Anthony Huxley (Ed.): The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, 3 L to Q. McMillan Press, London 1992, ISBN 1-56159-001-0 , p. 425.
- ^ Flora of the Canadian Arctic
- ↑ (PDF)
- ^ An expedition to East Ross to rescue the rare Oxytropis halleri
- ^ Hermann Meusel , Eckehart Jäger , Erich Weinert : Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora . Vol. 1. - Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart New York 1965. Here p. 193
- ↑ Christoph Leuschner and Heinz Ellenberg 2017: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-319-50710-1 Here pp. 414-415
- ^ Hermann Meusel, Eckehart Jäger, Erich Weinert: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora. P. 194
- ↑ Dickoré, WB & Kriechbaum, M .: Oxytropis iridum (Leguminosae), a new species from SE Tibet (Xizang, China), including phytogeographical notes. - Willdenowia 36: 857-865. - ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. (Willdenowia: PDF)
- ↑ Jörg S. Pfadenhauer; Frank A. Klötzli 2014: Vegetation of the Earth - Basics, Ecology, Distribution. Springer Spectrum 2014 ISBN 978-3-642-41950-8 . Here p. 521
- ↑ a b Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, BK Shishkin, EG Bobrov (ed.): Flora of the USSR Volume XIII. Leguminosae: Oxytropis, Hedysarum. Israel Program for Scientific Translations / Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Jerusalem / Washington, DC 1972, ISBN 0-7065-1241-3 , (English, translated by R. Lavoott; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1948) Digitized , p. 1 (full scan in the Biodiversity Heritage Library)
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM , Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- ↑ Jindřich Chrtek, Anna Chrtková: Comments on some Balkan Oxytropis species. In: Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica. Volume 18, No. 3, 1983, pp. 309-320. JSTOR 4180441
- ↑ P. Leins, Hermann Merxmüller : On the structure of the Oxytropis campestris group. In: Mitt. D. Bot. Ges. Munich. Volume VI, 1966, pp. 19–31 (PDF)
- ↑ Čedomil Šilić : Emdemične biljke. In: Priroda Jugoslavije. 4, 1990, pp. 61–62, Svjetlost Sarajevo, 3rd edition, ISBN 86-01-02557-9 .
- ↑ Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - SG Aiken, MJ Dallwitz, LL Consaul, CL McJannet, RL Boles, GW Argus, JM Gillett, PJ Scott, R. Elven, MC LeBlanc, LJ Gillespie, AK Brysting, H. Solstad, and JG Harris - Oxytropis arctica R. Br.
- ↑ AB Kholina, OV Nakonechnaia, VV Iakubov, OG Koren: Genetic variation in six species of the genus Oxytropis DC. (Fabaceae) from Kamchatka Peninsula. In: Genetics. Volume 49, 10, October 2013, pp. 1174-1182. doi: 10.1134 / S1022795413100049
- ↑ AB Kholina, OV Nakonechnaia, VV Iakubov, OG Koren 2013: Genetic variation in six species of the genus Oxytropis DC. (Fabaceae) from Kamchatka Peninsula. , P. 1174.
- ↑ P. Schönswetter, A. Tribsch, H. Niklfeld: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) reveals no genetic divergence of the Eastern Alpine endemic Oxytropis campestris subsp. tiroliensis (Fabaceae) from widespread subsp. campestris. In: Plant Syst. Evol. Volume 244, 2013, pp. 245-255. Here p. 253 (PDF)
- ^ Ana Petrova (Ed.): Atlas of Bulgarian Endemic Plants. Gea-Libris, Sofia 2006, p. 146.
- ↑ P. Schönswetter, A. Tribsch, H. Niklfeld: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) reveals no genetic divergence of the Eastern Alpine endemic Oxytropis campestris subsp. tiroliensis (Fabaceae) from widespread subsp. campestris. 2004, p. 253.
- ↑ Thorsten English: Multivariate analyzes of the syn systematics and site ecology of the snow floor vegetation (Arabidetalia caereula) of the Northern Limestone Alps. In: Stapfia. Volume 59, Linz 1999, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ FloraWeb : Plant communities: high mountain lawns
- ^ Oxytropis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 1, 2015.
- ^ A b Walter Gutermann , Hermann Merxmüller : The European clans of Oxytropis Sectio Oxytropis. In: Communications from the Botanical State Collection, Munich. Volume 4, 1961, pp. 199-276. Here pp. 231-233.
- ↑ Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge: Species generis Oxytropis DC. In: Mémoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg , Ser. 7, Vol. 22, 1874, pp. 1-166.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Enter the taxon in the search mask at The LegumeWeb - International Legume Database and Information Service = ILDIS , Version 10 from November 2005.
- ↑ EV Artyukova, MM Kozyrenko: Phylogenetic Relationships of Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. and Oxytropis oxyphylla (Pall.) TLC. (Fabaceae) Inferred from the Data of Sequencing of the ITS Region of the Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Operon and Intergenic Spacers of the Chloroplast Genome. In: Russian Journal of Genetics. Volume 48, No. 2, 2012, pp. 163-169.
- ^ A new species of Oxytropis Fabaceae from Central Apennines Italy
- ↑ (PDF)
- ↑ a b Lora L. Esser: Oxytropis sericea online . In: Fire Effects Information System , US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 1993.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 7th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 603.
- ^ Gustav Hegi , H. Gams, H. Marzell: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. 2nd Edition. Volume IV. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (5) (Leguminosae - Tropaeolaceae). JF Lehmans, Munich 1924, p. 1449.
- ↑ SG Fleischhauer, R. Spiegelberger, J. Guthmann: Encyclopedia Edible Wild Plants . At Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-03800-752-4 , p. 560.
- ↑ a b USDA - United States Department of Agriculture : Poisonous plant research - Locoweed ( Astragalus and Oxytropis ) [1]
- ↑ Chris Allison: Livestock-Poisoning Plants of New Mexico Rangelands. In: Circular 531. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University (PDF)
- ^ TC Jones, RD Hunt, NW King: Veterinary pathology. 6th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, ISBN 0-683-04481-8 , p. 752.
- ^ J. Wagstaff: International Poisonous Plants Checklist - an Evidence-Based Reference . CRC Press, Boca Raton 2008, ISBN 978-1-4200-6252-6 , pp. 284-285.
- ↑ Christian Rätsch: Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: botany, ethnopharmacology and application. At Verlag, Aarau 2007, ISBN 978-3-03800-352-6 , p. 573.
- ↑ Christian Rätsch: Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: botany, ethnopharmacology and application. At Verlag, Aarau 2007, ISBN 978-3-03800-352-6 , p. 548.
- ↑ Oxytropis deflexa - revegetation in Alaska (PDF)
- ↑ Propagation of three native Legumes (PDF)
- ↑ https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/locoweed-endophytes-a-review-XwQH.php?article_id=8302 Locoweed Endophytes: A Review
Web links
- Herbarium specimens for numerous Oxytropis species with over 3000 specimens in the herbarium of the Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris [2]
- Oxytropis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Oxytropis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- Search for "Oxytropis" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- Species at FloraWeb .
- Species at InfoFlora, the national data and information center for Swiss flora. .
- Data sheet from Den virtuella floran with links to species and there to the distribution maps.
- Image of the strong taproot and root nodules of an alpine keel from an altitude of 3,300 m
Supplementary literature
- Ivan Tikhonovich Vassilczenko: Oxytropis. In: KH Rechinger (ed.): Flora Iranica. Volume 157, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz / Wien 1984, pp. 101–164.
- Massoud Ranjbar, Roya Karamian, Soheila Bayat: Notes on Oxytropis sect. Mesogaea (Fabaceae) in Iran, with the description of a new species. In: Annales Botanici Fennici. Volume 46, 2009, pp. 235-238 (PDF file) .
- Seer Karaman Erkul, Zeki Aytaç: The revision of the genus Oxytropis (Leguminosae) in Turkey. In: Turkish Journal of Botany. Volume 37, No. 1, 2013, pp. 24-38 (PDF file).