Pointed keels

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Pointed keels
Magnificent pointed keel (Oxytropis splendens)

Magnificent pointed keel ( Oxytropis splendens )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Galegeae
Genre : Pointed keels
Scientific name
Oxytropis
DC.

The pointed keels or flag peas ( Oxytropis ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). The approximately 310 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere in North America , Eurasia and Africa .

description

Illustration of the Lapland pointed keel ( Oxytropis lapponica ) from Anton Hartinger: Atlas der Alpenflora , 1882
Fruit of Oxytropis japonica
Fruit of Oxytropis oreophila var. Oreophila
Seeds of Oxytropis splendens

Vegetative characteristics

The pointed keel species are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants that form a woody rhizome . There are stemless as well as stem-forming species.

The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is usually pinnate unpaired or the terminal leaflet is reduced to a spine; in some species only one leaflet is present. The leaflets are entire and asymmetrical at the base. The conspicuous, mostly durable stipules can be fused with the petiole , free or fused together.

Inflorescences and flowers

The lateral, racemose , spiky or capid inflorescences contain one to many flowers. The bracts are usually triangular or lanceolate-triangular. Bracts are usually missing or there are sometimes narrow triangular ones.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are bell-shaped to tubular and the calyx teeth are almost the same. The five purple, purple, white or pale yellow petals stand together in the typical shape of the butterfly flower . The petals are long nailed, mostly free and fall off after the anthesis . Wings and shuttles are shaped differently depending on the species. The shuttle has a distinct tip at the front. The topmost of the ten stamens is free. The sitting or stalked, single carpel is hairy or hairy and usually contains many ovules . The stylus, which is straight or more often curved, has a terminal scar.

Fruits and seeds

Seed and embryo
The seeds of all pointed keels are hard-shelled. The dormancy of Oxytropis is due to physical factors. Only when the seed coat is perforated can air and water reach the embryo
Result of germination tests in the laboratory
Seedling with cotyledons and the first leaf

The legumes are often bloated, have a compartment, more often they are two-compartment due to a false longitudinal septum and usually contain several seeds. The surface of the fruit is bare or hairy. The relatively small seeds are lenticular, kidney-shaped or spherical, without strophiole .

ecology

Root tuber on taproot in Oxytropis dinarica (upper center)

From an ecological point of view, these are butterfly flowers with a simple folding mechanism. The wings and shuttle are articulated. The pollination is done by bees or other langrüsselige Apoideen in mountainous areas often by butterflies .

Within their habitat they are important forage crops for wild animals (with some showing high toxicity ). In the northern Rockies they are the food of bighorn sheep and mountain goats . They are also a source of food for pigeon hares such as the Koslow pigeon hare of Tibet. In addition to the high feed value of the protein-rich seeds, they are also z. T. winter cows and serve wild animals and domestic animals as important winter food. Since they also occur in high density, for the Bulgarian Pirin Mountains 40,000 flowers of the alpine keel were reported at two observation points in a recording period, they are also specifically eaten there by sheep there.

Like other legumes, pointed keels fix nitrogen from the air. This takes place through a symbiosis in the legume root with specialized carbon- heretrophic N 2 fixers. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms settle in the root cells of the keel. As they are nourished by the root exudates in the rhizoplane, they are much more productive for binding atmospheric nitrogen than free-living microorganisms. In pointed keels there are bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with some species and many physiological races that live together with the pointed keels in the root nodules . In the nutrient-poor distribution areas of the pointed keels in the high Arctic and in the high mountains, plants that fix nitrogen symbiotically are among the key species, as they enrich the soil with nitrogen. Pointed keels exert an influence on plant communities that goes beyond the pure fixation of nitrogen in the soil. Due to the high demand for phosphorus, they reduce the availability of soil phosphorus, suppress competition through allelopathic effects and suppress germination and the establishment of seedlings. Due to their upholstery, they can also reduce the availability of light and water for other species. The role of N-fixation, which occurs either via rhizobia (legumes) or mycorrhiza (Ericaceae, Dryas ), is important via the transfer of nitrogen to non-N-fixing plants. In the living environment of the Arctic and alpine altitudes, the positive interaction and competition of species is essential for plant communities due to cold, drought and nitrogen regulation. The role of the pointed keels like other legumes of the continental cold regions as well as alpine habitats is described in the ecological literature with the English technical term Ecosystem Engineers by modifying energy and nutrient flows . Key species such as pointed keel and the dryas that are often associated with them , as “super-dominant” types of periglacial landscapes, are particularly important in the pioneering phase, as they initiate soil development and consolidate loose substrates.

For the Alpine region, the Alpenspitzkiel ( Oxytropis campestris ) is one of the species that regularly occur as alpine floods in the gravel terraces of the Wilefrivers. Here, too, in addition to the Alpine pointed keel, the high proportion of Fabaceae in the species set is striking ( Astragalus alpinus , Lotus corniculatus , Trifolium repens ). Fabaceae have a competitive advantage on the nutrient-poor raw soils due to their symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

The seeds of the pointed keels are to be assigned to the wind spreaders (general semachory ). They are generally maroon and kidney-shaped and are characterized by their hard shell. They are impermeable to both gas exchange and water. Pointed keel seeds show a physical dormancy . Successful initiation of seed germination occurs after it has been mechanically damaged, i. H. perforated. The Oxytropis seeds germinate regardless of climatic conditions and temperatures; Stratification by exposure to cold did not correlate positively with germination success under laboratory conditions, but mechanical scarification of the semen cuticle did. Scarification under natural conditions occurs in periglacial climatic zones through frequent changes in frost or wind chippings; Among other things, the Alpen-Spitzkiel is also a typical representative of the societies at wind edges in its alpine distribution area . If the shell does not break open, the germination rate is less than 10%. In culture, a scarification of the seeds is therefore necessary for successful germination. The hard shell is roughened with fine sandpaper or briefly (20–60 min) treated in the laboratory with concentrated sulfuric acid or boiling water. This allows Oxytropis seeds to swell in the water within a short time. Sulfuric acid and boiling water sometimes kill the embryo. These methods have a much lower germination success than mechanical roughening. The seeds end their dormancy immediately.

The hard-shelled seeds of the pointed keels have a uniform structure: the embryonic cavity of the cotyledons is enclosed by an outer cuticle and a thick macrosklereid . The surface of the seed cuticle is also characteristic of the pointed quills: When viewed under the electron microscope, specific seed coat patterns can be seen that can be characteristic of individual sections. However, under the light microscope, the seed coats appear smooth. Since the seed coat patterns of the genus Oxytropis differ generally from Astragalus , they are another feature of the genus separation.

In the ecosystems of the lower Arctic on the Victoria Island of Canada, pointed keels in Dryas - Salix - legume heaps are characteristic. Here they always occupy hilltops with good drainage.

evolution

From an evolutionary point of view, Boris Aleksandrovich Yurtsev (Russian Борис Александрович Юрцев) sees the development of the genus Oxytropis from alpine hemicryptophytes to cryptophytes of the Arctic, which has changed due to microphyllous growth, a reduction in the number of petals per pod and give important taxonomic characteristics for the adaptive radiation of the genus . From a cytotaxonomic point of view , diploid species in southern Siberian mountains developed into polyploid arctic ones . In contrast to arctic species of the genus Astragalus, there are no mesophytes in arctic Oxytropis species . Ecologically, the pointed keel species vary between xeromesophytes and cryo-xeromesophytes to steppe xerophytes , xero- petrophytes or cryo-xerophytes. Only one subspecies ( Oxytropis middendorfii subsp. Middendorfii ) grows in mesomorphic herb-dwarf shrub-moss-tundra. Yurtsev assumes that the ancestors of today's pointed keel species may have settled on unstable rubble and boulders, which enabled them to adapt to low summer temperatures and to change to habitats in tundras.

Alpine pointed keel ( Oxytropis campestris )
The Prenj pointed keel ( Oxytropis prenja ) is one of the four endemic pointed keel species of Southeast Europe.

Occurrence and socialization

distribution

Pointed keels on Wrangel Island. In the picture the blue-green pinnate leaves to the right of the center.
Oxytropis nigrescens , with Dryas integrifolia, dominates locations of well-drained periglacial substrates in North America in the central Arctic

The genus pointed keels ( Oxytropis ) is widespread in the northern hemisphere in North America , Eurasia and Africa . The Oxytropis species thrive in temperate , subarctic and arctic regions. Pointed keels still inhabit the arctic islands north of the polar circle. They were picked up at 75 ° 54'N at Ibbett Bay, Canada. They colonize neither the oceanic regions of the southern tip of South Greenland nor Iceland or Svalbard . Only in the continental cold tundra do they also extend beyond the arctic archipelagos such as Wrangel Island . The amphibering area between Chukotka and Alaska is a center of Arctic distribution . In the amphiatlantic arctic legumes are rarely found or very rare due to the oceanic humid climate. In both New England and the northern British Isles in Scotland, Oxytropis species are rare and endangered species. Reintroduction campaigns such as the silky-haired keel ( Oxytropis halleri ) are being carried out in Scotland for such endangered populations .

When looking at the entire area, it is noticeable that the high mountain elements at Oxytropis are directly related to the steppe flora. The Eurasian or circumpolar continental arctic + alpine (Altay-Alpine + arctic) species develop in the Siberian-East Asian and Northwest American regions. This is much greater than in Europe and Northeast America, where there are considerable gaps in distribution. Accumulation and clan development in the mountainous countries around Central Asia and the Rocky Mountains emphasize the continental character of distribution. In the high mountains of southern and central Europe, only a few of the species belonging here are more widespread ( Oxytropis pyrenaica ). Most of them are restricted to central parts of the Alps and scattered, mostly limited areas of the Carpathian Mountains and the Dinaric-Pindian region ( Oxytropis lapponica ). In addition to the widespread Eurasian and circumpolar high mountain species, there are south-central European elements from the same family groups, some of which are widespread ( Oxytropis pyrenaica ), but mostly like Oxytropis triflora , Oxytropis foetida mainly in central parts of the Alps and more or less continental areas of the other high mountains are restricted. Also to be mentioned is Oxytropis halleri , which has a more or less disjoint south-central European alpine distribution and is returning in Scotland. In the case of the Alpine pointed keel ( Oxytropis campestris ), the occurrence of wind edges ( Elynetum ) is characteristic in the Alps . Braun-Blanquet then set up the Oxytropi-Elynion association in the Elyno-Seslerietea blue grass class for lawns exposed to wind on shallow limestone soils. A vicarious variant is developed in the Dinarides in the plant sociological association Oxytropidion dinaricae with the Dinaric pointed keel . At the edge of the wind there is a lack of snow, cold and the exposure to the summit winds as dry and cold locations comparable to the continental climate zones. With the wind effect, there is a stronger evaporation than on normal sunny locations, which leads to a dominance of the naked song ( Kobresia myosuroides ). Like Oxytropis , the nude song also finds its distribution center in the southern Siberian mountains.

Among the steppe plants of Oxytropis , the occurrences extend from the submeridional mountains ( Mongolia , Altai , Caucasus , eastern sub-Mediterranean mountainous regions) to the upstream hills and plains ( Oxytropis pilosa ) to the north . These species are elements of the dry grassland. However, some of the species are no longer restricted to the mountain and hill steppes of Europe, but only to the central Alps ( Oxytropis purpurea ). Not a single pointed keel is widespread in the oceanic deciduous forest region of Western Europe, which clearly shows the continental distribution character that is emerging.

For the Tibetan-Himalayan area, Bernhard Dickoré and Monika Kriechbaum realistically stated only 30–40 good species with large distribution areas due to the fact that the species lists are often only based on individual collections. Here it is especially the drier northwest in the Pamir and Karakoram as well as in the NE of the Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai), where the center of diversity of Central Asia and the Mongolian highlands is found. Habitats like the one described in 2006 Oxytropis iridum are altitudes of 3500 - 4150 m (up to 4660 m). These are semi-arid locations within the tree line with an average annual temperature of 5.2 ° C and 258 mm of annual precipitation. For Oxytropis iridum , steep rocky and rubble slopes with little vegetation cover (approx. 50%) are named.

Diversity

From their distribution center in southern Siberia , they spread in a pre-glacial circumpolar manner . They represent one of the few species-rich genera in the tundras of the Palearctic . Among the legumes , only the genus of the pointed keels was able to repopulate Arctic habitats in species-rich radiation . According to the Checklist of the Panarctic Flora (Elven et al. O. Year), 2043 vascular plants are specified for the Arctic. After Carex (137), Salix (68), Potentilla (60), Oxytropis is the most species-rich genus with 46 species, followed by Draba (44), Papaver (36), Poa (35), Puccinellia and Saxifraga (31).

In 1948, 276 taxa were identified for the former territory of the USSR . There are 133 species in China , 74 of them only there (as of 2010).

The following 13 species occur in Central and Southeastern Europe : Field or Alpine keel ( Oxytropis campestris ), Dinaric keel ( Oxytropis dinarica ), Glandular keel ( Oxytropis fetida ), silk-haired keel ( Oxytropis halleri ), Swiss pointed keel ( Oxytropis helvetica ) , mountain Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis jacquinii ), Lapland Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis lapponica ), Pyrenean Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis neglecta ), Shaggy Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis pilosa ), Prenj-Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis prenja ) Three flower-Spitzkiel ( Oxytropis triflora ), Oxytropis urumovii , Vinschgau silk-haired keel ( Oxytropis xerophila ).

In addition to the flower color, the size of the plants is an important distinguishing feature of the European pointed keel species. The size of the field or alpine keel ( Oxytropis campestris ) mostly varies depending on the altitude , but it is rarely found as a miniature form . The similar Dinaric keel varies much more in its five subspecies and varieties, with the size gradually decreasing towards the south . In the related and similar Bulgarian endemic Oxytropis urumovii , only very small plant specimens occur, which are barely a third the size of the Alpine keel or the nominate form of the Dinaric keel. Other species such as the Prenj pointed keel or the Swiss pointed keel are miniature forms that are unmistakable in their habitat, as they never exceed 10 centimeters in height.

Habitats

Dryas - Oxytropis Society of the Canadian Arctic (Iqaluit). Dryas integrifolia and Oxytropis arctobia right of center

The Oxytropis species thrive in sandy and gravelly , generally well- drained soils around glacial lakes , on mountain scree slopes and moraines as well as mountain grasslands . Arctic representatives colonize very different microhabitats in different species : press hills , river terraces, tundras, slopes, open ridges of the flat tundra; Floating soil on solifludial slopes, moderately to well-drained areas, gravel, sand, silt, marl boulder . Locations with high organic content and lime-rich substrates. Pointed-keel species are absent in desert and semi-desert landscapes around the world and are mostly found in mountain habitats in the temperate zones. The deep tap roots stabilize river banks, slopes and artificial dams within their habitat .

As pioneer plants , they colonize the volcanoes of Kamchatka after volcanic eruptions . Pointed keel species can consolidate loose volcanic material through specific properties of their root system. They colonize habitats that do not yet show any land cover , which contributes to soil development through this activity and leads to further colonization by other plant species. The symbiosis of pointed keel species with nodule bacteria continues to support this development. Among the legumes that are typically distributed in the arctic ( Oxytropis , Astragalus , Hedysarum ), only Oxytropis has undergone intense speciation .

While the presence of the Alps-pointed keel in his part-transmission areas in the European Alps from postglacial immigration from unknown Pleistocene refuge space is explained, other species such as Oxytropis urumovii from Bulgarian Pirin probably glacial relicts . Schönswetter et al. In 2004, the lack of phylogeographic patterns in the genes of the Alpine keel in the Alps, Pyrenees and Tatras and its good adaptation to steppe habitats led to the conclusion that this species may have migrated from lowland steppes and tundra areas to the mountains during the Ice Age .

Socialization

Plant - sociological units of alpine high mountains of the subtropical to temperate latitudes have pointed keel species as their character and characteristic species : in the southeast Dinarides it is the association Oxytropidion dinaricae (with Oxytropis dinarica and Oxytropis prenja ) on alpine limestone grasslands of the summits and ridges of the high Dinarides , in Iran there is the class Oxytropidetea persica (with Oxytropis persica ) for snow-soil societies on silicate rock in the Elburs Mountains , in the western Alps there is the plant-sociological order Oxytropido-Kobresietalia with the association Oxytropido-Elynion.

Systematics and botanical history

The genus Oxytropis was established by Augustin Pyrame de Candolle in 1802. However, due to a takeover of the phrase Astragalus montanus by Adrian van Royens by Linné, which was based on an Onobrichis montana , which Clusius could no longer clearly assign , is in the nominal type species Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. an inclusion of the groups around Oxytropis pyrenaica or Oxytropis jaquinii is given. Later emendations , for example through bunges, caused even more confusion, so that French and German botanists included two different pointed keel species in the epithet montana . Therefore, the epithet montana was excluded from further taxonomic use by Walter Gutermann and Hermann Merxmüller in 1961 as a noun ambiguum in Oxytropis ( Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. Partim et auct. Patim, non sensu stricto (sec. Bunge), noun ambiguum rejiciendum ). The generic name Oxytropis is derived from the Greek words oxys for pointed and tropis for ship's keel and refers to the tip attached to the ship, which morphologically distinguishes the genera Oxytropis and Astragalus . A synonym for Oxytropis DC. nom. cons. is Spiesia Neck. ex Kuntze .

The genus Oxytropis belongs to the tribe Galegeae in the subfamily Faboideae within the family of the Fabaceae . It used to be a subgenus of the genus Astragalus , Astragalus subg. Oxytropis , led.

At present (as of mid-2015), molecular genetic data do not yet allow a comprehensive phylogenetic delimitation within the genus Oxytropis and there are no revisions of individual kin groups based on such data . In general, many Oxytropis species are morphologically similar, which was already noted in the only monograph of the genus Oxytropis by Alexander von Bunge in 1874. In 1874, Bunge divided the 181 species of the genus Oxytropis into Oxytropis DC in his work Species Generis. in four sub-genres with 19 sections. The flora of the USSR in 1948 under the direction of the processing of the genus Oxytropis by Alexander Grossheim took over the structure from Bunge, but supplemented the Bunges taxonomic processing and structure in many ways. A general revision of the genre is still pending.

The genus Oxytropis contains about 310 species. Depending on the taxonomic view of individual authors and countries, the scope of the genus and the species is controversial:

Willow plants and willow weeds

Pasture plants

Like many other legumes, pointed keel species are relatively protein-rich plants that can also store atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. While the European species are unproblematic in pasture management, the alpine keel is considered a good fodder plant, which is partly available to the cattle as winter cattle, its fodder importance is mostly only sporadic on poor grasslands in populations with few populations and mostly with continuous grazing characterized by failure, but without any quantitatively measurable benefit. Since all Central European species in the population are either endangered or scattered or rarely occurring, they have no significance for grazing, even from conservation measures.

According to older information from Gustav Hegi's Illustrated Flora of Central Europe , the Alpine keel contains 80.3% organic matter (19.75% raw protein, 3.7% raw fat, 16.97% raw fiber and 39.61% nitrogen-free extracts, etc.)

Other ingredients and effects of the substances in Central European species are known in part. The seeds of the pointed keels contain hydrocyanic acid glycosides and about 4% fatty oil. Quinolizidine alkaloids were also detected.

"Willow weeds"

Some particularly widespread North American species are an undesirable, pathological source of food for sheep, goats, cattle, horses as well as for large wild species due to a toxic alkaloid as poisonous plants . Due to the wide distribution in the pasture areas of the Plains , they have a significant potential for damage , for which the ministries of agriculture have issued a warning to pasture cattle breeders. The common name in the Anglo-Saxon area of ​​the Oxytropis species - Locoweed - which can be traced back to the Spanish loco for crazy and weed (" weed "), indicates this neuropathological effect. It is owed to the description of the symptoms of poisoned animals, which after long ingestion of pointed keel species are observed as disoriented , weakened, nervous and as segregated by other animals. About the occurring in Spitzkiel Inolizin alkaloid swainsonine symptoms of locoweed disease called two to three weeks after admission to what by emaciation, lethargy quickly becomes clearly visible and depressive behavior as dull eyes and brittle fur. In particular, the prognosis for horses is unfavorable, since their further use as a carrying or draft animal is no longer necessary. Horses with locoism are permanently irritated in their assessment, eyesight and nerves: infected horses jump over small crevices, but step into a deep ditch.

Overall, the mortality of grazing cattle increases sharply after ingesting pointed keel species. After an initial poisoning , animals also react more intensely to subsequent poisoning. Grazing cattle are happy to accept pointed keel species, especially in spring and autumn, but the dry flower stalks can also provide a source of food in winter. Pointed keel species in particular represent. which occur in the classic pasture areas of the North American West in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains in the spring, before grass grows an important source of food that the cattle gladly eat. After regular feed intake of Oxytropis , dependencies can develop in the grazing animals, which then search selectively for the plants. Pointed keel species are poisonous in all their parts and stages. Grazing animal death occurs after one to three months from large numbers of Oxytropis sericea .

The four main effects of swainsonine poisoning in grazing cattle are: neurological damage, emaciation, reproductive disorders and miscarriages, and congestive heart failure of the right ventricle in high mountain grazing animals .

The most important pasture weed among the North American pointed keel species is Oxytropis sericea ( white point loco ), and Oxytropis lambertii ( Lambert locoweed ) and Oxytropis campestris agg, which is also found in Canada . (also common in the Alps as the Alpine pointed keel ) Species that occur in areas with grazing livestock and hardly lose the toxic substances even after several years of storage. Oxytropis sericea is encouraged by heavy grazing, extinction over large pastures is rarely possible.

The following North American, Central and East Asian species are currently classified as poisonous plants: Oxytropis campestris var. Spicta , Oxytropis lambertii , Oxytropis ochrocephala , Oxytropis puberula and Oxytropis sericea .

use

Pointed keel species are used as medicinal and ornamental plants and are rich in vitamins .

medicine

Traditional medicine

As far as is known, only a few pointed keel species were used in folk medicine by North American Indians . They were used as ritual or medicinal ablutions in sweat lodge ceremonies. In Mexico the species Oxytropis lamberti is called “hierba loca” , “maddening herb”.

oncology

The cytotoxic , i.e. H. The cell killing properties of some species could be used in cancer therapy , but not yet sufficiently researched.

Renaturation and erosion protection

In Alaska, British Columbia, and China, pointed keels are recommended for renaturation and erosion control. With their tap roots, the species stabilize slopes at risk of erosion in the long term. As pioneer plants, they can also colonize inhospitable locations thanks to their nitrogen self-sufficiency.

Ornamental plant

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Pointed keel species are used in gardens as ornamental plants, as both the leaf rosettes with the fine pointed leaves, which are often woolly or silky hairy, and the dense inflorescences and flowers on the long inflorescence shafts are decorative.

They are mainly planted in rock gardens , raised beds or alpine plants. Some species are difficult to cultivate , which is probably due to the lack of nodule bacteria of the genus Rhizobium . All species of pointed keel in cultivation need well-drained, deep, gravelly soils and like to be in full sun.

Are used as ornamental plants: Oxytropis campestris ( Oxytropis campestris ), Oxytropis foetida , Oxytropis halleri , Oxytropis jacquinii , Oxytropis lambertii , Oxytropis lapponica , Oxytropis Lazica , Oxytropis megalantha , Oxytropis pilosa , Oxytropis pyrenaica , Oxytropis sericea , Oxytropis shokanbetsuensis , Oxytropis splendens , Oxytropis uralensis .

supporting documents

literature

  • Langran Xu, Xiangyun Zhu, Bojian Bao, Mingli Zhang, Hang Sun, Dietrich Podlech , Stanley L. Welsh, Hiroyoshi Ohashi, Kai Larsen, Anthony R. Brach: Galegeae. , P. 322 : Xiangyun Zhu, Stanley L. Welsh, Hiroyoshi Ohashi: Oxytropis , p. 453 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 . (Sections Systematics and Distribution)
  • BA Yurtsev: Survey of Arctic legumes with emphasis on the species concept in Oxytropis. In: Norske Vidensk. Akad. I. Mat. Naturvitensk. Kl., Skr. Ny ser. 38, 1999, pp. 295-318 local copy
  • TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (Eds.): Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 124–128 ( Oxytropis on pp. 124–128 in the Google book search).
  • Walter Gutermann, Hermann Merxmüller : The European clans of Oxytropis Sectio Oxytropis. In: Communications from the Botanical State Collection, Munich. Volume 4, 1961, pp. 199-276. Here pp. 231-233.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el Xiangyun Zhu, Stanley L. Welsh , Hiroyoshi Ohashi: Oxytropis , p. 453 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Syed Irtifaq Ali: Oxytropis at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ a b c Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, BK Shishkin, EG Bobrov (ed.): Flora of the USSR Volume XIII. Leguminosae: Oxytropis, Hedysarum. Israel Program for Scientific Translations / Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Jerusalem / Washington, DC 1972, ISBN 0-7065-1241-3 (English, translated by R. Lavoott; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1948) digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F95306%23page%2F9%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D . P. 2.
  4. ↑ Propagation of three native alpine legumes (PDF)
  5. ^ Smith & Yan Xie 2009: Koslov's Pika. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; Pp. 282-283. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
  6. ↑ Ekaterina K. Kozuharova 2000: Reproductive Biology of Oxytropis urumovii Jav. and Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. (FABACEAE). Annual fo Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski ", Faculty of Biology, Book 2, Vol. 91: 49-61
  7. ↑ Walter Larcher 2001: Ecophysiology of plants: life, performance and coping with stress of plants in their environment. 6th revised edition, Ulmer, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-8252-8074-8
  8. ↑ Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda, Aksenova, AA, Makarov, Mikhail, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Logvinenko, OA, ter Braak, Cajo and Cornelissen, Johannes 2012: Legumes affect alpine tundra community composition via multiple biotic interactions. Ecosphere 3/4, April 2012, Article 33.
  9. ↑ Alpine floods on the Tyrolean Lech
  10. ↑ Alpine rivers with riparian trees of Myricaria germanica in the Eastern Alps
  11. ^ PM Schneider 1964: Dispersion biology and plant communities. Acta Botanica Croatica, Vol. Extraord. 1964: 79-87
  12. ↑ Alla b. Kholina and Nina M. Voronkova 2012: Seed Cryopreservation of Some Medicinal Legumes. Hindawi Publ. Corp. Journal ov Botany. Volume 2012. Article ID 186891, doi: 10.1155 / 2012/186891
  13. ^ I. Matijevic, D. Babic, B. Radak, B. Bokic, G. Anackov 2018: Testing the Seed Germination of Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. 1802 (Fabaceae). Botanica Serbica, vol. 42/1: 117. (Botanica Serbica: PDF)
  14. ^ I. Matijevic, D. Babic, B. Radak, B. Bokic, G. Anackov 2018: Testing the Seed Germination of Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. 1802 (Fabaceae). P. 117
  15. ↑ Seed anatomy in Alaskan Oxytropis
  16. ↑ The Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map: AVHRR-derived base maps, environmental controls, and integrated mapping procedures DA WALKER, WA GOULD, HA MAIER and MK RAYNOLDS (PDF)
  17. ↑ a b c Boris A. Yurtsev: Survey of Arctic legumes with emphasis on the species concept in Oxytropis. In: Norske Vidensk. Akad. I. Mat. Naturvitensk. Kl., Skr. Ny ser. 38, 1999, pp. 295-318.
  18. ^ A b Anthony Huxley (Ed.): The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, 3 L to Q. McMillan Press, London 1992, ISBN 1-56159-001-0 , p. 425.
  19. ^ Flora of the Canadian Arctic
  20. ↑ (PDF)
  21. ^ An expedition to East Ross to rescue the rare Oxytropis halleri
  22. ^ Hermann Meusel , Eckehart Jäger , Erich Weinert : Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora . Vol. 1. - Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart New York 1965. Here p. 193
  23. ↑ Christoph Leuschner and Heinz Ellenberg 2017: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-319-50710-1 Here pp. 414-415
  24. ^ Hermann Meusel, Eckehart Jäger, Erich Weinert: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora. P. 194
  25. ↑ Dickoré, WB & Kriechbaum, M .: Oxytropis iridum (Leguminosae), a new species from SE Tibet (Xizang, China), including phytogeographical notes. - Willdenowia 36: 857-865. - ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. (Willdenowia: PDF)
  26. ↑ Jörg S. Pfadenhauer; Frank A. Klötzli 2014: Vegetation of the Earth - Basics, Ecology, Distribution. Springer Spectrum 2014 ISBN 978-3-642-41950-8 . Here p. 521
  27. ↑ a b Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, BK Shishkin, EG Bobrov (ed.): Flora of the USSR Volume XIII. Leguminosae: Oxytropis, Hedysarum. Israel Program for Scientific Translations / Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Jerusalem / Washington, DC 1972, ISBN 0-7065-1241-3 , (English, translated by R. Lavoott; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1948) Digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F95306%23page%2F9%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D , p. 1 (full scan in the Biodiversity Heritage Library)
  28. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  29. ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM , Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  30. ↑ Jindřich Chrtek, Anna Chrtková: Comments on some Balkan Oxytropis species. In: Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica. Volume 18, No. 3, 1983, pp. 309-320. JSTOR 4180441
  31. ↑ P. Leins, Hermann Merxmüller : On the structure of the Oxytropis campestris group. In: Mitt. D. Bot. Ges. Munich. Volume VI, 1966, pp. 19–31 (PDF)
  32. ↑ Čedomil Šilić : Emdemične biljke. In: Priroda Jugoslavije. 4, 1990, pp. 61–62, Svjetlost Sarajevo, 3rd edition, ISBN 86-01-02557-9 .
  33. ↑ Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - SG Aiken, MJ Dallwitz, LL Consaul, CL McJannet, RL Boles, GW Argus, JM Gillett, PJ Scott, R. Elven, MC LeBlanc, LJ Gillespie, AK Brysting, H. Solstad, and JG Harris - Oxytropis arctica R. Br.
  34. ↑ AB Kholina, OV Nakonechnaia, VV Iakubov, OG Koren: Genetic variation in six species of the genus Oxytropis DC. (Fabaceae) from Kamchatka Peninsula. In: Genetics. Volume 49, 10, October 2013, pp. 1174-1182. doi: 10.1134 / S1022795413100049
  35. ↑ AB Kholina, OV Nakonechnaia, VV Iakubov, OG Koren 2013: Genetic variation in six species of the genus Oxytropis DC. (Fabaceae) from Kamchatka Peninsula. , P. 1174.
  36. ↑ P. Schönswetter, A. Tribsch, H. Niklfeld: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) reveals no genetic divergence of the Eastern Alpine endemic Oxytropis campestris subsp. tiroliensis (Fabaceae) from widespread subsp. campestris. In: Plant Syst. Evol. Volume 244, 2013, pp. 245-255. Here p. 253 (PDF)
  37. ^ Ana Petrova (Ed.): Atlas of Bulgarian Endemic Plants. Gea-Libris, Sofia 2006, p. 146.
  38. ↑ P. Schönswetter, A. Tribsch, H. Niklfeld: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) reveals no genetic divergence of the Eastern Alpine endemic Oxytropis campestris subsp. tiroliensis (Fabaceae) from widespread subsp. campestris. 2004, p. 253.
  39. ↑ Thorsten English: Multivariate analyzes of the syn systematics and site ecology of the snow floor vegetation (Arabidetalia caereula) of the Northern Limestone Alps. In: Stapfia. Volume 59, Linz 1999, PDF on ZOBODAT
  40. ↑ FloraWeb : Plant communities: high mountain lawns
  41. ^ Oxytropis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 1, 2015.
  42. ^ A b Walter Gutermann , Hermann Merxmüller : The European clans of Oxytropis Sectio Oxytropis. In: Communications from the Botanical State Collection, Munich. Volume 4, 1961, pp. 199-276. Here pp. 231-233.
  43. ↑ Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge: Species generis Oxytropis DC. In: Mémoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg , Ser. 7, Vol. 22, 1874, pp. 1-166.
  44. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Enter the taxon in the search mask at The LegumeWeb - International Legume Database and Information Service = ILDIS , Version 10 from November 2005.
  45. ↑ EV Artyukova, MM Kozyrenko: Phylogenetic Relationships of Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. and Oxytropis oxyphylla (Pall.) TLC. (Fabaceae) Inferred from the Data of Sequencing of the ITS Region of the Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Operon and Intergenic Spacers of the Chloroplast Genome. In: Russian Journal of Genetics. Volume 48, No. 2, 2012, pp. 163-169.
  46. ^ A new species of Oxytropis Fabaceae from Central Apennines Italy
  47. ↑ (PDF)
  48. ↑ a b Lora L. Esser: Oxytropis sericea online . In: Fire Effects Information System , US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 1993.
  49. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 7th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 603.
  50. ^ Gustav Hegi , H. Gams, H. Marzell: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. 2nd Edition. Volume IV. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (5) (Leguminosae - Tropaeolaceae). JF Lehmans, Munich 1924, p. 1449.
  51. ↑ SG Fleischhauer, R. Spiegelberger, J. Guthmann: Encyclopedia Edible Wild Plants . At Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-03800-752-4 , p. 560.
  52. ↑ a b USDA - United States Department of Agriculture : Poisonous plant research - Locoweed ( Astragalus and Oxytropis ) [1]
  53. ↑ Chris Allison: Livestock-Poisoning Plants of New Mexico Rangelands. In: Circular 531. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University (PDF)
  54. ^ TC Jones, RD Hunt, NW King: Veterinary pathology. 6th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, ISBN 0-683-04481-8 , p. 752.
  55. ^ J. Wagstaff: International Poisonous Plants Checklist - an Evidence-Based Reference . CRC Press, Boca Raton 2008, ISBN 978-1-4200-6252-6 , pp. 284-285.
  56. ↑ Christian Rätsch: Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: botany, ethnopharmacology and application. At Verlag, Aarau 2007, ISBN 978-3-03800-352-6 , p. 573.
  57. ↑ Christian Rätsch: Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: botany, ethnopharmacology and application. At Verlag, Aarau 2007, ISBN 978-3-03800-352-6 , p. 548.
  58. ↑ Oxytropis deflexa - revegetation in Alaska (PDF)
  59. ↑ Propagation of three native Legumes (PDF)
  60. ↑ https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/locoweed-endophytes-a-review-XwQH.php?article_id=8302 Locoweed Endophytes: A Review

Web links

Commons : Pointed keels ( Oxytropis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Supplementary literature

  • Ivan Tikhonovich Vassilczenko: Oxytropis. In: KH Rechinger (ed.): Flora Iranica. Volume 157, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz / Wien 1984, pp. 101–164.
  • Massoud Ranjbar, Roya Karamian, Soheila Bayat: Notes on Oxytropis sect. Mesogaea (Fabaceae) in Iran, with the description of a new species. In: Annales Botanici Fennici. Volume 46, 2009, pp. 235-238 (PDF file) .
  • Seer Karaman Erkul, Zeki Aytaç: The revision of the genus Oxytropis (Leguminosae) in Turkey. In: Turkish Journal of Botany. Volume 37, No. 1, 2013, pp. 24-38 (PDF file).